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Acharya A, Yadav M, Nagpure M, Kumaresan S, Guchhait SK. Molecular medicinal insights into scaffold hopping-based drug discovery success. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103845. [PMID: 38013043 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
In both academia and the pharmaceutical industry, innovative hypotheses, methodologies and technologies that can shorten the drug research and development, leading to higher success rates, are vital. In this review, we demonstrate how innovative variations of the scaffold-hopping strategy have been used to create new druggable molecular spaces, drugs, clinical candidates, preclinical candidates, and bioactive agents. We also analyze molecular modulations that enabled improvements of the pharmacodynamic (PD), physiochemical, and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties (P3 properties) of the drugs resulting from these scaffold-hopping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Acharya
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Mukul Yadav
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Mithilesh Nagpure
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sanathanalaxmi Kumaresan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sankar K Guchhait
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India.
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Studentsov EP, Golovina AA, Krasikova RN, Orlovskaja VV, Vaulina DD, Krutikov VI, Ramsh SM. 2-Arylbenzothiazoles: Advances in Anti-Cancer and Diagnostic
Pharmaceuticals Discovery. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Targeting EGFR tyrosine kinase: Synthesis, in vitro antitumor evaluation, and molecular modeling studies of benzothiazole-based derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104259. [PMID: 32919134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New benzothiazole-based derivatives were synthesized in the present work with the aim of evaluating their antitumor activity. They were in vitro tested against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116), mammary gland cancer (MCF-7), prostate cancer (PC-3), and epithelioid carcinoma (HeLa). The results of the in vitro antitumor evaluation revealed that the most active compounds were 39, 40, 51, 56, and 61 exhibiting IC50 values comparable to the reference drug lapatinib. The most active compounds were further subjected to EGFR inhibitory activity assay to rationalize their potency mode. Notably, the most active antitumor compounds 39 and 40 represented the most potent inhibitors to EGFR with IC50 values of 24.58 and 30.42 nM respectively in comparison with 17.38 nM for lapatinib as a standard drug. Molecular modeling studies were also conducted for the synthesized compounds, including docking into EGFR active site and surface mapping. Results proved the superior binding of the hydrazone derivatives 39 and 40 with EGFR suggesting them as good candidates for targeted antitumor therapy through EGFR kinase inhibition.
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Hamed ANE, Schmitz R, Bergermann A, Totzke F, Kubbutat M, Müller WEG, Youssef DTA, Bishr MM, Kamel MS, Edrada-Ebel R, Wätjen W, Proksch P. Bioactive pyrrole alkaloids isolated from the Red Sea: marine sponge Stylissa carteri. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 73:199-210. [PMID: 29353267 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2017-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen pyrrole alkaloids were isolated from the Red Sea marine sponge Stylissa carteri and investigated for their biological activities. Four of them were dibrominated [(+) dibromophakelline, Z-3-bromohymenialdisine, (±) ageliferin and 3,4-dibromo-1H-pyrrole-2-carbamide], nine compounds were monobrominated [(-) clathramide C, agelongine, (+) manzacidin A, (-) 3-bromomanzacidin D, Z-spongiacidin D, Z-hymenialdisine, 2-debromostevensine, 2-bromoaldisine and 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-2-carbamide)] and finally, two compounds were non-brominated derivatives viz., E-debromohymenialdisine and aldisine. The structure elucidations of isolated compounds were based on 1D & 2D NMR spectroscopic and MS studies, as well as by comparison with literature. In-vitro, Z-spongiacidin D exhibited a moderate activity on (ARK5, CDK2-CycA, CDK4/CycD1, VEGF-R2, SAK and PDGFR-beta) protein kinases. Moreover, Z-3-bromohymenialdisine showed nearly similar pattern. Furthermore, Z-hymenialdisine displayed a moderate effect on (ARK5 & VEGF-R2) and (-) clathramide C showed a moderate activity on AURORA-A protein kinases. While, agelongine, (+) manzacidin A, E-debromohymenialdisine and 3,4-dibromo-1H-pyrrole-2-carbamide demonstrated only marginal inhibitory activities. The cytotoxicity study was evaluated in two different cell lines. The most effective secondary metabolites were (+) dibromophakelline and Z-3-bromohymenialdisine on L5178Y. Finally, Z-hymenialdisine, Z-3-bromohymenialdisine and (±) ageliferin exhibited the highest cytotoxic activity on HCT116. No report about inhibition of AURORA-A and B by hymenialdisine/hymenialdisine analogs existed and no reported toxicity of ageliferin existed in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf N E Hamed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, Geb. 26.23, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roland Schmitz
- Institut für Toxikologie, 1011007, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anja Bergermann
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty III, Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Frank Totzke
- ProQinase GmbH, Breisacher Str. 117, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Werner E G Müller
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Düsbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Diaa T A Youssef
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mokhtar M Bishr
- Research and Development Department, Mepaco Company, Cairo, 11361, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Kamel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
| | - RuAngelie Edrada-Ebel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Strathclyde University, The John Arbuthnott Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK
| | - Wim Wätjen
- Institut für Toxikologie, 1011007, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty III, Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, Geb. 26.23, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Lawhorn BG, Philp J, Zhao Y, Louer C, Hammond M, Cheung M, Fries H, Graves AP, Shewchuk L, Wang L, Cottom JE, Qi H, Zhao H, Totoritis R, Zhang G, Schwartz B, Li H, Sweitzer S, Holt DA, Gatto GJ, Kallander LS. Identification of Purines and 7-Deazapurines as Potent and Selective Type I Inhibitors of Troponin I-Interacting Kinase (TNNI3K). J Med Chem 2015; 58:7431-48. [PMID: 26355916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of cardiac troponin I-interacting kinase (TNNI3K) inhibitors arising from 3-((9H-purin-6-yl)amino)-N-methyl-benzenesulfonamide (1) is disclosed along with fundamental structure-function relationships that delineate the role of each element of 1 for TNNI3K recognition. An X-ray structure of 1 bound to TNNI3K confirmed its Type I binding mode and is used to rationalize the structure-activity relationship and employed to design potent, selective, and orally bioavailable TNNI3K inhibitors. Identification of the 7-deazapurine heterocycle as a superior template (vs purine) and its elaboration by introduction of C4-benzenesulfonamide and C7- and C8-7-deazapurine substituents produced compounds with substantial improvements in potency (>1000-fold), general kinase selectivity (10-fold improvement), and pharmacokinetic properties (>10-fold increase in poDNAUC). Optimal members of the series have properties suitable for use in in vitro and in vivo experiments aimed at elucidating the role of TNNI3K in cardiac biology and serve as leads for developing novel heart failure medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Lawhorn
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Joanne Philp
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Yongdong Zhao
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Christopher Louer
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Marlys Hammond
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Mui Cheung
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Harvey Fries
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Alan P Graves
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Lisa Shewchuk
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Liping Wang
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Joshua E Cottom
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Hongwei Qi
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Huizhen Zhao
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Rachel Totoritis
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Benjamin Schwartz
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Hu Li
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Sharon Sweitzer
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Dennis A Holt
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Gregory J Gatto
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Lara S Kallander
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit and ‡Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
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Yurttaş L, Tay F, Demirayak Ş. Synthesis and antitumor activity evaluation of new 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole derivatives bearing different heterocyclic rings. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:458-65. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.945168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Benzothiazoles exhibit broad-spectrum antitumor activity: their potency, structure-activity and structure-metabolism relationships. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:67-78. [PMID: 24576612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An antitumor activity oriented benzothiazole sublibrary was constructed from a hit compound 3 via a five stepwise procedure. All target compounds were screened for their antitumor activity against 60 human cancer cell lines. Compounds 9p, 12d and 12i, showing higher potency than hit 3, were identified. Particularly, the compound 9p gave its average 50% growth inhibition (GI₅₀) at 0.38 μM. Furthermore, incubation in human liver microsome primarily proved their metabolic stability in vitro. General structure-activity and structure-metabolism relationships were both summarized, which provides information on further strategically optimization.
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Su M, Hoshiya N, Buchwald SL. Palladium-catalyzed amination of unprotected five-membered heterocyclic bromides. Org Lett 2014; 16:832-5. [PMID: 24417224 PMCID: PMC3983327 DOI: 10.1021/ol4035947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An efficient method for the palladium-catalyzed amination of unprotected bromoimidazoles and bromopyrazoles is presented. The transformation is facilitated by the use of our newly developed Pd precatalyst based on the bulky biarylphosphine ligand tBuBrettPhos (L4). The mild reaction conditions employed allow for the preparation of a broad scope of aminoimidazoles and aminopyrazoles in moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Su
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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9
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Assessment of drug candidates for broad-spectrum antiviral therapy targeting cellular pyrimidine biosynthesis. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:640-8. [PMID: 24149002 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Currently available antiviral drugs frequently induce side-effects or selection of drug-resistant viruses. We describe a novel antiviral principle based on targeting the cellular enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). In silico drug design and biochemical evaluation identified Compound 1 (Cmp1) as a selective inhibitor of human DHODH in vitro (IC50 1.5±0.2nM). Crystallization data specified the mode of drug-target interaction. Importantly, Cmp1 displayed a very potent antiviral activity that could be reversed by co-application of uridine or other pyrimidine precursors, underlining the postulated DHODH-directed mode of activity. Human and animal cytomegaloviruses as well as adenoviruses showed strong sensitivity towards Cmp1 in cell culture-based infection systems with IC50 values in the low micromolar to nanomolar range. Particularly, broad inhibitory activity was demonstrated for various types of laboratory and clinically relevant adenoviruses. For replication of human cytomegalovirus in primary fibroblasts, antiviral mode of activity was attributed to the early stage of gene expression. A mouse in vivo model proved reduced replication of murine cytomegalovirus in various organs upon Cmp1 treatment. These findings suggested Cmp1 as drug candidate and validated DHODH as a promising cellular target for antiviral therapy.
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Zhang Y, Chakraborty M, Cerda-Smith CG, Bratton RN, Maurer NE, Senser EM, Novak M. Chemistry of ring-substituted 4-(benzothiazol-2-yl)phenylnitrenium ions from antitumor 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazoles. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6992-7000. [PMID: 23786256 DOI: 10.1021/jo400826f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ring-substituted derivatives of 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole, 1a, 1b-g, are under development as antitumor agents. One derivative, 1f, has reached phase 1 clinical trials as the prodrug 2f, Phortress (NSC 710305). These amines are activated by CYP450 1A1, apparently into hydroxylamines 8a-g that are likely metabolized into esters that ionize into nitrenium ions responsible for cellular damage. Previously we showed that 9a, the acetic acid ester of 8a, generates the long-lived (530 ns) nitrenium ion 11a by hydrolysis or photolysis in water. In this study, azide trapping shows that 9b-g generate 11b-g via rate-limiting N-O heterolysis. Ion lifetimes, estimated from azide/solvent selectivities, range from 250 to 1150 ns with identical lifetimes for 11a and 11f. Differences in biological activity of the amines are likely not due to differences in the chemistry of the cations but to differences in metabolic activation/deactivation of individual amines. Unlike the nitrenium ions, lifetimes of the esters are strongly dependent on the 3'-Me substituent. Esters containing 3'-Me (9b, 9f, 9g) have lifetimes of 5-10 s compared to 400-800 s for esters without 3'-Me (9a, 9c, 9d, 9e). This restricts 3'-Me esters to cells/tissues in which activation occurs, concentrating their effects in tumor cells if metabolism is restricted to those cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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11
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Racané L, Pavelić SK, Nhili R, Depauw S, Paul-Constant C, Ratkaj I, David-Cordonnier MH, Pavelić K, Tralić-Kulenović V, Karminski-Zamola G. New anticancer active and selective phenylene-bisbenzothiazoles: synthesis, antiproliferative evaluation and DNA binding. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:882-91. [PMID: 23603616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Novel amidino-derivatives of phenylene-bisbenzothiazoles were synthesized and tested for their antiproliferative activity against several human cancer cell lines, as well as DNA-binding properties. The synthetic approach used for preparation of isomeric amidino substituted-phenylene-bis-benzothyazoles 3a-3f was achieved by condensation reaction of isophthaloyl dichloride 1a and terephthaloyl dichloride 1b or with phthalic acid 1c with 5-amidinium-2-aminobenzothiolate 2a and 5-(imidazolinium-2-yl)-2-aminobenzothiolate 2b in good yields. The targeted compounds were converted in the desired water soluble dihydrochloride salts by reaction of appropriate free base with concd HCl in ethanol or acetic acid. All tested compounds (3a-3f) showed antiproliferative effects on tumour cells in a concentration-dependant manner. The strongest activity and cytotoxicity was observed for diimidazolinyl substituted phenylene-bisbenzothiazole compound 3b. These effects were shown to be related to DNA-binding properties, topoisomerase I and II poisoning effects and apoptosis induction. The highest tested selectivity towards tumour cells was observed for the imidazolyl substituted phenylene-benzothiazole 3d that showed no cytotoxic effects on normal fibroblasts making it an excellent candidate for further chemical optimization and preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Racané
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, baruna Filipovića 28a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Ahmed K, Yellamelli Valli Venkata S, Mohammed NAK, Sultana F, Methuku KR. Recent advances on structural modifications of benzothiazoles and their conjugate systems as potential chemotherapeutics. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:619-35. [PMID: 22493977 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.676043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Benzothiazole scaffold comprises a bicyclic ring system and is known to exhibit a wide range of biological properties including antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Benzothiazole derivatives have long been therapeutically used for the treatment of various diseases. However, in recent years, 2-arylbenzothiazoles have emerged as an important pharmacophore in the development of antitumor agents. The promising biological profile and synthetic accessibility have been attractive in the design and development of new benzothiazoles and their conjugate systems as potential chemotherapeutics. AREAS COVERED This review mainly focuses on the structural modifications of benzothiazole scaffold, development of various series of benzothiazoles and their conjugates as new antitumor agents. Furthermore, heterocyclic derivatives bearing benzothiazole moiety and their in vitro as well as in vivo screening, structure-activity relationships (SAR), mechanism, pharmacokinetics, clinical use and their future therapeutic applications are discussed here. EXPERT OPINION A large number of benzothiazole derivatives discussed here possess potent anticancer activity and can be further developed as drug candidates. Benzothiazole conjugates could also display synergistic effect and still there is a need to use the drug combinations permitting lower dose and development of new generation of drugs. Despite encouraging results that have been observed for their response to tumor in clinical studies, full characterization of their toxicity is further required for their clinical usage as safe drugs for the treatment of cancer. We believe that this review gives a better understanding and scope for future drug design and development of benzothiazole-based compounds to implicate their use in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Ahmed
- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Division of Organic Chemistry, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India.
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Ye D, Shin WJ, Li N, Tang W, Feng E, Li J, He PL, Zuo JP, Kim H, Nam KY, Zhu W, Seong BL, Tai No K, Jiang H, Liu H. Synthesis of C-4-modified zanamivir analogs as neuraminidase inhibitors and their anti-AIV activities. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:764-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Racané L, Kraljević Pavelić S, Ratkaj I, Stepanić V, Pavelić K, Tralić-Kulenović V, Karminski-Zamola G. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some new amidino-substituted bis-benzothiazolyl-pyridines and pyrazine. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 55:108-16. [PMID: 22841279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Novel diamidino substituted conformationally restricted derivatives of bis-benzothiazolyl-pyridines and pyrazine were synthesized and their antiproliferative activity against several human cancer cell lines were determinated. The synthetic approach used for preparation of isomeric amidinobenzotiazolyl disubstituted pyridines 3a-3k and pyrazine 3l was achieved by condenzation reaction of commercially available pyridine and pyrazine dicarboxylic acids with amidino- 2a and 2-imidazolinyl-substituted 2-aminothiophenol 2b in polyphosphoric acid in moderate to good yield. The condenzation reaction was greatly optimized. The targeted compounds were converted in the desired water soluble dihydrochloride salts by reaction of appropriate free base with concd HCl in ethanol or acetic acid. Antiproliferative assays revealed significant differences in antiproliferative activities of diamidino- and diimidazolinyl-derivatives, the latter exerting stronger concentration-dependent antiproliferative effects on tested tumor cell lines and thus being a prominent compound class for further chemical optimization and biological studies. Biological studies on SW620 cell line and BJ fibroblasts performed for the diimidazolinyl-derivative 3b revealed oxidative stress as a possible mechanism of antiproliferative action and predicted antineoplastic properties for this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Racané
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, baruna Filipovića 28a 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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He G, Qiu M, Li R, Ouyang L, Wu F, Song X, Cheng L, Xiang M, Yu L. Multicomplex-Based Pharmacophore-Guided 3D-QSAR Studies of N-Substituted 2′-(Aminoaryl)Benzothiazoles as Aurora-A Inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 79:960-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sun H, Tawa G, Wallqvist A. Classification of scaffold-hopping approaches. Drug Discov Today 2011; 17:310-24. [PMID: 22056715 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The general goal of drug discovery is to identify novel compounds that are active against a preselected biological target with acceptable pharmacological properties defined by marketed drugs. Scaffold hopping has been widely applied by medicinal chemists to discover equipotent compounds with novel backbones that have improved properties. In this article we classify scaffold hopping into four major categories, namely heterocycle replacements, ring opening or closure, peptidomimetics and topology-based hopping. We review the structural diversity of original and final scaffolds with respect to each category. We discuss the advantages and limitations of small, medium and large-step scaffold hopping. Finally, we summarize software that is frequently used to facilitate different kinds of scaffold-hopping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmao Sun
- Biotechnology HPC Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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18
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Morgentin R, Barlaam B, Foote K, Hassall L, Hawkins J, Jones CD, Le Griffon A, Peru A, Plé P. Two-Directional Approach for the Rapid Synthesis of 2,4-Bis-Aminoaryl Pyridine Derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2010.520403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin Foote
- b AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals , Macclesfield , Cheshire , United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Hassall
- b AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals , Macclesfield , Cheshire , United Kingdom
| | - Janet Hawkins
- b AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals , Macclesfield , Cheshire , United Kingdom
| | - Clifford D. Jones
- b AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals , Macclesfield , Cheshire , United Kingdom
| | | | - Aurelien Peru
- a AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches , Reims , France
| | - Patrick Plé
- a AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches , Reims , France
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19
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Tay F, Yurttaş L, Demirayak S. Synthesis of some N-[4-(benzothiazole-2yl) phenyl]-2-aryloxyacetamide derivatives and their anticancer activities. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 27:515-20. [PMID: 21823837 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.599030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, some N-[4-(Benzothiazole-2-yl) phenyl]-2-aryloxyacetamide derivatives were prepared by reacting N-[4-(benzothiazole-2yl)phenyl]-2-chloroacetamide and different substituent phenol or thiophenol derivatives. The anticancer activities of the compounds obtained were investigated. It was observed that some of the compounds, namely 25 and 38, showed notable anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
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20
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Novak M, Chakraborty M. Reactions of a putative metabolite of the model antitumor drug 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole with purines and pyrimidines. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Novak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Miami University; Oxford OH 45056 USA
| | - Mrinal Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Miami University; Oxford OH 45056 USA
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21
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Surry DS, Buchwald SL. Dialkylbiaryl Phosphines in Pd-Catalyzed Amination: A User's Guide. Chem Sci 2011; 2:27-50. [PMID: 22432049 PMCID: PMC3306613 DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00331j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1185] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dialkylbiaryl phosphines are a valuable class of ligand for Pd-catalyzed amination reactions and have been applied in a range of contexts. This review attempts to aid the reader in the selection of the best choice of reaction conditions and ligand of this class for the most commonly encountered and practically important substrate combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Surry
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Fax: +1-617-253-3297; Tel: +1-617-253-1885
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Fax: +1-617-253-3297; Tel: +1-617-253-1885
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22
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Racané L, Tralić-Kulenović V, Kraljević Pavelić S, Ratkaj I, Peixoto P, Nhili R, Depauw S, Hildebrand MP, David-Cordonnier MH, Pavelić K, Karminski-Zamola G. Novel diamidino-substituted derivatives of phenyl benzothiazolyl and dibenzothiazolyl furans and thiophenes: synthesis, antiproliferative and DNA binding properties. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2418-32. [PMID: 20170096 DOI: 10.1021/jm901441b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of new diamidino-, diisopropylamidino-, and diimidazolinyl-substituted derivatives of phenyl benzothiazolyl and dibenzothiazolyl furans and thiophenes were successfully prepared and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity on tumor cell lines in vitro, DNA binding propensity, and sequence selectivity as well as cellular distribution. A strong antiproliferative effect of the tested compounds was observed on all tested cell lines in a concentration-dependent response pattern. In general, imidazolinyl-substituted derivatives and/or the thiophene core were in correlation with increased antiproliferative activity. Two compounds (2b and 3b) were chosen for biological studies due to their differential antiproliferative properties. The DNA binding properties of this new series of compounds were assessed and evidenced their efficient minor groove binding properties with preferential interaction at AT-rich sites. Both compounds also present nuclear subcellular localization, suggesting that their cellular mode of action implies localization in the DNA compartment and direct inhibition of DNA replication and induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Racané
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Baruna Filipovića 28a 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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23
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Racané L, Kralj M, Suman L, Stojković R, Tralić-Kulenović V, Karminski-Zamola G. Novel amidino substituted 2-phenylbenzothiazoles: synthesis, antitumor evaluation in vitro and acute toxicity testing in vivo. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 18:1038-44. [PMID: 20060306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The efficient synthesis of new bis-substituted nitro-amidino, amino-amidino (10a, 10b-13a, 13b) and previously prepared diamidino 2-phenyl-benzothiazoles (9a, 9b) is described. The compounds 11a and 11b were prepared by recently developed methodology of the key precursors in zwitterionic form 8a and 8b with 4-nitrobenzoylchloride in a very good yield (70%). All compounds except diamidino-substituted 2-phenylbenzothiazole 9a show exceptionally prominent tumor cell-growth inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity, whereby the special selectivity of amino-amidine 2-phenylbenzothiazole 12a towards MCF-7 and H 460 cells makes this compound a prospective lead compound that should be further evaluated in animal models. All in vivo tested compounds (12a, 12b, 13a and 13b) are absorbed from mice gastrointestinal system. LD(50) are between 67.33 and 696.2mg/kg body weight (OECD/EPA toxicity categories 2-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Racané
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, baruna Filipovića 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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24
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Tasler S, Müller O, Wieber T, Herz T, Pegoraro S, Saeb W, Lang M, Krauss R, Totzke F, Zirrgiebel U, Ehlert JE, Kubbutat MH, Schächtele C. Substituted 2-arylbenzothiazoles as kinase inhibitors: Hit-to-lead optimization. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6728-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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