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Janse van Rensburg HD, Terre'Blanche G, Van der Walt MM. On the basis of sex: male vs. female rat adenosine A 1/A 2A receptor affinity. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:165. [PMID: 37563689 PMCID: PMC10413537 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To ensure reproducibility in biomedical research, the biological variable sex must be reported; yet a reason for using male (instead of female) rodents is seldom given. In our search for novel adenosine receptor ligands, our research group routinely determines a test compound's binding affinities at male Sprague-Dawley rat (r) adenosine A1 and A2A receptors via in vitro radioligand binding studies. This pilot study compared the binding affinities of four adenosine receptor ligands (frequently used as reference standards) at male and female adenosine rA1 and rA2A receptors. RESULTS The inhibition constant (Ki) values determined using female rats correspond well to the values obtained using male rats and no markable difference could be observed in affinity and selectivity of reference standards. For example, DPCPX the selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist: male rA1Ki: 0.5 ± 0.1 nM versus female rA1Ki: 0.5 ± 0.03 nM; male rA2AKi: 149 ± 23 nM versus female rA2AKi: 135 ± 29 nM. From the limited data at hand, we conclude that even when using female rats for in vitro studies without regard for the oestrous cycle, the obtained data did not vary much from their male counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena D Janse van Rensburg
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Gisella Terre'Blanche
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Crystal structure and identification of a pyrimido[6,1-b][1,3]oxazin-6-one derivative from the reaction of acrolein with 5-(phenoxymethyl)-2-amino-2-oxazoline. CR CHIM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Van der Walt MM, Terre’Blanche G. 1,3,7-Triethyl-substituted xanthines—possess nanomolar affinity for the adenosine A1 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6641-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Alnouri MW, Jepards S, Casari A, Schiedel AC, Hinz S, Müller CE. Selectivity is species-dependent: Characterization of standard agonists and antagonists at human, rat, and mouse adenosine receptors. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:389-407. [PMID: 26126429 PMCID: PMC4529847 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) have emerged as new drug targets. The majority of data on affinity/potency and selectivity of AR ligands described in the literature has been obtained for the human species. However, preclinical studies are mostly performed in mouse or rat, and standard AR agonists and antagonists are frequently used for studies in rodents without knowing their selectivity in the investigated species. In the present study, we selected a set of frequently used standard AR ligands, 8 agonists and 16 antagonists, and investigated them in radioligand binding studies at all four AR subtypes, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, of three species, human, rat, and mouse. Recommended, selective agonists include CCPA (for A1AR of rat and mouse), CGS-21680 (for A2A AR of rat), and Cl-IB-MECA (for A3AR of all three species). The functionally selective partial A2B agonist BAY60-6583 was found to additionally bind to A1 and A3AR and act as an antagonist at both receptor subtypes. The antagonists PSB-36 (A1), preladenant (A2A), and PSB-603 (A2B) displayed high selectivity in all three investigated species. MRS-1523 acts as a selective A3AR antagonist in human and rat, but is only moderately selective in mouse. The comprehensive data presented herein provide a solid basis for selecting suitable AR ligands for biological studies.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Adenosine A3 Receptor Agonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A3 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Arrestin/metabolism
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- CHO Cells
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/drug effects
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Humans
- Mice
- Rats
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/drug effects
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A2B/drug effects
- Receptor, Adenosine A2B/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2B/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/drug effects
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/metabolism
- Species Specificity
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Wessam Alnouri
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephan Jepards
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alessandro Casari
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anke C. Schiedel
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sonja Hinz
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Van der Walt MM, Terre’Blanche G, Petzer A, Lourens AC, Petzer JP. The adenosine A2A antagonistic properties of selected C8-substituted xanthines. Bioorg Chem 2013; 49:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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León IDLPD, Parra-Cid MDC, Muñoz-Zurita A, Merino-Contreras SA, Montiel-Smith S, Meza-Reyes S, Ramírez-Mejía G, Sandoval-Ramírez J. Motor Effects of 1,3-Disubstituted 8-Styrylxanthines as A<sub>1</sub> and A<sub>2</sub> Adenosine-Receptor Antagonists in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2013.43044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
The natural plant alkaloids caffeine and theophylline were the first adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists described in the literature. They exhibit micromolar affinities and are non-selective. A large number of derivatives and analogues were subsequently synthesized and evaluated as AR antagonists. Very potent antagonists have thus been developed with selectivity for each of the four AR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany, Phone +49-228-73-2301, Fax +49-228-73-2567
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America, Phone +1-301-496-9024, Fax +1-301-480-8422
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Kim P, Zhang L, Manjunatha UH, Singh R, Patel S, Jiricek J, Keller TH, Boshoff HI, Barry CE, Dowd CS. Structure-activity relationships of antitubercular nitroimidazoles. 1. Structural features associated with aerobic and anaerobic activities of 4- and 5-nitroimidazoles. J Med Chem 2010; 52:1317-28. [PMID: 19209889 DOI: 10.1021/jm801246z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 4-nitroimidazole PA-824 is active against aerobic and anaerobic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) while 5-nitroimidazoles like metronidazole are active against only anaerobic Mtb. We have synthesized analogues of both 4- and 5-nitroimidazoles and explored their antitubercular activities. The nitro group is required for both activities in all compounds. The key determinants of aerobic activity in the 4-nitroimidazoles include the bicyclic oxazine, the lipophilic tail, and the 2-position oxygen. For the 5-nitroimidazoles, neither the corresponding bicyclic analogue nor addition of a lipophilic tail conveyed aerobic activity. Incorporation of a 2-position oxygen atom into a rigid 5-nitroimidazooxazine provided the first 5-nitroimidazole with aerobic activity. Across both series, anaerobic and aerobic activities were not correlated and Mtb mutants lacking the deazaflavin-dependent nitroreductase (Ddn) retained anaerobic sensitivity to some compounds. Aerobic activity appears to be correlated with efficiency as a substrate for Ddn, suggesting a means of structure-based optimization of improved nitroimidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilho Kim
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Scheiff AB, Yerande SG, El-Tayeb A, Li W, Inamdar GS, Vasu KK, Sudarsanam V, Müller CE. 2-Amino-5-benzoyl-4-phenylthiazoles: Development of potent and selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2195-2203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
The development of potent and selective agonists and antagonists of adenosine receptors (ARs) has been a target of medicinal chemistry research for several decades, and recently the US Food and Drug Administration has approved Lexiscan, an adenosine derivative substituted at the 2 position, for use as a pharmacologic stress agent in radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging. Currently, some other adenosine A(2A) receptor (A(2A)AR) agonists and antagonists are undergoing preclinical testing and clinical trials. While agonists are potent antiinflammatory agents also showing hypotensive effects, antagonists are being developed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.However, since there are still major problems in this field, including side effects, low brain penetration (for the targeting of CNS diseases), short half-life, or lack of in vivo effects, the design and development of new AR ligands is a hot research topic.This review presents an update on the medicinal chemistry of A(2A)AR agonists and antagonists, and stresses the strong need for more selective ligands at the human A(2A)AR subtype, in particular in the case of agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Cristalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy.
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Tuccinardi T, Schenone S, Bondavalli F, Brullo C, Bruno O, Mosti L, Zizzari AT, Tintori C, Manetti F, Ciampi O, Trincavelli ML, Martini C, Martinelli A, Botta M. Substituted Pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines as Potent A1 Adenosine Antagonists: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Development of an A1 Bovine Receptor Model. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:898-913. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sondhi SM, Dinodia M, Jain S, Kumar A. Synthesis of biologically active N-methyl derivatives of amidines and cyclized five-membered products of amidines with oxalyl chloride. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 43:2824-30. [PMID: 18022734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted N-methylisonicotinamidine (2a-f), N-methylpyrazine-2-carboxamidine (2g-i) derivatives were synthesized by reaction of amidine derivatives (1a-i) with methyl iodide in presence of triethylamine. Five-membered condensed dihydroimidazolylbenzenesulfonamide derivatives (3a-i) were obtained by the reaction of amidine derivatives (1a-i) with acylating agent oxalyl chloride. All the compounds, i.e. 2a-i and 3a-i were purified by crystallization. Structures of all the synthesized compounds are supported by correct IR, (1)H NMR, mass spectral and analytical data. Anti-inflammatory activity evaluation was carried out using carrageenan-induced paw oedema assay and compounds 2e, 3a and 3d exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity (44%, 31% and 37% activity at 50 mg/kg p.o., respectively). Analgesic activity evaluation was carried out using acetic acid writhing assay and compounds 2a and 3f gave 75% activity each at 100 mg/kg p.o.; on the other hand compounds 3a and 3d exhibited 60% analgesic activity each at 50 mg/kg p.o. Compounds 3a and 3d exhibited good anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sham M Sondhi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT R), Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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