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Saw A, Eales B, Jones N, Obst A, Smith M, Kountouris A, Saw R. Lumbar Bone Stress Injuries and Nonunited Defects in Elite Australian Cricket Players. Clin J Sport Med 2024; 34:44-51. [PMID: 36853903 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the presentation and management of lumbar bone stress injuries (LBSI), recurrent LBSI, and lumbar nonunited defects in elite Australian male and female cricket players. DESIGN Retrospective case series. SETTING Professional domestic and international cricket teams over 13 seasons. PARTICIPANTS Elite Australian cricket players. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Symptomatic LBSI requiring time off cricket and lumbar nonunited defects, both confirmed by imaging. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence, presentation, history, healing, and management. RESULTS 211 LBSI were identified at an average incidence of 5.4 per 100 players per season. LBSI were most common in male pace bowlers younger than 20 years of age (58.1 per 100 players per season), however, were also observed in older players, females, and non-pace bowlers. Recurrent LBSI accounted for 33% (27%-40%) of all LBSI. Median days to return to match availability was 182 (128-251) days for all LBSI, with a shorter time frame observed for new and less severe injuries, and male spin bowlers. Healing was demonstrated in 87% (81%-91%) of all LBSI cases. 29 nonunited defects were identified and predisposed subsequent pain, LBSI, and spondylolisthesis. CONCLUSIONS LBSI are experienced by approximately 5.4 in every 100 elite Australian cricket players per season, with a high time cost of approximately 4 to 8 months. Nonunited defects also have a high time cost with associated subsequent lumbar spine issues. The findings of this study reinforce the importance of early detection and conservative management of LBSI, particularly for younger male pace bowlers and players with recurrent LBSI, which may be supported by MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Saw
- Cricket Australia, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Alan Obst
- South Australian Cricket Association, SA, Australia
| | | | | | - Richard Saw
- WA Cricket, WA, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, ACT, Australia
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Farhart P, Beakley D, Diwan A, Duffield R, Rodriguez EP, Chamoli U, Watsford M. Intrinsic variables associated with low back pain and lumbar spine injury in fast bowlers in cricket: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:114. [PMID: 37730648 PMCID: PMC10512628 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumbar spine injuries in fast bowlers account for the greatest missed playing time in cricket. A range of extrinsic and intrinsic variables are hypothesised to be associated with low back pain and lumbar spine injury in fast bowlers, and an improved understanding of intrinsic variables is necessary as these may alter load tolerance and injury risk associated with fast bowling. This review critically evaluated studies reporting intrinsic variables associated with low back pain and lumbar spine injury in fast bowlers and identified areas for future investigation. METHODS OVID Medline, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases were last searched on 3 June 2022 to identify studies investigating intrinsic variables associated with low back pain and lumbar spine injury in cricket fast bowlers. Terms relevant to cricket fast bowling, and intrinsic variables associated with lumbar spine injury and low back pain in fast bowlers were searched. 1,503 abstracts were screened, and 118 full-text articles were appraised to determine whether they met inclusion criteria. Two authors independently screened search results and assessed risk of bias using a modified version of the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool. RESULTS Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, no included studies demonstrated a low risk of bias, two studies were identified as moderate risk, and twenty-three studies were identified as high risk. Conflicting results were reported amongst studies investigating associations of fast bowling kinematics and kinetics, trunk and lumbar anatomical features, anthropometric traits, age, and neuromuscular characteristics with low back pain and lumbar spine injury. CONCLUSION Inconsistencies in results may be related to differences in study design, injury definitions, participant characteristics, measurement parameters, and statistical analyses. Low back pain and lumbar spine injury occurrence in fast bowlers remain high, and this may be due to an absence of low bias studies that have informed recommendations for their prevention. Future research should employ clearly defined injury outcomes, analyse continuous datasets, utilise models that better represent lumbar kinematics and kinetics during fast bowling, and better quantify previous injury, lumbar anatomical features and lumbar maturation. TRIAL REGISTRATION Open Science Framework https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ERKZ2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Farhart
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, Moore Park Precinct, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
- Spine Labs, Discipline of Surgery, St. George and Sutherland Campus of the Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia.
- Cricket New South Wales, 161 Silverwater Road, Sydney Olympic Park, Sydney, NSW, 2127, Australia.
- Delhi Capitals, JSW GMR Cricket Private Limited, Bahadurshah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, 110002, India.
| | - David Beakley
- Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Ashish Diwan
- Spine Labs, Discipline of Surgery, St. George and Sutherland Campus of the Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
- Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George Hospital Campus, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, Moore Park Precinct, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Pickering Rodriguez
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, Moore Park Precinct, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Uphar Chamoli
- Spine Labs, Discipline of Surgery, St. George and Sutherland Campus of the Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Mark Watsford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, Moore Park Precinct, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Keylock L, Alway P, Johnson W, Crabtree N, King M, Peirce N, Brooke-Wavell K. Lumbar spine bone mineral adaptation: cricket fast bowlers versus controls. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001481. [PMID: 37073173 PMCID: PMC10106040 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Elite adult male fast bowlers have high lumbar spine bone mineral, particularly on the contralateral side to their bowling arm. It is thought that bone possesses its greatest ability to adapt to loading during adolescence, but it is unknown at what age the greatest changes in lumbar bone mineral and asymmetry develops in fast bowlers. Objectives This study aims to evaluate the adaptation of the lumbar vertebrae in fast bowlers compared to controls and how this is associated with age. Methods 91 male fast bowlers and 84 male controls aged 14-24 years had between one and three annual anterior-posterior lumbar spine dual-energy-X-ray absorptiometry scans. Total (L1-L4) and regional ipsilateral and contralateral L3 and L4 (respective to bowling arm) bone mineral density and content (BMD/C) were derived. Multilevel models examined the differences in lumbar bone mineral trajectories between fast bowlers and controls. Results At L1-L4 BMC and BMD, and contralateral BMD sites, fast bowlers demonstrated a greater negative quadratic pattern to their accrual trajectories than controls. Fast bowlers had greater increases in BMC in L1-L4 between 14 and 24 years of 55% compared with controls (41%). Within vertebra, asymmetry was evident in all fast bowlers and increased by up to 13% in favour of the contralateral side. Conclusions Lumbar vertebral adaptation to fast bowling substantially increased with age, particularly on the contralateral side. The greatest accrual was during late adolescence and early adulthood, which may correspond with the increasing physiological demands of adult professional sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Keylock
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Peter Alway
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- National Cricket Performance Center, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, UK
| | - William Johnson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Nicola Crabtree
- Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Nicholas Peirce
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- National Cricket Performance Center, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, UK
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Alway P, Peirce N, Johnson W, King M, Kerslake R, Brooke-Wavell K. Activity specific areal bone mineral density is reduced in athletes with stress fracture and requires profound recovery time: A study of lumbar stress fracture in elite cricket fast bowlers. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:828-833. [PMID: 36064501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to determine whether lumbar areal bone mineral density differed between cricket fast bowlers with and without lumbar stress fracture, and whether bone mineral density trajectories differed between groups during rehabilitation. DESIGN Cross-sectional and cohort. METHODS 29 elite male fast bowlers received a post-season anteroposterior lumbar dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan and a lumbar magnetic resonance imaging scan to determine stress fracture status. Participants were invited for three additional scans across the 59 weeks post baseline or diagnosis of injury. Bone mineral density was measured at L1 - L4 and ipsilateral and contralateral L3 and L4 sites. Independent-sample t-tests determined baseline differences in bone mineral density and multilevel models were used to examine differences in bone mineral density trajectories over time between injured and uninjured participants. RESULTS 17 participants with lumbar stress fracture had lower baseline bone mineral density at L1 - L4 (7.6 %, p = 0.034) and contralateral sites (8.8-10.4 %, p = 0.038-0.058) than uninjured participants. Bone mineral density at all sites decreased 1.9-3.0 % by 20-24 weeks before increasing to above baseline levels by 52 weeks post injury. CONCLUSIONS Injured fast bowlers had lower lumbar bone mineral density at diagnosis that decreased following injury and did not return to baseline until up to a year post-diagnosis. Localised maladaptation of bone mineral density may contribute to lumbar stress fracture. Bone mineral density loss following injury may increase risk of recurrence, therefore fast bowlers require careful management when returning to play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Alway
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, United Kingdom; Department of Science and Medicine, England and Wales Cricket Board, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicholas Peirce
- Department of Science and Medicine, England and Wales Cricket Board, United Kingdom
| | - William Johnson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
| | - Mark King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
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Keylock L, Alway P, Felton P, McCaig S, Brooke-Wavell K, King M, Peirce N. Lumbar bone stress injuries and risk factors in adolescent cricket fast bowlers. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1336-1342. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2080161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Keylock
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Peter Alway
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- National Cricket Performance Centre, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paul Felton
- Department of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Steve McCaig
- Athlete Health, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Mark King
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Nicholas Peirce
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- National Cricket Performance Centre, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, UK
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Varley I, Ward M, Thorpe C, Beardsley N, Greeves J, Sale C, Saward C. Modelling Changes in Bone and Body Composition Over a Season in Elite Male Footballers. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:729-739. [PMID: 35523202 DOI: 10.1055/a-1810-6774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the change in bone and body composition characteristics of elite football players and recreationally active control participants across the course of a season. Fortysix participants (20 footballers and 26 recreationally active controls) were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography for a range of bone and body composition characteristics at four points over the course of a competitive season. Multilevel modelling was used to examine changes. Footballers had higher characteristics than controls for 24 out of 29 dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography variables (all p<0.05). However, there was also significant random inter-individual variation in baseline values for all variables, for both footballers and controls (p < 0.05). Wholebody bone mineral density, leg and whole-body bone mineral content, tibial bone mass and area (38%) increased across the season in footballers (p < 0.05), and there was significant random inter-individual variation in the rate of increase of leg and whole-body bone mineral content (p<0.05). Whole-body bone mineral density, leg and whole-body bone mineral content, tibial bone mass and area (38%) increased over the course of the season in elite football players. The modelling information on expected changes in bone characteristics provides practitioners with a method of identifying those with abnormal bone response to football training and match-play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Varley
- Department of Sport Science, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marcus Ward
- Department of Sport Science, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Chris Thorpe
- Al Duhail Sports Club, Al Duhail Sports Club, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nathan Beardsley
- England Rugby, England Rugby, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Julie Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Craig Sale
- Department of Sport Science, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Chris Saward
- Department of Sport Science, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Alway P, Wedatilake T, Peirce N, Warren A, King M, Brooke-Wavell K. Bone health and asymmetry in elite female cricketers. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:667-675. [PMID: 35414351 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2065929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine if bone mineral density (BMD) and bone asymmetry differs between female cricket fast bowlers, spin bowlers and batters. BMD was determined at the total body, lumbar spine, and proximal femurs in 12 fast bowlers, 13 batters and 11 spin bowlers from pre-season DXA scans. High Z-scores at the total body, lumbar spine, and proximal femur were observed in all cricketers (mean Z-scores: +1.4 to +3.3) compared with a general age matched reference population. Fast bowlers had significantly greater BMD on the contralateral side of the lumbar spine compared with the ipsilateral side (p = 0.001, 5.9 - 12.1%). No asymmetry was found between hips in all groups. All cricket positions demonstrated high BMD at all measured sites. The lumbar spine of fast bowlers is asymmetric, with significantly greater BMD on the contralateral side of the spine, particularly at L4, possibly in response to the asymmetric lumbar loading patterns observed in bowling.HIGHLIGHTS Elite female cricketers demonstrate high BMD at total body, lumbar spine and proximal femur sites, regardless of playing position compared with a general age and ethnic group matched reference populationFast bowlers have greater BMD on the contralateral (opposite bowling arm) side of the lumbar spine compared with the ipsilateral side, while a symmetrical pattern was observed in spin bowlers and batters.No asymmetry in BMD or section modulus between hips was observed at any proximal femur site for any cricket position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Alway
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Department of Science and Medicine, National Cricket Performance Centre, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Thamindu Wedatilake
- Department of Science and Medicine, National Cricket Performance Centre, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Peirce
- Department of Science and Medicine, National Cricket Performance Centre, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Warren
- Department of Science and Medicine, National Cricket Performance Centre, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Mark King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Brooke-Wavell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Keylock L, Felton P, Alway P, Brooke-Wavell K, Peirce N, King M. Lumbar Bone Mineral Adaptation: The Effect of Fast Bowling Technique in Adolescent Cricketers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 54:438-446. [PMID: 34711706 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Localised bone mineral density (BMD) adaptation of the lumbar spine, particularly on the contralateral side to the bowling arm, has been observed in elite male cricket fast bowlers. No study has investigated this in adolescents, or the role of fast bowling technique on lumbar BMD adaptation. This study aims to investigate lumbar BMD adaptation in adolescent cricket fast bowlers, and its relationship with fast bowling technique. METHODS 39 adolescent fast bowlers underwent antero-posterior DXA scan of their lumbar spine. Hip, lumbopelvic and thoracolumbar joint kinematics, and vertical ground reaction kinetics were determined using 3D motion capture and force plates. Significant partial (covariate: fat free mass) and bivariate correlations of the technique parameters with whole lumbar (L1-L4) BMD and BMD asymmetry (L3 and L4) were advanced as candidate variables for multiple stepwise linear regression. RESULTS Adolescent fast bowlers demonstrated high lumbar Z-Scores (+1.0; 95%CI: 0.7 - 1.4) and significantly greater BMD on the contralateral side of L3 (9.0%; 95%CI: 5.8 - 12.1%) and L4 (8.2%; 95%CI: 4.9 - 11.5%). Maximum contralateral thoracolumbar rotation and maximum ipsilateral lumbopelvic rotation in the period between back foot contact (BFC) and ball release (BR), as well as contralateral pelvic drop at front foot contact (FFC), were identified as predictors of L1-L4 BMD, explaining 65% of the variation. Maximum ipsilateral lumbopelvic rotation between BFC and BR, as well as ipsilateral lumbopelvic rotation and contralateral thoracolumbar side flexion at BR, were predictors of lumbar asymmetry within L3 and L4. CONCLUSION Thoracolumbar and lumbopelvic motion are implicated in the aetiology of the unique lumbar bone adaptation observed in fast bowlers whereas vertical ground reaction force, independent of body mass, was not. This may further implicate the osteogenic potential of torsional rather than impact loading in exercise-induced adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Keylock
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom Department of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom National Cricket Performance Centre, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Varley I, Stebbings G, Williams AG, Day S, Hennis P, Scott R, Grazette N, Herbert AJ. An investigation into the association of bone characteristics and body composition with stress fracture in athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1490-1498. [PMID: 33480513 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to establish the bone and body composition characteristics of high-level athletes with and without a history of stress fracture injury. METHODS Overall, 279 high-level athletes (212 men, 67 women) (age 28.0±9.2 years; body mass 75.0±17.4 kg; height 1.78±0.10 m) and 112 non-athletic controls (60 women, 52 men) 36.2±15.0 years; 70.9±12.9 kg; 1.71±0.10 m) were assessed by DXA to establish their bone mineral density and content, body fat and lean mass. Athletes completed a questionnaire detailing their stress fracture history. RESULTS There were no differences in whole-body bone mineral density (men 1.41±0.12 g/cm2, women 1.19±0.09 g/cm2), bone mineral content (men 3709±626 g, women 2263±290 g), body fat (men 16.3±5.0%,women 23.0±4.6%) and lean mass (men 65.4±9.9 kg, women 38.7±3.6 kg) between athletes with a history of stress fracture (34 men, 16 women) and those without (176 men, 40 women). CONCLUSIONS DXA derived bone and body composition characteristics were not independent risk factors for stress fracture injury in high-level athletes. This study in a large cohort of high-level athletes provides normative bone and body composition values that can be used as a benchmark for researchers and applied practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Varley
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK -
| | - Georgina Stebbings
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Alun G Williams
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Day
- University of Wolverhampton School of Medicine and Clinical Practice, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Phil Hennis
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Reece Scott
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Neval Grazette
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Adam J Herbert
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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