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Porter J, Roberts J, Miller GJ. Benzoylation of Tetrols: A Comparison of Regioselectivity Patterns for O- and S-Glycosides of d-Galactose. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39265180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Efficient protecting group strategies are important for glycan synthesis and represent a unique synthetic challenge in differentiating sugar ring hydroxyl groups. Direct methods to enable regioselective protecting group installation are thus desirable. Herein, we explore a one-step regioselective benzoylation to deliver 2,3,6-protected d-galactose building blocks from tetrols across a variety of α- and β-, O- and S-glycoside substrates. We focus on benzoyl chloride as the esterifying reagent and a reaction temperature of -40 °C to screen the regioselectivity outcome for twenty-two different glycosides, based on isolated yields. Using this methodology, we demonstrate the capability for α-linked aryl and alkyl glycosides (O- and S- d-galactosides, d-galactosamines, and l-fucose), delivering consistent isolated yields (>65%) for 2,3,6-benzoylated products. We extend to explore β-linked systems, where the observed regioselectivity is not paralleled. We posit that both steric and electronic factors from the anomeric substituent contribute to modulating the reactivity competition between 2-OH and 4-OH, enabling the formation of regioisomeric mixtures. However, a certain balance of these factors within the aglycon can deliver 2,3,6-regioselectivity, notably for β-O-Et and β-O-CH2CF3 glycosides. The methodology contributes toward understanding the peculiarities of regioselective carbohydrate-protecting group installation, exploring the importance of the anomeric substituent upon ring hydroxyl group reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Porter
- Centre for Glycoscience and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K
| | - Jacob Roberts
- Centre for Glycoscience and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K
| | - Gavin J Miller
- Centre for Glycoscience and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K
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2
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Mishra VK, Khanna A, Tiwari G, Tyagi R, Sagar R. Recent developments on the synthesis of biologically active glycohybrids. Bioorg Chem 2024; 145:107172. [PMID: 38340475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The exploration of hybridization emerges as a potent tool in advancing drug discovery research, with a significant emphasis on carbohydrate-containing hybrid scaffolds. Evidence indicates that linking carbohydrate molecules to privileged bioactive scaffolds enhances the bioactivity of drug molecules. This synergy results in a diverse range of activities, making carbohydrate scaffolds pivotal for synthesizing compound libraries with significant functional and structural diversity. Beyond their synthesis utility, these scaffolds offer applications in screening bioactive molecules, presenting alternative avenues for drug development. This comprehensive review spanning 2015 to 2023 focuses on synthesized glycohybrid molecules, revealing their bioactivity in areas such as anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory activities, enzyme inhibition and pesticides. Numerous novel glycohybrids surpass positive control drugs in biological activity. This focused study not only highlights the diverse bioactivities of glycohybrids but also underscores their promising role in innovative drug development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005
| | - Ashish Khanna
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005
| | - Ghanshyam Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005
| | - Rajdeep Tyagi
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067 New Delhi
| | - Ram Sagar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005; Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067 New Delhi.
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3
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Saldívar-González FI, Navarrete-Vázquez G, Medina-Franco JL. Design of a multi-target focused library for antidiabetic targets using a comprehensive set of chemical transformation rules. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1276444. [PMID: 38027021 PMCID: PMC10651762 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1276444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual small molecule libraries are valuable resources for identifying bioactive compounds in virtual screening campaigns and improving the quality of libraries in terms of physicochemical properties, complexity, and structural diversity. In this context, the computational-aided design of libraries focused against antidiabetic targets can provide novel alternatives for treating type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this work, we integrated the information generated to date on compounds with antidiabetic activity, advances in computational methods, and knowledge of chemical transformations available in the literature to design multi-target compound libraries focused on T2DM. We evaluated the novelty and diversity of the newly generated library by comparing it with antidiabetic compounds approved for clinical use, natural products, and multi-target compounds tested in vivo in experimental antidiabetic models. The designed libraries are freely available and are a valuable starting point for drug design, chemical synthesis, and biological evaluation or further computational filtering. Also, the compendium of 280 transformation rules identified in a medicinal chemistry context is made available in the linear notation SMIRKS for use in other chemical library enumeration or hit optimization approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda I. Saldívar-González
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFACQUIM Research Group, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - José L. Medina-Franco
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFACQUIM Research Group, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Kuranov SO, Pon Kina DA, Meshkova YV, Marenina MK, Khvostov MV, Luzina OA, Tolstikova TG, Salakhutdinov NF. Synthesis and Evaluation of Hypoglycemic Activity of Structural Isomers of ((Benzyloxy)phenyl)propanoic Acid Bearing an Aminobornyl Moiety. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098022. [PMID: 37175725 PMCID: PMC10178661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor-1 (FFAR1) agonists are promising candidates for therapy of type 2 diabetes because of their ability to normalize blood sugar levels during hyperglycemia without the risk of hypoglycemia. Previously, we synthesized compound QS-528, a FFA1 receptor agonist with a hypoglycemic effect in C57BL/6NCrl mice. In the present work, structural analogs of QS-528 based on (hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid bearing a bornyl fragment in its structure were synthesized. The seven novel compounds synthesized were structural isomers of compound QS-528, varying the positions of the substituents in the aromatic fragments as well as the configuration of the asymmetric center in the bornyl moiety. The studied compounds were shown to have the ability to activate FFAR1 at a concentration of 10 μM. The cytotoxicity of the compounds as well as their effect on glucose uptake in HepG2 cells were studied. The synthesized compounds were found to increase glucose uptake by cells and have no cytotoxic effect. Two compounds, based on the meta-substituted phenylpropanoic acid, 3-(3-(4-(((1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo-[2.2.1]heptan-2-ylamino)methyl)benzyloxy)phenyl)propanoic acid and 3-(3-(3-(((1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2.2.1]heptan-2-ylamino)methyl)benzyloxy)phenyl)propanoic acid, were shown to have a pronounced hypoglycemic effect in the oral glucose tolerance test with CD-1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey O Kuranov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Darya A Pon Kina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yulia V Meshkova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mariya K Marenina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Khvostov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga A Luzina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana G Tolstikova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Tassopoulou VP, Tzara A, Kourounakis AP. Design of Improved Antidiabetic Drugs: A Journey from Single to Multitarget Agents. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200320. [PMID: 36184571 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Multifactorial diseases exhibit a complex pathophysiology with several factors contributing to their pathogenesis and development. Examples of such disorders are neurodegenerative (e. g. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's) and cardiovascular diseases (e. g. atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, diabetes II). Traditional therapeutic approaches with single-target drugs have been proven, in many cases, unsatisfactory for the treatment of multifactorial diseases such as diabetes II. The well-established by now strategy of multitarget drugs is constantly gaining interest and momentum, as a more effective approach. The development of pharmacomolecules able to simultaneously modulate multiple relevant-to-the-disease targets has already several successful examples in various fields and has, as such, inspired the design of multitarget antidiabetic agents; this review highlights the design aspect and efficacy of this approach for improved antidiabetics by presenting several examples of successful pharmacophore combinations in (multitarget) agents that modulate two or more molecular targets involved in diabetes II, resulting in a superior antihyperglycemic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki-Panagiota Tassopoulou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Ariadni Tzara
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki P Kourounakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
Fluorinated carbohydrates have found many applications in the glycosciences. Typically, these contain fluorination at a single position. There are not many applications involving polyfluorinated carbohydrates, here defined as monosaccharides in which more than one carbon has at least one fluorine substituent directly attached to it, with the notable exception of their use as mechanism-based inhibitors. The increasing attention to carbohydrate physical properties, especially around lipophilicity, has resulted in a surge of interest for this class of compounds. This review covers the considerable body of work toward the synthesis of polyfluorinated hexoses, pentoses, ketosugars, and aminosugars including sialic acids and nucleosides. An overview of the current state of the art of their glycosidation is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kler Huonnic
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Bruno Linclau
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- Department
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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7
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Gandhi A, Masand V, Zaki MEA, Al-Hussain SA, Ghorbal AB, Chapolikar A. QSAR analysis of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for anti-hyperglycaemic lead development. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 32:731-744. [PMID: 34494464 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2021.1971295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
QSAR (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship) modelling was performed on a dataset of 90 sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. The quantitative and explicative evaluations revealed some of the subtle and distinguished structural features that are responsible for the inhibitory potency of these compounds against SGLT2, such as less possible number of ring carbons at 8 Å from the lipophilic atoms in the molecule (fringClipo8A) and more possible value for the sum of the partial charges of the lipophilic atoms present within seven bonds from the donor atoms (lipo_don_7Bc). Multivariate GA-MLR (genetic algorithm-multi linear regression) and thorough validation methodology out-turned a statistically robust QSAR model with a very high predictability shown from various statistical parameters. A QSAR model with r2 = 0.83, F = 51.54, Q2LOO = 0.79, Q2LMO = 0.79, CCCcv = 0.88, Q2Fn = 0.76-0.81, r2ext = 0.77, CCCext = 0.85, and with RMSEtr < RMSEcv was proposed. This QSAR model will assist synthetic chemists in the development of the SGLT2 inhibitors as the antidiabetic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Arts and Science, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - V Masand
- Department of Chemistry, Vidya Bharati Mahavidyalaya, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
| | - M E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - S A Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Ben Ghorbal
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Sciences, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Chapolikar
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Arts and Science, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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8
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Estrada AK, Delgado-Maldonado T, Lara-Ramírez EE, Martínez-Vázquez AV, Ortiz-Lopez E, Paz-González AD, Bandyopadhyay D, Rivera G. Recent Advances in the Development of Type 2 Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:586-599. [PMID: 34353256 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210805112416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most serious and prevalent diseases worldwide. In the last decade, type 2 sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors (iSGLT2) were approved as alternative drugs for the pharmacological treatment of T2DM. The anti-hyperglycemic mechanism of action of these drugs involves glycosuria. In addition, SGLT2 inhibitors cause beneficial effects such as weight loss, a decrease in blood pressure, and others. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to describe the origin of SGLT2 inhibitors and analyze their recent development in preclinical and clinical trials. RESULTS In 2013, the FDA approved SGLT2 inhibitors as a new alternative for the treatment of T2DM. These drugs have shown good tolerance with few adverse effects in clinical trials. Additionally, new potential anti-T2DM agents based on iSGLT2 (O-, C-, and N-glucosides) have exhibited a favorable profile in preclinical evaluations, making them candidates for advanced clinical trials. CONCLUSION The clinical results of SGLT2 inhibitors show the importance of this drug class as new anti-T2DM agents with a potential dual effect. Additionally, the preclinical results of SGLT2 inhibitors favor the design and development of more selective new agents. However, several adverse effects could be a potential risk for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karen Estrada
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Timoteo Delgado-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Edgar E Lara-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), 98000 Zacatecas. Mexico
| | - Ana Verónica Martínez-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Eyra Ortiz-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Alma D Paz-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
| | | | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
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Xu G, Du F, Kuo GH, Xu JZ, Liang Y, Demarest K, Gaul MD. 5,5-Difluoro- and 5-Fluoro-5-methyl-hexose-based C-Glucosides as potent and orally bioavailable SGLT1 and SGLT2 dual inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127387. [PMID: 32738984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-Aryl-5,5-difluoro-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diols and (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-aryl-5-fluoro-5-methyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diols were discovered as dual inhibitors of sodium glucose co-transporter proteins (e.g. SGLT1 and SGLT2) through rational drug design, efficient synthesis, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Compound 6g demonstrated potent dual inhibitory activities (IC50 = 96 nM for SGLT1 and IC50 = 1.3 nM for SGLT2). It showed robust inhibition of blood glucose excursion in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats when dosed at both 1 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg orally. It also demonstrated postprandial glucose control in db/db mice when dosed orally at 10 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhang Xu
- Discovery Sciences and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States.
| | - Fuyong Du
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Gee-Hong Kuo
- Discovery Sciences and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - June Zhi Xu
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Yin Liang
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Keith Demarest
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Michael D Gaul
- Discovery Sciences and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
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Dowarah J, Singh VP. Anti-diabetic drugs recent approaches and advancements. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115263. [PMID: 32008883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the major diseases worldwide and is the third leading cause of death in the United States. Anti-diabetic drugs are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus to control glucose levels in the blood. Most of the drugs are administered orally, except for a few of them, such as insulin, exenatide, and pramlintide. In this review, we are going to discuss seven major types of anti-diabetic drugs: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitors, aldose reductase inhibitors, α-glucosidase inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT) inhibitors. Here, we are also discussing some of the recently reported anti-diabetic agents with its multi-target pharmacological actions. This review summarises recent approaches and advancement in anti-diabetes treatment concerning characteristics, structure-activity relationships, functional mechanisms, expression regulation, and applications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Dowarah
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Ved Prakash Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India.
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