ISM1 protects lung homeostasis via cell-surface GRP78-mediated alveolar macrophage apoptosis

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are critical for lung immune defense and homeostasis. They are orchestrators of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with their number significantly increased and functions altered in COPD. However, it is unclear how AM number and function are controlled in a healthy lung and if changes in AMs without environmental assault are sufficient to trigger lung inflammation and COPD. We report here that absence of isthmin 1 (ISM1) in mice (Ism1-/- ) leads to increase in both AM number and functional heterogeneity, with enduring lung inflammation, progressive emphysema, and significant lung function decline, phenotypes similar to human COPD. We reveal that ISM1 is a lung resident anti-inflammatory protein that selectively triggers the apoptosis of AMs that harbor high levels of its receptor cell-surface GRP78 (csGRP78). csGRP78 is present at a heterogeneous level in the AMs of a healthy lung, but csGRP78high AMs are expanded in Ism1-/- mice, cigarette smoke (CS)-induced COPD mice, and human COPD lung, making these cells the prime targets of ISM1-mediated apoptosis. We show that csGRP78high AMs mostly express MMP-12, hence proinflammatory. Intratracheal delivery of recombinant ISM1 (rISM1) depleted csGRP78high AMs in both Ism1-/- and CS-induced COPD mice, blocked emphysema development, and preserved lung function. Consistently, ISM1 expression in human lungs positively correlates with AM apoptosis, suggesting similar function of ISM1-csGRP78 in human lungs. Our findings reveal that AM apoptosis regulation is an important physiological mechanism for maintaining lung homeostasis and demonstrate the potential of pulmonary-delivered rISM1 to target csGRP78 as a therapeutic strategy for COPD.

A review on the role of GAS6 and GAS6-AS1 in the carcinogenesis

Growth arrest specific 6 (GAS6) encodes a protein that serves as a ligand for AXL receptor tyrosine kinase and stimulates cell proliferation. Notably, an antisense RNA, namely GAS6-AS1 is transcribed from chromosome 13q34, near GAS6 gene. In vitro functional experiments have demonstrated that GAS6-AS1 can promote proliferation, migration and invasive properties of transformed cells through enhancing entry into S-phase. Notably, mechanistic investigations have shown that GAS6-AS1 can regulate expression of GAS6 at the transcriptional or translational stages through constructing a RNA-RNA duplex, thus enhancing expression of AXL and inducing AXL signaling. Both GAS6 and its antisense transcript contribute in the pathogenesis of human malignancies. In the current review, we provide a summary of studies that appraised the role of these genes in the carcinogenesis.

Cripto-1 as a Key Factor in Tumor Progression, Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stem Cells

Cripto-1 is an essential protein for human development that plays a key role in the early phase of gastrulation in the differentiation of an embryo as well as assists with wound healing processes. Importantly, Cripto-1 induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition to turn fixed epithelial cells into a more mobile mesenchymal phenotype through the downregulation of epithelial adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin, occludins, and claudins, and the upregulation of mesenchymal, mobile proteins, such as N-cadherin, Snail, and Slug. Consequently, Cripto-1’s role in inducing EMT to promote cell motility is beneficial in embryogenesis, but detrimental in the formation, progression and metastasis of malignant tumors. Indeed, Cripto-1 is found to be upregulated in most cancers, such as breast, lung, gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, cervical, ovarian, prostate, and skin cancers. Through its role in EMT, Cripto-1 can remodel cancer cells to enable them to travel through the extracellular matrix as well as blood and lymphatic vessels to metastasize to different organs. Additionally, Cripto-1 promotes the survival of cancer stem cells, which can lead to relapse in cancer patients.

Nek2B accelerates the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma through regulating SFRP1 to activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to clarify the expression pattern of Nek2B in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its influence on malignant phenotypes of HCC through regulating SFRP1 and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

METHODS

Nek2B levels in 64 paired HCC tissues and adjacent normal ones were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The correlation between Nek2B level and clinical parameters of HCC patients was analyzed. Regulatory effects of Nek2B and SFRP1 on clonality, proliferation and apoptosis of MHCC97H and Hep3B cells were determined through functional experiments. Western blot was conducted to detect protein levels of SFRP1, β-catenin, c-myc, cyclinD1 and MMP7 in HCC cells with overexpression or knockdown of Nek2B. At last, rescue experiments were performed to clarify the role of Nek2B/SFRP1 regulatory loop in aggravating the progression of HCC.

RESULTS

Nek2B was upregulated in HCC tissues and cells. HCC patients expressing a high level of Nek2B were in more advanced tumor stage and had worse prognosis. Overexpression of Nek2B in MHCC97H cells enhanced clonality, 5-Ethynyl-2'- deoxyuridine (EdU)-positive ratio and suppressed apoptosis. Besides, knockdown of Nek2B in Hep3B cells yielded the opposite results. SFRP1 was downregulated in HCC, and low level of SFRP1 predicted worse prognosis of HCC. Overexpression of Nek2B downregulated SFRP1, but upregulated β-catenin, c-myc, cyclinD1 and MMP7 in HCC cells. Importantly, Nek2B/SFRP1 regulatory loop was identified to aggravate the progression of HCC.

CONCLUSIONS

Nek2B is upregulated in HCC, and closely linked to tumor stage and poor prognosis in HCC patients. Through interaction with SFRP1, Nek2B aggravates the progression of HCC by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

The Role of Mitochondria in Immune-Cell-Mediated Tissue Regeneration and Ageing

During tissue injury events, the innate immune system responds immediately to alarms sent from the injured cells, and the adaptive immune system subsequently joins in the inflammatory reaction. The control mechanism of each immune reaction relies on the orchestration of different types of T cells and the activators, antigen-presenting cells, co-stimulatory molecules, and cytokines. Mitochondria are an intracellular signaling organelle and energy plant, which supply the energy requirement of the immune system and maintain the system activation with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Extracellular mitochondria can elicit regenerative effects or serve as an activator of the immune cells to eliminate the damaged cells. Recent clarification of the cytosolic escape of mitochondrial DNA triggering innate immunity underscores the pivotal role of mitochondria in inflammation-related diseases. Human mesenchymal stem cells could transfer mitochondria through nanotubular structures to defective mitochondrial DNA cells. In recent years, mitochondrial therapy has shown promise in treating heart ischemic events, Parkinson's disease, and fulminating hepatitis. Taken together, these results emphasize the emerging role of mitochondria in immune-cell-mediated tissue regeneration and ageing.

Erythroid enucleation: a gateway into a "bloody" world

Erythropoiesis is an intricate process starting in hematopoietic stem cells and leading to the daily production of 200 billion red blood cells (RBCs). Enucleation is a greatly complex and rate-limiting step during terminal maturation of mammalian RBC production involving expulsion of the nucleus from the orthochromatic erythroblasts, resulting in the formation of reticulocytes. The dynamic enucleation process involves many factors ranging from cytoskeletal proteins to transcription factors to microRNAs. Lack of optimum terminal erythroid maturation and enucleation has been an impediment to optimum RBC production ex vivo. Major efforts in the past two decades have exposed some of the mechanisms that govern the enucleation process. This review focuses in detail on mechanisms implicated in enucleation and discusses the future perspectives of this fascinating process.

SPATA33 is an autophagy mediator for cargo selectivity in germline mitophagy

Selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria (mitophagy) is important in maintaining proper cellular homeostasis. Here, we found that SPATA33 is a novel autophagy mediator for mitophagy in testis. The SPATA33 protein localizes on mitochondria via its binding of the carboxyl terminal with the outer mitochondrial membrane protein VDAC2. Upon starvation induction, SPATA33 is recruited to autophagosome by binding the autophagy machinery ATG16L1 via its N-terminal along with mitochondria. Notably, Spata33 knockout inhibited autophagy and overexpression can promote autophagosome formation for mitochondrial sequestration. Therefore, SPATA33 confers selectivity for mitochondrial degradation and promotes mitophagy in male germline cells.

Short- and long-distance signaling in plant defense

When encountering microbial pathogens, plant cells can recognize danger signals derived from pathogens, activate plant immune responses and generate cell-autonomous as well as non-cell-autonomous defense signaling molecules, which promotes defense responses at the infection site and in the neighboring cells. Meanwhile, local damages can result in the release of immunogenic signals including damage-associated molecule patterns and phytocytokines, which also serve as danger signals to potentiate immune responses in cells surrounding the infection site. Activation of local defense responses further induces the production of long-distance defense signals, which can move to distal tissue to activate systemic acquired resistance. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on various signaling molecules involved in short- and long-distance defense signaling, and emphasize the roles of regulatory proteins involved in the processes.

Slit2 Regulates Hyaluronan & Cytokine Synthesis in Fibrocytes: Potential Relevance to Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy

CONTEXT

CD34+ fibrocytes have been implicated in development of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), a consequential autoimmune manifestation of Graves disease (GD). In TAO, CD34+ fibrocytes appear to masquerade as CD34+ orbital fibroblasts mixed with CD34- OF (collectively, GD-OF). Slit2, an axon guidance glycoprotein, is expressed by CD34- OF and attenuates GD-OF gene expression. Cardinal features of TAO include hyaluronan (HA) accumulation and cytokine-driven inflammation.

OBJECTIVE

Compare expression of HA synthase isoenzymes (HAS1-3), UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH), synthesis of HA, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in fibrocytes and GD-OF. Determine whether Slit2 alters gene expression patterns.

DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS

Patients with TAO and healthy donors were recruited from an academic practice.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Real-time polymerase chain reaction, HA, IL-6, and TNF-α immunoassays.

RESULTS

HA synthesis and release from fibrocytes is substantially lower than in GD-OF. HAS1 expression dominates in fibrocytes while HAS2 in GD-OF. In contrast, HAS2 and UGDH expression dominate GD-OF and localize to CD34- OF. Recombinant human Slit2 (rhSlit2) substantially upregulates HA synthesis and HAS2 expression in fibrocytes but attenuates IL-6 and TNF-α production in these cells. In contrast, knocking down Slit2 in GD-OF reduces HA synthesis and HAS2 and UGDH expression while upregulating IL-6 and TNF-α.

CONCLUSION

The dramatic differences in HA, IL-6, and TNF-α production, and HAS and UGDH expression found in fibrocytes and GD-OF appear, at least in part, to be attributable to Slit2. These findings provide novel insight into the differences in gene expression exhibited by CD34+ fibrocytes and CD34+ OF and therefore reveal important aspects of disease pathogenesis.

Gremlin-1 augments the oestrogen-related receptor α signalling through EGFR activation: implications for the progression of breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Gremlin-1 (GREM1), one of the bone morphogenetic protein antagonists, is involved in organogenesis, tissue differentiation and kidney development. However, the role of GREM1 in cancer progression and its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.

METHODS

The role of GREM1 in breast cancer progression was assessed by measuring cell viability, colony formation, 3D tumour spheroid formation/invasion and xenograft tumour formation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, a luciferase reporter assay and flow cytometry were performed to investigate the molecular events in which GREM1 is involved.

RESULTS

GREM1 expression was elevated in breast cancer cells and tissues obtained from breast cancer patients. Its overexpression was associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients, especially those with oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumours. GREM1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells and xenograft mammary tumour growth, while its overexpression enhanced their viability, growth and invasiveness. Oestrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), an orphan nuclear hormone receptor, directly interacted with the GREM1 promoter and increased the expression of GREM1. GREM1 also enhanced the promoter activity of ESRRA encoding ERRα, comprising a positive feedback loop. Notably, GREM1 bound to and activated EGFR, a well-known upstream regulator of ERRα.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggests that the GREM1-ERRα axis can serve as a potential therapeutic target in the management of cancer, especially ER-negative tumour.

Phosphorylation of CRMP2 is required for migration and positioning of Purkinje cells: Redundant roles of CRMP1 and CRMP4

Proper migration and positioning of Purkinje cells are important for formation of the developing cerebellum. Although several cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) substrates are known to be critical for ordered neuronal migration, there are no reports of mutant mouse-based, in vivo studies on the function of Cdk5-phosphorylation substrates in migration of Purkinje cells. We focused on the analysis of collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2), one of the Cdk5 substrates, because a previous study reported migration defects of cortical neurons with shRNA-mediated knockdown of CRMP2. However, CRMP2 KI/KI mice, in which Cdk5-phosphorylation is inhibited, showed little defects in Purkinje cell migration and positioning. We hypothesized compensatory redundant functions of the other CRMPs, and analyzed the migration and positioning of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum in every combination of CRMP1 knockout (KO), CRMP2 KI/KI, and CRMP4 KO mice. Severe disturbance of migration and positioning of Purkinje cells were observed in the triple mutant mice. We also found motor coordination defects in the triple CRMPs mutant mice. These results suggest the importance of both, phosphorylation of CRMP2 by Cdk5 and the redundant functions of CRMP1 and CRMP4 in proper migration and positioning of Purkinje cells in developing cerebellum.

Osteogenesis and bone remodeling: A focus on growth factors and bioactive peptides

Bone is one of the most frequently transplanted tissues. The bone structure and its physiological function and stem cells biology were known to be closely related to each other for many years. Bone is considered a home to the well-known systems of postnatal mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These bone resident MSCs provide a range of growth factors (GF) and cytokines to support cell growth following injury. These GFs include a group of proteins and peptides produced by different cells which are regulators of important cell functions such as division, migration, and differentiation. GF signaling controls the formation and development of the MSCs condensation and plays a critical role in regulating osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and bone/mineral homeostasis. Thus, a combination of both MSCs and GFs receives high expectations in regenerative medicine, particularly in bone repair applications. It is known that the delivery of exogenous GFs to the non-union bone fracture site remarkably improves healing results. Here we present updated information on bone tissue engineering with a specific focus on GF characteristics and their application in cellular functions and tissue healing. Moreover, the interrelation of GFs with the damaged bone microenvironment and their mechanistic functions are discussed.

New Insights Into Physiological and Pathophysiological Functions of Stanniocalcin 2

Stanniocalcin, a glycosylated peptide hormone, first discovered in a bony fish has originally been shown to play critical role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Two paralogs of stanniocalcin (STC1 and STC2) identified in mammals are widely expressed in variety of tissues. This review provides historical perspective on the discovery of fish and mammalian stanniocalcin, describes molecular regulation of STC2 gene, catalogs distribution as well as expression of STC2 in tissues, and provides key structural information known till date regarding mammalian STC2. Additionally, this mini review summarizes pivotal functions of STC2 in calcium and phosphate regulation, cytoprotection, cell development, and angiogenesis. Finally, STC2's role as a novel marker for human cancers has also been outlined. Reviewing these studies will provide an opportunity to understand STC2's structure, biological functions as well as key molecular pathways involving STC2, which will help us design innovative therapeutic interventions using this novel hormone.

Luseogliflozin increases beta cell proliferation through humoral factors that activate an insulin receptor- and IGF-1 receptor-independent pathway

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, which prevent the renal reabsorption of glucose, decrease blood glucose levels in an insulin-independent manner. We previously reported creating a mouse model of systemic inhibition of target receptors for both insulin and IGF-1 by treating animals with OSI-906, a dual insulin/IGF-1 receptor inhibitor, for 7 days. The OSI-906-treated mice exhibited an increased beta cell mass, hepatic steatosis and adipose tissue atrophy, accompanied by hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. In the present study, we investigated the effects of an SGLT2 inhibitor, luseogliflozin, on these changes in OSI-906-treated mice.

METHODS

We treated C57BL/6J male mice either with vehicle, luseogliflozin, OSI-906 or OSI-906 plus luseogliflozin for 7 days, and phenotyping was performed to determine beta cell mass and proliferation. Subsequently, we tested whether serum-derived factors have an effect on beta cell proliferation in genetically engineered beta cells, mouse islets or human islets.

RESULTS

SGLT2 inhibition with luseogliflozin significantly ameliorated hyperglycaemia, but not hyperinsulinaemia, in the OSI-906-treated mice. Liver steatosis and adipose tissue atrophy induced by OSI-906 were not altered by treatment with luseogliflozin. Beta cell mass and proliferation were further increased by SGLT2 inhibition with luseogliflozin in the OSI-906-treated mice. Luseogliflozin upregulated gene expression related to the forkhead box M1 (FoxM1)/polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1)/centromere protein A (CENP-A) pathway in the islets of OSI-906-treated mice. The increase in beta cell proliferation was recapitulated in a co-culture of Irs2 knockout and Insr/IR knockout (βIRKO) beta cells with serum from both luseogliflozin- and OSI-906-treated mice, but not after SGLT2 inhibition in beta cells. Circulating factors in both luseogliflozin- and OSI-906-treated mice promoted beta cell proliferation in both mouse islets and cadaveric human islets.

CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION

These results suggest that luseogliflozin can increase beta cell proliferation through the activation of the FoxM1/PLK1/CENP-A pathway via humoral factors that act in an insulin/IGF-1 receptor-independent manner.

IGSF1 Deficiency Results in Human and Murine Somatotrope Neurosecretory Hyperfunction

CONTEXT

The X-linked immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 (IGSF1), gene is highly expressed in the hypothalamus and in pituitary cells of the POU1F1 lineage. Human loss-of-function mutations in IGSF1 cause central hypothyroidism, hypoprolactinemia, and macroorchidism. Additionally, most affected adults exhibit higher than average IGF-1 levels and anecdotal reports describe acromegaloid features in older subjects. However, somatotrope function has not yet been formally evaluated in this condition.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to evaluate the role of IGSF1 in human and murine somatotrope function.

PATIENTS, DESIGN, AND SETTING

We evaluated 21 adult males harboring hemizygous IGSF1 loss-of-function mutations for features of GH excess, in an academic clinical setting.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

We compared biochemical and tissue markers of GH excess in patients and controls, including 24-hour GH profile studies in 7 patients. Parallel studies were undertaken in male Igsf1-deficient mice and wild-type littermates.

RESULTS

IGSF1-deficient adult male patients demonstrated acromegaloid facial features with increased head circumference as well as increased finger soft-tissue thickness. Median serum IGF-1 concentrations were elevated, and 24-hour GH profile studies confirmed 2- to 3-fold increased median basal, pulsatile, and total GH secretion. Male Igsf1-deficient mice also demonstrated features of GH excess with increased lean mass, organ size, and skeletal dimensions and elevated mean circulating IGF-1 and pituitary GH levels.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrate somatotrope neurosecretory hyperfunction in IGSF1-deficient humans and mice. These observations define a hitherto uncharacterized role for IGSF1 in somatotropes and indicate that patients with IGSF1 mutations should be evaluated for long-term consequences of increased GH exposure.

Blockade of Stromal Gas6 Alters Cancer Cell Plasticity, Activates NK Cells, and Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the deadliest cancers due to its aggressive and metastatic nature. PDA is characterized by a rich tumor stroma with abundant macrophages, fibroblasts, and collagen deposition that can represent up to 90% of the tumor mass. Activation of the tyrosine kinase receptor AXL and expression of its ligand growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) correlate with a poor prognosis and increased metastasis in pancreatic cancer patients. Gas6 is a multifunctional protein that can be secreted by several cell types and regulates multiple processes, including cancer cell plasticity, angiogenesis, and immune cell functions. However, the role of Gas6 in pancreatic cancer metastasis has not been fully investigated. In these studies we find that, in pancreatic tumors, Gas6 is mainly produced by tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and that pharmacological blockade of Gas6 signaling partially reverses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells and supports NK cell activation, thereby inhibiting pancreatic cancer metastasis. Our data suggest that Gas6 simultaneously acts on both the tumor cells and the NK cells to support pancreatic cancer metastasis. This study supports the rationale for targeting Gas6 in pancreatic cancer and use of NK cells as a potential biomarker for response to anti-Gas6 therapy.

Growth Factors in Regeneration and Regenerative Medicine: "the Cure and the Cause"

The potential rapid advance of regenerative medicine was obstructed by findings that stimulation of human body regeneration is a much tougher mission than expected after the first cultures of stem and progenitor cells were established. In this mini review, we focus on the ambiguous role of growth factors in regeneration, discuss their evolutionary importance, and highlight them as the "cure and the cause" for successful or failed attempts to drive human body regeneration. We draw the reader's attention to evolutionary changes that occurred in growth factors and their receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and how they established and shaped response to injury in metazoans. Discussing the well-known pleiotropy of growth factors, we propose an evolutionary rationale for their functioning in this specific way and focus on growth factors and RTKs as an amazing system that defines the multicellular nature of animals and highlight their participation in regeneration. We pinpoint potential bottlenecks in their application for human tissue regeneration and show their role in fibrosis/regeneration balance. This communication invites the reader to re-evaluate the functions of growth factors as keepers of natively existing communications between elements of tissue, which makes them a fundamental component of a successful regenerative strategy. Finally, we draw attention to the epigenetic landscape that may facilitate or block regeneration and give a brief insight into how it may define the outcome of injury.

Regulatory Roles of Drosophila Insulin-Like Peptide 1 (DILP1) in Metabolism Differ in Pupal and Adult Stages

The insulin/IGF-signaling pathway is central in control of nutrient-dependent growth during development, and in adult physiology and longevity. Eight insulin-like peptides (DILP1-8) have been identified in Drosophila, and several of these are known to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, stress responses, and lifespan. However, the functional role of DILP1 is far from understood. Previous work has shown that dilp1/DILP1 is transiently expressed mainly during the pupal stage and the first days of adult life. Here, we study the role of dilp1 in the pupa, as well as in the first week of adult life, and make some comparisons to dilp6 that displays a similar pupal expression profile, but is expressed in fat body rather than brain neurosecretory cells. We show that mutation of dilp1 diminishes organismal weight during pupal development, whereas overexpression increases it, similar to dilp6 manipulations. No growth effects of dilp1 or dilp6 manipulations were detected during larval development. We next show that dilp1 and dilp6 increase metabolic rate in the late pupa and promote lipids as the primary source of catabolic energy. Effects of dilp1 manipulations can also be seen in the adult fly. In newly eclosed female flies, survival during starvation is strongly diminished in dilp1 mutants, but not in dilp2 and dilp1/dilp2 mutants, whereas in older flies, only the double mutants display reduced starvation resistance. Starvation resistance is not affected in male dilp1 mutant flies, suggesting a sex dimorphism in dilp1 function. Overexpression of dilp1 also decreases survival during starvation in female flies and increases egg laying and decreases egg to pupal viability. In conclusion, dilp1 and dilp6 overexpression promotes metabolism and growth of adult tissues during the pupal stage, likely by utilization of stored lipids. Some of the effects of the dilp1 manipulations may carry over from the pupa to affect physiology in young adults, but our data also suggest that dilp1 signaling is important in metabolism and stress resistance in the adult stage.

Adropin and glucagon-like peptide-2 are associated with glucose metabolism in obese children

BACKGROUND

The interaction of adropin, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP2), angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4), and with childhood obesity and glucose metabolism is inconsistent. This study is to evaluate the association of the three cytokines and glucose homeostasis.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study of children with obesity ranging from 5 to 14 years compared to age- and sex-matched children of normal weight. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), oral glucose tolerance test 2-hour plasma glucose (OGTT2hPG), and insulin (INS) were measured, and serum adropin, GLP2, and ANGPTL4 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The body mass index (BMI), BMI-Z scores, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated.

RESULTS

Thirty-nine children (9.70 ± 1.71 years, 18 females) with obesity and 29 normal weight children (8.98 ± 1.98 years, 16 females) were assessed. The levels of INS, HOMA-IR and GLP2 of the obesity group were significantly higher than the controls (P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that serum GLP2 was positively associated with WHR, FPG, and OGTT2hPG, and adropin was negatively associated with BMI, BMI-Z, WHR, INS, and HOMA-IR (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, GLP2 were negatively associated with adropin and ANGPTL4 (both P < 0.05). By binary logistic regression, adropin and GLP2 were found to be independent markers of obesity. Multiple linear regression showed that GLP2 was associated with OGTT2hPG, and adropin was associated with INS and HOMA-IR (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Obese children had elevated GLP2 concentrations, and adropin and GLP2 associated with both childhood obesity and glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, there may be a physiologic interplay between adropin and GLP2 in obese children.

Slit/Robo signals prevent spinal motor neuron emigration by organizing the spinal cord basement membrane

The developing spinal cord builds a boundary between the CNS and the periphery, in the form of a basement membrane. The spinal cord basement membrane is a barrier that retains CNS neuron cell bodies, while being selectively permeable to specific axon types. Spinal motor neuron cell bodies are located in the ventral neural tube next to the floor plate and project their axons out through the basement membrane to peripheral targets. However, little is known about how spinal motor neuron cell bodies are retained inside the ventral neural tube, while their axons can exit. In previous work, we found that disruption of Slit/Robo signals caused motor neuron emigration outside the spinal cord. In the current study, we investigate how Slit/Robo signals are necessary to keep spinal motor neurons within the neural tube. Our findings show that when Slit/Robo signals were removed from motor neurons, they migrated outside the spinal cord. Furthermore, this emigration was associated with abnormal basement membrane protein expression in the ventral spinal cord. Using Robo2 and Slit2 conditional mutants, we found that motor neuron-derived Slit/Robo signals were required to set up a normal basement membrane in the spinal cord. Together, our results suggest that motor neurons produce Slit signals that are required for the basement membrane assembly to retain motor neuron cell bodies within the spinal cord.

IL-18/IL-18BP and IL-22/IL-22BP: Two interrelated couples with therapeutic potential

Interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-22 are key components of cytokine networks that play a decisive role in (pathological) inflammation, host defense, and tissue regeneration. Tight regulation of cytokine-driven signaling, inflammation, and immunoactivation is supposed to enable nullification of a given deleterious trigger without mediating overwhelming collateral tissue damage or even activating a cancerous face of regeneration. In fact, feedback regulation by specific cytokine opponents is regarded as a major means by which the immune system is kept in balance. Herein, we shine a light on the interplay between IL-18 and IL-22 and their opponents IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) and IL-22BP in order to provide integrated information on their biology, pathophysiological significance, and prospect as targets and/or instruments of therapeutic intervention.

Osteoglycin and Bone-a Systematic Review

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Bone turnover is a regulated process. Osteoglycin is suggested to have an important impact on bone function but may also affect cardiovascular and metabolic functions. This review investigates the action of osteoglycin in bone as well as its potential endocrine effects.

RECENT FINDINGS

Osteoglycin is expressed by several tissues including bone and muscle. Some studies suggest that osteoglycin increases osteoblast differentiation whereas others suggest that osteoglycin decreases osteoblast differentiation. Thus, findings on the influence of osteoglycin in bone are conflicting. A recent study found increased bone mass in osteoglycin deficient mice. Another study reported that osteoglycin is a marker of low bone mineral density and vertebral fractures in women with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, clinical studies link osteoglycin to insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Osteoglycin may be a novel marker of a muscle, pancreatic, and bone axis. However, current evidence is limited and further research investigating osteoglycin in both a pre-clinical and a clinical setting is needed.

A model of human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) activation in mental health and illness

Despite strong evidence for the heritability of major depressive disorder (MDD), efforts to identify causal genes have been disappointing. Furthermore, although there is strong support for life stress as a major predictor of MDD, there are also considerable individual differences in susceptibility and resilience that remain poorly understood. Efforts to identify specific gene-by-environment risk factors produced results that were initially encouraging, but that were not supported by later large-scale studies. Here I propose a novel mechanism that could address the "missing heritability" of MDD, the role of environmental risk factors, and individual differences in susceptibility and resilience. This mechanism focuses on a class of transposable elements, Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs), which make up approximately 8% of the human genome as the result of ancient retroviral infections that entered mammalian germ lines throughout the course of evolution. My primary hypothesis is that exposure to either exogenous viruses or traumatic experiences can activate HERVs in the brain to cause depressive (and possibly other psychiatric) symptoms. My secondary hypothesis is that individual differences in vulnerability or resilience result from the balance of activated HERVs with pathogenic versus protective functions in the brain. Future research can test these hypotheses by analysis of postmortem human brain tissue from donors with known viral or trauma histories; animal studies manipulating HERV expression; cell culture studies examining regulatory mechanisms of HERV expression; and from brain imaging studies of individuals with known HERV-expression. Such research may reveal novel functions of HERVs in neural tissue and may lead to a new generation of psychiatric interventions designed to target aberrant HERV activation.

Identification of hepatokines involved in pathology of type 2 diabetes and obesity

Many researchers pay attention to novel secretory factors, such as adipokines or osteokines, secreted by the tissues that were not formerly recognized as classical endocrine organs. The liver also contributes to the onset of various kinds of pathologies of type 2 diabetes and obesity by producing and releasing secretory proteins "hepatokines." By using the information of gene expression in human livers, we rediscovered selenoprotein P (SeP) and leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) as hepatokines involved in the onset of glucose intolerance. SeP was previously recognized as a selenium transport protein, but we revealed that SeP causes insulin resistance in the muscle and liver. SeP also reduces VEGF signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells, contributing the impaired angiogenesis in diabetes. Importantly, SeP impairs health-promoting effects of exercise training by suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS)/adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in the skeletal muscle through its receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). LECT2, previously-reported as a neutrophil chemotactic protein, promotes skeletal muscle insulin resistance in obesity. Further studies are necessary to develop new diagnostic or therapeutic procedures targeting hepatokines to combat type 2 diabetes or obesity.

[Slit/Robo pathway participates in luteal cells apoptosis]

This study was aimed to examine the expression and function of Slit/Robo family members in mouse ovary. Real-time PCR was used to assess the mRNA expression levels of Slit/Robo family members, and immunohistochemistry was used to examine the location of Slit2 and Robo1 in the ovary. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Slit2 and Robo1 in early-, middle- and late-phase corpus luteum (CL) were examined by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Blocking agent ROBO1/Fc chimera was used in the luteal cells in vitro to examine the function of Slit/Robo signaling pathway in mouse CL. The results showed that, among the Slit/Robo family members, the expression levels of ligand Slit2 and receptor Robo1 were the highest in mouse ovarian tissue. Moreover, both of them were specifically expressed in mouse luteal cells. Compared with proestrus ovaries, the expression levels of Slit2 and Robo1 mRNA in the ovaries during diestrus were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.01, P < 0.001). The mRNA expression levels of Slit2 and Robo1 in late-phase CL were significantly increased when compared with pregnant CL. Furthermore, blocking Slit/Robo signaling pathway with ROBO1/Fc chimera in the luteal cells in vitro significantly decreased the apoptotic rate of late luteal cells. These results suggest that Slit/Robo family members are mainly expressed in the late-phase CL of ovary and participate in luteal cells apoptosis.

The Role of Dickkopf-1 in Thyroid Hormone-Induced Changes of Bone Remodeling in Male Mice

Thyroid hormones regulate bone homeostasis, and exogenously induced hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in mice was recently found to be associated with an altered expression of the Wnt inhibitor Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1), a determinant of bone mass. Here, we assessed the role of Dkk1 in thyroid hormone-induced changes in bone using conditional Dkk1 knockout mice. Male mice with a global (Dkk1fl/fl;Rosa26-CreERT2) or osteocyte-specific (Dkk1fl/fl;Dmp1:Cre) deletion of Dkk1 were pharmacologically rendered hypothyroid or hyperthyroid. The bone phenotype was analyzed using micro-CT analysis, dynamic histomorphometry, and serum concentrations of bone turnover markers. Hypothyroid and hyperthyroid Cre-negative mice of either Cre line revealed the expected changes in bone volume with hypothyroid mice displaying a 40% to 60% increase in vertebral trabecular bone volume, while hyperthyroid mice lost 45% to 60% of bone volume. Similar changes were observed at the spine. Interestingly, Cre-positive mice of both lines did not gain or lose as much bone at the femur when rendered hypothyroid or hyperthyroid. While Cre-negative hypothyroid mice gained 80% to 100% bone volume, Cre-positive hypothyroid mice only increased their bone volume by 55% to 90%. Similarly, Cre-negative hyperthyroid mice lost 74% to 79% bone, while Cre-positive hyperthyroid mice merely lost 40% to 54%. Despite these site-specific differences, both global and osteocyte-specific Dkk1 knockout mice displayed similar changes in bone turnover as their Cre-negative controls in the hypothyroid and hyperthyroid states. While osteoblast and osteoclast parameters were increased in hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism potently suppressed bone cell activities. Loss of Dkk1 is not sufficient to fully reverse thyroid hormone-induced changes in bone mass and bone turnover.

CLE9 peptide-induced stomatal closure is mediated by abscisic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide in Arabidopsis thaliana

CLE peptides have been implicated in various developmental processes of plants and mediate their responses to environmental stimuli. However, the biological relevance of most CLE genes remains to be functionally characterized. Here, we report that CLE9, which is expressed in stomata, acts as an essential regulator in the induction of stomatal closure. Exogenous application of CLE9 peptides or overexpression of CLE9 effectively led to stomatal closure and enhanced drought tolerance, whereas CLE9 loss-of-function mutants were sensitivity to drought stress. CLE9-induced stomatal closure was impaired in abscisic acid (ABA)-deficient mutants, indicating that ABA is required for CLE9-medaited guard cell signalling. We further deciphered that two guard cell ABA-signalling components, OST1 and SLAC1, were responsible for CLE9-induced stomatal closure. MPK3 and MPK6 were activated by the CLE9 peptide, and CLE9 peptides failed to close stomata in mpk3 and mpk6 mutants. In addition, CLE9 peptides stimulated the induction of hydrogen peroxide (H₂ O₂ ) and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis associated with stomatal closure, which was abolished in the NADPH oxidase-deficient mutants or nitric reductase mutants, respectively. Collectively, our results reveal a novel ABA-dependent function of CLE9 in the regulation of stomatal apertures, thereby suggesting a potential role of CLE9 in the stress acclimatization of plants.

The SCOOP12 peptide regulates defense response and root elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Small secreted peptides are important players in plant development and stress response. Using a targeted in silico approach, we identified a family of 14 Arabidopsis genes encoding precursors of serine-rich endogenous peptides (PROSCOOP). Transcriptomic analyses revealed that one member of this family, PROSCOOP12, is involved in processes linked to biotic and oxidative stress as well as root growth. Plants defective in this gene were less susceptible to Erwinia amylovora infection and showed an enhanced root growth phenotype. In PROSCOOP12 we identified a conserved motif potentially coding for a small secreted peptide. Exogenous application of synthetic SCOOP12 peptide induces various defense responses in Arabidopsis. Our findings show that SCOOP12 has numerous properties of phytocytokines, activates the phospholipid signaling pathway, regulates reactive oxygen species response, and is perceived in a BAK1 co-receptor-dependent manner.

Diagnostic value of chemerin in lower gastrointestinal diseases-a review

Chemerin is a protein secreted among others by adipose tissue and liver, with a dual pro- and anti-inflammatory role in the body. These molecules exert systemic effects by modulating tissue-specific immune response and metabolism. Chemerin isoforms correlate with the turnover of fatty acids and lipoproteins that could affect intestinal inflammation. Although chemerin may interact with three types of receptors, CMKLR1 is the best studied. In this paper we reviewed current knowledge about the relationship between chemerin and lower gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). A more detailed understanding of the role of the adipose tissue in the GI tract will not only unravel the pathophysiology of chronic intestinal diseases, but may also indicate a new therapeutic tool for their management.

Apelin-13 reverses memory impairment and depression-like behavior in chronic social defeat stressed rats

The apelin/APJ signaling is composed of the short peptide apelin usually including apelin-13, apelin-17 and apelin-36, and its receptor APJ. This signaling is abundantly expressed in limbic structures such as the hippocampus, suggesting a potential role in stress response and learning and memory. We recently reported that apelin-13 reverses acute stress-induced memory impairment and depression-like behavior in rats. Here, we further investigate whether apelin-13 reverses memory impairment and depression-like behavior in chronic stressed rats. Rats were subjected to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), and received intracerebroventricular infusion of apelin-13 for one week after stress withdrawal. Behavioral test battery was performed to assess memory performance and depression-like behavior. Results showed that apelin-13 reversed CSDS-induced decrease in the alternation ratio and discrimination index in the Y-maze and novel object recognition tests, respectively. Apelin-13 also reversed CSDS-induced social avoidance in the social interaction test, and behavioral despair in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. Additionally, apelin-13 did not influence locomotor activity in the open field test. These observations suggest that apelin-13 reverses memory impairment and depression-like behavior in chronic stressed rats.

Signaling pathways and steroid receptors modulating estrogen receptor α function in breast cancer

Estrogen receptor α (ER) is the major driver of ∼75% of breast cancers, and multiple ER targeting drugs are routinely used clinically to treat patients with ER+ breast cancer. However, many patients relapse on these targeted therapies and ultimately develop metastatic and incurable disease, and understanding the mechanisms leading to drug resistance is consequently of utmost importance. It is now clear that, in addition to estrogens, ER function is modulated by other steroid receptors and multiple signaling pathways (e.g., growth factor and cytokine signaling), and many of these pathways affect drug resistance and patient outcome. Here, we review the mechanisms through which these pathways impact ER function and drug resistance as well as discuss the clinical implications.

NLRC3 negatively regulates CD4+ T cells and impacts protective immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

NLRC3, a member of the NLR family, has been reported as a negative regulator of inflammatory signaling pathways in innate immune cells. However, the direct role of NLRC3 in modulation of CD4+ T-cell responses in infectious diseases has not been studied. In the present study, we showed that NLRC3 plays an intrinsic role by suppressing the CD4+ T cell phenotype in lung and spleen, including differentiation, activation, and proliferation. NLRC3 deficiency in CD4+ T cells enhanced the protective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Finally, we demonstrated that NLRC3 deficiency promoted the activation, proliferation, and cytokine production of CD4+ T cells via negatively regulating the NF-κB and MEK-ERK signaling pathways. This study reveals a critical role of NLRC3 as a direct regulator of the adaptive immune response and its protective effects on immunity during M. tuberculosis infection. Our findings also suggested that NLRC3 serves as a potential target for therapeutic intervention against tuberculosis.

Chemerin: a multifaceted adipokine involved in metabolic disorders

Metabolic syndrome is a global public health problem and predisposes individuals to obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated, accumulating evidence has uncovered a critical role of adipokines. Chemerin, encoded by the gene Rarres2, is a newly discovered adipokine involved in inflammation, adipogenesis, angiogenesis and energy metabolism. In humans, local and circulating levels of chemerin are positively correlated with BMI and obesity-related biomarkers. In this review, we discuss both peripheral and central roles of chemerin in regulating body metabolism. In general, chemerin is upregulated in obese and diabetic animals. Previous studies by gain or loss of function show an association of chemerin with adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis, food intake and body weight. In the brain, the hypothalamus integrates peripheral afferent signals including adipokines to regulate appetite and energy homeostasis. Chemerin increases food intake in seasonal animals by acting on hypothalamic stem cells, the tanycytes. In peripheral tissues, chemerin increases cell expansion, inflammation and angiogenesis in adipose tissue, collectively resulting in adiposity. While chemerin signalling enhances insulin secretion from pancreatic islets, contradictory results have been reported on how chemerin links to obesity and insulin resistance. Given the association of chemerin with obesity comorbidities in humans, advances in translational research targeting chemerin are expected to mitigate metabolic disorders. Together, the exciting findings gathered in the last decade clearly indicate a crucial multifaceted role for chemerin in the regulation of energy balance, making it a promising candidate for urgently needed pharmacological treatment strategies for obesity.

Osteoglycin-induced VEGF Inhibition Enhances T Lymphocytes Infiltrating in Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND

OGN could modify tissue inflammation and immune response via local and circulating innate immune cells, which was suggestive of a reciprocal relationship between OGN and T cell infiltration in cancer. Hence, we aim to measure the OGN expression patterns and immune cells response in colorectal cancer(CRC).

METHODS

This study enrolled three independent sets of patients from TCGA and the Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center(FUSCC). The effect of OGN on T cell infiltration and the mechanism were examined in vitro and in vivo.

FINDINGS

Tumor OGN expression levels were positively associated with CD3, CD8, and PTPRC expressions in the training and testing sets from TCGA, respectively. In validation set from FUSCC, OGN expression level also paralleled positively with CD8+ cell density in colorectal cancer tissue (p < .001). For a unit decrease in outcome quartile categories, multivariable OR in the lowest (vs highest) OGN expression was 0.17 (95% CI 0.08-0.33). Consistently, immunofluorescence validated that OGN was preferentially expressed with CD8+ cells in both normal epithelium and cancer tissue. Xenograft tumors arising from MC38 cells with OGN-over-expression displayed a significant increase in CD8+ cells recruitment. Hence, high expression of OGN was associated with a profound longer survival (P = .009). In mechanism, elevated OGN expression inhibited the activation of the transcriptional genes HIF-1α in CRC cells, then significantly impeded the expression of VEGF. As a result of this, T cell tumor infiltration was reduced.

INTERPRETATION

OGN expression is positively associated with CD8+ cell density in colorectal cancer tissue, suggesting a possible influence of OGN expression on tumor reactive T cells in the tumor niche. FUND: No.

Effect of Platelet-rich Fibrin and Free Gingival Graft in the Treatment of Soft Tissue Defect preceding Implant Placement

INTRODUCTION

Free gingival graft is a procedure that is used to increase keratinized tissue around teeth and edentulous sites for future dental implants. Keratinized tissue is critical for maintainability of surgical site and flap management. Platelet-rich fibrin consists of bioactive and biological components, mainly composed of growth factors. Growth factors attract stem cells to the site of release and stimulate cell proliferation. Moreover, growth factors promote angiogenesis, which accelerates wound healing. Site preparation is critical in implant dentistry, including soft tissue and hard tissue augmentation.

AIM

To improve free gingival graft (FGG) healing by using platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) at the soft tissue defect area of extracted upper right first molar in order to restore keratinized tissue and prepare the site for bone grafting followed by dental implant placement.

CASE REPORT

A healthy female patient, 59 years old, presented to the dental clinic at the University at Buffalo, School of Dental Medicine, seeking dental implants to restore missing teeth. The patient had an extraction for upper right first molar 4 months ago. The surgical extraction left severe soft and hard tissue defects at the site. Free gingival graft was placed at the site to increase keratinized tissue band followed by PRF to improve healing. Cyanoacrylate adhesive was used to stabilize PRF Two months later, a full-thickness flap was reflected, and tenting screws placed with bone grafting at the site. Titanium-reenforced membrane was placed over the bone graft. Three months later, tenting screws were removed and two dental implants were placed at the site.

CONCLUSION

The use of PRF accelerates the healing of FGG. More tissue handling could be achieved by increasing the kera-tinized tissue during surgical procedures.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The combination of PRF and FGG could help in the healing process during soft tissue procedures.

LncRNA H19/miR-29b-3p/PGRN Axis Promoted Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Colorectal Cancer Cells by Acting on Wnt Signaling

This investigation was aimed at working out the combined role of lncRNA H19, miR-29b and Wnt signaling in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). In the aggregate, 185 CRC tissues and corresponding para-carcinoma tissues were gathered. The human CRC cell lines (i.e. HT29, HCT116, SW480 and SW620) and normal colorectal mucosa cell line (NCM460) were also purchased. Si-H19, si-NC, miR-29b-3p mimics, miR-29b-3p inhibitor, si-PGRN and negative control (NC) were, respectively, transfected into the CRC cells. Lucif-erase reporter plasmids were prepared to evaluate the transduction activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was arranged to confirm the targeted relationship between H19 and miR-29b-3p, as well as between miR-29b-3p and PGRN. Finally, the proliferative and invasive capacities of CRC cells were appraised through transwell, MTT and scratch assays. As a result, over-expressed H19 and down-expressed miR-29b-3p displayed close associations with the CRC patients' poor prognosis (P < 0.05). Besides, transfection with si-H19, miR-29b-3p mimic or si-PGRN were correlated with elevated E-cadherin expression, decreased snail and vimentin expressions, as well as less-motivated cell proliferation and cell metastasis (P < 0.05). Moreover, H19 was verified to directly target miR-29b-3p based on the luciferase reporter gene assay (P < 0.05), and miR-29b-3p also bound to PGRN in a direct manner (P < 0.05). Finally, addition of LiCl (Wnt/β-catenin pathway activator) or XAV93920 (Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor) would cause remarkably altered E-cadherin, c-Myc, vimentin and snail expressions, as well as significantly changed transcriptional activity of β-catenin/Tcf reporter plasmid (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the lncRNA H19/miR-29b-3p/PGRN/Wnt axis counted a great deal for seeking appropriate diagnostic biomarkers and treatment targets for CRC.

CHEMERIN AND FACTORS RELATED TO CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

OBJECTIVE

To review findings on chemerin and factors related to cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents.

DATA SOURCE

A systematic review was performed, according to the standards proposed by the PRISMA guideline, on PubMed, Science Direct, and Lilacs databases. The descriptor "chemerin" was used in combination with "children" and "adolescent", no time limit applied. The research encompassed only original articles written in English, conducted with human subjects - the adult and elderly populations excluded -, as well as literature reviews, brief communications, letters, and editorials.

DATA SYNTHESIS

After independent analyses of the studies by two reviewers, seven articles meeting the eligibility criteria, published between 2012 and 2016, remained for the review. Cross-sectional, prospective, cohort, and case-control studies were included. The importance of chemerin adipokines on the risk factors for cardiovascular disease is demonstrated by its association with obesity and diabetes mellitus, as well as clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters. However, the strength of evidence from these studies is relatively low, due to their heterogeneity, with several limitations such as small samples and consequent lack of representativeness, lack of standardization in dosage methods, cross-sectional design of most studies, and impossibility of extrapolating results.

CONCLUSIONS

The deregulation of chemerin caused by increased adipose tissue may contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases, suggesting that this adipokine may play a significant role in early identification of individuals at risk.

The role of TAM family receptors and ligands in the nervous system: From development to pathobiology

Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk, referred to as the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases, are instrumental in maintaining cell survival and homeostasis in mammals. TAM receptors interact with multiple signaling molecules to regulate cell migration, survival, phagocytosis and clearance of metabolic products and cell debris called efferocytosis. The TAMs also function as rheostats to reduce the expression of proinflammatory molecules and prevent autoimmunity. All three TAM receptors are activated in a concentration-dependent manner by the vitamin K-dependent growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6). Gas6 and the TAMs are abundantly expressed in the nervous system. Gas6, secreted by neurons and endothelial cells, is the sole ligand for Axl. ProteinS1 (ProS1), another vitamin K-dependent protein functions mainly as an anti-coagulant, and independent of this function can activate Tyro3 and Mertk, but not Axl. This review will focus on the role of the TAM receptors and their ligands in the nervous system. We highlight studies that explore the function of TAM signaling in myelination, the visual cortex, neural cancers, and multiple sclerosis (MS) using Gas6^-/- and TAM mutant mice models.

Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms

Consuming a Mediterranean diet rich in minimally processed plant foods has been associated with a reduced risk of developing multiple chronic diseases and increased life expectancy. Data from several randomized clinic trials have demonstrated a beneficial effect in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and breast cancer. The exact mechanism by which an increased adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet exerts its favorable effects is not known. However, accumulating evidence indicates that the five most important adaptations induced by the Mediterranean dietary pattern are: (a) lipid-lowering effect, (b) protection against oxidative stress, inflammation and platelet aggregation, (c) modification of hormones and growth factors involved in the pathogenesis of cancer, (d) inhibition of nutrient sensing pathways by specific amino acid restriction, and (e) gut microbiota-mediated production of metabolites influencing metabolic health. More studies are needed to understand how single modifications of nutrients typical of the Mediterranean diet interact with energy intake, energy expenditure, and the microbiome in modulating the key mechanisms that promote cellular, tissue, and organ health during aging.

[Role of vitamin K-dependent protein Gas6 in the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 and chemokines induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide]

OBJECTIVE

Growth-arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) is a vitamin K-dependent protein and involved in cell proliferation, survival, adhesion and migration . Also it has been shown to play an important role in the inflammatory response .The aim of present study was to investigate the role of Gas6 in the process of the expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide(P.g-LPS).

METHODS

After up-regulation and down-regulation of the expression of Gas6, the vascular endothelial cells were stimulated with 1 mg/L P.g-LPS for 3 h and 24 h. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(real-time PCR) was taken to detect the expression of the cell adhesion molecules:intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin, as well as chemokines:interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). Wound healing assay was taken to observe the migration ability of endothelium cells in different groups.

RESULTS

After 3 h of P.g-LPS stimulation, the expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine in the down-regulation group was not significantly different from that in the control group,while in the up-regulation group the decrease of E-selectin, ICAM-1, IL-8 and MCP-1 was 81%±0%, 47%±3%, 76% ± 3%, 26% ± 6% respectively. After 24 h of P.g-LPS stimulation, the expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine in down-regulation group was significantly higher than that in control group (2.06±0.07, 1.99±0.11, 3.14±0.15, 1.84±0.03 flod), while these molecules in the down-regulation group was significantly lower than in the control group (29%±1%, 62%±3%, 69%±1%, 41%±2%). Differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). Wounding healing assay showed that down-regulation of Gas6 enhanced migration ability of endothelial cells while up-regulation of Gas6 weakened this ability,which was consistent with the trend of real-time PCR result.

CONCLUSION

Down-regulation of the Gas6 gene enhanced the expression of ICAM-1, E-selectin, IL-8 and MCP-1 in HUVECs after P.g- LPS stimulating, while up-regulaiton of the Gas6 gene weakened the expression of ICAM-1, E-selectin, IL-8 and MCP-1 in HUVECs after P.g-LPS stimulating,suggesting that Gas6 may play a role in the process of endothelial cell adhesion.

Dual Roles of Ascidian Chondromodulin-1: Promoting Cell Proliferation Whilst Suppressing the Growth of Tumor Cells

Chondromodulin-1 (ChM-1) is an extracellular matrix protein that plays crucial roles in tumor cell growth and angiogenesis in vertebrates and humans. ChM-1 is highly expressed in the invertebrate Ciona savignyi, a marine ascidian chosen as a model. The effect of the recombinant Ciona mature ChM-1 peptide (Cs-mChM-1) on cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis was evaluated on cultured cells. The results revealed that low concentrations of Cs-mChM-1 (12.5 nM) promoted osteoblastic cell (MC3T3-E1) growth and protected cells from H₂O₂-induced damage. However, a higher concentration of Cs-mChM-1 (i.e., 500 nM) not only suppressed both growth and migration of tumor cells, including human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells and human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells, but also significantly inhibited proliferation and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The expression levels of cyclinD1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) were slightly increased in Cs-mChM-1 treated MC3T3-E1 cells, whereas these genes decreased in treated HeLa cells, SH-SY5Y cells and HUVECs. This result indicates that Cs-mChM-1 modifies cell behavior by regulating cell cycle and cell adhesion. Thus, the present results reveal that recombinant peptides of ChM-1 from invertebrates can play a dual role in cell proliferation and migration of different cell types. The inhibition effects on tumor cell growth and angiogenesis indicate potential pharmaceutical applications for recombinant Cs-mChM-1.

Mobilization of human mesenchymal stem cells through different cytokines and growth factors after their immobilization by sulfur mustard

INTRODUCTION

The chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (SM), also known as mustard gas, was first used in World War I. Although prohibited by the chemical warfare convention, significant amounts of SM still exist and have still to be regarded as a threat for military personnel and civilians. After SM exposure, the most prominent clinical symptom is the development of extensive non-healing skin wounds. This chronic wound healing dysfunction is persisting over long time. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are known to play an important role in wound healing. Moreover, it is also known that patients with chronic wound healing diseases have compromised mesenchymal stem cell functionality. Based on these observations and the known relationship between wound healing dysfunction and MSC function we investigated the impact of sulfur mustard on human MSC.

MATERIAL & METHODS

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were isolated from femoral heads of healthy donors. They were cultured for less than four passages. MSC were exposed towards different sulfur mustard concentrations. After exposure we analyzed the secretome and the migration capacity. The migration capacity under influence of SM was analyzed after treatment with various cytokines.

RESULTS

SM exposure (even at very low concentrations) showed negative effects on the migration capability. Many cytokines that are necessary for MSC migration were secreted in a reduced manner. The reduced migratory capacity can be compensated in part by the addition of cytokines. Here especially IL-8 (e and m) and IL-6 significantly compensated the SM induced migration reduction.

DISCUSSION

The effect of sulfur mustard on MSC might play an important role in the persistence of long-term adverse effects; here the reduced migration could particularly be important. The compensation of the SM-induced migration reduction by addition of cytokines could possibly solve this problem. Moreover, our current results will help to understand the relationship between alkylating agents and MSC and thus will also give guidance in the future perspective for the therapeutic use of MSC in patients suffering from sulfur mustard induced chronic skin wounds.

[Evaluation of the effect of concentrated growth factor in oral rehabilitation]

PURPOSE

To investigate the clinical effect of concentrated growth factor (CGF) in oral cavity repair.

METHODS

From February 2013 to February 2016 in our hospital, 60 patients with insufficient bone underwent dental implantation. CGF was used alone in 27 patients (CGF group), CGF was used with autologous bone or bone material in 33 patients (CGF mixed group). Bone repair was observed and evaluated. SPSS19.0 software package was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Wound healing time in CGF group and CGF mixed group (8.43±0.72) d and (8.04±0.98) d, wound healing rate was 92.60% in CGF group and 90.91% in CGF group, the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05); Implant success rate in CGF group and CGF mixed group was 92.31% and 96.36% , respectively. The difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

CGF has good effect in repair of bone defect, and the long-term effect is stable. It is a simple and safe material for bone regeneration.

An Overview of the Biology of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Microneedling as Potential Treatments for Alopecia Areata

Platelet-rich plasma and microneedling have been investigated recently as potential therapeutic options for the treatment of hair disorders. Evidence from laboratory studies indicates that these treatments enhance growth factor production that in turn facilitates hair follicle development and cycling. Several small studies and case reports have presented encouraging findings regarding the use of these treatments for alopecia areata. Future investigations will be needed to validate these therapeutic techniques for patients with alopecia areata and further refine which subtypes of the disease these methods are best indicated for.

Bone Regeneration with a Combination of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to directly differentiate into osteogenic cells and efficiently regenerate bone tissue. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have the potential to differentiate into an osteogenic lineage, too. In addition, ASCs can be readily harvested in large numbers with low donor-site morbidity. Meanwhile, recent reports have demonstrated that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contains a variety of growth factors and may be a powerful biological autologous cocktail of growth factors for tissue engineering.We have shown that ASC/PRP admixture had dramatic effects on bone regeneration in a rat calvarial defect model, not only through the osteogenic potential of ASCs, but also through the release of cytokines by platelets in PRP, which, in turn, support ASCs.In this chapter, we introduce the bone regeneration using a combination of ASCs and PRP in a rat calvarial defect model.

LEDGF/p75 Deficiency Increases Deletions at the HIV-1 cDNA Ends

Processing of unintegrated linear HIV-1 cDNA by the host DNA repair system results in its degradation and/or circularization. As a consequence, deficient viral cDNA integration generally leads to an increase in the levels of HIV-1 cDNA circles containing one or two long terminal repeats (LTRs). Intriguingly, impaired HIV-1 integration in LEDGF/p75-deficient cells does not result in a correspondent increase in viral cDNA circles. We postulate that increased degradation of unintegrated linear viral cDNA in cells lacking the lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) account for this inconsistency. To evaluate this hypothesis, we characterized the nucleotide sequence spanning 2-LTR junctions isolated from LEDGF/p75-deficient and control cells. LEDGF/p75 deficiency resulted in a significant increase in the frequency of 2-LTRs harboring large deletions. Of note, these deletions were dependent on the 3′ processing activity of integrase and were not originated by aberrant reverse transcription. Our findings suggest a novel role of LEDGF/p75 in protecting the unintegrated 3′ processed linear HIV-1 cDNA from exonucleolytic degradation.

Differential effects of amnion and chorion membrane extracts on osteoblast-like cells due to the different growth factor composition of the extracts

Human amniotic membrane extracts contain numerous growth factors and bioactive substances. However, osteogenic effects of amnion and chorion membrane extracts (AME and CME, respectively) on osteoblasts are unclear. In this study, we explored the ability of AME and CME to promote the osteogenic differentiation of osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. MG-63 cells were cultured in osteogenic induction medium (OIM) with or without exogenous AME and CME. CME enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of MG-63 cells compared with AME, as indicated by increased mineralization; alkaline phosphatase activity; and mRNA expression of osteogenic marker genes encoding integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP), RUNX2, OSTERIX, and osteocalcin (OCN). Interestingly, AME and CME contained different combinations of osteogenesis-related growth factors, including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ-1), and epidermal growth factor (EGF), which differentially regulated the osteogenic differentiation of MG-63 cells. bFGF and TGFβ-1 present in CME positively regulated the osteogenic differentiation of MG-63 cells, whereas EGF present in AME negatively regulated the differentiation of MG-63 cells. Moreover, exogenous treatment of EGF antagonized CME-induced mineralization of extracellular matrix on MG-63 cells. We compared the osteogenic efficacy of CME with that of BMP2, bFGF, and TGFβ-1 alone or their combinations. We observed that CME greatly enhanced osteogenesis by providing a conductive environment for the differentiation of MG-63 cells. Together, our results indicated that human AME and CME exerted differential effects on osteogenesis because of the presence of different compositions of growth factors. In addition, our results highlighted a new possible strategy of using CME as a biocompatible therapeutic material for bone regeneration.

Boosting CNS axon regeneration by harnessing antagonistic effects of GSK3 activity

Implications of GSK3 activity for axon regeneration are often inconsistent, if not controversial. Sustained GSK3 activity in GSK3S/A knock-in mice reportedly accelerates peripheral nerve regeneration via increased MAP1B phosphorylation and concomitantly reduces microtubule detyrosination. In contrast, the current study shows that lens injury-stimulated optic nerve regeneration was significantly compromised in these knock-in mice. Phosphorylation of MAP1B and CRMP2 was expectedly increased in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons upon enhanced GSK3 activity, but, surprisingly, no GSK3-mediated CRMP2 inhibition was detected in sciatic nerves, thus revealing a fundamental difference between central and peripheral axons. Conversely, genetic or shRNA-mediated conditional KO/knockdown of GSK3β reduced inhibitory phosphorylation of CRMP2 in RGCs and improved optic nerve regeneration. Accordingly, GSK3β KO-mediated neurite growth promotion and myelin disinhibition were abrogated by CRMP2 inhibition and largely mimicked in WT neurons upon expression of constitutively active CRMP2 (CRMP2T/A). These results underscore the prevalent requirement of active CRMP2 for optic nerve regeneration. Strikingly, expression of CRMP2T/A in GSK3S/A RGCs further boosted optic nerve regeneration, with axons reaching the optic chiasm within 3 wk. Thus, active GSK3 can also markedly promote axonal growth in central nerves if CRMP2 concurrently remains active. Similar to peripheral nerves, GSK3-mediated MAP1B phosphorylation/activation and the reduction of microtubule detyrosination contributed to this effect. Overall, these findings reconcile conflicting data on GSK3-mediated axon regeneration. In addition, the concept of complementary modulation of normally antagonistically targeted GSK3 substrates offers a therapeutically applicable approach to potentiate the regenerative outcome in the injured CNS.

[Neuronal glycolipids regulate glial cell division negatively during development and following a lesion]

Glial cells in the central nervous system of adult mammals outnumber neurons 10-fold. Their number remains stationary throughout adulthood, controlled by the concomitant presence of mitogens and mitogen inhibitors. The most abundant inhibitor, neurostatin, is ganglioside GD1b O-acetylated on hydroxyl 9 of its outermost sialic acid. Neurostatin inhibited the proliferation of primary microglia and astroblasts in culture (cytostatic) as well as both rodent and human glioma cells (cytotoxic) at nanomolar concentrations. At those concentrations neurostatin had no effect on non-glial lineage cells or differentiated glia. Neurostatin shows direct antimitotic activity on tumoral cells, interfering with multiple signals regulating cell cycle progression. But it also promotes indirectly total destruction of experimental rat brain glioma, presumably by making it visible to the host immune system and activating CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. Neurostatin could be a new anti-inflammatory agent, with multiple convergent direct and indirect actions on glioma growth, a pathology without satisfactory clinical treatment. Neurostatin is produced by neurons but its expression is up-regulated by neuron-astrocyte contact. The action of neurostatin could be mediated by a number of receptor proteins, including integrins, Toll-like receptors and siglecs.

Genome-wide identification of Wnt/β-catenin transcriptional targets during Xenopus gastrulation

The canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays multiple roles during Xenopus gastrulation, including posteriorization of the neural plate, patterning of the mesoderm, and induction of the neural crest. Wnt signaling stabilizes β-catenin, which then activates target genes. However, few targets of this signaling pathway that mediate early developmental processes are known. Here we sought to identify transcriptional targets of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway using a genome-wide approach. We selected putative targets using the criteria of reduced expression upon zygotic Wnt knockdown, β-catenin binding within 50kb of the gene, and expression in tissues that receive Wnt signaling. Using these criteria, we found 21 novel direct transcriptional targets of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during gastrulation and in addition have identified putative regulatory elements for further characterization in future studies.