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Zou X, Wang H, Zhou D, Liu Z, Wang Y, Deng G, Guan H. The Polymorphism rs2968 of LSS Gene Confers Susceptibility to Age-Related Cataract. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1970-1975. [PMID: 32877255 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Research showed that lanosterol can decrease protein aggregation in lens and reduce cataract formation. Lanosterol synthase (LSS) and 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) are the limiting enzymes in the process of synthesis of lanosterol. We demonstrate to investigate the association between functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of LSS and HMGCR genes and age-related cataract (ARC) risks in Han Chinese population from Jiangsu Eye Study. This is a case-control study. We collected participants' venous blood for DNA genotyping and lens capsule samples for RNA. The SNPs of the genes were assayed with TaqMan RT-PCR genotyping. The quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect the LSS mRNA levels of lens epithelial cells (LECs) in individuals. The chi-square test was used to compare differences between ARC groups and controls of each SNP and to calculate the odds ratio (OR). We found that LSS-rs2968 of ARCs was different from controls (p = 0.018), but the significance was lost after Bonferroni correction (p = 0.072). We then further performed stratification analysis and found that LSS-rs2968 A allele was associated with nuclear type of ARC risk in Chinese population (p = 0.012, OR = 0.68). Consequently, we found that the mRNA expression of LSS was lower in LECs of all subtypes of ARC group than that of control group (p < 0.05). LSS-rs2968 A allele might play a role in the formation and development of nuclear type of ARC risk in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhinan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Guohua Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Huaijin Guan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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2
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McCrae C, Dzgoev A, Ståhlman M, Horndahl J, Svärd R, Große A, Großkopf T, Skujat MA, Williams N, Schubert S, Echeverri C, Jackson C, Guedán A, Solari R, Vaarala O, Kraan M, Rådinger M. Lanosterol Synthase Regulates Human Rhinovirus Replication in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 59:713-722. [PMID: 30084659 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0438oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (RV) infections are a significant risk factor for exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thus, approaches to prevent RV infection in such patients would give significant benefit. Through RNA interference library screening, we identified lanosterol synthase (LSS), a component of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, as a novel regulator of RV replication in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Selective knock down of LSS mRNA with short interfering RNA inhibited RV2 replication in normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Small molecule inhibitors of LSS mimicked the effect of LSS mRNA knockdown in a concentration-dependent manner. We further demonstrated that the antiviral effect is not dependent on a reduction in total cellular cholesterol but requires a 24-hour preincubation with the LSS inhibitor. The rank order of antiviral potency of the LSS inhibitors used was consistent with LSS inhibition potency; however, all compounds showed remarkably higher potency against RV compared with the LSS enzyme potency. We showed that LSS inhibition led to an induction of 24(S),25 epoxycholesterol, an important regulator of the sterol pathway. We also demonstrated that LSS inhibition led to a profound increase in expression of the innate antiviral defense protein, IFN-β. We found LSS to be a novel regulator of RV replication and innate antiviral immunity and identified a potential molecular mechanism for this effect, via induction of 24(S),25 epoxycholesterol. Inhibition of LSS could therefore be a novel therapeutic target for prevention of RV-induced exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McCrae
- 1 Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,2 Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, and
| | - Anatoly Dzgoev
- 1 Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- 3 Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Horndahl
- 1 Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rebecka Svärd
- 1 Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Williams
- 5 AstraZeneca Research and Development, Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Clive Jackson
- 5 AstraZeneca Research and Development, Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Anabel Guedán
- 7 Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Solari
- 7 Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Outi Vaarala
- 1 Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maarten Kraan
- 1 Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Rådinger
- 2 Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, and
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3
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Aleo MD, Doshna CM, Baltrukonis D, Fortner JH, Drupa CA, Navetta KA, Fritz CA, Potter DM, Verdugo ME, Beierschmitt WP. Lens cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition: A common mechanism of cataract formation in laboratory animals by pharmaceutical products. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1348-1361. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jay H. Fortner
- Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Groton Connecticut
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Lanosterol Synthase Pathway Alleviates Lens Opacity in Age-Related Cortical Cataract. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:4125893. [PMID: 30116630 PMCID: PMC6079410 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4125893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Lanosterol synthase (LSS) abnormity contributes to lens opacity in rats, mice, dogs, and human congenital cataract development. This study examined whether LSS pathway has a role in different subtypes of age-related cataract (ARC). Methods A total of 390 patients with ARC and 88 age-matched non-ARC patients were enrolled in this study. LSS expression was analyzed by western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To further examine the function of LSS, we used U18666A, an LSS inhibitor in rat lens culture system. Results In lens epithelial cells (LECs), LSS expression in LECs increased with opaque degree C II, while it decreased with opaque degree C IV and C V. While in the cortex of age-related cortical cataract (ARCC), LSS expression was negatively related to opaque degree, while lanosterol level was positively correlated to opaque degree. No obvious change in both LSS and lanosterol level was found in either LECs or the cortex of age-related nuclear cataract (ARNC) and age-related posterior subcapsular cataract (ARPSC). In vitro, inhibiting LSS activity induced rat lens opacity and lanosterol effectively delayed the occurrence of lens opacity. Conclusions This study indicated that LSS and lanosterol were localized in the lens of human ARC, including ARCC, ARNC, and ARPSC. LSS and lanosterol level are only correlated with opaque degree of ARCC. Furthermore, activated LSS pathway in lens is protective for lens transparency in cortical cataract.
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Tani O, Akutsu Y, Ito S, Suzuki T, Tateishi Y, Yamaguchi T, Niimi T, Namatame I, Chiba Y, Sakashita H, Kubota T, Yanagi T, Mizukami S, Hirayama K, Furukawa K, Yamasaki K. NMR Biochemical Assay for Oxidosqualene Cyclase: Evaluation of Inhibitor Activities on Trypanosoma cruzi and Human Enzymes. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5047-5053. [PMID: 29771525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), a membrane-associated protein, is a key enzyme of sterol biosynthesis. Here we report a novel assay for OSC, involving reaction in aqueous solution, NMR quantification in organic solvent, and factor analysis of spectra. We evaluated one known and three novel inhibitors on OSC of Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasite causative of Chagas disease, and compared their effects on human OSC for selectivity. Among them, one novel inhibitor showed a significant parasiticidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Tani
- Biomedical Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba 305-8566 , Japan
| | - Yukie Akutsu
- Biomedical Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba 305-8566 , Japan
| | - Shinji Ito
- Drug Discovery Research , Astellas Pharma Inc. , 21 Miyukigaoka , Tsukuba 305-8585 , Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Drug Discovery Research , Astellas Pharma Inc. , 21 Miyukigaoka , Tsukuba 305-8585 , Japan
| | - Yukihiro Tateishi
- Drug Discovery Research , Astellas Pharma Inc. , 21 Miyukigaoka , Tsukuba 305-8585 , Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamaguchi
- Drug Discovery Research , Astellas Pharma Inc. , 21 Miyukigaoka , Tsukuba 305-8585 , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Niimi
- Drug Discovery Research , Astellas Pharma Inc. , 21 Miyukigaoka , Tsukuba 305-8585 , Japan
| | - Ichiji Namatame
- Drug Discovery Research , Astellas Pharma Inc. , 21 Miyukigaoka , Tsukuba 305-8585 , Japan
| | - Yasunori Chiba
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Umezono , Tsukuba 305-8568 , Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakashita
- Biomedical Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba 305-8566 , Japan
| | - Tomomi Kubota
- Biomedical Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba 305-8566 , Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yanagi
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine , Nagasaki University , 1-12-4 Sakamoto , Nagasaki 852-8523 , Japan
| | - Shusaku Mizukami
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine , Nagasaki University , 1-12-4 Sakamoto , Nagasaki 852-8523 , Japan
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine , Nagasaki University , 1-12-4 Sakamoto , Nagasaki 852-8523 , Japan
| | - Koji Furukawa
- Biomedical Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba 305-8566 , Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamasaki
- Biomedical Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba 305-8566 , Japan
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6
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Rabelo VWH, Romeiro NC, Abreu PA. Design strategies of oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors: Targeting the sterol biosynthetic pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:305-317. [PMID: 28479228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the sterol biosynthesis pathway has been explored for the development of new bioactive compounds. Among the enzymes of this pathway, oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) which catalyzes lanosterol cyclization from 2,3-oxidosqualene has emerged as an attractive target. In this work, we reviewed the most promising OSC inhibitors from different organisms and their potential for the development of new antiparasitic, antifungal, hypocholesterolemic and anticancer drugs. Different strategies have been adopted for the discovery of new OSC inhibitors, such as structural modifications of the natural substrate or the reaction intermediates, the use of the enzyme's structural information to discover compounds with novel chemotypes, modifications of known inhibitors and the use of molecular modeling techniques such as docking and virtual screening to search for new inhibitors. This review brings new perspectives on structural insights of OSC from different organisms and reveals the broad structural diversity of OSC inhibitors which may help evidence lead compounds for further investigations with various therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Won-Held Rabelo
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Pesquisa em Ciências Farmacêuticas, LaMCiFar, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Campus Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto, Macaé 27965-045, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé Professor Aloísio Teixeira, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nelilma Correia Romeiro
- Laboratório Integrado de Computação Científica, LICC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Macaé, RJ, 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Paula Alvarez Abreu
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Pesquisa em Ciências Farmacêuticas, LaMCiFar, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Campus Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto, Macaé 27965-045, RJ, Brazil.
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7
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Casula M, Soranna D, Corrao G, Merlino L, Catapano AL, Tragni E. Statin use and risk of cataract: A nested case-control study within a healthcare database. Atherosclerosis 2016; 251:153-158. [PMID: 27323228 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We aimed to assess the association between exposure to statins and hospitalization for cataract. METHODS A population-based, nested case-control study was performed on a cohort of 134,441 patients from Lombardy (Italy), newly treated with statins between 2005 and 2007. Cases were patients hospitalized for cataract or lens extraction surgery after initial statin prescription until December 31, 2012. For each case patient, up to 5 controls were randomly selected from the cohort and matched by gender, age at cohort entry, and date of index prescription. Logistic regression was used to model the outcome risk associated with low (proportion of days covered, PDC 25-49%), intermediate (PDC 50-74%), and high (PDC ≥ 75%) adherence compared with very-low adherence (PDC < 25%). RESULTS 1334 case patients were matched to 6601 controls. Mean age (SD) of cases and controls was about 70 years (9 years) and 51% of them were men. There was a slight but continuous trend toward an increased risk of cataract as adherence to statin therapy increased in the adjusted risk models, with a significant odds ratio of 1.19 (95% CI 1.01-1.40%) for PDC 50-74% and 1.20 (95% CI 1.02-1.40) for PDC ≥ 75% vs. PDC < 25%, respectively. There was no statistical evidence that the effect of statins on cataract risk differed according to statin potency at starting therapy. CONCLUSIONS Statin therapy was associated with a modestly increased risk of cataract surgery. Nevertheless, in view of the overwhelming benefit of statins for reduction of CV events, clinical practice for statins therapy does not need to change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Casula
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Centre (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Soranna
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, Division of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Bicocca Degli Arcimboldi 8, 20126, Milan, Italy; Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corrao
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, Division of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Bicocca Degli Arcimboldi 8, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Merlino
- Operative Unit of Territorial Health Services, Regione Lombardia, Piazza Città di Lombardia 1, 20124, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberico Luigi Catapano
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Centre (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese 300, 20099, Sesto S. Giovanni, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Tragni
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Centre (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
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8
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Barnes S, Quinlan RA. Small molecules, both dietary and endogenous, influence the onset of lens cataracts. Exp Eye Res 2016; 156:87-94. [PMID: 27039707 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
How the lens ages successfully is a lesson in biological adaption and the emergent properties of its complement of cells and proteins. This living tissue contains some of the oldest proteins in our bodies and yet they remain functional for decades, despite exposure to UV light, to reactive oxygen species and all the other hazards to protein function. This remarkable feat is achieved by a shrewd investment in very stable proteins as lens crystallins, by providing a reservoir of ATP-independent protein chaperones unequalled by any other tissue and by an oxidation-resistant environment. In addition, glutathione, a free radical scavenger, is present in mM concentrations and the plasma membranes contain oxidation-resistant sphingolipids what compromises lens function as it ages? In this review, we examine the role of small molecules in the prevention or causation of cataracts, including those associated with diet, metabolic pathways and drug therapy (steroids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Roy A Quinlan
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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9
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Moorthy NSHN, Cerqueira NMFSA, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Combined ligand and structure based binding mode analysis of oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43670e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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10
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Trapani L, Segatto M, Pallottini V. Regulation and deregulation of cholesterol homeostasis: The liver as a metabolic "power station". World J Hepatol 2012; 4:184-90. [PMID: 22761969 PMCID: PMC3388116 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v4.i6.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol plays several structural and metabolic roles that are vital for human biology. It spreads along the entire plasma membrane of the cell, modulating fluidity and concentrating in specialized sphingolipid-rich domains called rafts and caveolae. Cholesterol is also a substrate for steroid hormones. However, too much cholesterol can lead to pathological pictures such as atherosclerosis, which is a consequence of the accumulation of cholesterol into the cells of the artery wall. The liver is considered to be the metabolic power station of mammalians, where cholesterol homeostasis relies on an intricate network of cellular processes whose deregulations can lead to several life-threatening pathologies, such as familial and age-related hypercholesterolemia. Cholesterol homeostasis maintenance is carried out by: biosynthesis, via 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) activity; uptake, through low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLr); lipoprotein release in the blood; storage by esterification; and degradation and conversion into bile acids. Both HMGR and LDLr are transcribed as a function of cellular sterol amount by a family of transcription factors called sterol regulatory element binding proteins that are responsible for the maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis through an intricate mechanism of regulation. Cholesterol obtained by hepatic de novo synthesis can be esterified and incorporated into apolipoprotein B-100-containing very low density lipoproteins, which are then secreted into the bloodstream for transport to peripheral tissues. Moreover, dietary cholesterol is transferred from the intestine to the liver by high density lipoproteins (HDLs); all HDL particles are internalized in the liver, interacting with the hepatic scavenger receptor (SR-B1). Here we provide an updated overview of liver cholesterol metabolism regulation and deregulation and the causes of cholesterol metabolism-related diseases. Moreover, current pharmacological treatment and novel hypocholesterolemic strategies will also be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Trapani
- Laura Trapani, Marco Segatto, Valentina Pallottini, Department of Biology, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
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11
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Wallace IM, Urbanus ML, Luciani GM, Burns AR, Han MKL, Wang H, Arora K, Heisler LE, Proctor M, St Onge RP, Roemer T, Roy PJ, Cummins CL, Bader GD, Nislow C, Giaever G. Compound prioritization methods increase rates of chemical probe discovery in model organisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:1273-83. [PMID: 22035796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Preselection of compounds that are more likely to induce a phenotype can increase the efficiency and reduce the costs for model organism screening. To identify such molecules, we screened ~81,000 compounds in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and identified ~7500 that inhibit cell growth. Screening these growth-inhibitory molecules across a diverse panel of model organisms resulted in an increased phenotypic hit-rate. These data were used to build a model to predict compounds that inhibit yeast growth. Empirical and in silico application of the model enriched the discovery of bioactive compounds in diverse model organisms. To demonstrate the potential of these molecules as lead chemical probes, we used chemogenomic profiling in yeast and identified specific inhibitors of lanosterol synthase and of stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase. As community resources, the ~7500 growth-inhibitory molecules have been made commercially available and the computational model and filter used are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain M Wallace
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
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12
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Watanabe T, Kurata I, Umezawa Y, Takahashi Y, Akamatsu Y. Inhibitors of human 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) discovered by virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:231-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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13
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Trapani L, Segatto M, Ascenzi P, Pallottini V. Potential role of nonstatin cholesterol lowering agents. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:964-71. [PMID: 21990243 DOI: 10.1002/iub.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although statins, 3β-hydroxy-3β-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) inhibitors, have revolutionized the management of cardiovascular diseases by lowering serum low density lipoproteins, many patients suffer from their side effects. Whether the statin side effects are related to their intrinsic toxicity or to the decrease of HMGR main isoprenoid end products, which are essential compounds for cell viability, is still debated. In addition to HMGR, the key and rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis, many enzymes are involved in this multi-step pathway whose inhibition could be taken into account for a "nonstatin approach" in the management of hypercholesterolemia. In particular, due to their unique position downstream from HMGR, the inhibition of squalene synthase, farnesyl diphosphate farnesyltransferase (FDFT1), squalene epoxidase (SQLE), and oxidosqualene cyclase:lanosterol synthase (OSC) should decrease plasma levels of cholesterol without affecting ubiquinone, dolichol, and isoprenoid metabolism. Thus, although FDFT1, SQLE and OSC are little studied, they should be considered as perspective targets for the development of novel drugs against hypercholesterolemia. Here, structure-function relationships of FDFT1, SQLE, and OSC are reviewed highlighting the advantages that the downstream inhibition of HMGR could provide when compared to the statin-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Trapani
- Department of Biology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Roma, Italy
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14
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Watanabe T, Umezawa Y, Takahashi Y, Akamatsu Y. Novel pyrrole- and 1,2,3-triazole-based 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5807-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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