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Cathepsin K: A Versatile Potential Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Various Cancers. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:5963-5987. [PMID: 36005209 PMCID: PMC9406569 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29080471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a common malignant disease, is one of the predominant causes of diseases that lead to death. Additionally, cancer is often detected in advanced stages and cannot be radically cured. Consequently, there is an urgent need for reliable and easily detectable markers to identify and monitor cancer onset and progression as early as possible. Our aim was to systematically review the relevant roles of cathepsin K (CTSK) in various possible cancers in existing studies. CTSK, a well-known key enzyme in the bone resorption process and most studied for its roles in the effective degradation of the bone extracellular matrix, is expressed in various organs. Nowadays, CTSK has been involved in various cancers such as prostate cancer, breast cancer, bone cancer, renal carcinoma, lung cancer and other cancers. In addition, CTSK can promote tumor cells proliferation, invasion and migration, and its mechanism may be related to RANK/RANKL, TGF-β, mTOR and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Clinically, some progress has been made with the use of cathepsin K inhibitors in the treatment of certain cancers. This paper reviewed our current understanding of the possible roles of CTSK in various cancers and discussed its potential as a biomarker and/or novel molecular target for various cancers.
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Bennacef I, Rubins D, Riffel K, Williams M, Posavec DJ, Holahan MA, Purcell ML, Haley HD, Wolf M, Stachel SJ, Lubbers LS, Wesolowski GA, Duong LT, Hamill TG, Evelhoch JL, Hostetler ED. Preclinical evaluation of [ 11 C]L-235 as a radioligand for Positron Emission Tomography cathepsin K imaging in bone. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 64:159-167. [PMID: 33226657 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cathepsin K (CatK) enzyme is abundantly expressed in osteoclasts, and CatK inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of osteoporosis. In our effort to support discovery and clinical evaluations of a CatK inhibitor, we sought to discover a radioligand to determine target engagement of the enzyme by therapeutic candidates using positron emission tomography (PET). L-235, a potent and selective CatK inhibitor, was labeled with carbon-11. PET imaging studies recording baseline distribution of [11 C]L-235, and chase and blocking studies using the selective CatK inhibitor MK-0674 were performed in juvenile and adult nonhuman primates (NHP) and ovariectomized rabbits. Retention of the PET tracer in regions expected to be osteoclast-rich compared with osteoclast-poor regions was examined. Increased retention of the radioligand was observed in osteoclast-rich regions of juvenile rabbits and NHP but not in the adult monkey or adult ovariectomized rabbit. Target engagement of CatK was observed in blocking studies with MK-0674, and the radioligand retention was shown to be sensitive to the level of MK-0674 exposure. [11 C]L-235 can assess target engagement of CatK in bone only in juvenile animals. [11 C]L-235 may be a useful tool for guiding the discovery of CatK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idriss Bennacef
- Translational Biomarkers-Imaging, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel Rubins
- Translational Biomarkers-Imaging, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Kerry Riffel
- Translational Biomarkers-Imaging, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Mangay Williams
- Translational Biomarkers-Imaging, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Diane J Posavec
- Translational Biomarkers-Imaging, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Marie A Holahan
- Translational Biomarkers-Imaging, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Mona L Purcell
- Translational Biomarkers-Imaging, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Hyking D Haley
- Translational Biomarkers-Imaging, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Mary Wolf
- Translational Biomarkers-Imaging, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - Laura S Lubbers
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - Le T Duong
- Bone Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Terence G Hamill
- Translational Biomarkers-Imaging, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Evelhoch
- Translational Biomarkers-Imaging, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Eric D Hostetler
- Translational Biomarkers-Imaging, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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Colón-Bernal ID, Duong LT, Pennypacker B, Henderson J, Kozloff KM, Banaszak Holl MM. Cathepsin K inhibition preserves compressive load in lumbar vertebrae of osteoporotic monkeys. Bone Rep 2018; 9:159-164. [PMID: 30406161 PMCID: PMC6214835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-resorptive drugs treat bone loss by blocking osteoclast activity through a variety of mechanisms of action. Once significant bone loss has occurred, the ability to restore biomechanical function may differ based on the drug chosen. To assess this question, bisphosphonate (alendronate, ALN) and cathepsin K inhibitor (MK-0674, CatKi) were employed in treatment mode to compare the relative changes to cancellous bone microstructure and mechanical properties in ovariectomized (OVX) cynomolgus monkeys. Lumbar vertebrae (LV) bone mineral density (BMD) values taken two years post-surgery prior to drug treatment show a 10-15% decrease (p < 0.05) for all OVX animals. OVX animals were then treated with vehicle (VEH), ALN (0.03 mg/kg weekly), or CatKi MK-0674 (0.6 or 2.5 mg/kg daily, CatKi-L and H respectively) for two years and compared to a control Sham surgery group. Ex-vivo microcomputed tomography (μCT) of LV2 and compression testing of LV4-6 were used to measure cancellous bone microstructure and changes in bone mechanics, respectively. After two years of treatment, ALN-treated animals showed no significant difference in μCT or biomechanical parameters when compared to Veh. However, treatment with CatKi-H resulted in a 30% increase in yield and peak loads, and apparent peak and yield stress as compared to Veh (p < 0.05) and gave average mechanical values greater than the Sham sample. Treatment with CatKi-L exhibited a similar trend of increase to CatKi-H (p < 0.08). Intriguingly, these changes were realized despite no significant differences in mean values of trabecular bone morphologic parameters. Together these data suggest matrix-level changes in bone composition that are unique to the CatK inhibition mechanism, resulting in the preservation of bone compressive load with treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Le T. Duong
- Bone Biology Group, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - James Henderson
- Center for Statistical Consultation and Research (CSCAR), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Kozloff
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Lu J, Wang M, Wang Z, Fu Z, Lu A, Zhang G. Advances in the discovery of cathepsin K inhibitors on bone resorption. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:890-904. [PMID: 29723068 PMCID: PMC6010086 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1465417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (Cat K), highly expressed in osteoclasts, is a cysteine protease member of the cathepsin lysosomal protease family and has been of increasing interest as a target of medicinal chemistry efforts for its role in bone matrix degradation. Inhibition of the Cat K enzyme reduces bone resorption and thus, has rendered the enzyme as an attractive target for anti-resorptive osteoporosis therapy. Over the past decades, considerable efforts have been made to design and develop highly potent, excellently selective and orally applicable Cat K inhibitors. These inhibitors are derived from synthetic compounds or natural products, some of which have passed preclinical studies and are presently in clinical trials at different stages of advancement. In this review, we briefly summarised the historic development of Cat K inhibitors and discussed the relationship between structures of inhibitors and active sites in Cat K for the purpose of guiding future development of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China.,b Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Maolin Wang
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China.,b Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Zhongqi Fu
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Aiping Lu
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China.,b Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Ge Zhang
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China.,b Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
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Bahuguna R, Jain A, Khan SA, Arvind MS. Role of odanacatib in reducing bone loss due to endodontic disease: An overview. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2017; 6:S175-S181. [PMID: 28217533 PMCID: PMC5285591 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.197183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and Objectives: Through a comprehensive literature review, this article provides an overview of the potential role of odanacatib (ODN) in reducing bone loss due to endodontic disease. Materials and Methods: A literature review was performed in PubMed Central, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and EBSCO databases. The articles identified included those published between 2002 and 2016. Based on the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, out of 237 articles found, 50 were selected for this review. Results: Cathepsin K (CstK), which is indispensible to the immune system, also plays an important role in osteoclastic bone resorption. ODN, which is an orally active, selective, and effective inhibitor of CstK, decreases bone resorption by selectively inhibiting proteolysis of matrix proteins by CstK, without affecting other osteoclastic activity or osteoblast viability. Conclusion: The goal of endodontic treatment is to achieve a clinically asymptomatic state along with formation of reparative bone. This process could take 6 months or longer, hence, an earlier reversal of the resorption process could lead to faster healing and resolution of the periapical lesion. Use of ODN can be of help in achieving this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Bahuguna
- Department of Pedodontics, RKDF Dental College and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Atul Jain
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, RKDF Dental College and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Suleman Abbas Khan
- Department of Pedodontics, RKDF Dental College and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - M S Arvind
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, RKDF Dental College and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Applicability of in vitro-in vivo translation of cathepsin K inhibition from animal species to human with the use of free-drug hypothesis. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:435-441. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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General and cost-effective synthesis of 1-heteroaryl/arylcycloalkylamines and their broad applications. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Murphy DJ, Ou Y, Euler DH, Wessner K, Adamski S, Luo B, Wesolowski GA, Vogel R, Glantschnig H, Lubbers LS, Carroll SS, Lai MT. Determination of in Vivo Enzyme Occupancy Utilizing Inhibitor Dissociation Kinetics. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11230-3. [PMID: 26301491 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During drug discovery, assessment of in vivo target occupancy by therapeutic candidates is often required for predicting clinical efficacy. Current strategies for determining target occupancy include using radiolabeled or irreversible surrogates, which can be technically challenging, and the results are often not sufficiently quantitative. We developed a straightforward method by applying slow-dissociation kinetics to quantitatively determine enzyme occupancy without using specialized reagents. We applied this method to determine occupancy of Cathepsin K inhibitors in bone tissues harvested from rabbit femurs. Tissues from dosed animals were harvested, flash frozen, lysed, then analyzed by a jump-dilution assay with substrate. The rate of substrate turnover was monitored continuously until reaching steady state and progress curves were fit with the equation [product] = vst + ((vi - vs)/kobs)(1 - exp(-kobst)). The initial rate vi represents the residual activity of the enzyme before inhibitor dissociation; vs is the reaction rate after dissociation of the inhibitor. Occupancy is derived from the ratio of vi/vs. A significant benefit of the method is that data from both the occupied and unoccupied states are obtained in the same assay under identical conditions, which provides greater consistency between studies. The Cat K inhibitor MK-0674 (in vitro IC50 1 nM) was tested in young rabbits (<6 month old) and showed a dose-dependent increase in occupancy, reaching essentially complete occupancy at 1.0 mg/kg. In addition the method enables measurement of the total Cat K in the target tissue. Results confirmed complete occupancy even as the osteoclasts responded to higher doses with increased enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Murphy
- In Vitro Pharmacology, ‡Bone Biology, and §In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yangsi Ou
- In Vitro Pharmacology, ‡Bone Biology, and §In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Danielle H Euler
- In Vitro Pharmacology, ‡Bone Biology, and §In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Keith Wessner
- In Vitro Pharmacology, ‡Bone Biology, and §In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sharon Adamski
- In Vitro Pharmacology, ‡Bone Biology, and §In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Bin Luo
- In Vitro Pharmacology, ‡Bone Biology, and §In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Gregg A Wesolowski
- In Vitro Pharmacology, ‡Bone Biology, and §In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Robert Vogel
- In Vitro Pharmacology, ‡Bone Biology, and §In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Helmut Glantschnig
- In Vitro Pharmacology, ‡Bone Biology, and §In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Laura S Lubbers
- In Vitro Pharmacology, ‡Bone Biology, and §In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Stephen S Carroll
- In Vitro Pharmacology, ‡Bone Biology, and §In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Ming-Tain Lai
- In Vitro Pharmacology, ‡Bone Biology, and §In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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Hoff BH, Sundby E. Preparation of pharmaceutical important fluorinated 1-arylethanols using isolated enzymes. Bioorg Chem 2013; 51:31-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zerbini CAF, McClung MR. Odanacatib in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density: a review of current clinical evidence. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2013; 5:199-209. [PMID: 23904864 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x13490860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bones are in a continuous process of remodeling that ensures renovation and maintenance of the skeletal mass. Bone remodeling has two phases that are normally coupled and balanced: bone resorption mediated by osteoclasts and bone formation mediated by osteoblasts. An increase in bone resorption over bone formation results in a progressive loss of bone mass and impairment of bone microarchitecture leading to osteoporosis and its associated fractures. Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the remodeling process have allowed the development of new targets for osteoporosis treatment. Cathepsin K, a cysteine protease, is found in osteoclasts along the bone resorption surfaces and very efficiently degrades type I collagen, the major component of the organic bone matrix. Inhibition of cathepsin K reduces bone resorption but does not impair bone formation particularly at cortical sites. Odanacatib, a potent and highly selective cathepsin K inhibitor, showed prevention of bone loss without reduction of bone formation in preclinical and clinical trials (phase I and II). Odanacatib is currently in a phase III fracture outcome international trial for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Shen X, Zhang W, Ni C, Gu Y, Hu J. Tuning the Reactivity of Difluoromethyl Sulfoximines from Electrophilic to Nucleophilic: Stereoselective Nucleophilic Difluoromethylation of Aryl Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16999-7002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja308419a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032,
P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032,
P. R. China
| | - Chuanfa Ni
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032,
P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire
RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032,
P. R. China
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Abstract
Cathepsin K is a key enzyme involved in the degradation of organic bone matrix by osteoclasts. Inhibition of bone resorption observed in human and animal models deficient for cathepsin K has identified this enzyme as a suitable target for intervention by small molecules with the potential to be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of osteoporosis. Odanacatib (ODN) is a nonbasic selective cathepsin K inhibitor with good pharmacokinetic parameters such as minimal in vitro metabolism, long half-life, and oral bioavailability. In preclinical studies, ovariectomized monkeys and rabbits treated with ODN showed substantial inhibition of bone resorption markers along with increases in bone mineral density (BMD). Significant differences were observed in the effects of ODN treatment compared with those of other antiresorptive agents such as bisphosphonates and denosumab. ODN displayed compartment-specific effects on trabecular versus cortical bone formation, with treatment resulting in marked increases in periosteal bone formation and cortical thickness in ovariectomized monkeys whereas trabecular bone formation was reduced. Furthermore, osteoclasts remained viable. Phase I and II studies conducted in postmenopausal women showed ODN to be safe and well tolerated. After 5 years, women who received ODN 50 mg weekly continuously from year 1 (n = 13), showed BMD increases from baseline of 11.9% at the lumbar spine, 9.8% at the femoral neck, 10.9% at the hip trochanter, and 8.5% at the total hip. Additionally, these subjects maintained a low level of the urine bone resorption marker N-terminal telopeptide/creatinine (−67.4% from baseline) through 5 years of treatment, while levels of serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase remained only slightly reduced relative to baseline (−15.3%). In women who were switched from ODN to placebo after 2 years, bone turnover markers were transiently increased and BMD gains reversed after 12 months off medication. Adverse experiences in the ODN-treated group were not significantly different from the placebo group. In conclusion, available data suggests that cathepsin K inhibition could be a promising intervention with which to treat osteoporosis. Ongoing studies are expected to provide information on the long-term efficacy in fracture reduction and safety of prolonged treatment with ODN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Wah Ng
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes and St Vincent's Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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Nicoll-Griffith DA. Use of cysteine-reactive small molecules in drug discovery for trypanosomal disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:353-66. [PMID: 22458506 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.668520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The roles of cysteine protease (CP) enzymes in the biochemistry and infectivity of the three trypanosomal parasitic infections, Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis and human African trypanosomiasis, which have been elucidated over the last three decades are summarized. Inhibitors of these enzymes, which act through trapping the active site cysteine with an electrophilic warhead, hold huge potential as therapeutic agents but the promise of these has yet to be realized in clinical studies. The article addresses aspects that ought to be considered in order to develop orally active CP inhibitors that are safe and effective therapies for trypanosomiasis. AREAS COVERED This article reviews learnings from CP research in the trypanosomal field and recent advances in developing cysteine protease inhibitors (CPIs) of human cathepsin K, a related enzyme. Considerations such as intra- and extracellular localization of the CPs, off-target activities against human cathepsin enzymes, basic versus neutral and potential pro-drug inhibitors are reviewed. A description of odanacatib, a cathepsin K inhibitor currently in late stage development, is made to illustrate the attributes of a clinically viable CPI. EXPERT OPINION The emerging role of CPs in a wide array of parasitic diseases is highlighted with the vision that CP inhibitors could become the 'β-lactams' of anti-parasitic treatments in the coming decades. New CPI research will see the optimization of intra- and extracellular enzyme targeting, reduction of off-target activities and better understanding of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interactions which will all lead to compounds with much improved efficacy and viability as clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Nicoll-Griffith
- Infectious Diseases Franchise, Discovery and Pre-clinical Sciences, Merck and Co., Office K11-2047B, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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Boonkitpattarakul K, Soorukram D, Tuchinda P, Reutrakul V, Pohmakotr M. α,α-Difluoro-α-phenylsulfanyl-α-trimethylsilylmethane as a difluoromethyl building block: A general strategy to α,α-difluoromethyl aryl ketones. J Fluor Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2011.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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2011 Up-Date of the Consensus Statement of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology on Osteoporosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reumae.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wijkmans J, Gossen J. Inhibitors of cathepsin K: a patent review (2004 – 2010). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1611-29. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.616283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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[2011 Up-date of the consensus statement of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology on osteoporosis]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 7:357-79. [PMID: 22078694 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Due to increasing improvement in the diagnosis, evaluation and management of osteoporosis and the development of new tools and drugs, the Spanish Society of Rheumatology (SER) has promoted the development of recommendations based on the best evidence available. These recommendations should be a reference to rheumatologists and other health professionals involved in the treatment of patients with osteoporosis. METHODS Recommendations were developed following a nominal group methodology and based on a systematic review. The level of evidence and degree of recommendation were classified according to the model proposed by the Center for Evidence Based Medicine at Oxford. The level of agreement was established through Delphi technique. Evidence from previous consensus and available clinical guidelines was used. RESULTS We have produced recommendations on diagnosis, evaluation and management of osteoporosis. These recommendations include the glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, premenopausal and male osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS We present the SER recommendations related to the biologic therapy risk management.
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Costa AG, Cusano NE, Silva BC, Cremers S, Bilezikian JP. Cathepsin K: its skeletal actions and role as a therapeutic target in osteoporosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011; 7:447-56. [PMID: 21670768 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2011.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling consists of two phases--bone resorption and bone formation--that are normally balanced. When bone resorption exceeds bone formation, pathologic processes, such as osteoporosis, can result. Cathepsin K is a member of the papain family of cysteine proteases that is highly expressed by activated osteoclasts. Cathepsin K readily degrades type I collagen, the major component of the organic bone matrix. With such a major role in the initial process of bone resorption, cathepsin K has become a therapeutic target in osteoporosis. The antiresorptive properties of cathepsin K inhibitors have been studied in phase I and phase II clinical trials. Phase III studies are currently underway for odanacatib, a selective cathepsin K inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline G Costa
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Beaulieu C, Isabel E, Fortier A, Massé F, Mellon C, Méthot N, Ndao M, Nicoll-Griffith D, Lee D, Park H, Black WC. Identification of potent and reversible cruzipain inhibitors for the treatment of Chagas disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7444-9. [PMID: 21041084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Identification of potent and reversible cruzipain inhibitors for the treatment of Chagas disease is described. The identified inhibitors bearing an amino nitrile warhead in P1 exhibit low nanomolar in vitro potency against cruzipain. Further SAR in P2 portion led to the identification of compounds, such as 26, that have a unique selectivity profile against other cysteine proteases and offering new opportunities for safer treatment of Chagas disease.
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