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Over 40 Years of Fosmidomycin Drug Research: A Comprehensive Review and Future Opportunities. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121553. [PMID: 36559004 PMCID: PMC9782300 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the continued rise of multi-drug-resistant microorganisms, the development of novel drugs with new modes of action is urgently required. While humans biosynthesize the essential isoprenoid precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) via the established mevalonate pathway, pathogenic protozoa and certain pathogenic eubacteria use the less well-known methylerythritol phosphate pathway for this purpose. Important pathogens using the MEP pathway are, for example, Plasmodium falciparum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The enzymes of that pathway are targets for antiinfective drugs that are exempt from target-related toxicity. 2C-Methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP), the second enzyme of the non-mevalonate pathway, has been established as the molecular target of fosmidomycin, an antibiotic that has so far failed to be approved as an anti-infective drug. This review describes the development and anti-infective properties of a wide range of fosmidomycin derivatives synthesized over the last four decades. Here we discuss the DXR inhibitor pharmacophore, which comprises a metal-binding group, a phosphate or phosphonate moiety and a connecting linker. Furthermore, non-fosmidomycin-based DXRi, bisubstrate inhibitors and several prodrug concepts are described. A comprehensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) of nearly all inhibitor types is presented and some novel opportunities for further drug development of DXR inhibitors are discussed.
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2
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Mutorwa MK, Lobb KA, Klein R, Blatch GL, Kaye PT. Synthesis of 2,3-dihydroxy-3-(N-substituted carbamoyl)propylphosphonic acid derivatives as hybrid DOXP-fosmidomycin analogues. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Wang X, Edwards RL, Ball H, Johnson C, Haymond A, Girma M, Manikkam M, Brothers RC, McKay KT, Arnett SD, Osbourn DM, Alvarez S, Boshoff HI, Meyers MJ, Couch RD, Odom John AR, Dowd CS. MEPicides: α,β-Unsaturated Fosmidomycin Analogues as DXR Inhibitors against Malaria. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8847-8858. [PMID: 30192536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum remains a significant global health threat. DXR, the second enzyme in the MEP pathway, plays an important role to synthesize building blocks for isoprenoids. This enzyme is a promising drug target for malaria due to its essentiality as well as its absence in humans. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of α,β-unsaturated analogues of fosmidomycin, a natural product that inhibits DXR in P. falciparum. All compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of P. falciparum. The most promising compound, 18a, displays on-target, potent inhibition against the growth of P. falciparum (IC50 = 13 nM) without significant inhibition of HepG2 cells (IC50 > 50 μM). 18a was also tested in a luciferase-based Plasmodium berghei mouse model of malaria and showed exceptional in vivo efficacy. Together, the data support MEPicide 18a as a novel, potent, and promising drug candidate for the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Rachel L Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics , Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - Haley Ball
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Claire Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Amanda Haymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Misgina Girma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Michelle Manikkam
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM , NIAID/NIH , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Robert C Brothers
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Kyle T McKay
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Stacy D Arnett
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri 63104 , United States
| | - Damon M Osbourn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri 63104 , United States
| | - Sophie Alvarez
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - Helena I Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM , NIAID/NIH , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Marvin J Meyers
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri 63104 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri 63103 , United States
| | - Robin D Couch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Audrey R Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics , Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - Cynthia S Dowd
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington D.C. 20052 , United States
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4
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Marzo L, Luis-Barrera J, Mas-Ballesté R, Ruano JLG, Alemán J. Stereodivergent Aminocatalytic Synthesis of Z- and E-Trisubstituted Double Bonds from Alkynals. Chemistry 2016; 22:16467-16477. [PMID: 27759177 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A highly diastereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted Z- or E-enals, which are important intermediates in organic synthesis, as well as being present in natural products, is described using different alkynals and nucleophiles as starting materials. Diastereocontrol is mainly governed by the appropriate catalyst. Therefore, those reactions controlled by steric effects, such as the Jørgensen-Hayashi's catalyst, give access to E isomers, and those catalysts that facilitate hydrogen bonding, such as tetrazol-pyrrolidine Ley's catalyst, allow the synthesis of Z isomers. A stereochemical model based on DFT calculations is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Marzo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Luis-Barrera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Mas-Ballesté
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis García Ruano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Brücher K, Gräwert T, Konzuch S, Held J, Lienau C, Behrendt C, Illarionov B, Maes L, Bacher A, Wittlin S, Mordmüller B, Fischer M, Kurz T. Prodrugs of reverse fosmidomycin analogues. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2025-35. [PMID: 25633870 DOI: 10.1021/jm5019719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fosmidomycin inhibits IspC (Dxr, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase), a key enzyme in nonmevalonate isoprenoid biosynthesis that is essential in Plasmodium falciparum. The drug has been used successfully to treat malaria patients in clinical studies, thus validating IspC as an antimalarial target. However, improvement of the drug's pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics is desirable. Here, we show that the conversion of the phosphonate moiety into acyloxymethyl and alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl groups can increase the in vitro activity against asexual blood stages of P. falciparum by more than 1 order of magnitude. We also synthesized double prodrugs by additional esterification of the hydroxamate moiety. Prodrugs with modified hydroxamate moieties are subject to bioactivation in vitro. All prodrugs demonstrated improved antiplasmodial in vitro activity. Selected prodrugs and parent compounds were also tested for their cytotoxicity toward HeLa cells and in vivo in a Plasmodium berghei malaria model as well as in the SCID mouse P. falciparum model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Brücher
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich Heine Universität , Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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6
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Downey AM, Cairo CW. Synthesis of α-brominated phosphonates and their application as phosphate bioisosteres. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00255e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A review of the synthesis and biological activity of α-bromo-phosphonate groups as phosphate bioisosteres.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Michael Downey
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada
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7
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San Jose G, Jackson ER, Uh E, Johny C, Haymond A, Lundberg L, Pinkham C, Kehn-Hall K, Boshoff HI, Couch RD, Dowd CS. Design of Potential Bisubstrate Inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Reductoisomerase (Dxr)-Evidence of a Novel Binding Mode. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013; 4:1099-1104. [PMID: 23914289 DOI: 10.1039/c3md00085k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In most bacteria, the nonmevalonate pathway is used to synthesize isoprene units. Dxr, the second step in the pathway, catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reductive isomerization of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) to 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP). Dxr is inhibited by natural products fosmidomycin and FR900098, which bind in the DXP binding site. These compounds, while potent inhibitors of Dxr, lack whole cell activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) due to their polarity. Our goal was to use the Mtb Dxr-fosmidomycin co-crystal structure to design bisubstrate ligands to bind to both the DXP and NADPH sites. Such compounds would be expected to demonstrate improved whole cell activity due to increased lipophilicity. Two series of compounds were designed and synthesized. Compounds from both series inhibited Mtb Dxr. The most potent compound (8) has an IC50 of 17.8 µM. Analysis shows 8 binds to Mtb Dxr via a novel, non-bisubstrate mechanism. Further, the diethyl ester of 8 inhibits Mtb growth making this class of compounds interesting lead molecules in the search for new antitubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine San Jose
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA. ; Tel: 01 202 994 8405
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8
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Zinglé C, Kuntz L, Tritsch D, Grosdemange-Billiard C, Rohmer M. Modifications around the hydroxamic acid chelating group of fosmidomycin, an inhibitor of the metalloenzyme 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6563-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Goulioukina NS, Shergold IA, Bondarenko GN, Ilyin MM, Davankov VA, Beletskaya IP. Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation ofN-Hydroxy-α-imino Phosphonates Using Brønsted Acid as Activator: The First Catalytic Enantioselective Approach to ChiralN-Hydroxy-α-amino Phosphonates. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Xu W, Lees NS, Hall D, Welideniya D, Hoffman BM, Duin EC. A closer look at the spectroscopic properties of possible reaction intermediates in wild-type and mutant (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase. Biochemistry 2012; 51:4835-49. [PMID: 22646150 DOI: 10.1021/bi3001215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (IspH or LytB) catalyzes the terminal step of the MEP/DOXP pathway where it converts (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) into the two products, isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. The reaction involves the reductive elimination of the C4 hydroxyl group, using a total of two electrons. Here we show that the active form of IspH contains a [4Fe-4S] cluster and not the [3Fe-4S] form. Our studies show that the cluster is the direct electron source for the reaction and that a reaction intermediate is bound directly to the cluster. This active form has been trapped in a state, dubbed FeS(A), that was detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy when one-electron-reduced IspH was incubated with HMBPP. In addition, three mutants of IspH have been prepared and studied, His42, His124, and Glu126 (Aquifex aeolicus numbering), with particular attention paid to the effects on the cluster properties and possible reaction intermediates. None of the mutants significantly affected the properties of the [4Fe-4S](+) cluster, but different effects were observed when one-electron-reduced forms were incubated with HMBPP. Replacing His42 led to an increased K(M) value and a much lower catalytic efficiency, confirming the role of this residue in substrate binding. Replacing the His124 also resulted in a lower catalytic efficiency. In this case, however, the enzyme showed the loss of the [4Fe-4S](+) EPR signal upon addition of HMBPP without the subsequent formation of the FeS(A) signal. Instead, a radical-type signal was observed in some of the samples, indicating that this residue plays a role in the correct positioning of the substrate. The incorrect orientation in the mutant leads to the formation of substrate-based radicals instead of the cluster-bound intermediate complex FeS(A). Replacing the Glu126 also resulted in a lower catalytic efficiency, with yet a third type of EPR signal being detected upon incubation with HMBPP. (31)P and (2)H ENDOR measurements of the FeS(A) species incubated with regular and (2)H-C4-labeled HMBPP reveal that the substrate binds to the enzyme in the proximity of the active-site cluster with C4 adjacent to the site of linkage between the FeS cluster and HMBPP. Comparison of the spectroscopic properties of this intermediate to those of intermediates detected in (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase and ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase suggests that HMBPP binds to the FeS cluster via its hydroxyl group instead of a side-on binding as previously proposed for the species detected in the inactive Glu126 variant. Consequences for the IspH reaction mechanism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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11
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Schütz AP, Osawa S, Mathis J, Hirsch AKH, Bernet B, Illarionov B, Fischer M, Bacher A, Diederich F. Exploring the Ribose Sub-Pocket of the Substrate-Binding Site in Escherichia coli IspE: Structure-Based Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Cytosines and Cytosine Analogues. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Uh E, Jackson ER, Jose GS, Maddox M, Lee RE, Lee RE, Boshoff HI, Dowd CS. Antibacterial and antitubercular activity of fosmidomycin, FR900098, and their lipophilic analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6973-6. [PMID: 22024034 PMCID: PMC3215086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The nonmevalonate pathway (NMP) of isoprene biosynthesis is an exciting new route toward novel antibiotic development. Inhibitors against several enzymes in this pathway are currently under examination. A significant liability of many of these agents is poor cell penetration. To overcome and improve our understanding of this problem, we have synthesized a series of lipophilic, prodrug analogs of fosmidomycin and FR900098, inhibitors of the NMP enzyme Dxr. Several of these compounds show improved antibacterial activity against a panel of organisms relative to the parent compound, including activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Our results show that this strategy can be an effective way for improving whole cell activity of NMP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Uh
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052
| | - Emily R. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052
| | - Géraldine San Jose
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052
| | - Marcus Maddox
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Robin E. Lee
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Richard E. Lee
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Helena I. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Cynthia S. Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052
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13
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Gräwert T, Groll M, Rohdich F, Bacher A, Eisenreich W. Biochemistry of the non-mevalonate isoprenoid pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3797-814. [PMID: 21744068 PMCID: PMC11114746 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid (terpenoid) biosynthesis is essential in many eubacteria including the major human pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in apicomplexan protozoa including the Plasmodium spp. causing malaria, and in the plastids of plants. The metabolic route is absent in humans and is therefore qualified as a promising target for new anti-infective drugs and herbicides. Biochemical and structural knowledge about all enzymes involved in the pathway established the basis for discovery and development of inhibitors by high-throughput screening of compound libraries and/or structure-based rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gräwert
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Adelbert Bacher
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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14
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Synthesis of phosphinate analogues of the phospholipid anti-tumour agent hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine). Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Bodill T, Conibear AC, Blatch GL, Lobb KA, Kaye PT. Synthesis and evaluation of phosphonated N-heteroarylcarboxamides as DOXP-reductoisomerase (DXR) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:1321-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Baird LJ, Colomban C, Turner C, Teesdale-Spittle PH, Harvey JE. Alkenylphosphonates: unexpected products from reactions of methyl 2-[(diethoxyphosphoryl)methyl]benzoate under Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:4432-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05506b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Xu W, Lees NS, Adedeji D, Wiesner J, Jomaa H, Hoffman BM, Duin EC. Paramagnetic Intermediates of (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl Diphosphate Synthase (GcpE/IspG) under Steady-State and Pre-Steady-State Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:14509-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ja101764w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, D-Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicholas S. Lees
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, D-Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dolapo Adedeji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, D-Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jochen Wiesner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, D-Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hassan Jomaa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, D-Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Brian M. Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, D-Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Evert C. Duin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, D-Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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18
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Zinglé C, Kuntz L, Tritsch D, Grosdemange-Billiard C, Rohmer M. Isoprenoid biosynthesis via the methylerythritol phosphate pathway: structural variations around phosphonate anchor and spacer of fosmidomycin, a potent inhibitor of deoxyxylulose phosphate reductoisomerase. J Org Chem 2010; 75:3203-7. [PMID: 20429517 DOI: 10.1021/jo9024732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fosmidomycin and its analogue FR-900098 are potent inhibitors of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reducto-isomerase (DXR), the second enzyme of the MEP pathway for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. This paper describes the synthesis of analogues of the two reverse phosphonohydroxamic acids 3 and 4, in which the length of the carbon spacer is modified, the N-methyl group of 3 is replaced by an ethyl group, and the phosphate group is replaced by potential isosteric moieties, i.e., sulfonate or carboxylate functionalities. The potential of the synthesized analogues to inhibit the E. coli DXR was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Zinglé
- Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Strasbourg, UMR 7177, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
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19
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Behrendt CT, Kunfermann A, Illarionova V, Matheeussen A, Gräwert T, Groll M, Rohdich F, Bacher A, Eisenreich W, Fischer M, Maes L, Kurz T. Synthesis and Antiplasmodial Activity of Highly Active Reverse Analogues of the Antimalarial Drug Candidate Fosmidomycin. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1673-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Synthesis and evaluation of non-hydrolyzable D-mannose 6-phosphate surrogates reveal 6-deoxy-6-dicarboxymethyl-D-mannose as a new strong inhibitor of phosphomannose isomerases. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7100-7. [PMID: 19783448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-hydrolyzable d-mannose 6-phosphate analogues in which the phosphate group was replaced by a phosphonomethyl, a dicarboxymethyl, or a carboxymethyl group were synthesized and kinetically evaluated as substrate analogues acting as potential inhibitors of type I phosphomannose isomerases (PMIs) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. While 6-deoxy-6-phosphonomethyl-d-mannose and 6-deoxy-6-carboxymethyl-D-mannose did not inhibit the enzymes significantly, 6-deoxy-6-dicarboxymethyl-D-mannose appeared as a new strong competitive inhibitor of both S. cerevisiae and E. coli PMIs with K(m)/K(i) ratios of 28 and 8, respectively. We thus report the first malonate-based inhibitor of an aldose-ketose isomerase to date. Phosphonomethyl mimics of the 1,2-cis-enediolate high-energy intermediate postulated for the isomerization reaction catalyzed by PMIs were also synthesized but behave as poor inhibitors of PMIs. A polarizable molecular mechanics (SIBFA) study was performed on the complexes of d-mannose 6-phosphate and two of its analogues with PMI from Candida albicans, an enzyme involved in yeast infection homologous to S. cerevisiae and E. coli PMIs. It shows that effective binding to the catalytic site occurs with retention of the Zn(II)-bound water molecule. Thus the binding of the hydroxyl group on C1 of the ligand to Zn(II) should be water-mediated. The kinetic study reported here also suggests the dianionic character of the phosphate surrogate as a likely essential parameter for strong binding of the inhibitor to the enzyme active site.
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Ganta SR, Perumal S, Pagadala SRR, Samuelsen Ø, Spencer J, Pratt RF, Buynak JD. Approaches to the simultaneous inactivation of metallo- and serine-beta-lactamases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1618-22. [PMID: 19243936 PMCID: PMC2896329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 01/31/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of cephalosporin-derived reverse hydroxamates and oximes were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of representative metallo- and serine-beta-lactamases. The reverse hydroxamates showed submicromolar inhibition of the GIM-1 metallo-beta-lactamase. With respect to interactions with the classes A, C, and D serine beta-lactamases, as judged by their correspondingly low K(m) values, the reverse hydroxamates were recognized in a manner similar to the non-hydroxylated N-H amide side chains of the natural substrates of these enzymes. This indicates that, with respect to recognition in the active site of the serine beta-lactamases, the OC-NR-OH functionality can function as a structural isostere of the OC-NR-H group, with the N-O-H group presumably replacing the amide N-H group as a hydrogen bond donor to the appropriate backbone carbonyl oxygen of the protein. The reverse hydroxamates, however, displayed k(cat) values up to three orders of magnitude lower than the natural substrates, thus indicating substantial slowing of the hydrolytic action of these serine beta-lactamases. Although the degree of inactivation is not yet enough to be clinically useful, these initial results are promising. The substitution of the amide N-H bond by N-OH may represent a useful strategy for the inhibition of other serine hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Senthil Perumal
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459
| | | | - Ørjan Samuelsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- Reference Centre for Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, N-9038 Tromso, Norway
| | - James Spencer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - R. F. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459
| | - John D. Buynak
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX 75275-0314
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