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Miller CO, Cao J. Probing Hepatic Glucose Metabolism via 13C NMR Spectroscopy in Perfused Livers-Applications to Drug Development. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110712. [PMID: 34822370 PMCID: PMC8622237 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being first published over 40 years ago, the combination of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and the isolated perfused liver preparation remains a unique and relevant approach in investigating the effects of pharmacological interventions on hepatic metabolism. The use of intact, perfused livers maintains many metabolic reactions at their respective rates in vivo, while the use of 13C-labelled substrates in combination with 13C NMR allows for a detailed study of specific pathways, as well as the design of robust assays which can be used to evaluate novel pharmacological agents. In this review article, we share some of the methods used to probe glucose metabolism, and highlight key findings and successes derived from the application of this specialized technique to the area of drug development for diabetes and related metabolic disorders.
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Raslan MA, Sayed SM. Synthesis of some new thiazolo[3,2‐
a
]pyridine,
bi‐thiazole‐thiazole
,
bi‐thiazole‐pyrazole
and
bi‐thiazole‐thiophene
derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Raslan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceAswan University Aswan Egypt
| | - S. M. Sayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceAswan University Aswan Egypt
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Kavitha K, Srikrishna D, Dubey PK, Aparna P. An efficient one-pot four-component Gewald reaction: Synthesis of substituted 2-aminothiophenes with coumarin–thiazole scaffolds under environmentally benign conditions. J Sulphur Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2018.1556275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kotthireddy Kavitha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Telangana, India
| | - Devulapally Srikrishna
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Telangana, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Telangana, India
| | - Pasula Aparna
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Telangana, India
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Shu S, Dai A, Wang J, Wang B, Feng Y, Li J, Cai X, Yang D, Ma D, Wang MW, Liu H. A novel series of 4-methyl substituted pyrazole derivatives as potent glucagon receptor antagonists: Design, synthesis and evaluation of biological activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29523469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 4-methyl substituted pyrazole derivatives were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated as potent glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonists. In this study, compounds 9q, 9r, 19d and 19e showed high GCGR binding (IC50 = 0.09 μM, 0.06 μM, 0.07 μM and 0.08 μM, respectively) and cyclic-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) activities (IC50 = 0.22 μM, 0.26 μM, 0.44 μM and 0.46 μM, respectively) in cell-based assays. Most importantly, the docking experiment demonstrated that compound 9r formed extensive hydrophobic interactions with the receptor binding pocket, making it justifiable to further investigate the potential of becoming a GCGR antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjie Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Antao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Feng
- The National Center for Drug Screening, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- The National Center for Drug Screening, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; The National Center for Drug Screening, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dakota Ma
- The National Center for Drug Screening, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; The National Center for Drug Screening, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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5
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Singh SB, Kang L, Nawrocki AR, Zhou D, Wu M, Previs S, Miller C, Liu H, Hines CDG, Madeira M, Cao J, Herath K, Wang L, Kelley DE, Li C, Guan HP. The Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitor Platensimycin Improves Insulin Resistance without Inducing Liver Steatosis in Mice and Monkeys. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164133. [PMID: 27695056 PMCID: PMC5047649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Platensimycin (PTM) is a natural antibiotic produced by Streptomyces platensis that selectively inhibits bacterial and mammalian fatty acid synthase (FAS) without affecting synthesis of other lipids. Recently, we reported that oral administration of PTM in mouse models (db/db and db/+) with high de novo lipogenesis (DNL) tone inhibited DNL and enhanced glucose oxidation, which in turn led to net reduction of liver triglycerides (TG), reduced ambient glucose, and improved insulin sensitivity. The present study was conducted to explore translatability and the therapeutic potential of FAS inhibition for the treatment of diabetes in humans. Methods We tested PTM in animal models with different DNL tones, i.e. intrinsic synthesis rates, which vary among species and are regulated by nutritional and disease states, and confirmed glucose-lowering efficacy of PTM in lean NHPs with quantitation of liver lipid by MRS imaging. To understand the direct effect of PTM on liver metabolism, we performed ex vivo liver perfusion study to compare FAS inhibitor and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) inhibitor. Results The efficacy of PTM is generally reproduced in preclinical models with DNL tones comparable to humans, including lean and established diet-induced obese (eDIO) mice as well as non-human primates (NHPs). Similar effects of PTM on DNL reduction were observed in lean and type 2 diabetic rhesus and lean cynomolgus monkeys after acute and chronic treatment of PTM. Mechanistically, PTM lowers plasma glucose in part by enhancing hepatic glucose uptake and glycolysis. Teglicar, a CPT1 inhibitor, has similar effects on glucose uptake and glycolysis. In sharp contrast, Teglicar but not PTM significantly increased hepatic TG production, thus caused liver steatosis in eDIO mice. Conclusions These findings demonstrate unique properties of PTM and provide proof-of-concept of FAS inhibition having potential utility for the treatment of diabetes and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheo B. Singh
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SBS); (HPG)
| | - Ling Kang
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Andrea R. Nawrocki
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Margaret Wu
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Stephen Previs
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Corey Miller
- Department of Imaging and Biomarker, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Haiying Liu
- Department of Imaging and Biomarker, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Catherine D. G. Hines
- Department of Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, United States of America
| | - Maria Madeira
- Department of PKPD, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Jin Cao
- Department of Imaging and Biomarker, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Kithsiri Herath
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Liangsu Wang
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - David E. Kelley
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Cai Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
| | - Hong-Ping Guan
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SBS); (HPG)
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6
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Bovine serum albumin-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of 2-aminothiophenes via Gewald reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Mu J, Qureshi SA, Brady EJ, Muise ES, Candelore MR, Jiang G, Li Z, Wu MS, Yang X, Dallas-Yang Q, Miller C, Xiong Y, Langdon RB, Parmee ER, Zhang BB. Anti-diabetic efficacy and impact on amino acid metabolism of GRA1, a novel small-molecule glucagon receptor antagonist. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185367 PMCID: PMC3501516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglucagonemia is implicated in the pathophysiology of hyperglycemia. Antagonism of the glucagon receptor (GCGR) thus represents a potential approach to diabetes treatment. Herein we report the characterization of GRA1, a novel small-molecule GCGR antagonist that blocks glucagon binding to the human GCGR (hGCGR) and antagonizes glucagon-induced intracellular accumulation of cAMP with nanomolar potency. GRA1 inhibited glycogenolysis dose-dependently in primary human hepatocytes and in perfused liver from hGCGR mice, a transgenic line of mouse that expresses the hGCGR instead of the murine GCGR. When administered orally to hGCGR mice and rhesus monkeys, GRA1 blocked hyperglycemic responses to exogenous glucagon. In several murine models of diabetes, acute and chronic dosing with GRA1 significantly reduced blood glucose concentrations and moderately increased plasma glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1. Combination of GRA1 with a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor had an additive antihyperglycemic effect in diabetic mice. Hepatic gene-expression profiling in monkeys treated with GRA1 revealed down-regulation of numerous genes involved in amino acid catabolism, an effect that was paralleled by increased amino acid levels in the circulation. In summary, GRA1 is a potent glucagon receptor antagonist with strong antihyperglycemic efficacy in preclinical models and prominent effects on hepatic gene-expression related to amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Mu
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America.
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8
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Xiong Y, Guo J, Candelore MR, Liang R, Miller C, Dallas-Yang Q, Jiang G, McCann PE, Qureshi SA, Tong X, Xu SS, Shang J, Vincent SH, Tota LM, Wright MJ, Yang X, Zhang BB, Tata JR, Parmee ER. Discovery of a novel glucagon receptor antagonist N-[(4-{(1S)-1-[3-(3, 5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethyl}phenyl)carbonyl]-β-alanine (MK-0893) for the treatment of type II diabetes. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6137-48. [PMID: 22708876 DOI: 10.1021/jm300579z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A potent, selective glucagon receptor antagonist 9m, N-[(4-{(1S)-1-[3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethyl}phenyl)carbonyl]-β-alanine, was discovered by optimization of a previously identified lead. Compound 9m is a reversible and competitive antagonist with high binding affinity (IC(50) of 6.6 nM) and functional cAMP activity (IC(50) of 15.7 nM). It is selective for glucagon receptor relative to other family B GPCRs, showing IC(50) values of 1020 nM for GIPR, 9200 nM for PAC1, and >10000 nM for GLP-1R, VPAC1, and VPAC2. Compound 9m blunted glucagon-induced glucose elevation in hGCGR mice and rhesus monkeys. It also lowered ambient glucose levels in both acute and chronic mouse models: in hGCGR ob/ob mice it reduced glucose (AUC 0-6 h) by 32% and 39% at 3 and 10 mpk single doses, respectively. In hGCGR mice on a high fat diet, compound 9m at 3, and 10 mpk po in feed lowered blood glucose levels by 89% and 94% at day 10, respectively, relative to the difference between the vehicle control and lean hGCGR mice. On the basis of its favorable biological and DMPK properties, compound 9m (MK-0893) was selected for further preclinical and clinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Xiong
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Feroci M, Chiarotto I, Rossi L, Inesi A. Activation of Elemental Sulfur by Electrogenerated Cyanomethyl Anion: Synthesis of Substituted 2-Aminothiophenes by the Gewald Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Bogolubsky AV, Ryabukhin SV, Plaskon AS, Stetsenko SV, Volochnyuk DM, Tolmachev AA. Dry HCl in Parallel Synthesis of Fused Pyrimidin-4-ones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:858-62. [DOI: 10.1021/cc800074t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Bogolubsky
- Enamine Ltd., 23 Alexandra Matrosova St., Kyiv, 01103, Ukraine, National Taras Shevchenko University, 62 Volodymyrska St., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine, Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska St., Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Sergey V. Ryabukhin
- Enamine Ltd., 23 Alexandra Matrosova St., Kyiv, 01103, Ukraine, National Taras Shevchenko University, 62 Volodymyrska St., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine, Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska St., Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Andrey S. Plaskon
- Enamine Ltd., 23 Alexandra Matrosova St., Kyiv, 01103, Ukraine, National Taras Shevchenko University, 62 Volodymyrska St., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine, Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska St., Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Svetlana V. Stetsenko
- Enamine Ltd., 23 Alexandra Matrosova St., Kyiv, 01103, Ukraine, National Taras Shevchenko University, 62 Volodymyrska St., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine, Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska St., Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy M. Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd., 23 Alexandra Matrosova St., Kyiv, 01103, Ukraine, National Taras Shevchenko University, 62 Volodymyrska St., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine, Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska St., Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Andrey A. Tolmachev
- Enamine Ltd., 23 Alexandra Matrosova St., Kyiv, 01103, Ukraine, National Taras Shevchenko University, 62 Volodymyrska St., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine, Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska St., Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
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Dunning BE, Gerich JE. The role of alpha-cell dysregulation in fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev 2007; 28:253-83. [PMID: 17409288 DOI: 10.1210/er.2006-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The hyperglycemic activity of pancreatic extracts was encountered some 80 yr ago during efforts to optimize methods for the purification of insulin. The hyperglycemic substance was named "glucagon," and it was subsequently determined that glucagon is a 29-amino acid peptide synthesized and released from pancreatic alpha-cells. This article begins with a brief overview of the discovery of glucagon and the contributions that somatostatin and a sensitive and selective assay for pancreatic (vs. gut) glucagon made to understanding the physiological and pathophysiological roles of glucagon. Studies utilizing these tools to establish the function of glucagon in normal nutrient homeostasis and to document a relative glucagon excess in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and precursors thereof are then discussed. The evidence that glucagon excess contributes to the development and maintenance of fasting hyperglycemia and that failure to suppress glucagon secretion contributes to postprandial hyperglycemia is then reviewed. Although key human studies are emphasized, salient animal studies highlighting the importance of glucagon in normal and defective glucoregulation are also described. The past eight decades of research in this area have led to development of new therapeutic approaches to treating T2DM that have been shown to, or are expected to, improve glycemic control in patients with T2DM in part by improving alpha-cell function or by blocking glucagon action. Accordingly, this review ends with a discussion of the status and therapeutic potential of glucagon receptor antagonists, alpha-cell selective somatostatin agonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors. Our overall conclusions are that there is considerable evidence that relative hyperglucagonemia contributes to fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with T2DM, and there are several new and emerging pharmacotherapies that may improve glycemic control in part by ameliorating the hyperglycemic effects of this relative glucagon excess.
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