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Engen K, Lundbäck T, Yadav A, Puthiyaparambath S, Rosenström U, Gising J, Jenmalm-Jensen A, Hallberg M, Larhed M. Inhibition of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase by Imidazo [1,5-α]pyridines-Synthesis and Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2516. [PMID: 38473764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) has been shown to improve cognitive functions in several animal models. Recently, we performed a screening campaign of approximately 10,000 compounds, identifying novel small-molecule-based compounds acting as inhibitors of the enzymatic activity of IRAP. Here we report on the chemical synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAR) and initial characterization of physicochemical properties of a series of 48 imidazo [1,5-α]pyridine-based inhibitors, including delineation of their mode of action as non-competitive inhibitors with a small L-leucine-based IRAP substrate. The best compound displays an IC50 value of 1.0 µM. We elucidate the importance of two chiral sites in these molecules and find they have little impact on the compound's metabolic stability or physicochemical properties. The carbonyl group of a central urea moiety was initially believed to mimic substrate binding to a catalytically important Zn2+ ion in the active site, although the plausibility of this binding hypothesis is challenged by observation of excellent selectivity versus the closely related aminopeptidase N (APN). Taken together with the non-competitive inhibition pattern, we also consider an alternative model of allosteric binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Engen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemical Biology and Genome Engineering, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23A, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anubha Yadav
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sharathna Puthiyaparambath
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rosenström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Jenmalm-Jensen
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemical Biology and Genome Engineering, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23A, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Kuśnierczyk P. Genetic differences between smokers and never-smokers with lung cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1063716. [PMID: 36817482 PMCID: PMC9932279 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1063716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer, therefore lung cancer epidemiological trends reflect the past trends of cigarette smoking to a great extent. The geographic patterns in mortality closely follow those in incidence. Although lung cancer is strongly associated with cigarette smoking, only about 15% of smokers get lung cancer, and also some never-smokers develop this malignancy. Although less frequent, lung cancer in never smokers is the seventh leading cause of cancer deaths in both sexes worldwide. Lung cancer in smokers and never-smokers differs in many aspects: in histological types, environmental factors representing a risk, and in genes associated with this disease. In this review, we will focus on the genetic differences between lung cancer in smokers versus never-smokers: gene expression, germ-line polymorphisms, gene mutations, as well as ethnic and gender differences. Finally, treatment options for smokers and never-smokers will be briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kuśnierczyk
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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3
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Arya R, Maben Z, Rane D, Ali A, Stern LJ. Phenylsulfamoyl Benzoic Acid Inhibitor of ERAP2 with a Novel Mode of Inhibition. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1756-1768. [PMID: 35767698 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ERAP1 and ERAP2 are endoplasmic reticulum zinc-binding aminopeptidases that play crucial roles in processing peptides for loading onto class I major histocompatibility complex proteins. These enzymes are therapeutic targets in cancer and autoimmune disorders. The discovery of inhibitors specific to ERAP1 or ERAP2 has been challenging due to the similarity in their active site residues and domain architectures. Here, we identify 4-methoxy-3-{[2-piperidin-1-yl-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] sulfamoyl} benzoic acid (compound 61) as a novel inhibitor of ERAP2 and determine the crystal structure of ERAP2 bound to compound 61. Compound 61 binds near the catalytic center of ERAP2, at a distinct site from previously known peptidomimetic inhibitors, and inhibits by an uncompetitive mechanism. Surprisingly, for ERAP1, compound 61 was found to activate model substrate hydrolysis, similarly to the previously characterized 5-trifluoromethyl regioisomer of compound 61, known as compound 3. We characterized the specificity determinants of ERAP1 and ERAP2 that control the binding of compounds 3 and 61. At the active site of ERAP1, Lys380 in the S1' pocket is a key determinant for the binding of both compounds 3 and 61. At the allosteric site, ERAP1 binds either compound, leading to the activation of model substrate hydrolysis. Although ERAP2 substrate hydrolysis is not activated by either compound, the mutation of His904 to alanine reveals a cryptic allosteric site that allows for the activation by compound 3. Thus, we have identified selectivity determinants in the active and allosteric sites of ERAP2 that govern the binding of two similar compounds, which potentially could be exploited to develop more potent and specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Arya
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Zachary Maben
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Digamber Rane
- Kansas University Specialized Chemistry Center, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Lawrence J Stern
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
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4
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Liu H, Hu B, Huang J, Wang Q, Wang F, Pan F, Chen L. Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1 Is Involved in Anti-viral Immune Response of Hepatitis B Virus by Trimming Hepatitis B Core Antigen to Generate 9-Mers Peptides. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:829241. [PMID: 35602060 PMCID: PMC9115554 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.829241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is a processing enzyme of antigenic peptides presented to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. ERAP1-dependent trimming of epitope repertoire determines an efficacy of adoptive CD8+ T-cell responses in several viral diseases; however, its role in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains unknown. Here, we show that the serum level of ERAP1 in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (n = 128) was significantly higher than that of healthy controls (n = 44) (8.78 ± 1.82 vs. 3.52 ± 1.61, p < 0.001). Furthermore, peripheral ERAP1 level is moderately correlated with HBV DNA level in patients with CHB (r = 0.731, p < 0.001). HBV-transfected HepG2.2.15 cells had substantially increased ERAP1 expression and secretion than the germline HepG2 cells (p < 0.001). The co-culture of ERAP1-specific inhibitor ERAP1-IN-1 pretreated HepG2.2.15 cells or ERAP1 knockdown HepG2.2.15 cells with CD8+ T cells led to 14-24% inhibition of the proliferation of CD8+ T cells. Finally, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) test demonstrated that ERAP1-IN-1 blocks completely the production of a 9-mers peptide (30-38, LLDTASALY) derived from Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg). The predictive analysis by NetMHCpan-4.1 server showed that human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-C*04:01 is a strong binder for the 9-mers peptide in HepG2.2.15 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrated that ERAP1 trims HBcAg to produce 9-mers LLDTASALY peptides for binding onto HLA-C*04:01 in HepG2.2.15 cells, facilitating the potential activation of CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bingqi Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Junfeng Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Feier Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Faming Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liwen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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5
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Wilding B, Pasqua AE, E A Chessum N, Pierrat OA, Hahner T, Tomlin K, Shehu E, Burke R, Richards GM, Whitton B, Arwert EN, Thapaliya A, Salimraj R, van Montfort R, Skawinska A, Hayes A, Raynaud F, Chopra R, Jones K, Newton G, Cheeseman MD. Investigating the phosphinic acid tripeptide mimetic DG013A as a tool compound inhibitor of the M1-aminopeptidase ERAP1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 42:128050. [PMID: 33887439 PMCID: PMC8188423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
ERAP1 is a zinc-dependent M1-aminopeptidase that trims lipophilic amino acids from the N-terminus of peptides. Owing to its importance in the processing of antigens and regulation of the adaptive immune response, dysregulation of the highly polymorphic ERAP1 has been implicated in autoimmune disease and cancer. To test this hypothesis and establish the role of ERAP1 in these disease areas, high affinity, cell permeable and selective chemical probes are essential. DG013A 1, is a phosphinic acid tripeptide mimetic inhibitor with reported low nanomolar affinity for ERAP1. However, this chemotype is a privileged structure for binding to various metal-dependent peptidases and contains a highly charged phosphinic acid moiety, so it was unclear whether it would display the high selectivity and passive permeability required for a chemical probe. Therefore, we designed a new stereoselective route to synthesize a library of DG013A 1 analogues to determine the suitability of this compound as a cellular chemical probe to validate ERAP1 as a drug discovery target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Wilding
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - A Elisa Pasqua
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Nicola E A Chessum
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Olivier A Pierrat
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Tamas Hahner
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Kathy Tomlin
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Erald Shehu
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Rosemary Burke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - G Meirion Richards
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Bradleigh Whitton
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Esther N Arwert
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Arjun Thapaliya
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK; Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Ramya Salimraj
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK; Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Rob van Montfort
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK; Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Agi Skawinska
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Angela Hayes
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Florence Raynaud
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Rajesh Chopra
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Keith Jones
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Gary Newton
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Matthew D Cheeseman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK.
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6
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Modulators of hERAP2 discovered by high-throughput screening. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113053. [PMID: 33359953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2, ERAP2, is an emerging pharmacological target in cancer immunotherapy and control of autoinflammatory diseases, as it is involved in antigen processing. It has been linked to the risk of development of spondyloarthritis, and it associates with the immune infiltration of tumours and strongly predicts the overall survival for patients receiving check-point inhibitor therapy. While some selective inhibitors of its homolog ERAP1 are available, no selective modulator of ERAP2 has been disclosed so far. In order to identify such compounds, we screened an in-house focused library of 1920 compounds designed to target metalloenzymes. Structure-Activity Relationships and docking around two hits led to the discovery of selective inhibitors of ERAP2. Amid those, some bind to yet untapped amino-acids in the S1 pocket. Importantly, we disclose also the first activator of small substrates hydrolysis by ERAP2. Inhibitors and activators identified in this study could serve as useful starting points for optimization.
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7
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Ramírez-Expósito MJ, Dueñas-Rodríguez B, Carrera-González MP, Navarro-Cecilia J, Martínez-Martos JM. Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase in Women with Breast Cancer: A Role beyond the Regulation of Oxytocin and Vasopressin. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113252. [PMID: 33158090 PMCID: PMC7694176 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a well-known enzyme involved mainly in the regulation of the peptide hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin. However, this enzyme activity has hardly been analyzed in breast cancer patients. Additionally, the influence of both the hormonal status (pre or postmenopause) and the administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy have rarely been studied. We show that there is a weak association between IRAP activity and the circulating levels of peptide hormones with variations depending on the hormonal status and the neoadjuvant treatment, and propose a role beyond oxytocin and vasopressin regulation that is related to the local mammary renin-angiotensin system and glucose transportation to the cells. Abstract Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is the only enzyme known to cleave oxytocin and vasopressin; however, it is also the high-affinity binding site for angiotensin IV (AngIV) receptor type 4 (AT4) ligands and it is related to insulin-dependent glucose transporters through the translocation of the glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4). Previous studies have demonstrated an association between IRAP activity and the number and size of mammary tumors in an animal model of breast cancer (BC). Also, a highly significant increase in IRAP activity has been found in BC tissue from women patients. Here, we found no changes in circulating IRAP in premenopausal (preMP) women, but it increased significantly in postmenopausal (postMP) women not treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACH). However, in women treated with NACH, IRAP activity increased in both preMP and postMP women. Two years of follow-up indicated lower levels of IRAP activity in untreated preMP women, but a return to control levels in untreated postMP women, while IRAP activity returned to control levels in women treated with NACH. Circulating oxytocin decreased in both preMP and postMP women during the follow-up period. Differences in Oxytocin appeared between preMP and postMP women treated with NACH, but not in women who were not treated with NACH. On the contrary, circulating vasopressin increased in untreated and treated preMP and postMP women, with most of the differences related to the hormonal status as well as the neoadjuvant treatment during the two year follow-up We propose that IRAP is involved in mechanisms related not only to oxytocin and/or vasopressin regulation, but also to the local mammary RAS through AngIV and its role in glucose transportation through the IRAP/GLUT4 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Ramírez-Expósito
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, School of Experimental and Health Sciences, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (M.J.R.-E.); (B.D.-R.); (M.P.C.-G.); (J.N.-C.)
| | - Basilio Dueñas-Rodríguez
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, School of Experimental and Health Sciences, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (M.J.R.-E.); (B.D.-R.); (M.P.C.-G.); (J.N.-C.)
- Unit of Breast Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén, E-23007 Jaén, Spain
| | - María Pilar Carrera-González
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, School of Experimental and Health Sciences, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (M.J.R.-E.); (B.D.-R.); (M.P.C.-G.); (J.N.-C.)
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, University of Cordoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Joaquín Navarro-Cecilia
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, School of Experimental and Health Sciences, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (M.J.R.-E.); (B.D.-R.); (M.P.C.-G.); (J.N.-C.)
- Unit of Breast Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén, E-23007 Jaén, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Martínez-Martos
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, School of Experimental and Health Sciences, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (M.J.R.-E.); (B.D.-R.); (M.P.C.-G.); (J.N.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-953-212-600; Fax: +34-953-212-943
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8
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Georgiadis D, Ziotopoulou A, Kaloumenou E, Lelis A, Papasava A. The Discovery of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) Inhibitors: A Literature Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:585838. [PMID: 33071797 PMCID: PMC7538644 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.585838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP, EC 3.4.11.3) is a multi-tasking member of the M1 family of zinc aminopeptidases. Among its diverse biological functions, IRAP is a regulator of oxytocin levels during late stages of pregnancy, it affects cellular glucose uptake by trafficking of the glucose transporter type 4 and it mediates antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells. Accumulating evidence show that pharmacological inhibition of IRAP may hold promise as a valid approach for the treatment of several pathological states such as memory disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, etc. Aiming to the investigation of physiological roles of IRAP and therapeutic potential of its regulation, intense research efforts have been dedicated to the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors. Moreover, reliable structure-activity relationships have been largely facilitated by recent crystal structures of IRAP and detailed computational studies. This review aims to summarize efforts of medicinal chemists toward the design and development of IRAP inhibitors, with special emphasis to factors affecting inhibitor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Georgiadis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki Ziotopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Kaloumenou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos Lelis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Papasava
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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9
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Engen K, Vanga SR, Lundbäck T, Agalo F, Konda V, Jensen AJ, Åqvist J, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Hallberg M, Larhed M, Rosenström U. Synthesis, Evaluation and Proposed Binding Pose of Substituted Spiro-Oxindole Dihydroquinazolinones as IRAP Inhibitors. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:325-337. [PMID: 32154052 PMCID: PMC7050655 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a new potential macromolecular target for drugs aimed for treatment of cognitive disorders. Inhibition of IRAP by angiotensin IV (Ang IV) improves the memory and learning in rats. The majority of the known IRAP inhibitors are peptidic in character and suffer from poor pharmacokinetic properties. Herein, we present a series of small non-peptide IRAP inhibitors derived from a spiro-oxindole dihydroquinazolinone screening hit (pIC50 5.8). The compounds were synthesized either by a simple microwave (MW)-promoted three-component reaction, or by a two-step one-pot procedure. For decoration of the oxindole ring system, rapid MW-assisted Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings (1 min) were performed. A small improvement of potency (pIC50 6.6 for the most potent compound) and an increased solubility could be achieved. As deduced from computational modelling and MD simulations it is proposed that the S-configuration of the spiro-oxindole dihydroquinazolinones accounts for the inhibition of IRAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Engen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Sudarsana Reddy Vanga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet SE-171 65 Solna SWEDEN
- Mechanistic Biology & Profiling, Discovery Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca SE-431 83 Göteborg SWEDEN
| | - Faith Agalo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Vivek Konda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Annika Jenmalm Jensen
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet SE-171 65 Solna SWEDEN
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Mats Larhed
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Ulrika Rosenström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
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10
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Maben Z, Arya R, Rane D, An WF, Metkar S, Hickey M, Bender S, Ali A, Nguyen TT, Evnouchidou I, Schilling R, Stratikos E, Golden J, Stern LJ. Discovery of Selective Inhibitors of Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1. J Med Chem 2019; 63:103-121. [PMID: 31841350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ERAP1 is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident zinc aminopeptidase that plays an important role in the immune system by trimming peptides for loading onto major histocompatibility complex proteins. Here, we report discovery of the first inhibitors selective for ERAP1 over its paralogues ERAP2 and IRAP. Compound 1 (N-(N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)carbamimidoyl)-2,5-difluorobenzenesulfonamide) and compound 2 (1-(1-(4-acetylpiperazine-1-carbonyl)cyclohexyl)-3-(p-tolyl)urea) are competitive inhibitors of ERAP1 aminopeptidase activity. Compound 3 (4-methoxy-3-(N-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfamoyl)benzoic acid) allosterically activates ERAP1's hydrolysis of fluorogenic and chromogenic amino acid substrates but competitively inhibits its activity toward a nonamer peptide representative of physiological substrates. Compounds 2 and 3 inhibit antigen presentation in a cellular assay. Compound 3 displays higher potency for an ERAP1 variant associated with increased risk of autoimmune disease. These inhibitors provide mechanistic insights into the determinants of specificity for ERAP1, ERAP2, and IRAP and offer a new therapeutic approach of specifically inhibiting ERAP1 activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Digamber Rane
- Kansas University Specialized Chemistry Center , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - W Frank An
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , United States
| | - Shailesh Metkar
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , United States
| | - Marc Hickey
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , United States
| | - Samantha Bender
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , United States
| | | | | | - Irini Evnouchidou
- National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos , Agia Paraskevi, Athens 15341 , Greece
| | - Roger Schilling
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , United States
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos , Agia Paraskevi, Athens 15341 , Greece
| | - Jennifer Golden
- Kansas University Specialized Chemistry Center , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
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11
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Tsoukalidou S, Kakou M, Mavridis I, Koumantou D, Calderone V, Fragai M, Stratikos E, Papakyriakou A, Vourloumis D. Exploration of zinc-binding groups for the design of inhibitors for the oxytocinase subfamily of M1 aminopeptidases. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115177. [PMID: 31711716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The oxytocinase subfamily of M1 aminopeptidases consists of three members, ERAP1, ERAP2 and IRAP that play several important biological roles, including key functions in the generation of antigenic peptides that drive human immune responses. They represent emerging targets for pharmacological manipulation of the immune system, albeit lack of selective inhibitors is hampering these efforts. Most of the previously explored small-molecule binders target the active site of the enzymes via strong interactions with the catalytic zinc(II) atom and, while achieving increased potency, they suffer in selectivity. Continuing our earlier efforts on weaker zinc(II) binding groups (ZBG), like the 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid derivatives (DABA), we herein synthesized and biochemically evaluated analogues of nine potentially weak ZBGs, based on differential substitutions of functionalized pyridinone- and pyridinethione-scaffolds, nicotinic-, isonicotinic-, aminobenzoic- and hydrazinobenzoic-acids. Crystallographic analysis of two analogues in complex with a metalloprotease (MMP-12) revealed unexpected binding topologies, consistent with the observed affinities. Our results suggest that the potency of the compounds as inhibitors of ERAP1, ERAP2 and IRAP is primarily driven by the occupation of active-site specificity pockets and their proper orientation within the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Tsoukalidou
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Magdalini Kakou
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Ioannis Mavridis
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Despoina Koumantou
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Vito Calderone
- Center for Magnetic Resonance, University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Center for Magnetic Resonance, University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | | | - Dionisios Vourloumis
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi 15310, Greece.
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12
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Molecular insights into the interaction of hemorphin and its targets. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14747. [PMID: 31611567 PMCID: PMC6791854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50619-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorphins are atypical endogenous opioid peptides produced by the cleavage of hemoglobin beta chain. Several studies have reported the therapeutic potential of hemorphin in memory enhancement, blood regulation, and analgesia. However, the mode of interaction of hemorphin with its target remains largely elusive. The decapeptide LVV-hemorphin-7 is the most stable form of hemorphin. It binds with high affinity to mu-opioid receptors (MOR), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). In this study, computational methods were used extensively to elucidate the most likely binding pose of mammalian LVV-hemorphin-7 with the aforementioned proteins and to calculate the binding affinity. Additionally, alignment of mammalian hemorphin sequences showed that the hemorphin sequence of the camel harbors a variation - a Q > R substitution at position 8. This study also investigated the binding affinity and the interaction mechanism of camel LVV-hemorphin-7 with these proteins. To gain a better understanding of the dynamics of the molecular interactions between the selected targets and hemorphin peptides, 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations of the best-ranked poses were performed. Simulations highlighted major interactions between the peptides and key residues in the binding site of the proteins. Interestingly, camel hemorphin had a higher binding affinity and showed more interactions with all three proteins when compared to the canonical mammalian LVV-hemorphin-7. Thus, camel LVV-hemorphin-7 could be explored as a potent therapeutic agent for memory loss, hypertension, and analgesia.
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13
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Georgiadis D, Mpakali A, Koumantou D, Stratikos E. Inhibitors of ER Aminopeptidase 1 and 2: From Design to Clinical Application. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2715-2729. [PMID: 29446724 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180214111849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic Reticulum aminopeptidase 1 and 2 are two homologous enzymes that help generate peptide ligands for presentation by Major Histocompatibility Class I molecules. Their enzymatic activity influences the antigenic peptide repertoire and indirectly controls adaptive immune responses. Accumulating evidence suggests that these two enzymes are tractable targets for the regulation of immune responses with possible applications ranging from cancer immunotherapy to treating inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in the development of inhibitors of ERAP1 and ERAP2 as well as their potential and limitations for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Georgiadis
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Mpakali
- National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, 15341, Greece
| | - Despoina Koumantou
- National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, 15341, Greece
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, 15341, Greece
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14
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Hanson AL, Morton CJ, Parker MW, Bessette D, Kenna TJ. The genetics, structure and function of the M1 aminopeptidase oxytocinase subfamily and their therapeutic potential in immune-mediated disease. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:281-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Drinkwater N, Lee J, Yang W, Malcolm TR, McGowan S. M1 aminopeptidases as drug targets: broad applications or therapeutic niche? FEBS J 2017; 284:1473-1488. [PMID: 28075056 PMCID: PMC7164018 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
M1 aminopeptidase enzymes are a diverse family of metalloenzymes characterized by conserved structure and reaction specificity. Excluding viruses, M1 aminopeptidases are distributed throughout all phyla, and have been implicated in a wide range of functions including cell maintenance, growth and development, and defense. The structure and catalytic mechanism of M1 aminopeptidases are well understood, and make them ideal candidates for the design of small‐molecule inhibitors. As a result, many research groups have assessed their utility as therapeutic targets for both infectious and chronic diseases of humans, and many inhibitors with a range of target specificities and potential therapeutic applications have been developed. Herein, we have aimed to address these studies, to determine whether the family of M1 aminopeptidases does in fact present a universal target for the treatment of a diverse range of human diseases. Our analysis indicates that early validation of M1 aminopeptidases as therapeutic targets is often overlooked, which prevents the enzymes from being confirmed as drug targets. This validation cannot be neglected, and needs to include a thorough characterization of enzymes’ specific roles within complex physiological pathways. Furthermore, any chemical probes used in target validation must be carefully designed to ensure that specificity over the closely related enzymes has been achieved. While many drug discovery programs that target M1 aminopeptidases remain in their infancy, certain inhibitors have shown promise for the treatment of a range of conditions including malaria, hypertension, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyssa Drinkwater
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Jisook Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Wei Yang
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Tess R Malcolm
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Sheena McGowan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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16
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Engen K, Rosenström U, Axelsson H, Konda V, Dahllund L, Otrocka M, Sigmundsson K, Nikolaou A, Vauquelin G, Hallberg M, Jenmalm Jensen A, Lundbäck T, Larhed M. Identification of Drug-Like Inhibitors of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase Through Small-Molecule Screening. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 14:180-93. [PMID: 27078680 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2016.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin IV, a ligand of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), has been shown to improve cognitive functions in several animal models. Consequently, IRAP is considered a potential target for treatment of cognitive disorders. To identify nonpeptidic IRAP inhibitors, we adapted an established enzymatic assay based on membrane preparations from Chinese hamster ovary cells and a synthetic peptide-like substrate for high-throughput screening purposes. The 384-well microplate-based absorbance assay was used to screen a diverse set of 10,500 compounds for their inhibitory capacity of IRAP. The assay performance was robust with Z'-values ranging from 0.81 to 0.91, and the screen resulted in 23 compounds that displayed greater than 60% inhibition at a compound concentration of 10 μM. After hit confirmation experiments, purity analysis, and promiscuity investigations, three structurally different compounds were considered particularly interesting as starting points for the development of small-molecule-based IRAP inhibitors. After resynthesis, all three compounds confirmed low μM activity and were shown to be rapidly reversible. Additional characterization included activity in a fluorescence-based orthogonal assay and in the presence of a nonionic detergent and a reducing agent, respectively. Importantly, the characterized compounds also showed inhibition of the human ortholog, prompting our further interest in these novel IRAP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Engen
- 1 Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rosenström
- 1 Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Axelsson
- 2 Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Solna, Sweden
| | - Vivek Konda
- 1 Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Dahllund
- 3 Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm , Solna, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Otrocka
- 2 Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Solna, Sweden
| | - Kristmundur Sigmundsson
- 2 Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Solna, Sweden
| | - Alexandros Nikolaou
- 4 Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Georges Vauquelin
- 4 Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- 5 Beijer Laboratory, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Jenmalm Jensen
- 2 Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Solna, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- 2 Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Solna, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- 6 Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala, Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Discovery of potent and selective inhibitors of human aminopeptidases ERAP1 and ERAP2 by screening libraries of phosphorus-containing amino acid and dipeptide analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4122-6. [PMID: 27390066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A collection of fifty phosphonic and phosphinic acids was screened for inhibition of ERAP1 and ERAP2, the human endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases. The cooperative action of these enzymes is manifested by trimming a variety of antigenic precursors to be presented on the cell surface by major histocompatibility class I. The SAR studies revealed several potent compounds, particularly among the phosphinic dipeptide analogues, that were strong inhibitors of ERAP2 (Ki=100-350nM). A wide structural diversity of the applied organophosphorus compounds, predominantly non-proteinogenic analogues, allowed identification of representatives selective toward only one form of ERAP. For example, N'-substituted α,β-diaminophosphonates and phosphinates exhibited potency only toward ERAP2, which is in agreement with the P1 basic substrate-oriented specificity. Such discriminating ligands are invaluable tools for elucidating the precise role of a particular aminopeptidase in the concerted function of antigen processing and in human diseases.
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18
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Papakyriakou A, Zervoudi E, Tsoukalidou S, Mauvais FX, Sfyroera G, Mastellos DC, van Endert P, Theodorakis EA, Vourloumis D, Stratikos E. 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid derivatives as inhibitors of the oxytocinase subfamily of M1 aminopeptidases with immune-regulating properties. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1524-43. [PMID: 25635706 DOI: 10.1021/jm501867s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Members of the oxytocinase subfamily of M1 aminopeptidases (ERAP1, ERAP2, and IRAP) play important roles in both the adaptive and innate human immune responses. Their enzymatic activity can contribute to the pathogenesis of several major human diseases ranging from viral and parasitic infections to autoimmunity and cancer. We have previously demonstrated that diaminobenzoic acid derivatives show promise as selective inhibitors for this group of aminopeptidases. In this study, we have thoroughly explored a series of 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid derivatives as inhibitors of this class of enzymes, achieving submicromolar inhibitors for ERAP2 (IC50 = 237 nM) and IRAP (IC50 = 105 nM). Cell-based analysis indicated that the lead compounds can be effective in downregulating macrophage activation induced by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ as well as cross-presentation by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Our results indicate that this class of inhibitors may be useful for the targeted downregulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Papakyriakou
- National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" , Aghia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens, Greece
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19
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Kuiper J, Rothova A, de Boer J, Radstake T. The immunopathogenesis of birdshot chorioretinopathy; a bird of many feathers. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 44:99-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Borhade SR, Rosenström U, Sävmarker J, Lundbäck T, Jenmalm-Jensen A, Sigmundsson K, Axelsson H, Svensson F, Konda V, Sköld C, Larhed M, Hallberg M. Inhibition of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) by Arylsulfonamides. ChemistryOpen 2014; 3:256-63. [PMID: 25558444 PMCID: PMC4280825 DOI: 10.1002/open.201402027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP, EC 3.4.11.3) by angiotenesin IV is known to improve memory and learning in rats. Screening 10 500 low-molecular-weight compounds in an enzyme inhibition assay with IRAP from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells provided an arylsulfonamide (N-(3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl)-4-bromo-5-chlorothiophene-2-sulfonamide), comprising a tetrazole in the meta position of the aromatic ring, as a hit. Analogues of this hit were synthesized, and their inhibitory capacities were determined. A small structure-activity relationship study revealed that the sulfonamide function and the tetrazole ring are crucial for IRAP inhibition. The inhibitors exhibited a moderate inhibitory potency with an IC50=1.1±0.5 μm for the best inhibitor in the series. Further optimization of this new class of IRAP inhibitors is required to make them attractive as research tools and as potential cognitive enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay R Borhade
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University P.O. Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Ulrika Rosenström
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University P.O. Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Jonas Sävmarker
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University P.O. Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 171 77 (Sweden)
| | - Annika Jenmalm-Jensen
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 171 77 (Sweden)
| | - Kristmundur Sigmundsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 171 77 (Sweden)
| | - Hanna Axelsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 171 77 (Sweden)
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University P.O. Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Vivek Konda
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University P.O. Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Christian Sköld
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University P.O. Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University P.O. Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, BMC, Uppsala University P.O. Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala (Sweden) E-mail:
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21
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Stratikos E. Regulating adaptive immune responses using small molecule modulators of aminopeptidases that process antigenic peptides. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 23:1-7. [PMID: 25173825 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antigenic peptide processing by intracellular aminopeptidases has emerged recently as an important pathway that regulates adaptive immune responses. Pathogens and cancer can manipulate the activity of key enzymes of this pathway to promote immune evasion. Furthermore, the activity of these enzymes is naturally variable due to polymorphic variation, contributing to predisposition to disease, most notably autoimmunity. Here, we review recent findings that suggest that the pharmacological regulation of the activity of these aminopeptidases constitutes a valid approach for regulating human immune responses. We furthermore review the state of the art in chemical tools for inhibiting these enzymes and how these tools can be useful for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches for a variety of diseases including cancer, viral infections and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Stratikos
- National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
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22
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Stratikos E. Modulating antigen processing for cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e27568. [PMID: 24744979 DOI: 10.4161/onci.27568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular aminopeptidases that process antigenic epitopes have been recently shown to be valid targets for eliciting cell-mediated antitumor immune responses. Here, we discuss the recent development of potent, low molecular weight inhibitors of these enzymes and how such compounds may constitute a promising tool for cancer immunotherapy.
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23
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Rationally designed inhibitor targeting antigen-trimming aminopeptidases enhances antigen presentation and cytotoxic T-cell responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:19890-5. [PMID: 24248368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309781110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular aminopeptidases endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases 1 and 2 (ERAP1 and ERAP2), and as well as insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) process antigenic epitope precursors for loading onto MHC class I molecules and regulate the adaptive immune response. Their activity greatly affects the antigenic peptide repertoire presented to cytotoxic T lymphocytes and as a result can regulate cytotoxic cellular responses contributing to autoimmunity or immune evasion by viruses and cancer cells. Therefore, pharmacological regulation of their activity is a promising avenue for modulating the adaptive immune response with possible applications in controlling autoimmunity, in boosting immune responses to pathogens, and in cancer immunotherapy. In this study we exploited recent structural and biochemical analysis of ERAP1 and ERAP2 to design and develop phosphinic pseudopeptide transition state analogs that can inhibit this family of enzymes with nM affinity. X-ray crystallographic analysis of one such inhibitor in complex with ERAP2 validated our design, revealing a canonical mode of binding in the active site of the enzyme, and highlighted the importance of the S2' pocket for achieving inhibitor potency. Antigen processing and presentation assays in HeLa and murine colon carcinoma (CT26) cells showed that these inhibitors induce increased cell-surface antigen presentation of transfected and endogenous antigens and enhance cytotoxic T-cell responses, indicating that these enzymes primarily destroy epitopes in those systems. This class of inhibitors constitutes a promising tool for controlling the cellular adaptive immune response in humans by modulating the antigen processing and presentation pathway.
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24
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van Kasteren SI, Overkleeft H, Ovaa H, Neefjes J. Chemical biology of antigen presentation by MHC molecules. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 26:21-31. [PMID: 24556397 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I and MHC class II molecules present peptides to the immune system to drive proper T cell responses. Pharmacological modulation of T-cell responses can offer treatment options for a range of immune-related diseases. Pharmacological downregulation of MHC molecules may find application in treatment of auto-immunity and transplantation rejection while pharmacological activation of antigen presentation would support immune responses to infection and cancer. Since the cell biology of MHC class I and MHC class II antigen presentation is understood in great detail, many potential targets for manipulation have been defined over the years. Here, we discuss how antigen presentation by MHC molecules can be modulated by pharmacological agents and how chemistry can further support the study of antigen presentation in general. The chemical biology of antigen presentation by MHC molecules shows surprising options for immune modulation and the development of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander I van Kasteren
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Leiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC), Division of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hermen Overkleeft
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Leiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC), Division of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Leiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC), Division of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Leiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC), Division of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, Netherlands.
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