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Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in the maintenance of muscle and bone and the support of male sexual-related functions, as well as in the progression of prostate cancer. Accordingly, AR-targeted therapies have been developed for the treatment of related human diseases and conditions. AR agonists are an important class of drugs in the treatment of bone loss and muscle atrophy. AR antagonists have also been developed for the treatment of prostate cancer, including metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Additionally, selective AR degraders (SARDs) have been reported. More recently, heterobifunctional degrader molecules of AR have been developed, and four such compounds are now in clinical development for the treatment of human prostate cancer. This review attempts to summarize the different types of compounds designed to target AR and the current frontiers of research on this important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Xiang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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2
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Diels–Alder Cycloadditions of Bio-Derived Furans with Maleimides as a Sustainable «Click» Approach towards Molecular, Macromolecular and Hybrid Systems. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review highlights the recent research trends in designing organic or organic-inorganic hybrid molecular, biomolecular and macromolecular systems employing intermolecular Diels–Alder cycloadditions of biobased, furan-containing substrates and maleimide dienophiles. The furan/maleimide Diels–Alder reaction is a well-known process that may proceed with high efficiency under non-catalytic and solvent-free conditions. Due to the simplicity, 100% atom economy and biobased nature of many furanic substrates, this type of [4+2]-cycloaddition may be recognized as a sustainable “click” approach with high potential for application in many fields, such as fine organic synthesis, bioorganic chemistry, material sciences and smart polymers development.
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3
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Paradoxical androgen receptor regulation by small molecule enantiomers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100918118. [PMID: 33741738 PMCID: PMC8000581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100918118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecules that target the androgen receptor (AR) are the mainstay of therapy for lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), yet existing drugs lose their efficacy during continued treatment. This evolution of resistance is due to heterogenous mechanisms which include AR mutations causing the identical drug to activate instead of inhibit the receptor. Understanding in molecular detail the paradoxical phenomenon wherein an AR antagonist is transformed into an agonist by structural mutations in the target receptor is thus of paramount importance. Herein, we describe a reciprocal paradox: opposing antagonist and agonist AR regulation determined uniquely by enantiomeric forms of the same drug structure. The antiandrogen BMS-641988, which has (R)-chirality at C-5 encompasses a previously uncharacterized (S)-stereoisomer that is, surprisingly, a potent agonist of AR, as demonstrated by transcriptional assays supported by cell imaging studies. This duality was reproduced in a series of novel compounds derived from the BMS-641988 scaffold. Coupled with in silico modeling studies, the results inform an AR model that explains the switch from potent antagonist to high-affinity agonist in terms of C-5 substituent steric interactions with helix 12 of the ligand binding site. They imply strategies to overcome AR drug resistance and demonstrate that insufficient enantiopurity in this class of AR antagonist can confound efforts to correlate structure with function.
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4
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Wang X, Han W, Li J. QSAR Analysis of a Series of Hydantoin-based Androgen Receptor Modulators and Corresponding Binding Affinities. Mol Inform 2019; 38:e1800147. [PMID: 30969473 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201800147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of intracellular ligand-dependent transcription factors, plays an indispensable role in normal male development through the regulation of androgen through the binding with endogenous androgens. Inappropriate amounts of androgens have a severe adverse effect on men. Excessive androgen may contribute to accelerate prostatic hypertrophy, even prostate cancer, while the absence of androgen may result in reduced muscle mass and strength, decreased bone mass, low energy, diminished sexual function and an increased risk of osteoporosis and fracture. In these cases, androgen receptor modulators are important to maintain the normal biological function of AR. So androgen receptor modulators are necessary for human being to improve their happy life index. To explore the relationships between molecular structures and corresponding binding abilities to aid the new AR modulator design, multiple linear regressions (MLR) are employed to analyze a series of hydantoin analogues, which can bind to androgen receptor acting as AR modulators. The obtained optimum model presents wonderful reliabilities and strong predictive abilities with R2 =0.858, Q L O O 2 =0.822, Q L M O 2 =0.813, Q F 1 2 =0.840, Q F 2 2 =0.807, Q F 3 2 =0.814, CCC=0.893, respectively. The derived model can be used to predict the binding abilities of unknown chemicals and may help to design novel molecules with better AR affinity activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Rd., 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenya Han
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Rd., 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiazhong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Rd., 730000, Lanzhou, China
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Noland WE, Britton D, Sutton GK, Schneerer AK, Tritch KJ. Crystal structures of 2,4,6-tri-iodo-benzo-nitrile and 2,4,6-tri-iodo-phenyl isocyanide. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2018; 74:98-102. [PMID: 29850032 PMCID: PMC5956315 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989017018217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title crystals, C7H2I3N, are isomorphous. Both mol-ecules lie across two crystallographic mirror planes and a twofold axis. The principal supra-molecular inter-action is centric R22(10) CN/NC⋯I short contacts involving both ortho I atoms, with two contacts bis-ecting each cyano and iso-cyano group. These form ribbons along [010] and give rise to a planar sheet structure parallel to (100). All pairs of adjacent sheets have centric stacking, a mode not previously reported for sheets of this type. This study completes the series of homo-2,4,6-trihalobenzo-nitriles, in which I atoms give the strongest CN⋯X and NC⋯X inter-actions (X = F, Cl, Br, I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayland E. Noland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Doyle Britton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gregory K. Sutton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Andrew K. Schneerer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Tritch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Wang L, Li J. Structure–activity relationship analysis of carbobicyclo and oxabicyclo succinimide analogs as potential androgen receptor antagonists. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:2876-2892. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1371643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiazhong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Dolci E, Froidevaux V, Joly-Duhamel C, Auvergne R, Boutevin B, Caillol S. Maleimides As a Building Block for the Synthesis of High Performance Polymers. POLYM REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2015.1116094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Balog A, Rampulla R, Martin GS, Krystek SR, Attar R, Dell-John J, DiMarco JD, Fairfax D, Gougoutas J, Holst CL, Nation A, Rizzo C, Rossiter LM, Schweizer L, Shan W, Spergel S, Spires T, Cornelius G, Gottardis M, Trainor G, Vite GD, Salvati ME. Discovery of BMS-641988, a Novel Androgen Receptor Antagonist for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:908-12. [PMID: 26288692 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BMS-641988 (23) is a novel, nonsteroidal androgen receptor antagonist designed for the treatment of prostate cancer. The compound has high binding affinity for the AR and acts as a functional antagonist in vitro. BMS-641988 is efficacious in multiple human prostate cancer xenograft models, including CWR22-BMSLD1 where it displays superior efficacy relative to bicalutamide. Based on its promising preclinical profile, BMS-641988 was selected for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Balog
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Richard Rampulla
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Gregory S. Martin
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Stanley R. Krystek
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Ricardo Attar
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Janet Dell-John
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - John D. DiMarco
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - David Fairfax
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Jack Gougoutas
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Christian L. Holst
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Andrew Nation
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Cheryl Rizzo
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Lana M. Rossiter
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Liang Schweizer
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Weifang Shan
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Steven Spergel
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Thomas Spires
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Georgia Cornelius
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Marco Gottardis
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - George Trainor
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Gregory D. Vite
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mark E. Salvati
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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Foster RW, Benhamou L, Porter MJ, Bučar DK, Hailes HC, Tame CJ, Sheppard TD. Irreversible endo-selective diels-alder reactions of substituted alkoxyfurans: a general synthesis of endo-cantharimides. Chemistry 2015; 21:6107-14. [PMID: 25756502 PMCID: PMC4406157 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The [4+2] cycloaddition of 3-alkoxyfurans with N-substituted maleimides provides the first general route for preparing endo-cantharimides. Unlike the corresponding reaction with 3H furans, the reaction can tolerate a broad range of 2-substitued furans including alkyl, aromatic, and heteroaromatic groups. The cycloaddition products were converted into a range of cantharimide products with promising lead-like properties for medicinal chemistry programs. Furthermore, the electron-rich furans are shown to react with a variety of alternative dienophiles to generate 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane derivatives under mild conditions. DFT calculations have been performed to rationalize the activation effect of the 3-alkoxy group on a furan Diels-Alder reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Foster
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ (UK)
| | - Laure Benhamou
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ (UK)
| | - Michael J Porter
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ (UK)
| | - Dejan-Krešimir Bučar
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ (UK)
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ (UK)
| | - Christopher J Tame
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY (UK)
| | - Tom D Sheppard
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ (UK)
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10
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Sundén H, Holland MC, Poutiainen PK, Jääskeläinen T, Pulkkinen JT, Palvimo JJ, Olsson R. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Second-Generation Tropanol-Based Androgen Receptor Modulators. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1569-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501995n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Sundén
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mareike C. Holland
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pekka K. Poutiainen
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Harvard
Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Tiina Jääskeläinen
- Institute
of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute
of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha T. Pulkkinen
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma J. Palvimo
- Institute
of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department
of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Roger Olsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC DIO, S-22184 Lund, Sweden
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11
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Ding X, Nguyen ST, Williams JD, Peet NP. Diels-Alder reactions of five-membered heterocycles containing one heteroatom. Tetrahedron Lett 2014; 55:7002-7006. [PMID: 25838605 PMCID: PMC4378267 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diels-Alder reactions of five-membered heterocycles containing one heteroatom with an N-arylmaleimide were studied. Cycloaddition of 2,5-dimethylfuran (4) with 2-(4-methylphenyl)maleimide (3) in toluene at 60 °C gave bicyclic adduct 5. Cycloadditions of 3 with 2,5-dimethylthiophene (11) and 1,2,5-trimethylpyrrole (14) were also studied. Interestingly, the bicyclic compound 5 cleanly rearranged, with loss of water, when treated with p-toluenesulfonic acid in toluene at 80 °C to give 4,7-dimethyl-2-p-tolylisoindoline-1,3-dione (6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Son T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - John D. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Norton P. Peet
- Department of Chemistry, Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
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Lv HS, Zhang JH, Xie YS, Zhao BX. Synthesis and X-ray Crystal Structure of Novel (3E,4E)-1-aryl-3,4-bis[(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methylidene]pyrrolidene-2,5-dione. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.3184/174751913x13686149475125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel (3E,4E)-1-aryl-3,4-bis[(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methylidene]pyrrolidene-2,5-dione derivatives was synthesised and characterised by IR, 1H NMR and HRMS. Moreover, the molecular structure of (3E,4E)-3,4-bis [(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methylene]-1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione was confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Shui Lv
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Hua Zhang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Sheng Xie
- Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404000, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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Nejishima H, Yamamoto N, Suzuki M, Furuya K, Mimura M, Yamada S. Anti-Tumor Effects and Pharmacokinetics of S-40542, a Novel Non-Steroidal Anti-Androgen, in Mice. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2013; 5:44-51. [PMID: 26663247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1757-5672.2012.00159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study was undertaken to explore novel anti-androgens. We investigated a series of tetrahydroquinoline compounds and identified 1-(8-nitro-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl)ethane-1,2-diol (S-40542). METHODS Affinity for androgen receptor of S-40542 was evaluated in receptor binding assay. Effects of repeated treatment with S-40542 and bicalutamide on prostate weight were examined in mice subcutaneously treated for 14days. Efficacy of S-40542 and bicalutamide against prostate cancer was evaluated in an androgen-dependent prostate cancer xenograft model using KUCaP-2 cell line. Plasma concentrations of these agents in mice after oral and subcutaneous administration were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system. RESULTS S-40542 displayed twofold higher affinity to androgen receptor than bicalutamide in vitro. Subcutaneous repeated administration of S-40542 (10-100 mg/kg) significantly reduced the prostate weight. Oral repeated treatment with S-40542 (30, 100 mg/kg) for 28 days significantly suppressed growth of KUCaP-2 tumor. Similar administration of bicalutamide also exerted significantly anti-tumor effect in the model. The serum prostate-specific antigen level was little influenced by the S-40542 treatment, while significantly decreased by bicalutamide. Oral treatment with S-40542 resulted in a dose-dependent elevation of the plasma concentration, and its Cmax and AUC were much lower than those of bicalutamide. The pharmacokinetic study showed that this agent had relatively short plasma half-life and low oral bioavailability. CONCLUSION S-40542 as well as bicalutamide has shown as an anti-androgen by reducing the prostate weight of mice. Repeated oral treatment with S-40542 was shown to significantly suppress tumor growth in the KUCaP-2 xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nejishima
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, JapanDepartment of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamamoto
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, JapanDepartment of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mika Suzuki
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, JapanDepartment of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Furuya
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, JapanDepartment of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Mimura
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, JapanDepartment of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, JapanDepartment of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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14
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Haendler B, Cleve A. Recent developments in antiandrogens and selective androgen receptor modulators. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 352:79-91. [PMID: 21704118 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone play an essential role in the development and maintenance of primary and secondary male characteristics. Androgens bind to a specific androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor which controls the expression of a large number of downstream target genes. The AR is an essential player in early and late prostate cancer, and may also be involved in some forms of breast cancer. It also represents a drug target for the treatment of hypogonadism. Recent studies furthermore indicate that targeting the AR in pathologies such as frailty syndrome, cachexia or polycystic ovary syndrome may have clinical benefit. Numerous AR ligands with very different pharmacological properties have been identified in the last 40 years and helped to treat several of these diseases. However, progress still needs to be made in order to find compounds with an improved profile with regard to efficacy, differentiation and side-effects. This will only be achieved through a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in normal and aberrant AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Haendler
- TRG Oncology, Global Drug Discovery, Bayer HealthCare, D-13342 Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Synthesis of 5-benzyl-2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazin-4,6(5H,7H)-dione derivatives and discovery of an apoptosis inducer for H322 lung cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:844-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Guo C, Linton A, Kephart S, Ornelas M, Pairish M, Gonzalez J, Greasley S, Nagata A, Burke BJ, Edwards M, Hosea N, Kang P, Hu W, Engebretsen J, Briere D, Shi M, Gukasyan H, Richardson P, Dack K, Underwood T, Johnson P, Morell A, Felstead R, Kuruma H, Matsimoto H, Zoubeidi A, Gleave M, Los G, Fanjul AN. Discovery of Aryloxy Tetramethylcyclobutanes as Novel Androgen Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7693-704. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201059s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kevin Dack
- World-Wide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Sandwich, CT 13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Underwood
- World-Wide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Sandwich, CT 13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Johnson
- World-Wide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Sandwich, CT 13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Morell
- World-Wide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Sandwich, CT 13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Felstead
- World-Wide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Sandwich, CT 13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hidetoshi Kuruma
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hiroaki Matsimoto
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Martin Gleave
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
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Novel, potent anti-androgens of therapeutic potential: recent advances and promising developments. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:667-80. [PMID: 21426013 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effect of androgen ablation has been well established in prostate cancer therapy. Despite the initial response, patients typically relapse with a more aggressive form described as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRCP), driven by continued androgen receptor (AR) signaling. This review details the current state of anti-androgen therapy, mainly for CRPC, with major emphasis on the most potent and promising compounds under development. Anti-androgen failure has been linked to elevated AR expression, increased expression of coactivator proteins, AR mutations, ligand-independent AR activation and persistent intraprostatic androgens. MDV3100, BMS-641988 and VN/124-1 were developed to overcome these mechanisms. In CRCP, prostate cancer cells still rely on intracellular androgens and, to a greater extent, on active AR for growth and survival. Therefore, potent anti-androgens that efficiently disrupt the functions (signaling) of AR are envisioned to be effective drugs for all types of prostate cancers.
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Foster WR, Car BD, Shi H, Levesque PC, Obermeier MT, Gan J, Arezzo JC, Powlin SS, Dinchuk JE, Balog A, Salvati ME, Attar RM, Gottardis MM. Drug safety is a barrier to the discovery and development of new androgen receptor antagonists. Prostate 2011; 71:480-8. [PMID: 20878947 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) antagonists are part of the standard of care for prostate cancer. Despite the almost inevitable development of resistance in prostate tumors to AR antagonists, no new AR antagonists have been approved for over a decade. Treatment failure is due in part to mutations that increase activity of AR in response to lower ligand concentrations as well as to mutations that result in AR response to a broader range of ligands. The failure to discover new AR antagonists has occurred in the face of continued research; to enable progress, a clear understanding of the reasons for failure is required. METHODS Non-clinical drug safety studies and safety pharmacology assays were performed on previously approved AR antagonists (bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide), next generation antagonists in clinical testing (MDV3100, BMS-641988), and a pre-clinical drug candidate (BMS-501949). In addition, non-clinical studies with AR mutant mice, and EEG recordings in rats were performed. Non-clinical findings are compared to disclosures of clinical trial results. RESULTS As a drug class, AR antagonists cause seizure in animals by an off-target mechanism and are found in vitro to inhibit GABA-A currents. Clinical trials of candidate next generation AR antagonists identify seizure as a clinical safety risk. CONCLUSIONS Non-clinical drug safety profiles of the AR antagonist drug class create a significant barrier to the identification of next generation AR antagonists. GABA-A inhibition is a common off-target activity of approved and next generation AR antagonists potentially explaining some side effects and safety hazards of this class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Foster
- Department of Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. (BMS), Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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Liu B, Su L, Geng J, Liu J, Zhao G. Developments in Nonsteroidal Antiandrogens Targeting the Androgen Receptor. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1651-61. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Xiao HY, Balog A, Attar RM, Fairfax D, Fleming LB, Holst CL, Martin GS, Rossiter LM, Chen J, Cvjic ME, Dell-John J, Geng J, Gottardis MM, Han WC, Nation A, Obermeier M, Rizzo CA, Schweizer L, Spires T, Shan W, Gavai A, Salvati ME, Vite G. Design and synthesis of 4-[3,5-dioxo-11-oxa-4,9-diazatricyclo[5.3.1.0(2,6)]undec-4-yl]-2-trifluoromethyl-benzonitriles as androgen receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4491-5. [PMID: 20584610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of 4-[3,5-dioxo-11-oxa-4,9-diazatricyclo[5.3.1.0(2,6)]undec-4-yl]-2-trifluoromethyl-benzonitriles has been synthesized. The ability of these compounds to act as antagonists of the androgen receptor was investigated and several were found to have potent activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yun Xiao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
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Lopez-Barcons LA. Serially heterotransplanted human prostate tumours as an experimental model. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:1385-95. [PMID: 19874422 PMCID: PMC3829006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
* Introduction * Serially heterotransplanted human tumours in immunosuppressed mice: similarity to the tumour of origin - Cytological and histological analysis - Karyotype - Marker expression - Other PC markers - Tumour cell proliferation and frequency of mitosis - Vasculature - Stromal compartment - Heterotransplant hormone dependency - Androgen dependent - Partially androgen dependent - Androgen independent - Metastases * Conclusions Preclinical research on prostate cancer (PC) therapies uses several models to represent the human disease accurately. A common model uses patient prostate tumour biopsies to develop a cell line by serially passaging and subsequent implantation, in immunodeficient mice. An alternative model is direct implantation of patient prostate tumour biopsies into immunodeficient mice, followed by serial passage in vivo. The purpose of this review is to compile data from the more than 30 years of human PC serial heterotransplantation research. Serially heterotransplanted tumours are characterized by evaluating the histopathology of the resulting heterotransplants, including cellular differentiation, karyotype, marker expression, hormone sensitivity, cellular proliferation, metastatic potential and stromal and vascular components. These data are compared with the initial patient tumour specimen and, depending on available information, the patient's clinical outcome was compared with the heterotransplanted tumour. The heterotansplant model is a more accurate preclinical model than older generation serially passaged or genetic models to investigate current and newly developed androgen-deprivation agents, antitumour compounds, anti-angiogenic drugs and positron emission tomography radiotracers, as well as new therapeutic regimens for the treatment of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis-A Lopez-Barcons
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Attar RM, Jure-Kunkel M, Balog A, Cvijic ME, Dell-John J, Rizzo CA, Schweizer L, Spires TE, Platero JS, Obermeier M, Shan W, Salvati ME, Foster WR, Dinchuk J, Chen SJ, Vite G, Kramer R, Gottardis MM. Discovery of BMS-641988, a Novel and Potent Inhibitor of Androgen Receptor Signaling for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6522-30. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:260-77. [PMID: 19390324 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32832c937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Synthesis and in vitro characterization of ionone-based chalcones as novel antiandrogens effective against multiple clinically relevant androgen receptor mutants. Invest New Drugs 2009; 28:291-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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