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McAuley ABT, Hughes DC, Tsaprouni LG, Varley I, Suraci B, Bradley B, Baker J, Herbert AJ, Kelly AL. Genetic Associations With Acceleration, Change of Direction, Jump Height, and Speed in English Academy Football Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:350-359. [PMID: 38258831 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT McAuley, ABT, Hughes, DC, Tsaprouni, LG, Varley, I, Suraci, B, Bradley, B, Baker, J, Herbert, AJ, and Kelly, AL. Genetic associations with acceleration, change of direction, jump height, and speed in English academy football players. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 350-359, 2024-High-intensity movements and explosive actions are commonly assessed during athlete development in football (soccer). Although many environmental factors underpin these power-orientated traits, research suggests that there is also a sizeable genetic component. Therefore, this study examined the association of 22 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with acceleration, change of direction, jump height, and speed in academy football players. One hundred and forty-nine, male, under-12 to under-23 football players from 4 English academies were examined. Subjects performed 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-m sprints, countermovement jumps (CMJs), and the 5-0-5 agility test. Simple linear regression was used to analyze individual SNP associations, whereas both unweighted and weighted total genotype scores (TGS; TWGS) were computed to measure the combined influence of all SNPs. To control for multiple testing, a Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate of 0.05 was applied to all genotype model comparisons. In isolation, the GALNT13 (rs10196189) G allele and IL6 (rs1800795) G/G genotype were associated with faster (∼4%) 5-, 10-, and 20-m sprints and higher (∼16%) CMJs, respectively (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the TGS and TWGS significantly correlated with all performance assessments, explaining between 6 and 33% of the variance (p < 0.001). This study demonstrates that some genetic variants are associated with power-orientated phenotypes in youth football players and may add value toward a future polygenic profile of physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B T McAuley
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - David C Hughes
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Loukia G Tsaprouni
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Varley
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Suraci
- Academy Coaching Department, AFC Bournemouth, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ben Bradley
- Academy Coaching Department, AFC Bournemouth, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; and
| | - Joseph Baker
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam J Herbert
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Adam L Kelly
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
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Antrobus MR, Brazier J, Callus P, Herbert AJ, Stebbings GK, Day SH, Kilduff LP, Bennett MA, Erskine RM, Raleigh SM, Collins M, Pitsiladis YP, Heffernan SM, Williams AG. Concussion-Associated Gene Variant COMT rs4680 Is Associated With Elite Rugby Athlete Status. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:e145-e151. [PMID: 35350037 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Concussions are common match injuries in elite rugby, and reports exist of reduced cognitive function and long-term health consequences that can interrupt or end a playing career and produce continued ill health. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between elite rugby status and 8 concussion-associated risk polymorphisms. We hypothesized that concussion-associated risk genotypes and alleles would be underrepresented in elite rugby athletes compared with nonathletes. DESIGN A case-control genetic association study. SETTING Institutional (university). PARTICIPANTS Elite White male rugby athletes [n = 668, mean (SD) height 1.85 (0.07) m, mass 102 (12) kg, and age 29 (7) years] and 1015 nonathlete White men and women (48% men). INTERVENTIONS Genotype was the independent variable, obtained by PCR of genomic DNA using TaqMan probes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Elite athlete status with groups compared using χ 2 and odds ratio (OR). RESULTS The COMT rs4680 Met/Met (AA) genotype, Met allele possession, and Met allele frequency were lower in rugby athletes (24.8%, 74.6%, and 49.7%, respectively) than nonathletes (30.2%, 77.6%, and 54.0%; P < 0.05). The Val/Val (GG) genotype was more common in elite rugby athletes than nonathletes (OR 1.39, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.86). No other polymorphism was associated with elite athlete status. CONCLUSIONS Elite rugby athlete status is associated with COMT rs4680 genotype that, acting pleiotropically, could affect stress resilience and behavioral traits during competition, concussion risk, and/or recovery from concussion. Consequently, assessing COMT rs4680 genotype might aid future individualized management of concussion risk among athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Antrobus
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Brazier
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Callus
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Herbert
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina K Stebbings
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen H Day
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Liam P Kilduff
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Bennett
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Raleigh
- School of Health Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Collins
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa ; and
| | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Shane M Heffernan
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Alun G Williams
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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McAuley ABT, Varley I, Herbert AJ, Suraci B, Baker J, Johnston K, Kelly AL. Maturity-Associated Polygenic Profiles of under 12-16-Compared to under 17-23-Year-Old Male English Academy Football Players. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1431. [PMID: 37510335 PMCID: PMC10380058 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine polygenic profiles previously associated with maturity timing in male academy football players across different age phases. Thus, 159 male football players from four English academies (U12-16, n = 86, aged 13.58 ± 1.58 years; U17-23, n = 73, aged 18.07 ± 1.69 years) and 240 male European controls were examined. Polygenic profiles comprised 39 single nucleotide polymorphisms and were analysed using unweighted and weighted total genotype scores (TGSs; TWGSs). There were significant differences in polygenic profiles between groups, whereby U17-23 players had more genetic variants associated with later maturity compared to U12-16 players (TGS, p = 0.010; TWGS, p = 0.024) and controls (TGS, p = 0.038; TWGS, p = 0.020). More specifically, U17-23 players had over two-times the odds of possessing >36 later-maturing alleles than <30 compared to U12-16 players (odds ratio (OR) = 2.84) and controls (OR = 2.08). These results suggest there was a greater proportion of relatively later-maturing players as maturation plateaus towards adulthood, which may be explained by the 'underdog hypothesis'. This study provides the first known molecular evidence that supports the notion that a maturity selection bias exists within male academy football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B T McAuley
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
| | - Ian Varley
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Adam J Herbert
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
| | - Bruce Suraci
- Academy Coaching Department, AFC Bournemouth, Bournemouth BH7 7AF, UK
| | - Joseph Baker
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Kathryn Johnston
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Adam L Kelly
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
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Hall ECR, Lockey SJ, Heffernan SM, Herbert AJ, Stebbings GK, Day SH, Collins M, Pitsiladis YP, Erskine RM, Williams AG. The PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism is associated with elite long-distance running performance. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:56-62. [PMID: 37012221 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2195737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Success in long-distance running relies on multiple factors including oxygen utilisation and lactate metabolism, and genetic associations with athlete status suggest elite competitors are heritably predisposed to superior performance. The Gly allele of the PPARGC1A Gly482Ser rs8192678 polymorphism has been associated with endurance athlete status and favourable aerobic training adaptations. However, the association of this polymorphism with performance amongst long-distance runners remains unclear. Accordingly, this study investigated whether rs8192678 was associated with elite status and competitive performance of long-distance runners. Genomic DNA from 656 Caucasian participants including 288 long-distance runners (201 men, 87 women) and 368 non-athletes (285 men, 83 women) was analysed. Medians of the 10 best UK times (Top10) for 10 km, half-marathon and marathon races were calculated, with all included athletes having personal best (PB) performances within 20% of Top10 (this study's definition of "elite"). Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between athletes and non-athletes, and athlete PB compared between genotypes. There were no differences in genotype frequency between athletes and non-athletes, but athlete Ser allele carriers were 2.5% faster than Gly/Gly homozygotes (p = 0.030). This study demonstrates that performance differences between elite long-distance runners are associated with rs8192678 genotype, with the Ser allele appearing to enhance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott C R Hall
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sarah J Lockey
- Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - Shane M Heffernan
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Adam J Herbert
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Georgina K Stebbings
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen H Day
- School of Medicine and Clinical Practice, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Malcolm Collins
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, and the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- Centre for Stress and Age-related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
- Centre for Exercise Sciences and Sports Medicine, FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alun G Williams
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
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Dines HR, Nixon J, Lockey SJ, Herbert AJ, Kipps C, Pedlar CR, Day SH, Heffernan SM, Antrobus MR, Brazier J, Erskine RM, Stebbings GK, Hall ECR, Williams AG. Collagen Gene Polymorphisms Previously Associated with Resistance to Soft-Tissue Injury Are More Common in Competitive Runners Than Nonathletes. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:799-805. [PMID: 36763468 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dines, HR, Nixon, J, Lockey, SJ, Herbert, AJ, Kipps, C, Pedlar, CR, Day, SH, Heffernan, SM, Antrobus, MR, Brazier, J, Erskine, RM, Stebbings, GK, Hall, ECR, and Williams, AG. Collagen gene polymorphisms previously associated with resistance to soft-tissue injury are more common in competitive runners than nonathletes. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 799-805, 2023-Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of collagen genes have been associated with soft-tissue injury and running performance. However, their combined contribution to running performance is unknown. We investigated the association of 2 collagen gene SNPs with athlete status and performance in 1,429 Caucasian subjects, including 597 competitive runners (354 men and 243 women) and 832 nonathletes (490 men and 342 women). Genotyping for COL1A1 rs1800012 (C > A) and COL5A1 rs12722 (C > T) SNPs was performed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. The numbers of "injury-resistant" alleles from each SNP, based on previous literature (rs1800012 A allele and rs12722 C allele), were combined as an injury-resistance score (RScore, 0-4; higher scores indicate injury resistance). Genotype frequencies, individually and combined as an RScore, were compared between cohorts and investigated for associations with performance using official race times. Runners had 1.34 times greater odds of being rs12722 CC homozygotes than nonathletes (19.7% vs. 15.5%, p = 0.020) with no difference in the rs1800012 genotype distribution ( p = 0.659). Fewer runners had an RScore 0 of (18.5% vs. 24.7%) and more had an RScore of 4 (0.6% vs. 0.3%) than nonathletes ( p < 0.001). Competitive performance was not associated with the COL1A1 genotype ( p = 0.933), COL5A1 genotype ( p = 0.613), or RScore ( p = 0.477). Although not associated directly with running performance among competitive runners, a higher combined frequency of injury-resistant COL1A1 rs1800012 A and COL5A1 rs12722 C alleles in competitive runners than nonathletes suggests these SNPs may be advantageous through a mechanism that supports, but does not directly enhance, running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Dines
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Nixon
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Lockey
- School of Medicine, Facutly of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Herbert
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Research Center for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Courtney Kipps
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R Pedlar
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen H Day
- School of Medicine and Clinical Practice, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Shane M Heffernan
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Antrobus
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Brazier
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Robert M Erskine
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina K Stebbings
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elliott C R Hall
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alun G Williams
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
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McAuley AB, Hughes DC, Tsaprouni LG, Varley I, Suraci B, Baker J, Herbert AJ, Kelly AL. Genetic associations with technical capabilities in English academy football players: a preliminary study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:230-240. [PMID: 35666584 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technical capabilities have significant discriminative and prognostic power in youth football. Although, many factors influence technical performance, no research has explored the genetic contribution. As such, the purpose of this study was to examine the association of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with technical assessments in youth football players. METHODS Fifty-three male under-13 to under-18 outfield football players from two Category 3 English academies were genotyped for eight SNPs. Objective and subjective technical performance scores in dribbling, passing, and shooting were collated. Simple linear regression was used to analyse individual SNP associations each variable, whereas both unweighted and weighted total genotype scores (TGSs; TWGSs) were computed to measure the combined influence of all SNPs. RESULTS In isolation, the ADBR2 (rs1042714) C allele, BDNF (rs6265) C/C genotype, DBH (rs1611115) C/C genotype, and DRD1 (rs4532) C allele were associated with superior (8-10%) objective dribbling and/or shooting performance. The TGSs and/or TWGSs were significantly correlated with each technical assessment (except subjective passing), explaining up to 36% and 40% of the variance in the objective and subjective assessments, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest inter-individual genetic variation may influence the technical capabilities of youth football players and proposes several candidate SNPs that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B McAuley
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK -
| | - David C Hughes
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Loukia G Tsaprouni
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian Varley
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bruce Suraci
- Academy Coaching Department, AFC Bournemouth, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Joseph Baker
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adam J Herbert
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam L Kelly
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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Brazier J, Antrobus MR, Herbert AJ, Callus PC, Khanal P, Stebbings GK, Day SH, Heffernan SM, Kilduff LP, Bennett MA, Erskine RM, Raleigh SM, Collins M, Pitsiladis YP, Williams AG. Gene variants previously associated with reduced soft-tissue injury risk: Part 2 - Polygenic associations with elite status in Rugby. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-10. [PMID: 36503489 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2155877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Part 1 of this genetic association series highlighted several genetic variants independently associated with elite status in rugby. However, it is highly likely that the genetic influence on elite status is polygenic due to the interaction of multiple genes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether polygenic profiles of elite rugby athletes differed from non-athletes utilising 13 genetic polymorphisms previously associated with tendon/ligament injury. Total genotype score (TGS) was calculated and multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was used to calculate SNP-SNP epistasis interactions. Based on our elite rugby data from Part 1, mean TGS was significantly higher in elite rugby athletes (52.1 ± 10.7) than non-athletes (48.7 ± 10.8). There were more elite rugby athletes (54%) within the upper TGS quartile, and fewer (46%) within the lower quartile, compared to non-athletes (31% and 69%, respectively; P = 5·10-5), and the TGS was able to distinguish between elite rugby athletes and non-athletes (area under the curve = 0.59; 95% confidence interval 0.55-0.63; P = 9·10-7). Furthermore, MDR identified a three-SNP model of COL5A1 rs12722, COL5A1 rs3196378 and MIR608 rs4919510 that was best able to predict elite athlete status, with a greater frequency of the CC-CC-CC genotype combination in elite rugby athletes (9.8%) than non-athletes (5.3%). We propose that elite rugby athletes possess "preferable" musculoskeletal soft-tissue injury-associated polygenic profiles that have helped them achieve success in the high injury risk environment of rugby. These data may, in future, have implications for the individual management of musculoskeletal soft-tissue injury.Highlights Elite rugby athletes have preferable polygenic profiles to non-athletes in terms of genetic variants previously associated with musculoskeletal soft-tissue injury.The total genotype score was able to distinguish between elite rugby athletes and non-athletes.COL5A1 rs12722, COL5A1 rs3196378 and MIR608 rs4919510 produced the best model for predicting elite athlete status.We propose that elite rugby athletes may have an inherited advantage to achieving elite status due to an increased resistance to soft-tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Brazier
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 7EL, UK.,Department of Psychology, Sport and Geography, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Mark R Antrobus
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 7EL, UK.,Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
| | - Adam J Herbert
- Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (C-LaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter C Callus
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 7EL, UK
| | - Praval Khanal
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 7EL, UK
| | - Georgina K Stebbings
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 7EL, UK
| | - Stephen H Day
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Shane M Heffernan
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Liam P Kilduff
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Mark A Bennett
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stuart M Raleigh
- Cardiovascular and Lifestyle Medicine Research Group, CSELS, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Malcolm Collins
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS) and the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) International Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Alun G Williams
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 7EL, UK.,Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
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McAuley AB, Hughes DC, Tsaprouni LG, Varley I, Suraci B, Baker J, Herbert AJ, Kelly AL. Genetic Variations between Youth and Professional Development Phase English Academy Football Players. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13112001. [PMID: 36360238 PMCID: PMC9689905 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the genotype frequency distribution of thirty-three single nucleotide variants (SNVs) between youth development phase (YDP) and professional development phase (PDP) academy football players. One hundred and sixty-six male football players from two Category 1 and Category 3 English academies were examined within their specific age phase: YDP (n = 92; aged 13.84 ± 1.63 years) and PDP (n = 74; aged 18.09 ± 1.51 years). Fisher's exact tests were used to compare individual genotype frequencies, whereas unweighted and weighted total genotype scores (TGS; TWGS) were computed to assess differences in polygenic profiles. In isolation, the IL6 (rs1800795) G allele was overrepresented in PDP players (90.5%) compared to YDP players (77.2%; p = 0.023), whereby PDP players had nearly three times the odds of possessing a G allele (OR = 2.83, 95% CI: 1.13-7.09). The TGS (p = 0.001) and TWGS (p < 0.001) were significant, but poor, in distinguishing YDP and PDP players (AUC = 0.643-0.694), with PDP players exhibiting an overall more power-orientated polygenic profile. If validated in larger independent youth football cohorts, these findings may have important implications for future studies examining genetic associations in youth football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B.T. McAuley
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - David C. Hughes
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
| | - Loukia G. Tsaprouni
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
| | - Ian Varley
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Bruce Suraci
- Academy Coaching Department, AFC Bournemouth, Bournemouth BH7 7AF, UK
| | - Joseph Baker
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Adam J. Herbert
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
| | - Adam L. Kelly
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
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9
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Antrobus MR, Brazier J, Callus PC, Herbert AJ, Stebbings GK, Khanal P, Day SH, Kilduff LP, Bennett MA, Erskine RM, Raleigh SM, Collins M, Pitsiladis YP, Heffernan SM, Williams AG. Concussion-Associated Polygenic Profiles of Elite Male Rugby Athletes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:820. [PMID: 35627205 PMCID: PMC9141383 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high-velocity collision-based nature of elite rugby league and union, the risk of sustaining a concussion is high. Occurrence of and outcomes following a concussion are probably affected by the interaction of multiple genes in a polygenic manner. This study investigated whether suspected concussion-associated polygenic profiles of elite rugby athletes differed from non-athletes and between rugby union forwards and backs. We hypothesised that a total genotype score (TGS) using eight concussion-associated polymorphisms would be higher in elite rugby athletes than non-athletes, indicating selection for protection against incurring or suffering prolonged effects of, concussion in the relatively high-risk environment of competitive rugby. In addition, multifactor dimensionality reduction was used to identify genetic interactions. Contrary to our hypothesis, TGS did not differ between elite rugby athletes and non-athletes (p ≥ 0.065), nor between rugby union forwards and backs (p = 0.668). Accordingly, the TGS could not discriminate between elite rugby athletes and non-athletes (AUC ~0.5), suggesting that, for the eight polymorphisms investigated, elite rugby athletes do not have a more ‘preferable’ concussion-associated polygenic profile than non-athletes. However, the COMT (rs4680) and MAPT (rs10445337) GC allele combination was more common in rugby athletes (31.7%; p < 0.001) and rugby union athletes (31.8%; p < 0.001) than non-athletes (24.5%). Our results thus suggest a genetic interaction between COMT (rs4680) and MAPT (rs10445337) assists rugby athletes in achieving elite status. These findings need exploration vis-à-vis sport-related concussion injury data and could have implications for the management of inter-individual differences in concussion risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Antrobus
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK; (J.B.); (P.C.C.); (G.K.S.); (P.K.); (A.G.W.)
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northampton, Northampton NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Jon Brazier
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK; (J.B.); (P.C.C.); (G.K.S.); (P.K.); (A.G.W.)
- Department of Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Peter C. Callus
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK; (J.B.); (P.C.C.); (G.K.S.); (P.K.); (A.G.W.)
| | - Adam J. Herbert
- Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (C-LaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK;
| | - Georgina K. Stebbings
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK; (J.B.); (P.C.C.); (G.K.S.); (P.K.); (A.G.W.)
| | - Praval Khanal
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK; (J.B.); (P.C.C.); (G.K.S.); (P.K.); (A.G.W.)
| | - Stephen H. Day
- School of Medicine and Clinical Practice, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK;
| | - Liam P. Kilduff
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK; (L.P.K.); (M.A.B.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Mark A. Bennett
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK; (L.P.K.); (M.A.B.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Robert M. Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK;
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stuart M. Raleigh
- Cardiovascular and Lifestyle Medicine Research Group, CSELS, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK;
| | - Malcolm Collins
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, and the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa;
| | - Yannis P. Pitsiladis
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Brighton BN20 7SP, UK;
- Centre for Exercise Sciences and Sports Medicine, FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Shane M. Heffernan
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK; (L.P.K.); (M.A.B.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Alun G. Williams
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK; (J.B.); (P.C.C.); (G.K.S.); (P.K.); (A.G.W.)
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK; (L.P.K.); (M.A.B.); (S.M.H.)
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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10
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Brazier J, Antrobus MR, Herbert AJ, Callus PC, Stebbings GK, Day SH, Heffernan SM, Kilduff LP, Bennett MA, Erskine RM, Raleigh SM, Collins M, Pitsiladis YP, Williams AG. Gene Variants Previously Associated with Reduced Soft Tissue Injury Risk: Part 1 - Independent Associations with Elite Status in Rugby. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:726-735. [PMID: 35293840 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2053752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThere is growing evidence of genetic contributions to tendon and ligament pathologies. Given the high incidence and severity of tendon and ligament injuries in elite rugby, we studied whether 13 gene polymorphisms previously associated with tendon/ligament injury were associated with elite athlete status. Participants from the RugbyGene project were 663 elite Caucasian male rugby athletes (RA) (mean (standard deviation) height 1.85 (0.07) m, mass 101 (12) kg, age 29 (7) yr), including 558 rugby union athletes (RU) and 105 rugby league athletes. Non-athletes (NA) were 909 Caucasian men and women (56% female; height 1.70 (0.10) m, mass 72 (13) kg, age 41 (23) yr). Genotypes were determined using TaqMan probes and groups compared using Χ2 and odds ratio (OR). COLGALT1 rs8090 AA genotype was more frequent in RA (27%) than NA (23%; P = 0.006). COL3A1 rs1800255 A allele was more frequent in RA (26%) than NA (23%) due to a greater frequency of GA genotype (39% vs 33%). For MIR608 rs4919510, RA had 1.7 times the odds of carrying the CC genotype compared to NA. MMP3 rs591058 TT genotype was less common in RA (25.1%) than NA (31.2%; P < 0.04). For NID1 rs4660148, RA had 1.6 times the odds of carrying the TT genotype compared to NA. It appears that elite rugby athletes have an inherited advantage that contributes to their elite status, possibly via resistance to soft tissue injury. These data may, in future, assist personalized management of injury risk amongst athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Brazier
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK.,Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.,Department of Psychology, Sport and Geography, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Mark R Antrobus
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK.,Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.,Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northampton, Northampton NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Adam J Herbert
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, B15 3TN, UK
| | - Peter C Callus
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK.,Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Georgina K Stebbings
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK.,Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Stephen H Day
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Shane M Heffernan
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Liam P Kilduff
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Mark A Bennett
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stuart M Raleigh
- School of Health Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Malcolm Collins
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 0YJ, UK
| | - Alun G Williams
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK.,Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.,Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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11
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Herbert AJ, Williams AG, Lockey SJ, Erskine RM, Sale C, Hennis PJ, Day SH, Stebbings GK. Correction to: Bone mineral density in high-level endurance runners: part A-site-specific characteristics. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:269-271. [PMID: 34665334 PMCID: PMC8748360 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Herbert
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.
| | - A G Williams
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - S J Lockey
- Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - R M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - C Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - P J Hennis
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - S H Day
- School of Medicine and Clinical Practice, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - G K Stebbings
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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12
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Herbert AJ, Williams AG, Lockey SJ, Erskine RM, Sale C, Hennis PJ, Day SH, Stebbings GK. Bone mineral density in high-level endurance runners: Part B-genotype-dependent characteristics. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:71-80. [PMID: 34550467 PMCID: PMC8748376 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Inter-individual variability in bone mineral density (BMD) exists within and between endurance runners and non-athletes, probably in part due to differing genetic profiles. Certainty is lacking, however, regarding which genetic variants may contribute to BMD in endurance runners and if specific genotypes are sensitive to environmental factors, such as mechanical loading via training. Method Ten single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from previous genome-wide and/or candidate gene association studies that have a functional effect on bone physiology. The aims of this study were to investigate (1) associations between genotype at those 10 SNPs and bone phenotypes in high-level endurance runners, and (2) interactions between genotype and athlete status on bone phenotypes. Results Female runners with P2RX7 rs3751143 AA genotype had 4% higher total-body BMD and 5% higher leg BMD than AC + CC genotypes. Male runners with WNT16 rs3801387 AA genotype had 14% lower lumbar spine BMD than AA genotype non-athletes, whilst AG + GG genotype runners also had 5% higher leg BMD than AG + GG genotype non-athletes. Conclusion We report novel associations between P2RX7 rs3751143 genotype and BMD in female runners, whilst differences in BMD between male runners and non-athletes with the same WNT16 rs3801387 genotype existed, highlighting a potential genetic interaction with factors common in endurance runners, such as high levels of mechanical loading. These findings contribute to our knowledge of the genetic associations with BMD and improve our understanding of why some runners have lower BMD than others. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00421-021-04789-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Herbert
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.
| | - A G Williams
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - S J Lockey
- Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - R M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - C Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - P J Hennis
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - S H Day
- School of Medicine and Clinical Practice, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - G K Stebbings
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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13
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Herbert AJ, Williams AG, Lockey SJ, Erskine RM, Sale C, Hennis PJ, Day SH, Stebbings GK. Bone mineral density in high-level endurance runners: part A-site-specific characteristics. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3437-3445. [PMID: 34510274 PMCID: PMC8571133 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity, particularly mechanical loading that results in high-peak force and is multi-directional in nature, increases bone mineral density (BMD). In athletes such as endurance runners, this association is more complex due to other factors such as low energy availability and menstrual dysfunction. Moreover, many studies of athletes have used small sample sizes and/or athletes of varying abilities, making it difficult to compare BMD phenotypes between studies. METHOD The primary aim of this study was to compare dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) derived bone phenotypes of high-level endurance runners (58 women and 45 men) to non-athletes (60 women and 52 men). Our secondary aim was to examine the influence of menstrual irregularities and sporting activity completed during childhood on these bone phenotypes. RESULTS Female runners had higher leg (4%) but not total body or lumbar spine BMD than female non-athletes. Male runners had lower lumbar spine (9%) but similar total and leg BMD compared to male non-athletes, suggesting that high levels of site-specific mechanical loading was advantageous for BMD in females only and a potential presence of reduced energy availability in males. Menstrual status in females and the number of sports completed in childhood in males and females had no influence on bone phenotypes within the runners. CONCLUSION Given the large variability in BMD in runners and non-athletes, other factors such as variation in genetic make-up alongside mechanical loading probably influence BMD across the adult lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Herbert
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.
| | - A G Williams
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - S J Lockey
- Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - R M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - C Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - P J Hennis
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - S H Day
- School of Medicine and Clinical Practice, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - G K Stebbings
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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14
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Varley I, Stebbings G, Williams AG, Day S, Hennis P, Scott R, Grazette N, Herbert AJ. An investigation into the association of bone characteristics and body composition with stress fracture in athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1490-1498. [PMID: 33480513 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to establish the bone and body composition characteristics of high-level athletes with and without a history of stress fracture injury. METHODS Overall, 279 high-level athletes (212 men, 67 women) (age 28.0±9.2 years; body mass 75.0±17.4 kg; height 1.78±0.10 m) and 112 non-athletic controls (60 women, 52 men) 36.2±15.0 years; 70.9±12.9 kg; 1.71±0.10 m) were assessed by DXA to establish their bone mineral density and content, body fat and lean mass. Athletes completed a questionnaire detailing their stress fracture history. RESULTS There were no differences in whole-body bone mineral density (men 1.41±0.12 g/cm2, women 1.19±0.09 g/cm2), bone mineral content (men 3709±626 g, women 2263±290 g), body fat (men 16.3±5.0%,women 23.0±4.6%) and lean mass (men 65.4±9.9 kg, women 38.7±3.6 kg) between athletes with a history of stress fracture (34 men, 16 women) and those without (176 men, 40 women). CONCLUSIONS DXA derived bone and body composition characteristics were not independent risk factors for stress fracture injury in high-level athletes. This study in a large cohort of high-level athletes provides normative bone and body composition values that can be used as a benchmark for researchers and applied practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Varley
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK -
| | - Georgina Stebbings
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Alun G Williams
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Day
- University of Wolverhampton School of Medicine and Clinical Practice, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Phil Hennis
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Reece Scott
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Neval Grazette
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Adam J Herbert
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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15
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McAuley ABT, Hughes DC, Tsaprouni LG, Varley I, Suraci B, Roos TR, Herbert AJ, Kelly AL. The association of the ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms with athlete status in football: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:200-211. [PMID: 32856541 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1812195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to assess the association of ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms with athlete status in football and determine which allele and/or genotypes are most likely to influence this phenotype via a meta-analysis. A comprehensive search identified 17 ACTN3 and 19 ACE studies. Significant associations were shown between the presence of the ACTN3 R allele and professional footballer status (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.18-1.53) and the ACE D allele and youth footballers (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.01-1.38). More specifically, the ACTN3 RR genotype (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.23-1.77) and ACE DD genotype (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.02-1.63) exhibited the strongest associations, respectively. These findings may be explained by the association of the ACTN3 RR genotype and ACE DD genotype with power-orientated phenotypes and the relative contribution of power-orientated phenotypes to success in football. As such, the results of this review provide further evidence that individual genetic variation may contribute towards athlete status and can differentiate athletes of different competitive playing statuses in a homogenous team-sport cohort. Moreover, the ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms are likely (albeit relatively minor) contributing factors that influence athlete status in football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B T McAuley
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
| | - David C Hughes
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
| | - Loukia G Tsaprouni
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian Varley
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham, UK
| | - Bruce Suraci
- Academy Coaching Department, AFC Bournemouth , Bournemouth, UK
| | - Thomas R Roos
- The International Academy of Sports Science and Technology (AISTS), University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adam J Herbert
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam L Kelly
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
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16
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Khanal P, He L, Herbert AJ, Stebbings GK, Onambele-Pearson GL, Degens H, Morse CI, Thomis M, Williams AG. The Association of Multiple Gene Variants with Ageing Skeletal Muscle Phenotypes in Elderly Women. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121459. [PMID: 33291384 PMCID: PMC7762041 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a scarcity of studies that have investigated the role of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on a range of muscle phenotypes in an elderly population. The present study investigated the possible association of 24 SNPs with skeletal muscle phenotypes in 307 elderly Caucasian women (aged 60–91 years, 66.3 ± 11.3 kg). Skeletal muscle phenotypes included biceps brachii thickness, vastus lateralis cross-sectional areas, maximal hand grip strength, isometric knee extension and elbow flexion torque. Genotyping for 24 SNPs, chosen on their skeletal muscle structural or functional links, was conducted on DNA extracted from blood or saliva. Of the 24 SNPs, 10 were associated with at least one skeletal muscle phenotype. HIF1A rs11549465 was associated with three skeletal muscle phenotypes and PTK2 rs7460 and ACVR1B rs10783485 were each associated with two phenotypes. PTK2 rs7843014, COL1A1 rs1800012, CNTF rs1800169, NOS3 rs1799983, MSTN rs1805086, TRHR rs7832552 and FTO rs9939609 were each associated with one. Elderly women possessing favourable genotypes were 3.6–13.2% stronger and had 4.6–14.7% larger muscle than those with less favourable genotypes. These associations, together with future work involving a broader range of SNPs, may help identify individuals at particular risk of an age-associated loss of independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praval Khanal
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK; (L.H.); (G.K.S.); (G.L.O.-P.); (C.I.M.); (A.G.W.)
- Department of Movement Sciences, Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +977-9841528705
| | - Lingxiao He
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK; (L.H.); (G.K.S.); (G.L.O.-P.); (C.I.M.); (A.G.W.)
- Department of Movement Sciences, Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Adam J. Herbert
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B5 5JU, UK;
| | - Georgina K. Stebbings
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK; (L.H.); (G.K.S.); (G.L.O.-P.); (C.I.M.); (A.G.W.)
| | - Gladys L. Onambele-Pearson
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK; (L.H.); (G.K.S.); (G.L.O.-P.); (C.I.M.); (A.G.W.)
| | - Hans Degens
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK;
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunsas, Lithuania
- Pharmacy of Targu Mures, University of Medicine, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Christopher I. Morse
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK; (L.H.); (G.K.S.); (G.L.O.-P.); (C.I.M.); (A.G.W.)
| | - Martine Thomis
- Department of Movement Sciences, Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Alun G. Williams
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK; (L.H.); (G.K.S.); (G.L.O.-P.); (C.I.M.); (A.G.W.)
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London W1T 7HA, UK
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McAuley ABT, Hughes DC, Tsaprouni LG, Varley I, Suraci B, Roos TR, Herbert AJ, Kelly AL. Genetic association research in football: A systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:714-752. [PMID: 32466725 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1776401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation is responsible for a large amount of the inter-individual performance disparities seen in sport. As such, in the last ten years genetic association studies have become more common; with one of the most frequently researched sports being football. However, the progress and methodological rigour of genetic association research in football is yet to be evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to identify and evaluate all genetic association studies involving football players and outline where and how future research should be directed. Firstly, a systematic search was conducted in the Pubmed and SPORTDiscus databases, which identified 80 eligible studies. Progression analysis revealed that 103 distinct genes have been investigated across multiple disciplines; however, research has predominately focused on the association of the ACTN3 or ACE gene. Furthermore, 55% of the total studies have been published within the last four years; showcasing that genetic association research in football is increasing at a substantial rate. However, there are several methodological inconsistencies which hinder research implications, such as; inadequate description or omission of ethnicity and on-field positions. Furthermore, there is a limited amount of research on several key areas crucial to footballing performance, in particular; psychological related traits. Moving forward, improved research designs, larger sample sizes, and the utilisation of genome-wide and polygenic profiling approaches are recommended. Finally, we introduce the Football Gene Project, which aims to address several of these limitations and ultimately facilitate greater individualised athlete development within football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B T McAuley
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, City South Campus, Westbourne Road, Edgbaston, B15 3TN, UK
| | - David C Hughes
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Loukia G Tsaprouni
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian Varley
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bruce Suraci
- Academy Coaching Department, AFC Bournemouth, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Thomas R Roos
- The International Academy of Sports Science and Technology (AISTS), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adam J Herbert
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam L Kelly
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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Herbert AJ, Williams AG, Hennis PJ, Erskine RM, Sale C, Day SH, Stebbings GK. The interactions of physical activity, exercise and genetics and their associations with bone mineral density: implications for injury risk in elite athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:29-47. [PMID: 30377780 PMCID: PMC6342881 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Low bone mineral density (BMD) is established as a primary predictor of osteoporotic risk and can also have substantial implications for athlete health and injury risk in the elite sporting environment. BMD is a highly multi-factorial phenotype influenced by diet, hormonal characteristics and physical activity. The interrelationships between such factors, and a strong genetic component, suggested to be around 50-85% at various anatomical sites, determine skeletal health throughout life. Genome-wide association studies and case-control designs have revealed many loci associated with variation in BMD. However, a number of the candidate genes identified at these loci have no known associated biological function or have yet to be replicated in subsequent investigations. Furthermore, few investigations have considered gene-environment interactions-in particular, whether specific genes may be sensitive to mechanical loading from physical activity and the outcome of such an interaction for BMD and potential injury risk. Therefore, this review considers the importance of physical activity on BMD, genetic associations with BMD and how subsequent investigation requires consideration of the interaction between these determinants. Future research using well-defined independent cohorts such as elite athletes, who experience much greater mechanical stress than most, to study such phenotypes, can provide a greater understanding of these factors as well as the biological underpinnings of such a physiologically "extreme" population. Subsequently, modification of training, exercise or rehabilitation programmes based on genetic characteristics could have substantial implications in both the sporting and public health domains once the fundamental research has been conducted successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Herbert
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alun G. Williams
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Cheshire Campus, Crewe Green Road, Crewe, CW1 5DU UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, Tottenham Court Road, London, W17 7HA UK
| | - Philip J. Hennis
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Clifton, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Robert M. Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, Tottenham Court Road, London, W17 7HA UK
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Clifton, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Stephen H. Day
- Department of Biomedical Science & Physiology, School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Georgina K. Stebbings
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Cheshire Campus, Crewe Green Road, Crewe, CW1 5DU UK
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Papadimitriou ID, Lockey SJ, Voisin S, Herbert AJ, Garton F, Houweling PJ, Cieszczyk P, Maciejewska-Skrendo A, Sawczuk M, Massidda M, Calò CM, Astratenkova IV, Kouvatsi A, Druzhevskaya AM, Jacques M, Ahmetov II, Stebbings GK, Heffernan S, Day SH, Erskine R, Pedlar C, Kipps C, North KN, Williams AG, Eynon N. No association between ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms and endurance running times in 698 Caucasian athletes. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:13. [PMID: 29298672 PMCID: PMC5753575 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating associations between ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D genotypes and endurance athletic status have been limited by small sample sizes from mixed sport disciplines and lack quantitative measures of performance. AIM To examine the association between ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D genotypes and best personal running times in a large homogeneous cohort of endurance runners. METHODS We collected a total of 1064 personal best 1500, 3000, 5000 m and marathon running times of 698 male and female Caucasian endurance athletes from six countries (Australia, Greece, Italy, Poland, Russia and UK). Athletes were genotyped for ACTN3 R577X and ACE ID variants. RESULTS There was no association between ACTN3 R577X or ACE I/D genotype and running performance at any distance in men or women. Mean (SD) marathon times (in s) were for men: ACTN3 RR 9149 (593), RX 9221 (582), XX 9129 (582) p = 0.94; ACE DD 9182 (665), ID 9214 (549), II 9155 (492) p = 0.85; for women: ACTN3 RR 10796 (818), RX 10667 (695), XX 10675 (553) p = 0.36; ACE DD 10604 (561), ID 10766 (740), II 10771 (708) p = 0.21. Furthermore, there were no associations between these variants and running time for any distance in a sub-analysis of athletes with personal records within 20% of world records. CONCLUSIONS Thus, consistent with most case-control studies, this multi-cohort quantitative analysis demonstrates it is unlikely that ACTN3 XX genotype provides an advantage in competitive endurance running performance. For ACE II genotype, some prior studies show an association but others do not. Our data indicate it is also unlikely that ACE II genotype provides an advantage in endurance running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Papadimitriou
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah J Lockey
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam J Herbert
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK
| | - Fleur Garton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Pawel Cieszczyk
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Marek Sawczuk
- Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Myosotis Massidda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carla Maria Calò
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Irina V Astratenkova
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Kouvatsi
- Department of Genetics Development and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasiya M Druzhevskaya
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Shane Heffernan
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK
| | - Stephen H Day
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK
| | - Robert Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Pedlar
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University College, Twickenham, UK
| | - Courtney Kipps
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kathryn N North
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alun G Williams
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia. .,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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Stebbings GK, Williams AG, Herbert AJ, Lockey SJ, Heffernan SM, Erskine RM, Morse CI, Day SH. P-43 Titin genotype is associated with skeletal muscle fascicle length in recreationally active men and running performance in habitually trained marathon runners. Br J Sports Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097120.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Herbert AJ, Williams AG, Lockey SJ, Erskine RM, Heffernan SM, Pedlar CR, Kipps C, Day SH, Stebbings GK. P-41
ACTN3
R577x genotype is not associated with elite european caucasian marathon performance. Br J Sports Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097120.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
As recently as 1986, limb lengthening in children was considered by most North American orthopedic surgeons to be both dangerous and impractical. Previous attempts were plagued by unacceptably high rates of serious complications such as nerve palsy, deep infection, malunion, broken hardware, and stiff joints. With the recent introduction of the Russian Ilizarov method and apparatus for limb lengthening, a tremendous groundswell of interest has risen. Despite a steep learning curve, many Western centers have now reproduced Ilizarov's clinical results. The important advances over prior methods are partly biologic and partly hardware related. Ilizarov's principles require a minimally invasive, low-energy osteotomy, stable external fixation, a latency period before commencing distraction, and gradual lengthening of 1 mm/d in divided doses (0.25 mm four times per day). The article reviews the background of this new technique and provides an update on results reported over the past year. There is disagreement regarding precise indications for limb salvage (lengthening) of congenital limb deficiencies versus amputation. The role of extended lengthening in dwarfism also remains controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Herbert
- Maryland Center for Limb Lengthening and Reconstruction, Baltimore, USA
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23
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Finelli PF, Yockey CC, Herbert AJ. Recurrent aseptic meningitis in an elderly man. Unusual prodrome of systemic lupus erythematosus. JAMA 1976; 235:1142-3. [PMID: 946216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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