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Piniella D, Zafra F. Functional crosstalk of the glycine transporter GlyT1 and NMDA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2023; 232:109514. [PMID: 37003571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) constitute one of the main glutamate (Glu) targets in the central nervous system and are involved in synaptic plasticity, which is the molecular substrate of learning and memory. Hypofunction of NMDARs has been associated with schizophrenia, while overstimulation causes neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases or in stroke. The function of NMDARs requires coincidental binding of Glu along with other cellular signals such as neuronal depolarization, and the presence of other endogenous ligands that modulate their activity by allosterism. Among these allosteric modulators are zinc, protons and Gly, which is an obligatory co-agonist. These characteristics differentiate NMDARs from other receptors, and their structural bases have begun to be established in recent years. In this review we focus on the crosstalk between Glu and glycine (Gly), whose concentration in the NMDAR microenvironment is maintained by various Gly transporters that remove or release it into the medium in a regulated manner. The GlyT1 transporter is particularly involved in this task, and has become a target of great interest for the treatment of schizophrenia since its inhibition leads to an increase in synaptic Gly levels that enhances the activity of NMDARs. However, the only drug that has completed phase III clinical trials did not yield the expected results. Notwithstanding, there are additional drugs that continue to be investigated, and it is hoped that knowledge gained from the recently published 3D structure of GlyT1 may allow the rational design of more effective new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Piniella
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Francisco Zafra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
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2
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Zhu M, Ghouilem J, Messaoudi S. Visible-Light-Mediated Stadler-Ziegler Arylation of Thiosugars with Anilines. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:351-358. [PMID: 36855591 PMCID: PMC9955296 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a one-pot Stadler-Ziegler reaction toward the synthesis of 1-thioglycosides in good yield from commercially available anilines and (un)protected 1-glycosyl thiols. This simple and mild approach employs the photoredox catalyst [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2 under visible light.
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3
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Shieh YC, Du K, Basha RS, Xue YJ, Shih BH, Li L, Lee CF. Syntheses of Thioethers and Selenide Ethers from Anilines. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6223-6231. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Bottecchia C, Rubens M, Gunnoo SB, Hessel V, Madder A, Noël T. Visible-Light-Mediated Selective Arylation of Cysteine in Batch and Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12702-12707. [PMID: 28805276 PMCID: PMC5656832 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A mild visible-light-mediated strategy for cysteine arylation is presented. The method relies on the use of eosin Y as a metal-free photocatalyst and aryldiazonium salts as arylating agents. The reaction can be significantly accelerated in a microflow reactor, whilst allowing the in situ formation of the required diazonium salts. The batch and flow protocol described herein can be applied to obtain a broad series of arylated cysteine derivatives and arylated cysteine-containing dipeptides. Moreover, the method was applied to the chemoselective arylation of a model peptide in biocompatible reaction conditions (room temperature, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer) within a short reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bottecchia
- Eindhoven University of TechnologyDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryDen Dolech 2Eindhoven5614 AZThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten Rubens
- Eindhoven University of TechnologyDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryDen Dolech 2Eindhoven5614 AZThe Netherlands
| | - Smita B. Gunnoo
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research GroupDepartment of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 2819000GentBelgium
| | - Volker Hessel
- Eindhoven University of TechnologyDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryDen Dolech 2Eindhoven5614 AZThe Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research GroupDepartment of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 2819000GentBelgium
| | - Timothy Noël
- Eindhoven University of TechnologyDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryDen Dolech 2Eindhoven5614 AZThe Netherlands
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5
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Bottecchia C, Rubens M, Gunnoo SB, Hessel V, Madder A, Noël T. Visible‐Light‐Mediated Selective Arylation of Cysteine in Batch and Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bottecchia
- Eindhoven University of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Den Dolech 2 Eindhoven 5614 AZ The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Rubens
- Eindhoven University of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Den Dolech 2 Eindhoven 5614 AZ The Netherlands
| | - Smita B. Gunnoo
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Volker Hessel
- Eindhoven University of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Den Dolech 2 Eindhoven 5614 AZ The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Timothy Noël
- Eindhoven University of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Den Dolech 2 Eindhoven 5614 AZ The Netherlands
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6
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GlyT-1 Inhibitors: From Hits to Clinical Candidates. SMALL MOLECULE THERAPEUTICS FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Menniti FS, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Pandit J, Zagouras P, Volkmann RA. Allosteric modulators for the treatment of schizophrenia: targeting glutamatergic networks. Curr Top Med Chem 2013; 13:26-54. [PMID: 23409764 DOI: 10.2174/1568026611313010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly debilitating mental disorder which afflicts approximately 1% of the global population. Cognitive and negative deficits account for the lifelong disability associated with schizophrenia, whose symptoms are not effectively addressed by current treatments. New medicines are needed to treat these aspects of the disease. Neurodevelopmental, neuropathological, genetic, and behavioral pharmacological data indicate that schizophrenia stems from a dysfunction of glutamate synaptic transmission, particularly in frontal cortical networks. A number of novel pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms affecting glutamatergic synaptic transmission have emerged as viable targets for schizophrenia. While developing orthosteric glutamatergic agents for these targets has proven extremely difficult, targeting allosteric sites of these targets has emerged as a promising alternative. From a medicinal chemistry perspective, allosteric sites provide an opportunity of finding agents with better drug-like properties and greater target specificity. Furthermore, allosteric modulators are better suited to maintaining the highly precise temporal and spatial aspects of glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Herein, we review neuropathological and genomic/genetic evidence underscoring the importance of glutamate synaptic dysfunction in the etiology of schizophrenia and make a case for allosteric targets for therapeutic intervention. We review progress in identifying allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors, NMDA receptors, and metabotropic glutamate receptors, all with the aim of restoring physiological glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Challenges remain given the complexity of schizophrenia and the difficulty in studying cognition in animals and humans. Nonetheless, important compounds have emerged from these efforts and promising preclinical and variable clinical validation has been achieved.
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8
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Wang X, Cuny GD, Noël T. A Mild, One-Pot Stadler-Ziegler Synthesis of Arylsulfides Facilitated by Photoredox Catalysis in Batch and Continuous-Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Wang X, Cuny GD, Noël T. A Mild, One-Pot Stadler-Ziegler Synthesis of Arylsulfides Facilitated by Photoredox Catalysis in Batch and Continuous-Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7860-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
The solute carrier 6 (SLC6) family of the human genome comprises transporters for neurotransmitters, amino acids, osmolytes and energy metabolites. Members of this family play critical roles in neurotransmission, cellular and whole body homeostasis. Malfunction or altered expression of these transporters is associated with a variety of diseases. Pharmacological inhibition of the neurotransmitter transporters in this family is an important strategy in the management of neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review provides an overview of the biochemical and pharmacological properties of the SLC6 family transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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11
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Kristensen AS, Andersen J, Jørgensen TN, Sørensen L, Eriksen J, Loland CJ, Strømgaard K, Gether U. SLC6 neurotransmitter transporters: structure, function, and regulation. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:585-640. [PMID: 21752877 DOI: 10.1124/pr.108.000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter transporters (NTTs) belonging to the solute carrier 6 (SLC6) gene family (also referred to as the neurotransmitter-sodium-symporter family or Na(+)/Cl(-)-dependent transporters) comprise a group of nine sodium- and chloride-dependent plasma membrane transporters for the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), dopamine, and norepinephrine, and the amino acid neurotransmitters GABA and glycine. The SLC6 NTTs are widely expressed in the mammalian brain and play an essential role in regulating neurotransmitter signaling and homeostasis by mediating uptake of released neurotransmitters from the extracellular space into neurons and glial cells. The transporters are targets for a wide range of therapeutic drugs used in treatment of psychiatric diseases, including major depression, anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy. Furthermore, psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines have the SLC6 NTTs as primary targets. Beginning with the determination of a high-resolution structure of a prokaryotic homolog of the mammalian SLC6 transporters in 2005, the understanding of the molecular structure, function, and pharmacology of these proteins has advanced rapidly. Furthermore, intensive efforts have been directed toward understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in regulation of the activity of this important class of transporters, leading to new methodological developments and important insights. This review provides an update of these advances and their implications for the current understanding of the SLC6 NTTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders S Kristensen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Pinard E, Alberati D, Bender M, Borroni E, Brom V, Burner S, Fischer H, Hainzl D, Halm R, Hauser N, Jolidon S, Lengyel J, Marty HP, Meyer T, Moreau JL, Mory R, Narquizian R, Norcross RD, Schmid P, Wermuth R, Zimmerli D. Discovery of benzoylisoindolines as a novel class of potent, selective and orally active GlyT1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6960-5. [PMID: 20974532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Benzoylisoindolines were discovered as a novel structural class of GlyT1 inhibitors. SAR studies and subsequent lead optimization efforts focused primarily on addressing hERG liability and on improving in vivo efficacy resulted in the identification of potent GlyT1 inhibitors displaying excellent selectivity and in vivo PD and PK profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Pinard
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharmaceutical Research Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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13
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Pinard E, Alanine A, Alberati D, Bender M, Borroni E, Bourdeaux P, Brom V, Burner S, Fischer H, Hainzl D, Halm R, Hauser N, Jolidon S, Lengyel J, Marty HP, Meyer T, Moreau JL, Mory R, Narquizian R, Nettekoven M, Norcross RD, Puellmann B, Schmid P, Schmitt S, Stalder H, Wermuth R, Wettstein JG, Zimmerli D. Selective GlyT1 inhibitors: discovery of [4-(3-fluoro-5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl][5-methanesulfonyl-2-((S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methylethoxy)phenyl]methanone (RG1678), a promising novel medicine to treat schizophrenia. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4603-14. [PMID: 20491477 DOI: 10.1021/jm100210p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The GlyT1 transporter has emerged as a key novel target for the treatment of schizophrenia. Herein, we report on the optimization of the 2-alkoxy-5-methylsulfonebenzoylpiperazine class of GlyT1 inhibitors to improve hERG channel selectivity and brain penetration. This effort culminated in the discovery of compound 10a (RG1678), the first potent and selective GlyT1 inhibitor to have a beneficial effect in schizophrenic patients in a phase II clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Pinard
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceutical Division, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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14
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Hashimoto K. Glycine transport inhibitors for the treatment of schizophrenia. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2010; 4:10-9. [PMID: 21253021 PMCID: PMC3023951 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501004010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence indicate that hypofunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission via N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors might be implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, suggesting that increasing NMDA receptor function via pharmacological manipulation could provide a new strategy for the management of schizophrenia. Currently, the glycine modulatory sites on NMDA receptors present the most attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of schizophrenia. One means of enhancing NMDA receptor neurotransmission is to increase the availability of the obligatory co-agonist glycine at modulatory sites on the NMDA receptors through the inhibition of glycine transporter-1 (GlyT-1) on glial cells. Clinical studies have demonstrated that the GlyT-1 inhibitor sarcosine (N-methyl glycine) shows antipsychotic activity in patients with schizophrenia. Accordingly, a number of pharmaceutical companies have developed novel and selective GlyT-1 inhibitors for the treatment of schizophrenia. This paper provides an overview of the various GlyT-1 inhibitors and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic, Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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15
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Kalinichev M, Starr KR, Teague S, Bradford AM, Porter RA, Herdon HJ. Glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) inhibitors exhibit anticonvulsant properties in the rat maximal electroshock threshold (MEST) test. Brain Res 2010; 1331:105-13. [PMID: 20303337 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycine can act as either an inhibitory neurotransmitter or as a potentiator of NMDA-dependent excitatory neurotransmission. There is some evidence that glycine can have both pro- and anticonvulsant properties in various rodent models of epilepsy. In the present study we tested several glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) inhibitors including NFPS, SSR 504734, Lu AA21279, Org 25935, SB-710622, GSK931145, as well as the glycine agonist d-serine, in the maximal electroshock threshold (MEST) test in the rat. In a series of experiments, male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=12/group) were pre-treated with a compound of interest and then received an electric shock delivered via corneal electrodes. A cohort of satellite animals (n=3/group) was also used to measure blood and brain levels of Org 25935. All GlyT1 inhibitors increased seizure thresholds dose-dependently, indicative of anticonvulsant activity. SB-710622 and GSK931145 had lower minimum effective doses (MEDs) in the MEST test than other GlyT1 inhibitors. At estimated t(max), increases in dose administered were paralleled by increases in blood and brain concentrations of Org 25935. Thus, increasing extracellular concentration of glycine via inhibition of its uptake protects from electroshock-induced seizures in the rat. Whether strychnine-sensitive or strychnine-insensitive glycine binding sites are involved in this effect remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Kalinichev
- Department of Biology, Neurosciences Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline plc, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Ave., Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK
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16
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Gilfillan R, Kerr J, Walker G, Wishart G. Glycine Transporters and Their Inhibitors. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2009_030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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17
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Pinard E, Alberati D, Borroni E, Fischer H, Hainzl D, Jolidon S, Moreau JL, Narquizian R, Nettekoven M, Norcross RD, Stalder H, Thomas AW. Discovery of benzoylpiperazines as a novel class of potent and selective GlyT1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5134-9. [PMID: 18752953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Screening of the Roche compound library led to the identification of the benzoylpiperazine 7 as a structurally novel GlyT1 inhibitor. The SAR which was developed in this series resulted in the discovery of highly potent compounds displaying excellent selectivity against the GlyT2 isoform, drug-like properties, and in vivo efficacy after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Pinard
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharmaceutical Research Basel, Discovery Chemistry, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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18
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Walter MW, Hoffman BJ, Gordon K, Johnson K, Love P, Jones M, Man T, Phebus L, Reel JK, Rudyk HC, Shannon H, Svensson K, Yu H, Valli MJ, Porter WJ. Discovery and SAR studies of novel GlyT1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5233-8. [PMID: 17629697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the glycine transporter GlyT1 is a potential strategy for the treatment of schizophrenia. A novel series of GlyT1 inhibitors and their structure-activity relationships (SAR) are described. Members of this series are highly potent and selective transport inhibitors which are shown to elevate glycine levels in cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus W Walter
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK.
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19
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Smith G, Mikkelsen G, Eskildsen J, Bundgaard C. The synthesis and SAR of 2-arylsulfanylphenyl-1-oxyalkylamino acids as GlyT-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3981-4. [PMID: 16725323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Elevation of glycine levels by inhibition of the glycine transporter-1 (GlyT-1) and activation of the NMDA receptor is a potential strategy for the treatment of schizophrenia. A novel series of 2-arylsulfanylphenyl-1-oxyalkyl amino acids have been identified. The most prominent member of this series S-1-{2-[3-(3-fluoro-phenylsulfanyl)biphenyl-4-yloxy]ethyl}pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (38) is a potent GlyT-1 inhibitor (IC50=59 nM). In vitro and in vivo assessment of CNS exposure indicates this compound is a likely substrate for active efflux transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrick Smith
- Medicinal Chemistry Research, H. Lundbeck A/S, 9 Ottiliavej, DK 2500 Valby, Denmark.
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20
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21
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Shigeri Y, Shimamoto K. [Pharmacology of inhibitory amino acid transporters (GABA transporters and glycine transporters)]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2006; 127:279-87. [PMID: 16755080 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.127.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
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22
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Ceccarelli SM, Pinard E, Stalder H, Alberati D. Discovery of N-(2-hydroxy-2-aryl-cyclohexyl) substituted spiropiperidines as GlyT1 antagonists with improved pharmacological profile. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:354-7. [PMID: 16246561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During SAR exploration of N-(2-aryl-cyclohexyl) substituted spiropiperidine as GlyT1 inhibitors, it was found that introduction of an hydroxy group in position 2 of the cyclohexyl residue considerably improves the pharmacological profile. In particular, reduction of the binding affinity at the nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide and the mu opioid receptors was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona M Ceccarelli
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharmaceutical Division Basel, Discovery Chemistry, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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23
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Depoortère R, Dargazanli G, Estenne-Bouhtou G, Coste A, Lanneau C, Desvignes C, Poncelet M, Heaulme M, Santucci V, Decobert M, Cudennec A, Voltz C, Boulay D, Terranova JP, Stemmelin J, Roger P, Marabout B, Sevrin M, Vigé X, Biton B, Steinberg R, Françon D, Alonso R, Avenet P, Oury-Donat F, Perrault G, Griebel G, George P, Soubrié P, Scatton B. Neurochemical, electrophysiological and pharmacological profiles of the selective inhibitor of the glycine transporter-1 SSR504734, a potential new type of antipsychotic. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:1963-85. [PMID: 15956994 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blockers induce schizophrenic-like symptoms in humans, presumably by impairing glutamatergic transmission. Therefore, a compound potentiating this neurotransmission, by increasing extracellular levels of glycine (a requisite co-agonist of glutamate), could possess antipsychotic activity. Blocking the glycine transporter-1 (GlyT1) should, by increasing extracellular glycine levels, potentiate glutamatergic neurotransmission. SSR504734, a selective and reversible inhibitor of human, rat, and mouse GlyT1 (IC50=18, 15, and 38 nM, respectively), blocked reversibly the ex vivo uptake of glycine (mouse cortical homogenates: ID50: 5 mg/kg i.p.), rapidly and for a long duration. In vivo, it increased (minimal efficacious dose (MED): 3 mg/kg i.p.) extracellular levels of glycine in the rat prefrontal cortex (PFC). This resulted in an enhanced glutamatergic neurotransmission, as SSR504734 potentiated NMDA-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in rat hippocampal slices (minimal efficacious concentration (MEC): 0.5 microM) and intrastriatal glycine-induced rotations in mice (MED: 1 mg/kg i.p.). It normalized activity in rat models of hippocampal and PFC hypofunctioning (through activation of presynaptic CB1 receptors): it reversed the decrease in electrically evoked [3H]acetylcholine release in hippocampal slices (MEC: 10 nM) and the reduction of PFC neurons firing (MED: 0.3 mg/kg i.v.). SSR504734 prevented ketamine-induced metabolic activation in mice limbic areas and reversed MK-801-induced hyperactivity and increase in EEG spectral energy in mice and rats, respectively (MED: 10-30 mg/kg i.p.). In schizophrenia models, it normalized a spontaneous prepulse inhibition deficit in DBA/2 mice (MED: 15 mg/kg i.p.), and reversed hypersensitivity to locomotor effects of d-amphetamine and selective attention deficits (MED: 1-3 mg/kg i.p.) in adult rats treated neonatally with phencyclidine. Finally, it increased extracellular dopamine in rat PFC (MED: 10 mg/kg i.p.). The compound showed additional activity in depression/anxiety models, such as the chronic mild stress in mice (10 mg/kg i.p.), ultrasonic distress calls in rat pups separated from their mother (MED: 1 mg/kg s.c.), and the increased latency of paradoxical sleep in rats (MED: 30 mg/kg i.p.). In conclusion, SSR504734 is a potent and selective GlyT1 inhibitor, exhibiting activity in schizophrenia, anxiety and depression models. By targeting one of the primary causes of schizophrenia (hypoglutamatergy), it is expected to be efficacious not only against positive but also negative symptoms, cognitive deficits, and comorbid depression/anxiety states.
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Lowe III JA. Novel inhibitors of the type 1 transporter for glycine (GlyT1) as antipsychotic agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.15.11.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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