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The Multifaceted MEP Pathway: Towards New Therapeutic Perspectives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031403. [PMID: 36771066 PMCID: PMC9919496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoids, a diverse class of natural products, are present in all living organisms. Their two universal building blocks are synthesized via two independent pathways: the mevalonate pathway and the 2-C-methyl-ᴅ-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The presence of the latter in pathogenic bacteria and its absence in humans make all its enzymes suitable targets for the development of novel antibacterial drugs. (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP), the last intermediate of this pathway, is a natural ligand for the human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and the most potent natural phosphoantigen known to date. Moreover, 5-hydroxypentane-2,3-dione, a metabolite produced by Escherichia coli 1-deoxy-ᴅ-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), the first enzyme of the MEP pathway, structurally resembles (S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione, a signal molecule implied in bacterial cell communication. In this review, we shed light on the diversity of potential uses of the MEP pathway in antibacterial therapies, starting with an overview of the antibacterials developed for each of its enzymes. Then, we provide insight into HMBPP, its synthetic analogs, and their prodrugs. Finally, we discuss the potential contribution of the MEP pathway to quorum sensing mechanisms. The MEP pathway, providing simultaneously antibacterial drug targets and potent immunostimulants, coupled with its potential role in bacterial cell-cell communication, opens new therapeutic perspectives.
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Mishra DR, Panda BS, Nayak S, Rauta NK, Mohapatra S, Sahoo CR, Padhy RN. One-pot multicomponent synthesis of 4-((2H-chromen-3-yl)/(2-phenyl-2H-chromen-3-yl)methylene)-3-methylisoxazol-5(4H)-ones and evaluation of their antibacterial activity. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Macchia A, Summa FF, Monaco G, Eitzinger A, Ofial AR, Di Mola A, Massa A. Access to β-Alkylated γ-Functionalized Ketones via Conjugate Additions to Arylideneisoxazol-5-ones and Mo(CO) 6-Mediated Reductive Cascade Reactions. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:8808-8818. [PMID: 35309475 PMCID: PMC8928520 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Conjugate addition of ((chloromethyl)sulfonyl)benzenes to arylideneisoxazol-5-ones, followed by one-pot, N-selective trapping in the presence of electrophiles, was investigated. This strategy led to the synthesis of new, stable N-protected isoxazol-5-ones in good yields and high diastereolectivity. The study of the reactivity of obtained products in the presence of the Mo(CO)6/H2O system allowed the development of a cascade reaction leading to novel methyl ketones in high yields and unchanged dr bearing an uncommon chloromethinearylsulfonyl end group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Macchia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università degli studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesco F. Summa
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università degli studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Monaco
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università degli studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Andreas Eitzinger
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
Munchen, 81377 Munchen, Germany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
Munchen, 81377 Munchen, Germany
| | - Antonia Di Mola
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università degli studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonio Massa
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università degli studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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Wang Y, Niu C, Xie DH, Du DM. A bifunctional squaramide-catalysed enantioselective vinylogous Michael addition/cyclization cascade reaction of 4-unsaturated isoxazol-5-ones and α,α-dicyanoalkenes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8572-8577. [PMID: 34549755 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01256h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An effective strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of spiro isoxazolone-cyclohexenimines was developed using a bifunctional squaramide-catalysed vinylogous Michael addition/cyclization cascade reaction of 4-unsaturated isoxazol-5-ones and α,α-dicyanoalkenes. The atom-economical cascade process can proceed smoothly under extremely low catalyst loading (1 mol%) and mild conditions, and the corresponding products were obtained in moderate to good yields (45% to 90%) and enantioselectivitites (51% to 96% ee). Meanwhile, the scale-up reaction and transformation of the products were also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science & Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cheng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science & Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dong-Hua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science & Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Da-Ming Du
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science & Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Patil BM, Shinde SK, Jagdale AA, Jadhav SD, Patil SS. Fruit Extract of Averrhoa bilimbi: A Green Neoteric Micellar Medium for Isoxazole and Biginelli-Like Synthesis. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-021-04539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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Miryala SK, Anbarasu A, Ramaiah S. Gene interaction network to unravel the role of gut bacterial species in cardiovascular diseases: E. coli O157:H7 host-bacterial interaction study. Comput Biol Med 2021; 133:104417. [PMID: 33901711 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is one of the most common causes of mortality in humans. Presently, the role of pathogens in the initiation and progression of the CVDs is not clearly understood. Hence, it is essential to understand the molecular-level interactions between the human proteins and the microbial proteins to deduce their functional roles in the CVDs. METHOD The host-pathogen interactions (HPI) related to CVDs in the case of E. coli str. O157:H7 colonization were curated, and also the protein-protein interactions (PPI) between humans and E. coli were collected. Gene interaction network (GIN) and functional enrichment analyses (FEA) were utilized for this. RESULTS The GIN revealed dense interactions between the functional partners. The FEA indicated that the essential pathways played a significant role in humans as well as in E. coli. The primary responses against most of the bacterial pathogens in humans are different from that of E. coli; Terpenoid biosynthesis and production of secondary metabolite pathways aid the survival of the E. coli inside the host. Interestingly, network analysis divulged that the E. coli genes ksgA, rpsT, ispE, rpsI, ispH, and the human genes TP53, CASP3, CYCS, EP300, RHOA communicated by significant numbers in direct interactions. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained from the present study will help researchers understand the molecular-level interactions in the CVDs between the human and the E. coli genes. The important genes with vital interactions can be considered as hub molecules and can be exploited for new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravan Kumar Miryala
- Medical and Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Anbarasu
- Medical and Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudha Ramaiah
- Medical and Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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7
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Hu W, He X, Zhou T, Zuo Y, Zhang S, Yang T, Shang Y. Construction of isoxazolone-fused phenanthridines via Rh-catalyzed cascade C-H activation/cyclization of 3-arylisoxazolones with cyclic 2-diazo-1,3-diketones. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:552-556. [PMID: 33367424 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02310h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A Rh(iii)-catalyzed cascade C-H activation/intramolecular cyclization of 3-aryl-5-isoxazolones with cyclic 2-diazo-1,3-diketones was described, leading to the formation of isoxazolo[2,3-f]phenanthridine skeletons. The protocol features the simultaneous one-pot formation of two new C-C/C-N bonds and one heterocycle in moderate-to-good yields with good functional group compatibility. It is amenable to large-scale synthesis and further transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangcheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China.
| | - Xinwei He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China.
| | - Tongtong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China.
| | - Youpeng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China.
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China.
| | - Tingting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China.
| | - Yongjia Shang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China.
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Damghani FK, Kiyani H, Pourmousavi SA. Green Three-component Synthesis of Merocyanin Dyes Based on 4- Arylideneisoxazol-5(4H)-ones. CURRENT GREEN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2213346107666200122093906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot three-component reaction promoted by choline chloride: zinc(II) chloride deepeutectic
solvent (ChCl-ZnCl2 DES) in an aqueous medium for the synthesis of several merocyanin
dyes based on isoxazol-5(4H)-ones is presented. This three-component approach is efficient, clean,
experimentally simple, convenient, safe, and environmentally friendly. This reaction was performed at
room temperature without using energy sources such as heat, microwave and ultrasound waves. Nonuse
of toxic solvents, available materials, one-vessel, no wasted reagents, simple preparation, and recyclability
of DES are other important points of this method that is significant from the perspective of
green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamzeh Kiyani
- School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
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9
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Elinson MN, Ryzhkova YE, Ryzhkov FV, Vereshchagin AN, Leonova NA, Egorov MP. Electrochemically Induced Facile and Efficient Multicomponent Approach to Medicinally Relevant 4‐[4‐oxo‐4
H
‐pyran‐2‐yl](aryl)‐methylisoxazol‐5(2
H
)‐one Scaffold. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michail N. Elinson
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian academy of sciences Leninsky pr. 47 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Yuliya E. Ryzhkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian academy of sciences Leninsky pr. 47 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Fedor V. Ryzhkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian academy of sciences Leninsky pr. 47 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly N. Vereshchagin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian academy of sciences Leninsky pr. 47 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Natalia A. Leonova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian academy of sciences Leninsky pr. 47 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail P. Egorov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian academy of sciences Leninsky pr. 47 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
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10
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Facile and expedient synthesis of α,β-unsaturated isoxazol-5(4H)-ones under mild conditions. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03999-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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11
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Niu Q, Xi J, Li L, Li L, Pan C, Lan M, Rong L. Isatins 3-C annulation vs ring-opening: Two different pathways for synthesis of spiro compounds via multicomponent reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Mosallanezhad A, Kiyani H. Green Synthesis of 3-Substituted-4-arylmethylideneisoxazol-5(4H)-one Derivatives Catalyzed by Salicylic Acid. CURRENT ORGANOCATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2213337206666190214161332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
4-Arylmethylideneisoxazol-5(4H)-ones are a class of organic compounds
with a variety of applications in the agriculture, filter dyes, photonic devices, and pharmaceutical industries.
They are also used as synthetic precursors for the synthesis of other organic compounds. As
a result, efforts are being made to search new and available catalyst and green methods toward their
synthesis.
Objective:
The aim of this work is to investigate the catalytic activity of salicylic acid as an inexpensive,
easy to handle, and safe catalyst to synthesis of some derivatives of isoxazole-5(4H)-ones in
water medium.
Methods:
To aqueous solution of equal amounts of aryl/heteroaryl aldehydes, β-ketoesters, and hydroxylamine
hydrochloride; salicylic acid (15 mol%) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred
at room temperature for a specified periods. The precipitated product was filtered and washed with
water to obtain 3-substituted-4-arylmethylideneisoxazol-5(4H)-ones. The reaction conditions were
also optimized and extended to synthesis other isoxazol-5(4H)-ones.
Results:
The salicylic acid is found to possess acceptable catalytic activity for the promotion of
three-component cyclocondensation of aryl/heteroaryl aldehydes, β-ketoesters, and hydroxylamine
hydrochloride. The three-component reaction led to construction of 3-substituted-4-arylmethylideneisoxazol-
5(4H)-ones in good to high isolated reaction yields.
Conclusion:
The efficient and environmental friendliness procedure for the synthesis of isoxazol-
5(4H)-ones is introduced. The reaction also carried out smoothly in water as a cost-effective, simple,
green, and non-toxic solvent at room temperature without using heating, microwave, and ultrasound
sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamzeh Kiyani
- School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
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13
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Ramos PIP, Fernández Do Porto D, Lanzarotti E, Sosa EJ, Burguener G, Pardo AM, Klein CC, Sagot MF, de Vasconcelos ATR, Gales AC, Marti M, Turjanski AG, Nicolás MF. An integrative, multi-omics approach towards the prioritization of Klebsiella pneumoniae drug targets. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10755. [PMID: 30018343 PMCID: PMC6050338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is a globally disseminated opportunistic pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections. It has been found as the culprit of many infection outbreaks in hospital environments, being particularly aggressive towards newborns and adults under intensive care. Many Kp strains produce extended-spectrum β-lactamases, enzymes that promote resistance against antibiotics used to fight these infections. The presence of other resistance determinants leading to multidrug-resistance also limit therapeutic options, and the use of 'last-resort' drugs, such as polymyxins, is not uncommon. The global emergence and spread of resistant strains underline the need for novel antimicrobials against Kp and related bacterial pathogens. To tackle this great challenge, we generated multiple layers of 'omics' data related to Kp and prioritized proteins that could serve as attractive targets for antimicrobial development. Genomics, transcriptomics, structuromic and metabolic information were integrated in order to prioritize candidate targets, and this data compendium is freely available as a web server. Twenty-nine proteins with desirable characteristics from a drug development perspective were shortlisted, which participate in important processes such as lipid synthesis, cofactor production, and core metabolism. Collectively, our results point towards novel targets for the control of Kp and related bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ivan Pereira Ramos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Darío Fernández Do Porto
- Plataforma de Bioinformática Argentina (BIA), Instituto de Cálculo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Lanzarotti
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel J Sosa
- Plataforma de Bioinformática Argentina (BIA), Instituto de Cálculo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Germán Burguener
- Plataforma de Bioinformática Argentina (BIA), Instituto de Cálculo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín M Pardo
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia C Klein
- Inria Grenoble Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marie-France Sagot
- Inria Grenoble Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Ana Cristina Gales
- Laboratório Alerta. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine. Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Marti
- Plataforma de Bioinformática Argentina (BIA), Instituto de Cálculo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián G Turjanski
- Plataforma de Bioinformática Argentina (BIA), Instituto de Cálculo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marisa F Nicolás
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Abstract
Strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae are frequently opportunistic pathogens implicated in urinary tract and catheter-associated urinary-tract infections of hospitalized patients and compromised individuals. Infections are particularly difficult to treat since most clinical isolates exhibit resistance to several antibiotics leading to treatment failure and the possibility of systemic dissemination. Infections of medical devices such as urinary catheters is a major site of K. pneumoniae infections and has been suggested to involve the formation of biofilms on these surfaces. Over the last decade there has been an increase in research activity designed to investigate the pathogenesis of K. pneumoniae in the urinary tract. These investigations have begun to define the bacterial factors that contribute to growth and biofilm formation. Several virulence factors have been demonstrated to mediate K. pneumoniae infectivity and include, but are most likely not limited to, adherence factors, capsule production, lipopolysaccharide presence, and siderophore activity. The development of both in vitro and in vivo models of infection will lead to further elucidation of the molecular pathogenesis of K. pneumoniae. As for most opportunistic infections, the role of host factors as well as bacterial traits are crucial in determining the outcome of infections. In addition, multidrug-resistant strains of these bacteria have become a serious problem in the treatment of Klebsiella infections and novel strategies to prevent and inhibit bacterial growth need to be developed. Overall, the frequency, significance, and morbidity associated with K. pneumoniae urinary tract infections have increased over many years. The emergence of these bacteria as sources of antibiotic resistance and pathogens of the urinary tract present a challenging problem for the clinician in terms of management and treatment of individuals.
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15
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Saggu GS, Pala ZR, Garg S, Saxena V. New Insight into Isoprenoids Biosynthesis Process and Future Prospects for Drug Designing in Plasmodium. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1421. [PMID: 27679614 PMCID: PMC5020098 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The MEP (Methyl Erythritol Phosphate) isoprenoids biosynthesis pathway is an attractive drug target to combat malaria, due to its uniqueness and indispensability for the parasite. It is functional in the apicoplast of Plasmodium and its products get transported to the cytoplasm, where they participate in glycoprotein synthesis, electron transport chain, tRNA modification and several other biological processes. Several compounds have been tested against the enzymes involved in this pathway and amongst them Fosmidomycin, targeted against IspC (DXP reductoisomerase) enzyme and MMV008138 targeted against IspD enzyme have shown good anti-malarial activity in parasite cultures. Fosmidomycin is now-a-days prescribed clinically, however, less absorption, shorter half-life, and toxicity at higher doses, limits its use as an anti-malarial. The potential of other enzymes of the pathway as candidate drug targets has also been determined. This review details the various drug molecules tested against these targets with special emphasis to Plasmodium. We corroborate that MEP pathway functional within the apicoplast of Plasmodium is a major drug target, especially during erythrocytic stages. However, the major bottlenecks, bioavailability and toxicity of the new molecules needs to be addressed, before considering any new molecule as a potent antimalarial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep S Saggu
- Molecular Parasitology and Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
| | - Zarna R Pala
- Molecular Parasitology and Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
| | - Shilpi Garg
- Molecular Parasitology and Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
| | - Vishal Saxena
- Molecular Parasitology and Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
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16
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Zhao T, Zhang H, Cui L, Wang C, Qu J, Wang B. A ZnCl2-Catalyzed Knoevenagel Condensation/1,5-Hydride Shift/Cyclization Sequence: Synthesis of Novel Spiroisoxazol-5-one Tetrahydroquinolines. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Huanrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Longchen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Changxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Baomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 P. R. China
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17
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Zhang X, Jiang X, Liu P, Li Y, Tu H, Lin Z, Xu D, Zhang G, Wu Y, Yao J. Molecular design on isoxazolone-based derivatives with large second-order harmonic generation effect and terahertz wave generation. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00398b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Masini T, Hirsch AKH. Development of Inhibitors of the 2C-Methyl-d-erythritol 4-Phosphate (MEP) Pathway Enzymes as Potential Anti-Infective Agents. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9740-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5010978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Masini
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
7, NL-9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna K. H. Hirsch
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
7, NL-9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Haymond A, Johny C, Dowdy T, Schweibenz B, Villarroel K, Young R, Mantooth CJ, Patel T, Bases J, Jose GS, Jackson ER, Dowd CS, Couch RD. Kinetic characterization and allosteric inhibition of the Yersinia pestis 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (MEP synthase). PLoS One 2014; 9:e106243. [PMID: 25171339 PMCID: PMC4149570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway found in many bacteria governs the synthesis of isoprenoids, which are crucial lipid precursors for vital cell components such as ubiquinone. Because mammals synthesize isoprenoids via an alternate pathway, the bacterial MEP pathway is an attractive target for novel antibiotic development, necessitated by emerging antibiotic resistance as well as biodefense concerns. The first committed step in the MEP pathway is the reduction and isomerization of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) to methylerythritol phosphate (MEP), catalyzed by MEP synthase. To facilitate drug development, we cloned, expressed, purified, and characterized MEP synthase from Yersinia pestis. Enzyme assays indicate apparent kinetic constants of KMDXP = 252 µM and KMNADPH = 13 µM, IC50 values for fosmidomycin and FR900098 of 710 nM and 231 nM respectively, and Ki values for fosmidomycin and FR900098 of 251 nM and 101 nM respectively. To ascertain if the Y. pestis MEP synthase was amenable to a high-throughput screening campaign, the Z-factor was determined (0.9) then the purified enzyme was screened against a pilot scale library containing rationally designed fosmidomycin analogs and natural product extracts. Several hit molecules were obtained, most notably a natural product allosteric affector of MEP synthase and a rationally designed bisubstrate derivative of FR900098 (able to associate with both the NADPH and DXP binding sites in MEP synthase). It is particularly noteworthy that allosteric regulation of MEP synthase has not been described previously. Thus, our discovery implicates an alternative site (and new chemical space) for rational drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Haymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Chinchu Johny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tyrone Dowdy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brandon Schweibenz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Karen Villarroel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Richard Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Clark J. Mantooth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Trishal Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jessica Bases
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Geraldine San Jose
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Emily R. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Cynthia S. Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Robin D. Couch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
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20
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Abstract
Classic galactosemia is an inherited metabolic disease for which, at present, no therapy is available apart from galactose-restricted diet. However, the efficacy of the diet is questionable, since it is not able to prevent the insurgence of chronic complications later in life. In addition, it is possible that dietary restriction itself could induce negative side effects. Therefore, there is a need for an alternative therapeutic approach that can avert the manifestation of chronic complications in the patients. In this review, the authors describe the development of a novel class of pharmaceutical agents that target the production of a toxic metabolite, galactose-1-phosphate, considered as the main culprit for the cause of the complications, in the patients.
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21
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Huang M, Li X, Zou JW, Timson DJ. Role of Arg228 in the phosphorylation of galactokinase: the mechanism of GHMP kinases by quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics studies. Biochemistry 2013; 52:4858-68. [PMID: 23786354 DOI: 10.1021/bi400228e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
GHMP kinases are a group of structurally related small molecule kinases. They have been found in all kingdoms of life and are mostly responsible for catalyzing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of intermediary metabolites. Although the GHMP kinases are of clinical, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological importance, the mechanism of GHMP kinases is controversial. A catalytic base mechanism was suggested for mevalonate kinase that has a structural feature of the γ-phosphate of ATP close to an aspartate residue; however, for one GHMP family member, homoserine kinase, where the residue acting as general base is absent, a direct phosphorylation mechanism was suggested. Furthermore, it was proposed by some authors that all the GHMP kinases function by a similar mechanism. This controversy in mechanism has limited our ability to exploit these enzymes as drug targets and in biotechnology. Here the phosphorylation reaction mechanism of the human galactokinase, a member of the GHMP kinase family, was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory-based quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations (B3LYP-D/AMBER99). The reaction coordinates were localized by potential energy scan using an adiabatic mapping method. Our results indicate that a highly conserved Glu174 captures Arg105 in the proximity of the α-phosphate of ATP, forming a H-bond network; therefore, the mobility of ATP in the large oxyanion hole is restricted. Arg228 functions to stabilize the negative charge developed at the β,γ-bridging oxygen of the ATP during bond cleavage. The reaction occurs via a direct phosphorylation mechanism, and the Asp186 in the proximity of ATP does not directly participate in the reaction pathway. Because Arg228 is not conserved among GHMP kinases, reagents which form interactions with Arg228, and therefore can interrupt its function in phosphorylation, may be developed into potential selective inhibitors for galactokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
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22
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Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) catalysed expeditious one-pot synthesis of 1,3-thiazine as IspE kinase inhibitor of Gram-negative bacteria using polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) as an efficient recyclable reaction medium. CR CHIM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Odejinmi SI, Rascon RG, Chen W, Lai K. Formal Synthesis of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl D-erythritol From D-(+)-Arabitol. Tetrahedron 2012; 68:8937-8941. [PMID: 23049145 PMCID: PMC3462025 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) is a key chemical intermediate of the non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis employed by many pathogenic microbes. MEP is also the precursor for the synthesis of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl D-erythritol (CDP-ME), another key intermediate of the non-mevalonate pathway. As this pathway is non-existent in higher animals, including humans, it represents great opportunities for novel antimicrobial development. To facilitate the in-depth studies of this pathway, we reported here a formal synthesis of CDP-ME through a new synthesis of 2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphoric acid from D-(+)-arabitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina I. Odejinmi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, U.S.A
| | - Rafael G. Rascon
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, U.S.A
| | - Wyman Chen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, U.S.A
| | - Kent Lai
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, U.S.A
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24
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Tidten-Luksch N, Grimaldi R, Torrie LS, Frearson JA, Hunter WN, Brenk R. IspE inhibitors identified by a combination of in silico and in vitro high-throughput screening. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35792. [PMID: 22563402 PMCID: PMC3340893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CDP-ME kinase (IspE) contributes to the non-mevalonate or deoxy-xylulose phosphate (DOXP) pathway for isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis found in many species of bacteria and apicomplexan parasites. IspE has been shown to be essential by genetic methods and since it is absent from humans it constitutes a promising target for antimicrobial drug development. Using in silico screening directed against the substrate binding site and in vitro high-throughput screening directed against both, the substrate and co-factor binding sites, non-substrate-like IspE inhibitors have been discovered and structure-activity relationships were derived. The best inhibitors in each series have high ligand efficiencies and favourable physico-chemical properties rendering them promising starting points for drug discovery. Putative binding modes of the ligands were suggested which are consistent with established structure-activity relationships. The applied screening methods were complementary in discovering hit compounds, and a comparison of both approaches highlights their strengths and weaknesses. It is noteworthy that compounds identified by virtual screening methods provided the controls for the biochemical screens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - William N. Hunter
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (WNH); (RB)
| | - Ruth Brenk
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (WNH); (RB)
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25
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Tang M, Odejinmi SI, Vankayalapati H, Wierenga K, Lai K. Innovative therapy for Classic Galactosemia - tale of two HTS. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 105:44-55. [PMID: 22018723 PMCID: PMC3253915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Classic Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by the deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT), one of the key enzymes in the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism. While the neonatal morbidity and mortality of the disease are now mostly prevented by newborn screening and galactose restriction, long-term outcome for older children and adults with this disorder remains unsatisfactory. The pathophysiology of Classic Galactosemia is complex, but there is convincing evidence that galactose-1-phosphate (gal-1P) accumulation is a major, if not the sole pathogenic factor. Galactokinase (GALK) inhibition will eliminate the accumulation of gal-1P from both dietary sources and endogenous production, and efforts toward identification of therapeutic small molecule GALK inhibitors are reviewed in detail. Experimental and computational high-throughput screenings of compound libraries to identify GALK inhibitors have been conducted, and subsequent studies aimed to characterize, prioritize, as well as to optimize the identified positives have been implemented to improve the potency of promising compounds. Although none of the identified GALK inhibitors inhibits glucokinase and hexokinase, some of them cross-inhibit other related enzymes in the GHMP small molecule kinase superfamily. While this finding may render the on-going hit-to-lead process more challenging, there is growing evidence that such cross-inhibition could also lead to advances in antimicrobial and anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - SI Odejinmi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - H Vankayalapati
- Center for Investigational Therapeutics, Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - K Wierenga
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.A
- Corresponding Authors: Kent Lai, Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, 50 N. Mario Capecchi Drive, SOM Room 2C412, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, U.S.A., (); KlaasWierenga, M.D., Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, OUHSC, OUCP Suite 12100, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, U.S.A., ()
| | - K Lai
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
- Corresponding Authors: Kent Lai, Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, 50 N. Mario Capecchi Drive, SOM Room 2C412, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, U.S.A., (); KlaasWierenga, M.D., Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, OUHSC, OUCP Suite 12100, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, U.S.A., ()
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