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Billen M, Schols D, Verwilst P. Targeting chemokine receptors from the inside-out: discovery and development of small-molecule intracellular antagonists. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4132-4148. [PMID: 35274633 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07080k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the first biologically active chemokines were discovered in the late 1980s, these messenger proteins and their receptors have been the target for a plethora of drug discovery efforts in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as in academia. Owing to the publication of several chemokine receptor X-ray crystal structures, a highly druggable, intracellular, allosteric binding site which partially overlaps with the G protein binding site was discovered. This intriguing, new approach for chemokine receptor antagonism has captured researchers around the world, pushing the exploration of this intracellular binding site and new antagonists thereof. In this review, we have highlighted the past two decades of research on small-molecule chemokine receptor antagonists that modulate receptor function at the intracellular binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Billen
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Verwilst
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Qin J, Cheng W, Duan YT, Yang H, Yao Y. Indazole as a Privileged Scaffold: The Derivatives and their Therapeutic Applications. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:839-860. [PMID: 32819234 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620999200818160350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterocyclic compounds, also called heterocycles, are a major class of organic chemical compound that plays a vital role in the metabolism of all living cells. The heterocyclic compound, indazole, has attracted more attention in recent years and is widely present in numerous commercially available drugs. Indazole-containing derivatives, representing one of the most important heterocycles in drug molecules, are endowed with a broad range of biological properties. METHODS A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science regarding articles related to indazole and its therapeutic application. RESULTS The mechanism and structure-activity relationship of indazole and its derivatives were described. Based on their versatile biological activities, the compounds were divided into six groups: anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-HIV, antiarrhythmic, antifungal and antitumour. At least 43 indazole-based therapeutic agents were found to be used in clinical application or clinical trials. CONCLUSION This review is a guide for pharmacologists who are in search of valid preclinical/clinical drug compounds where the progress of approved marketed drugs containing indazole scaffold is examined from 1966 to the present day. Future direction involves more diverse bioactive moieties with indazole scaffold and greater insights into its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Weyland Cheng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affilited to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450018, China
| | - Yong-Tao Duan
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affilited to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450018, China
| | - Hua Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yongfang Yao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affilited to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450018, China
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2,8-Diazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine potent CCR4 antagonists capable of inducing receptor endocytosis. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 115:14-25. [PMID: 26991939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of potent 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine CCR4 antagonists binding to the extracellular allosteric site were synthesised. (R)-N-(2,4-Dichlorobenzyl)-2-(2-(pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine (R)-(18a) has high affinity in both the [(125)I]-TARC binding assay with a pKi of 8.8, and the [(35)S]-GTPγS functional assay with a pIC50 of 8.1, and high activity in the human whole blood actin polymerisation assay (pA2 = 6.7). The most potent antagonists were also investigated for their ability to induce endocytosis of CCR4 and were found to internalise about 60% of the cell surface receptors, a property which is not commonly shared by small molecule antagonists of chemokine receptors.
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Solari R, Pease JE. Targeting chemokine receptors in disease--a case study of CCR4. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:169-77. [PMID: 25981299 PMCID: PMC4784718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since their early 1990s, the chemokine receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been the source of much pharmacological endeavour. Best known for their key roles in recruiting leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation, the receptors present themselves as plausible drug targets for therapeutic intervention. In this article, we will focus our attention upon CC Chemokine Receptor Four (CCR4) which has been implicated in diseases as diverse as allergic asthma and lymphoma. We will review the discovery of the receptors and their ligands, their perceived roles in disease and the successful targeting of CCR4 by both small molecule antagonists and monoclonal antibodies. We will also discuss future directions and strategies for drug discovery in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Solari
- Airway Disease Infection Section, MRC-Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - James E Pease
- Leukocyte Biology Section, MRC-Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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Miah AH, Copley RCB, O'Flynn D, Percy JM, Procopiou PA. Lead identification and structure-activity relationships of heteroarylpyrazole arylsulfonamides as allosteric CC-chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) antagonists. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1779-92. [PMID: 24515101 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42443j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A knowledge-based library of aryl 2,3-dichlorophenylsulfonamides was synthesised and screened as human CCR4 antagonists, in order to identify a suitable hit for the start of a lead-optimisation programme. X-ray diffraction studies were used to identify the pyrazole ring as a moiety that could bring about intramolecular hydrogen bonding with the sulfonamide NH and provide a clip or orthogonal conformation that was believed to be the preferred active conformation. Replacement of the core phenyl ring with a pyridine, and replacement of the 2,3-dichlorobenzenesulfonamide with 5-chlorothiophenesulfonamide provided compound 33 which has excellent physicochemical properties and represents a good starting point for a lead optimisation programme. Electronic structure calculations indicated that the preference for the clip or orthogonal conformation found in the small molecule crystal structures of 7 and 14 was in agreement with the order of potency in the biological assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afjal H Miah
- Allergy & Inflammation DPU, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK.
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Miah AH, Abas H, Begg M, Marsh BJ, O’Flynn DE, Ford AJ, Percy JM, Procopiou PA, Richards SA, Rumley SA. Lead identification of benzimidazolone and azabenzimidazolone arylsulfonamides as CC-chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4298-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Design, synthesis and SAR study of novel trisubstituted pyrimidine amide derivatives as CCR4 antagonists. Molecules 2014; 19:3539-51. [PMID: 24662072 PMCID: PMC6271259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19033539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of some novel trisubstituted pyrimidine amide derivatives prepared as CCR4 antagonists are described. The activities of these compounds were evaluated by the CCR4-MDC chemotaxis inhibition assay. Compound 1, which we have previously reported as a potent antagonist of CCR4, was employed as the positive control. The results indicated that most of the synthesized compounds exhibited some chemotaxis inhibition activity against CCR4. Of these new compounds, compounds 6c, 12a and 12b, with IC50 values of 0.064, 0.077 and 0.069 μM, respectively, showed higher or similar activity compared with compound 1 (IC50 of 0.078 μM). These compounds provide a basis for further structural modifications. The systematic structure-activity relationship of these trisubstituted pyrimidine amide derivatives was discussed based on the obtained experimental data. The results from the SAR study may be useful for identifying more potent CCR4 antagonists.
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Pease JE, Horuk R. Recent progress in the development of antagonists to the chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:467-83. [PMID: 24641500 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.897324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4 have been shown to be important therapeutic targets for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Although only two chemokine receptor inhibitors have been approved so far, there are numerous compounds that are in various stages of development. AREAS COVERED In this review article, the authors provide an update on the progress made in the identification of antagonists against the chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4 from 2009 to the present. The rationale of writing this review article is to cover the most important approaches to identifying antagonists to these two receptors, which could prove to be useful therapeutics in treating proinflammatory diseases. EXPERT OPINION Pharmaceutical companies have expended a considerable amount of money and effort to identify potent inhibitors of CCR3 and CCR4 for the treatment of asthma and atopic diseases. Although a variety of compounds have been described and several have progressed into the clinic, none have so far made it as approved drugs. There are, however, novel approaches such as mogamulizumab, a monoclonal antibody to CCR4 currently is in clinical trials for cancer and ASM8, an antisense nucleotide to CCR3, which is in Phase II clinical trials for asthma that might still prove to be successful new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Edward Pease
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Leukocyte Biology Section , SW7 2AZ , UK
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Viney JM, Andrew DP, Phillips RM, Meiser A, Patel P, Lennartz-Walker M, Cousins DJ, Barton NP, Hall DA, Pease JE. Distinct conformations of the chemokine receptor CCR4 with implications for its targeting in allergy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3419-27. [PMID: 24563252 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is expressed by Th2 and regulatory T cells and directs their migration along gradients of the chemokines CCL17 and CCL22. Both chemokines and receptor are upregulated in allergic disease, making CCR4 a therapeutic target for the treatment of allergy. We set out to assess the mechanisms underlying a previous report that CCL22 is a dominant ligand of CCR4, which may have implications for its therapeutic targeting. Human T cells expressing endogenous CCR4 and transfectants engineered to express CCR4 were assessed for receptor function, using assays of calcium release, chemotaxis, receptor endocytosis, and ligand binding. Despite the two ligands having equal potency in calcium flux and chemotaxis assays, CCL22 showed dominance in both receptor endocytosis assays and heterologous competitive binding assays. Using two different CCR4-specific Abs, we showed that CCR4 exists in at least two distinct conformations, which are differentially activated by ligand. A major population is activated by both CCL17 and CCL22, whereas a minor population is activated only by CCL22. Mutation of a single C-terminal residue K310 within a putative CCR4 antagonist binding site ablated activation of CCR4 by CCL17, but not by CCL22, despite having no effect on the binding of either ligand. We conclude that CCL17 and CCL22 are conformationally selective ligands of CCR4 and interact with the receptor by substantially different mechanisms. This finding suggests that the selective blockade of CCR4 in allergy may be feasible when one CCR4 ligand dominates, allowing the inhibition of Th2 signaling via one ligand while sparing regulatory T cell recruitment via another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Viney
- Leukocyte Biology Section, Medical Research Council-Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Internalization of the chemokine receptor CCR4 can be evoked by orthosteric and allosteric receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 729:75-85. [PMID: 24534492 PMCID: PMC3989064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR4 has at least two natural agonist ligands, MDC (CCL22) and TARC (CCL17) which bind to the same orthosteric site with a similar affinity. Both ligands are known to evoke chemotaxis of CCR4-bearing T cells and also elicit CCR4 receptor internalization. A series of small molecule allosteric antagonists have been described which displace the agonist ligand, and inhibit chemotaxis. The aim of this study was to determine which cellular coupling pathways are involved in internalization, and if antagonists binding to the CCR4 receptor could themselves evoke receptor internalization. CCL22 binding coupled CCR4 efficiently to β-arrestin and stimulated GTPγS binding however CCL17 did not couple to β-arrestin and only partially stimulated GTPγS binding. CCL22 potently induced internalization of almost all cell surface CCR4, while CCL17 showed only weak effects. We describe four small molecule antagonists that were demonstrated to bind to two distinct allosteric sites on the CCR4 receptor, and while both classes inhibited agonist ligand binding and chemotaxis, one of the allosteric sites also evoked receptor internalization. Furthermore, we also characterize an N-terminally truncated version of CCL22 which acts as a competitive antagonist at the orthosteric site, and surprisingly also evokes receptor internalization without demonstrating any agonist activity. Collectively this study demonstrates that orthosteric and allosteric antagonists of the CCR4 receptor are capable of evoking receptor internalization, providing a novel strategy for drug discovery against this class of target.
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Bachelerie F, Ben-Baruch A, Burkhardt AM, Combadiere C, Farber JM, Graham GJ, Horuk R, Sparre-Ulrich AH, Locati M, Luster AD, Mantovani A, Matsushima K, Murphy PM, Nibbs R, Nomiyama H, Power CA, Proudfoot AEI, Rosenkilde MM, Rot A, Sozzani S, Thelen M, Yoshie O, Zlotnik A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [corrected]. LXXXIX. Update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:1-79. [PMID: 24218476 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen years ago, the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7TM) G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, the large family of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors that regulates immune system development and function, in large part by mediating leukocyte trafficking. This was announced in Pharmacological Reviews in a major overview of the first decade of research in this field [Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, Hébert CA, Horuk R, Matsushima K, Miller LH, Oppenheim JJ, and Power CA (2000) Pharmacol Rev 52:145-176]. Since then, several new receptors have been discovered, and major advances have been made for the others in many areas, including structural biology, signal transduction mechanisms, biology, and pharmacology. New and diverse roles have been identified in infection, immunity, inflammation, development, cancer, and other areas. The first two drugs acting at chemokine receptors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), maraviroc targeting CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, and plerixafor targeting CXCR4 for stem cell mobilization for transplantation in cancer, and other candidates are now undergoing pivotal clinical trials for diverse disease indications. In addition, a subfamily of atypical chemokine receptors has emerged that may signal through arrestins instead of G proteins to act as chemokine scavengers, and many microbial and invertebrate G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and soluble chemokine-binding proteins have been described. Here, we review this extended family of chemokine receptors and chemokine-binding proteins at the basic, translational, and clinical levels, including an update on drug development. We also introduce a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors with the stem ACKR (atypical chemokine receptor) approved by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology and the Human Genome Nomenclature Committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francoise Bachelerie
- Chair, Subcommittee on Chemokine Receptors, Nomenclature Committee-International Union of Pharmacology, Bldg. 10, Room 11N113, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
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Cahn A, Hodgson S, Wilson R, Robertson J, Watson J, Beerahee M, Hughes SC, Young G, Graves R, Hall D, van Marle S, Solari R. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GSK2239633, a CC-chemokine receptor 4 antagonist, in healthy male subjects: results from an open-label and from a randomised study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 14:14. [PMID: 23448278 PMCID: PMC3599276 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-14-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CC-chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is thought potentially to play a critical role in asthma pathogenesis due to its ability to recruit type 2 T-helper lymphocytes to the inflamed airways. Therefore, CCR4 provides an excellent target for anti-inflammatory therapy. METHODS The safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the CCR4 antagonist GSK2239633, N-(3-((3-(5-chlorothiophene-2-sulfonamido)-4-methoxy-1H-indazol-1-yl)methyl)benzyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide, were examined in healthy males. Two studies were performed: 1) an open-label, study in which six subjects received a single intravenous infusion of [14C]-GSK2239633 100 μg (10 kBq) (NCT01086462), and 2) a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, ascending dose study in which 24 subjects received single oral doses of GSK2239633 150-1500 mg (NCT01371812). RESULTS Following intravenous dosing, plasma GSK2239633 displayed rapid, bi-phasic distribution and slow terminal elimination (t½: 13.5 hours), suggesting that GSK2239633 was a low to moderate clearance drug. Following oral dosing, blood levels of GSK2239633 reached Cmax rapidly (median tmax: 1.0-1.5 hours). Estimated GSK2239633 bioavailability was low with a maximum value determined of only 16%. Food increased GSK2239633 systemic exposure (as assessed by AUC and Cmax). Increases in AUC and Cmax were less than dose proportional. Adverse events were reported by three subjects (50%) following intravenous administration, and by 19 subjects (79%) following oral administration; most (46/47; 98%) events were mild/moderate in intensity. GSK2239633 1500 mg inhibited thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine-induced (TARC) actin polymerisation reaching a mean CCR4 occupancy of 74%. CONCLUSION In conclusion, GSK2239633 was well-tolerated and capable of inhibiting TARC from activating the CCR4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cahn
- Medicines Discovery and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Simon Hodgson
- Medicines Discovery and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Robert Wilson
- Medicines Discovery and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Jonathan Robertson
- Medicines Discovery and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Joanna Watson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Stockley Park West, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB11 1BT, UK
| | - Misba Beerahee
- Medicines Discovery and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | | | | | - Rebecca Graves
- Medicines Discovery and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David Hall
- Medicines Discovery and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Sjoerd van Marle
- PRA International, Stationsweg 163, Zuidlaren 9741 GP, the Netherlands
| | - Roberto Solari
- Medicines Discovery and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, UK
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Procopiou PA, Barrett JW, Barton NP, Begg M, Clapham D, Copley RCB, Ford AJ, Graves RH, Hall DA, Hancock AP, Hill AP, Hobbs H, Hodgson ST, Jumeaux C, Lacroix YML, Miah AH, Morriss KML, Needham D, Sheriff EB, Slack RJ, Smith CE, Sollis SL, Staton H. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of indazole arylsulfonamides as allosteric CC-chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) antagonists. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1946-60. [PMID: 23409871 DOI: 10.1021/jm301572h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of indazole arylsulfonamides were synthesized and examined as human CCR4 antagonists. Methoxy- or hydroxyl-containing groups were the more potent indazole C4 substituents. Only small groups were tolerated at C5, C6, or C7, with the C6 analogues being preferred. The most potent N3-substituent was 5-chlorothiophene-2-sulfonamide. N1 meta-substituted benzyl groups possessing an α-amino-3-[(methylamino)acyl]-group were the most potent N1-substituents. Strongly basic amino groups had low oral absorption in vivo. Less basic analogues, such as morpholines, had good oral absorption; however, they also had high clearance. The most potent compound with high absorption in two species was analogue 6 (GSK2239633A), which was selected for further development. Aryl sulfonamide antagonists bind to CCR4 at an intracellular allosteric site denoted site II. X-ray diffraction studies on two indazole sulfonamide fragments suggested the presence of an important intramolecular interaction in the active conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis A Procopiou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Pease
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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