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Chen X, Tian J, Wang S, Wang C, Zong L. Toward Bicalutamide Analogues with High Structural Diversity Using Catalytic Asymmetric Oxohydroxylation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3907-3911. [PMID: 38427963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
A catalytic enantioselective synthesis of bicalutamide derivatives with promising potentials in prostate cancer treatment has been disclosed. The key intermediates, α-hydroxy-β-keto esters, were efficiently constructed through cinchoninium-mediated asymmetric oxohydroxylation of easily accessible alkenes with potassium permanganate. Good yields and high levels of asymmetric induction are achieved. This method provides a new synthetic route to bicalutamide analogues with high structural diversity, which will beneficially support subsequent structure-activity relationship studies and boost prostate cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jinxin Tian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lili Zong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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2
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Hwang DJ, He Y, Ponnusamy S, Thiyagarajan T, Mohler ML, Narayanan R, Miller DD. Metabolism-Guided Selective Androgen Receptor Antagonists: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation for Activity against Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3372-3392. [PMID: 36825758 PMCID: PMC10243532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge for new drug discovery in the area of androgen receptor (AR) antagonists lies in predicting the druggable properties that will enable small molecules to retain their potency and stability during further studies in vitro and in vivo. Indole (compound 8) is a first-in-class AR antagonist with very high potency (IC50 = 0.085 μM) but is metabolically unstable. During the metabolic studies described herein, we synthesized new small molecules that exhibit significantly improved stability while retaining potent antagonistic activity for an AR. This structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of more than 50 compounds classified with three classes (Class I, II, and III) and discovered two compounds (32c and 35i) that are potent AR antagonists (e.g., IC50 = 0.021 μM, T1/2 = 120 min for compound 35i). The new antagonists exhibited improved in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) with high efficacy antiandrogen activity in Hershberger and antiandrogen Enz-Res tumor xenograft models that overexpress AR (LNCaP-AR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Yali He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Suriyan Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Thirumagal Thiyagarajan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Michael L Mohler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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3
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Ji Y, Zhang R, Han X, Zhou J. Targeting the N-terminal domain of the androgen receptor: The effective approach in therapy of CRPC. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115077. [PMID: 36587421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is dominant in prostate cancer (PCa) pathology. Current therapeutic agents for advanced PCa include androgen synthesis inhibitors and AR antagonists that bind to the hormone binding pocket (HBP) at the ligand binding domain (LBD). However, AR amplification, AR splice variants (AR-Vs) expression, and intra-tumoral de novo synthesis of androgens result in the reactivation of AR signalling. The AR N-terminal domain (NTD) plays an essential role in AR transcriptional activity. The AR inhibitor targeting NTD could potentially block the activation of both full-length AR and AR-Vs, thus overcoming major resistance mechanisms to current treatments. This review discusses the progress of research in various NTD inhibitors and provides new insight into the development of AR-NTD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ji
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Rongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Han
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China.
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4
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Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in the maintenance of muscle and bone and the support of male sexual-related functions, as well as in the progression of prostate cancer. Accordingly, AR-targeted therapies have been developed for the treatment of related human diseases and conditions. AR agonists are an important class of drugs in the treatment of bone loss and muscle atrophy. AR antagonists have also been developed for the treatment of prostate cancer, including metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Additionally, selective AR degraders (SARDs) have been reported. More recently, heterobifunctional degrader molecules of AR have been developed, and four such compounds are now in clinical development for the treatment of human prostate cancer. This review attempts to summarize the different types of compounds designed to target AR and the current frontiers of research on this important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Xiang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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5
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Kandil SB, Kariuki BM, McGuigan C, Westwell AD. Synthesis, biological evaluation and X-ray analysis of bicalutamide sulfoxide analogues for the potential treatment of prostate cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 36:127817. [PMID: 33513386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a pivotal target for the treatment of prostate cancer (PC) even when the disease progresses toward androgen-independent or castration-resistant forms. In this study, a series of sulfoxide derivatives were prepared and their antiproliferative activity evaluated in vitro against four different human prostate cancer cell lines (22Rv1, DU-145, LNCaP and VCap). Bicalutamide and enzalutamide were used as positive controls. Compound 28 displayed significant enhancement in anticancer activity across the four PC cell lines with IC50 = 9.09 - 31.11 µM compared to the positive controls: bicalutamide (IC50 = 45.20 -51.61 µM) and enzalutamide (IC50 = 11.47 - 53.04 µM). Sulfoxide derivatives of bicalutamide were prepared efficiently from the corresponding sulfides using only one equivalent of mCPBA, limiting the reaction time to 15-30 min and maintaining the temperature at 0 °C. Interestingly, three pairs of sulfoxide diastereomers were separated and NMR comparison of their diastereotopic methylene (CH2) group is presented. X-ray diffraction crystal structure analysis provided relative configuration assignment at the chiral sulfur and carbon centres. Molecular modelling study of the four diastereoisomers of compound 28 is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar B Kandil
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, Wales, United Kingdom.
| | - Benson M Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher McGuigan
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Westwell
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, Wales, United Kingdom
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6
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Cancer of Reproductive System: Receptors and Targeting Strategies. TARGETED INTRACELLULAR DRUG DELIVERY BY RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS 2019. [PMCID: PMC7122620 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29168-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis in the different organs of the reproductive system, particularly, prostate, ovarian, and cervical tissues, involves aberrant expression of various physiological receptors belonging to different superfamilies. This chapter provides insights into the physiological receptors that are associated with the genesis, progression, metastasis, management, as well as the prognosis of the cancers of the male and female reproductive systems. It also highlights the structural and binding characteristics of the highly predominant receptors, namely, androgen, estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors, which are overexpressed in these cancers and discusses various strategies to target them.
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7
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Hwang DJ, He Y, Ponnusamy S, Mohler ML, Thiyagarajan T, McEwan IJ, Narayanan R, Miller DD. New Generation of Selective Androgen Receptor Degraders: Our Initial Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of New Compounds with Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer Activity. J Med Chem 2018; 62:491-511. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Yali He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Suriyan Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Michael L. Mohler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
- GTx, Inc., Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
| | - Thirumagal Thiyagarajan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Iain J. McEwan
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, U.K
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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8
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Bassetto M, Ferla S, Giancotti G, Pertusati F, Westwell AD, Brancale A, McGuigan C. Rational design and synthesis of novel phenylsulfonyl-benzamides as anti-prostate cancer agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1414-1420. [PMID: 30108852 PMCID: PMC6072516 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel antiproliferative molecular scaffold was designed by rational modification of known antiandrogens, achieving a significant improvement in anti-cancer activity.
Prostate cancer is a major cause of male death worldwide and the identification of new efficient treatments is constantly needed. Different non-steroidal androgen receptor antagonists are approved also in the case of castration-resistant cancer forms. Using a rational approach and molecular modelling studies to modify the structure of antiandrogen drug bicalutamide, a new series of phenylsulfonyl-benzamide derivatives was designed and synthesised. Their antiproliferative activities were evaluated in four different human prostate cancer cell lines and several new compounds showed significantly improved IC50 values in the low μM range. The cytotoxicity profile was also evaluated for the novel structures in the HEK293 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Bassetto
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue , CF10 3NB , Cardiff , Wales , UK .
| | - Salvatore Ferla
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue , CF10 3NB , Cardiff , Wales , UK .
| | - Gilda Giancotti
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue , CF10 3NB , Cardiff , Wales , UK .
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue , CF10 3NB , Cardiff , Wales , UK .
| | - Andrew D Westwell
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue , CF10 3NB , Cardiff , Wales , UK .
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue , CF10 3NB , Cardiff , Wales , UK .
| | - Christopher McGuigan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue , CF10 3NB , Cardiff , Wales , UK .
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9
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Daver S, Rodeville N, Pineau F, Arlabosse JM, Moureou C, Muller F, Pierre R, Bouquet K, Dumais L, Boiteau JG, Cardinaud I. Process Development and Crystallization in Oiling-Out System of a Novel Topical Antiandrogen. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Daver
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D Les Templiers, 2400 Route des colles BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis CEDEX, France
| | - Nicolas Rodeville
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D Les Templiers, 2400 Route des colles BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis CEDEX, France
| | - Francois Pineau
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D Les Templiers, 2400 Route des colles BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis CEDEX, France
| | - Jean-Marie Arlabosse
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D Les Templiers, 2400 Route des colles BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis CEDEX, France
| | - Christine Moureou
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D Les Templiers, 2400 Route des colles BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis CEDEX, France
| | - Franck Muller
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D Les Templiers, 2400 Route des colles BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis CEDEX, France
| | - Romain Pierre
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D Les Templiers, 2400 Route des colles BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis CEDEX, France
| | - Karinne Bouquet
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D Les Templiers, 2400 Route des colles BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis CEDEX, France
| | - Laurence Dumais
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D Les Templiers, 2400 Route des colles BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis CEDEX, France
| | - Jean-Guy Boiteau
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D Les Templiers, 2400 Route des colles BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis CEDEX, France
| | - Isabelle Cardinaud
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D Les Templiers, 2400 Route des colles BP 87, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis CEDEX, France
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10
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Rational design and synthesis of novel anti-prostate cancer agents bearing a 3,5-bis-trifluoromethylphenyl moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3636-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Bassetto M, Ferla S, Pertusati F, Kandil S, Westwell AD, Brancale A, McGuigan C. Design and synthesis of novel bicalutamide and enzalutamide derivatives as antiproliferative agents for the treatment of prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 118:230-43. [PMID: 27131065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the major causes of male death worldwide and the development of new and more potent anti-PC compounds is a constant requirement. Among the current treatments, (R)-bicalutamide and enzalutamide are non-steroidal androgen receptor antagonist drugs approved also in the case of castration-resistant forms. Both these drugs present a moderate antiproliferative activity and their use is limited due to the development of resistant mutants of their biological target. Insertion of fluorinated and perfluorinated groups in biologically active compounds is a current trend in medicinal chemistry, applied to improve their efficacy and stability profiles. As a means to obtain such effects, different modifications with perfluoro groups were rationally designed on the bicalutamide and enzalutamide structures, leading to the synthesis of a series of new antiproliferative compounds. Several new analogues displayed improved in vitro activity towards four different prostate cancer cell lines, while maintaining full AR antagonism and therefore representing promising leads for further development. Furthermore, a series of molecular modelling studies were performed on the AR antagonist conformation, providing useful insights on potential protein-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Bassetto
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Salvatore Ferla
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Sahar Kandil
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Andrew D Westwell
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Christopher McGuigan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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12
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Pi M, Kapoor K, Wu Y, Ye R, Senogles SE, Nishimoto SK, Hwang DJ, Miller DD, Narayanan R, Smith JC, Baudry J, Quarles LD. Structural and Functional Evidence for Testosterone Activation of GPRC6A in Peripheral Tissues. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1759-73. [PMID: 26440882 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A) is a multiligand GPCR that is activated by cations, L-amino acids, and osteocalcin. GPRC6A plays an important role in the regulation of testosterone (T) production and energy metabolism in mice. T has rapid, transcription-independent (nongenomic) effects that are mediated by a putative GPCR. We previously found that T can activate GPRC6A in vitro, but the possibility that T is a ligand for GPRC6A remains controversial. Here, we demonstrate direct T binding to GPRC6A and construct computational structural models of GPRC6A that are used to identify potential binding poses of T. Mutations of the predicted binding site residues were experimentally found to block T activation of GPRC6A, in agreement with the modeling. Using Gpr6ca(-/-) mice, we confirmed that loss of GPRC6A resulted in loss of T rapid signaling responses and elucidated several biological functions regulated by GPRC6A-dependent T rapid signaling, including T stimulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic islets and enzyme expression involved in the biosynthesis of T in Leydig cells. Finally, we identified a stereo-specific effect of an R-isomer of a selective androgen receptor modulator that is predicted to bind to and shown to activate GPRC6A but not androgen receptor. Together, our data show that GPRC6A directly mediates the rapid signaling response to T and uncovers previously unrecognized endocrine networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pi
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., Y.W., R.Y., R.N., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.E.S., S.K.N.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-J.H., D.D.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S., J.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Karan Kapoor
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., Y.W., R.Y., R.N., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.E.S., S.K.N.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-J.H., D.D.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S., J.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Yunpeng Wu
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., Y.W., R.Y., R.N., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.E.S., S.K.N.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-J.H., D.D.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S., J.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Ruisong Ye
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., Y.W., R.Y., R.N., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.E.S., S.K.N.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-J.H., D.D.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S., J.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Susan E Senogles
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., Y.W., R.Y., R.N., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.E.S., S.K.N.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-J.H., D.D.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S., J.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Satoru K Nishimoto
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., Y.W., R.Y., R.N., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.E.S., S.K.N.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-J.H., D.D.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S., J.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Dong-Jin Hwang
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., Y.W., R.Y., R.N., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.E.S., S.K.N.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-J.H., D.D.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S., J.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Duane D Miller
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., Y.W., R.Y., R.N., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.E.S., S.K.N.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-J.H., D.D.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S., J.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., Y.W., R.Y., R.N., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.E.S., S.K.N.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-J.H., D.D.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S., J.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., Y.W., R.Y., R.N., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.E.S., S.K.N.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-J.H., D.D.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S., J.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Jerome Baudry
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., Y.W., R.Y., R.N., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.E.S., S.K.N.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-J.H., D.D.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S., J.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - L Darryl Quarles
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., Y.W., R.Y., R.N., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.E.S., S.K.N.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.-J.H., D.D.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S., J.B.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
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13
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Synthesis and preliminary investigations into novel 1,2,3-triazole-derived androgen receptor antagonists inspired by bicalutamide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4948-53. [PMID: 25301770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A versatile and high yielding synthesis of novel androgen receptor (AR) antagonists is presented. Using this methodology, six 1,4-substituted-1,2,3-triazole derived bicalutamide mimics were synthesised in five steps and in isolated overall yields from 41% to 85%. Evaluation of these compounds for their anti-proliferative properties against androgen dependent (LNCaP) and independent (PC-3) cells showed promising IC50 values of 34-45 μM and 29-151 μM, respectively. The data suggest that the latter compounds may be an excellent starting point for the development of prostate cancer therapeutics for both androgen dependent and independent forms of this disease. Docking of these compounds (each enantiomer) in silico into the T877A mutated androgen receptor, as possessed by LNCaP cells, was also undertaken.
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14
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Altimari JM, Niranjan B, Risbridger GP, Schweiker SS, Lohning AE, Henderson LC. Preliminary investigations into triazole derived androgen receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2692-706. [PMID: 24726305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A range of 1,4-substituted-1,2,3-N-phenyltriazoles were synthesized and evaluated as non-steroidal androgen receptor (AR) antagonists. The motivation for this study was to replace the N-phenyl amide portion of small molecule antiandrogens with a 1,2,3-triazole and determine effects, if any, on biological activity. The synthetic methodology presented herein is robust, high yielding and extremely rapid. Using this methodology a series of 17 N-aryl triazoles were synthesized from commercially available starting materials in less than 3h. After preliminary biological screening at 20 and 40 μM, the most promising three compounds were found to display IC50 values of 40-50 μM against androgen dependent (LNCaP) cells and serve as a starting point for further structure-activity investigations. All compounds in this work were the focus of an in silico study to dock the compounds into the human androgen receptor ligand binding domain (hARLBD) and compare their predicted binding affinity with known antiandrogens. A comparison of receptor-ligand interactions for the wild type and T877A mutant AR revealed two novel polar interactions. One with Q738 of the wild type site and the second with the mutated A877 residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrad M Altimari
- Strategic Research Center for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong 3216, Victoria, Australia
| | - Birunthi Niranjan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Stephanie S Schweiker
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast 4229, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anna E Lohning
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast 4229, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Strategic Research Center for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong 3216, Victoria, Australia; Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong 3216, Victoria, Australia.
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15
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Varchi G, Guerrini A, Tesei A, Brigliadori G, Bertucci C, Di Donato M, Castoria G. Nonsteroidal androgen receptor ligands: versatile syntheses and biological data. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:454-8. [PMID: 24900495 DOI: 10.1021/ml3000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein a stereoselective and straightforward methodology for the synthesis of new androgen receptor ligands with (anti)-agonistic activities. Oxygen-nitrogen replacement in bicalutamide-like structures paves the way to the disclosure of a new class of analogues, including cyclized/nitrogen-substituted derivatives, with promising antiandrogen (or anabolic) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Varchi
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Guerrini
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Tesei
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST),
Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - Giovanni Brigliadori
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST),
Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - Carlo Bertucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marzia Di Donato
- Dipartimento di Patologia Generale
II, Università di Napoli, Napoli,
Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Dipartimento di Patologia Generale
II, Università di Napoli, Napoli,
Italy
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16
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Gao M, Wang M, Miller KD, Zheng QH. Facile radiosynthesis of new carbon-11-labeled propanamide derivatives as selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) radioligands for prostate cancer imaging. Steroids 2011; 76:1505-12. [PMID: 21867721 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is an attractive target for the treatment and molecular imaging of prostate cancer. New carbon-11-labeled propanamide derivatives were first designed and synthesized as selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) radioligands for prostate cancer imaging using the biomedical imaging technique positron emission tomography (PET). The target tracers, (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-[(11)C]methoxyphenoxy)-2-methylpropanamide ([(11)C]8a), (S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-[(11)C]methoxyphenoxy)-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanamide ([(11)C]8 e), (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-[(11)C]methoxyphenoxy)-2-methylpropanamide ([(11)C]8c) and (S)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-[(11)C]methoxyphenoxy)-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanamide ([(11)C]8 g), were prepared by O-[(11)C]methylation of their corresponding precursors, (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-2-methylpropanamide (9a), (S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanamide (9b), (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-2-methylpropanamide (9 c) and (S)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanamide (9 d), with [(11)C]CH(3)OTf under basic conditions and isolated by a simplified C-18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) method in 55 ± 5% (n = 5) radiochemical yields based on [(11)C]CO(2) and decay corrected to end of bombardment (EOB). The overall synthesis time from EOB was 23 min, the radiochemical purity was >99%, and the specific activity at end of synthesis (EOS) was 277.5 ± 92.5 GBq/μmol (n = 5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhang Gao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1345 West 16th Street, L3-202, Indianapolis, IN 46202-2111, USA
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17
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Henderson LC, Altimari JM, Dyson G, Servinis L, Niranjan B, Risbridger GP. A comparative assessment of α-lipoic acid N-phenylamides as non-steroidal androgen receptor antagonists both on and off gold nanoparticles. Bioorg Chem 2011; 40:1-5. [PMID: 22196975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A group of α-lipoic acid N-phenylamides were synthesized employing a variety of amide coupling protocols utilizing electron deficient anilines. These compounds were then assessed for their ability to block androgen-stimulated proliferation of a human prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP. These structurally simple compounds displayed anti-proliferative activities at, typically, 5-20 μM concentrations and were comparable to a commonly used anti-androgen Bicalutamide®. The inclusion of a disulfide (RS-SR) moiety, serving as an anchor to several metal nanoparticle systems (Au, Ag, Fe(2)O(3), etc.), does not impede any biological activity. Conjugation of these compounds to a gold nanoparticle surface resulted in a high degree of cellular toxicity, attributed to the absence of a biocompatible group such as PEG within the organic scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Henderson
- Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Jarrad M Altimari
- Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Gail Dyson
- Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Linden Servinis
- Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Birunthi Niranjan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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18
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Synthesis and biological activity of ferrocenyl derivatives of the non-steroidal antiandrogens flutamide and bicalutamide. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Reactions of nitroxides. Part X: Antifungal activity of selected sulfur and selenium derivatives of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:514-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Hydroxylation of l-proline to cis-3-hydroxy-l-proline by recombinant Escherichia coli expressing a synthetic l-proline-3-hydroxylase gene. Enzyme Microb Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Li W, Hwang DJ, Cremer D, Joo H, Kraka E, Kim J, Ross CR, Nguyen VQ, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Structure determination of chiral sulfoxide in diastereomeric bicalutamide derivatives. Chirality 2009; 21:578-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Simmons MN, Klein EA. Combined Androgen Blockade Revisited: Emerging Options for the Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Urology 2009; 73:697-705. [PMID: 19185908 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2008.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Rodriguez F, Rozas I, Ortega JE, Erdozain AM, Meana JJ, Callado LF. Guanidine and 2-aminoimidazoline aromatic derivatives as alpha2-adrenoceptor ligands: searching for structure-activity relationships. J Med Chem 2009; 52:601-9. [PMID: 19133776 DOI: 10.1021/jm800838r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the synthesis of three new 2-aminoimidazoline (compounds 4b, 5b, and 6b) and three new guanidine derivatives (compounds 7b, 8b, and 9b) as potential alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonists for the treatment of depression. Their pharmacological profile was evaluated in vitro in human brain tissue and compared to the potential antidepressant 1 and the agonists 2 and 3. All new substrates were evaluated by in vitro functional [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding assays in human prefrontal cortex to determine their agonistic or antagonistic activity. Compound 8b was found to be an antagonist in vitro and was subjected to in vivo microdialysis experiments in rats. Moreover, a new synthesis of the precursor amines for compounds 4b-9b is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rodriguez
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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24
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Mohler ML, Bohl CE, Narayanan R, He Y, Hwang DJ, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Nonsteroidal Tissue‐Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527623297.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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25
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26
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van Oeveren A, Pio BA, Tegley CM, Higuchi RI, Wu M, Jones TK, Marschke KB, Negro-Vilar A, Zhi L. Discovery of an androgen receptor modulator pharmacophore based on 2-quinolinones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1523-6. [PMID: 17257838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 12/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of alkylamino-2-quinolinone compounds (3) was discovered as androgen receptor modulators based on an early linear tricyclic quinoline pharmacophore (1). The series demonstrated selective high binding affinity to androgen receptor and potent receptor modulating activities in the cotransfection assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan van Oeveren
- Discovery Research, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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27
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Abstract
Since the original observations of Huggins and Hodges that prostate cancers are androgen dependent, androgen ablation therapy has been the gold standard for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer (CaP). Androgen receptor (AR) is believed to play critical roles in the development and progression of CaP. Treatment for neoadjuvant, adjuvant and recurrent disease all center on the regulation and manipulation of the androgen pathway, in which AR plays an integral role. Recent discoveries that frequent overexpression of ETS-related proto-oncogenes may be driven by AR as a consequence of common genomic rearrangements can hold the key towards the understanding of early phases of prostate cancer. Furthermore, AR function evolves as the cell changes towards a clinically androgen depletion independent state. Comprehension of AR function, regulation and abnormalities are increasingly refined towards the understanding of the role of AR in CaP, and in therapeutic applications. Development of future therapy for CaP will be aided by improving the knowledge of dysfunctions of AR and its network in prostate cancer. This review focuses salient features of AR and on the recent advances addressing AR dysfunctions in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Richter
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, US Military Cancer Institute, Uniformed Services University, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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28
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Abstract
Male hypogonadism is a common endocrine problem that affects men of all ages. Recently, there has been a surge in testosterone use among middle-aged and older men who in the past may have been considered to have borderline or even normal testosterone levels. This increasing use of testosterone therapy among men has paralleled the increasing improvements in the development of treatments for male hypogonadism that have been made over the past few decades. Current therapies using transdermal formulations and long-acting injectables such as testosterone undecanoate are quickly replacing the old injectable testosterone esters. In recent years, pharmaceutical sales and prescription data have readily shown a shift in the testosterone marketplace towards greater use of slightly more expensive treatments such as transdermal therapies, which are easier to administer and yield more physiological levels of testosterone. On the horizon are several new compounds in development, such as selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMS), 7alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone, aromatase inhibitors, clomifene, dihydrotestosterone and human chorionic gonadotropin. Compounds such as SARMs are designed to selectively target androgen receptors in specific tissues (such as bone and muscles), in the hope of dispersing some of the side effects experienced on the prostate, which are presently associated with therapy of exogenous testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Edelstein
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baltimore, MD, USA
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