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Furtak A, Szafranek-Nakonieczna A, Furtak K, Pytlak A. A review of organophosphonates, their natural and anthropogenic sources, environmental fate and impact on microbial greenhouse gases emissions - Identifying knowledge gaps. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 355:120453. [PMID: 38430886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphonates (OPs) are a unique group of natural and synthetic compounds, characterised by the presence of a stable, hard-to-cleave bond between the carbon and phosphorus atoms. OPs exhibit high resistance to abiotic degradation, excellent chelating properties and high biological activity. Despite the huge and increasing scale of OP production and use worldwide, little is known about their transportation and fate in the environment. Available data are dominated by information concerning the most recognised organophosphonate - the herbicide glyphosate - while other OPs have received little attention. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge about natural and artificial OPs is presented (including glyphosate). Based on the available literature, a number of knowledge gaps have been identified that need to be filled in order to understand the environmental effects of these abundant compounds. Special attention has been given to GHG-related processes, with a particular focus on CH4. This stems from the recent discovery of OP-dependent CH4 production in aqueous environments under aerobic conditions. The process has changed the perception of the biogeochemical cycle of CH4, since it was previously thought that biological methane formation was only possible under anaerobic conditions. However, there is a lack of knowledge on whether OP-associated methane is also formed in soils. Moreover, it remains unclear whether anthropogenic OPs affect the CH4 cycle, a concern of significant importance in the context of the increasing rate of global warming. The literature examined in this review also calls for additional research into the date of OPs in waste and sewage and in their impact on environmental microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Furtak
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Szafranek-Nakonieczna
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Institute of Medical Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1 I, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
| | - Karolina Furtak
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Krańcowa 8, INCBR Centre, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Pytlak
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
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2
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Snijders BM, Mathijssen G, Peters MJ, Emmelot-Vonk MH, de Jong PA, Bakker S, Crommelin HA, Ruigrok YM, Brilstra EH, Schepers VP, Spiering W, van Valen E, Koek HL. The effects of etidronate on brain calcifications in Fahr's disease or syndrome: rationale and design of the randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind CALCIFADE trial. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:49. [PMID: 38326858 PMCID: PMC10851566 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fahr's disease and syndrome are rare disorders leading to calcification of the small arteries in the basal ganglia of the brain, resulting in a wide range of symptoms comprising cognitive decline, movement disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms. No disease-modifying therapies are available. Studies have shown the potential of treatment of ectopic vascular calcifications with bisphosphonates. This paper describes the rationale and design of the CALCIFADE trial which evaluates the effects of etidronate in patients with Fahr's disease or syndrome. METHODS The CALCIFADE trial is a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial which evaluates the effects of etidronate 20 mg/kg during 12 months follow-up in patients aged ≥ 18 years with Fahr's disease or syndrome. Etidronate and placebo will be administered in capsules daily for two weeks on followed by ten weeks off. The study will be conducted at the outpatient clinic of the University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands. The primary endpoint is the change in cognitive functioning after 12 months of treatment. Secondary endpoints are the change in mobility, neuropsychiatric symptoms, volume of brain calcifications, dependence in activities of daily living, and quality of life. RESULTS Patient recruitment started in April 2023. Results are expected in 2026 and will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals as well as presentations at national and international conferences. CONCLUSIONS Fahr's disease and syndrome are slowly progressive disorders with a negative impact on a variety of health outcomes. Etidronate might be a new promising treatment for patients with Fahr's disease or syndrome. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05662111. Registered 22 December 2022, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01585402 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Mg Snijders
- Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Gini Mathijssen
- Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Jl Peters
- Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marielle H Emmelot-Vonk
- Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pim A de Jong
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Bakker
- Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Heleen A Crommelin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ynte M Ruigrok
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva H Brilstra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Pm Schepers
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy, Science & Sports, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilko Spiering
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien van Valen
- Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Huiberdina L Koek
- Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ito N, Ito M, Suzuki H, Noguchi S. Characterization of Bisphosphonate Hydrate Crystals by Phosphorus K-Edge X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure Spectroscopy. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2024; 72:480-486. [PMID: 38763752 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c24-00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy is a new method for the characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredients. XANES spectra show unique features depending on the electronic states of the X-ray absorbing elements and provide information about the chemical environment that affects the electronic states. In this study, six bisphosphonate hydrate crystals were used to investigate, for the first time, how the phosphorus K-edge XANES spectra are affected by the interatomic interactions and charged states of phosphonate moieties. Phosphorus K-edge XANES spectra showed several differences among the bisphosphonates. In particular, the chlorine atoms covalently bonded near the phosphonate and the number of electric charges of the phosphonate moieties seemed to have large effects on peak shape in XANES spectra. Unique shapes of the XANES spectra demonstrated that differences in interactions at the oxygen atoms of the phosphonate moieties could change the shapes of the XANES spectrum peaks to the extent that each material was distinguished based on the spectra. Since slight differences in interatomic interactions and charged states lead to variations in the spectra, XANES spectroscopy could be widely applied as the fingerprint method to evaluate active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Ito
- Analytical Research & Development Laboratories, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Masataka Ito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
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Ito N, Hashizuka T, Ito M, Suzuki H, Noguchi S. Comparison of the physical properties of disodium etidronate amorphous forms prepared by different manufacturing methods. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122723. [PMID: 36803929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous forms of disodium etidronate were prepared by three manufacturing methods, heat drying, freeze drying, and anti-solvent precipitation, and the effects of these methods on the physical properties of disodium etidronate amorphous forms were evaluated for the first time. Variable temperature X-ray powder diffraction and thermal analyses revealed that these amorphous forms had different physical properties such as glass transition point, water desorption, and crystallization temperatures. These differences can be explained by the molecular mobility and water content in amorphous forms. The differences in the structural characteristics related to the differences in these physical properties could not be detected clearly by the spectroscopic methods like Raman spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy. Dynamic vapor sorption analyses demonstrated that all amorphous forms were hydrated to form I, a tetrahydrated form, at above 50% relative humidity, and the transition to form I was irreversible. These amorphous forms require strict humidity control to avoid crystallization. Among the three amorphous forms of disodium etidronate, the amorphous form prepared by heat drying was the most suitable for manufacturing the solid formulation, considering the low water content and low molecular mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Ito
- Analytical Research & Development Laboratories, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 554-0022, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Hashizuka
- Analytical Research & Development Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd. (Former company name), 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Masataka Ito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-city, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hironori Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-city, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Shuji Noguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-city, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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Fifty years of impact on treating bone disease: a commentary on Gasser et al. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1657-1659. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20220040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The precise control of whole-body calcium is essential for the maintenance of normal physiological function. Disruptions in calcium homeostasis can lead to pathology including osteoporosis, kidney stone formation, and cardiac arrythmias. During the 1960s and early 1970s, a full understanding of calcium metabolism was still emerging. This commentary spotlights a seminal Clinical Science paper published in 1972 that significantly advanced the field and contributed to the eventual approval of bisphosphonate drugs commonly used to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis, cancer metastases, and other calcium disorders.
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Amira A, K'tir H, Aouf Z, Khaldi T, Bentoumi H, Khattabi L, Zerrouki R, Ibrahim‐Ouali M, Aouf N. One‐Pot Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis, in Vitro Anti‐inflammatory Evaluation and Computer‐Aided Molecular Design of Novel Sulfamide‐Containing Bisphosphonates Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aϊcha Amira
- Department of Chemistry Applied Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Bioorganic Chemistry Group Badji Mokhtar University -Annaba, Box 12 Annaba 23000 Algeria
- National Higher School of Mines and Metallurgy-Amar Laskri- Annaba Algeria
| | - Hacène K'tir
- Department of Chemistry Applied Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Bioorganic Chemistry Group Badji Mokhtar University -Annaba, Box 12 Annaba 23000 Algeria
- Medical Sciences Faculty Badji-Mokhtar University -Annaba. Box 12 Annaba 23000 Algeria
| | - Zineb Aouf
- Department of Chemistry Applied Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Bioorganic Chemistry Group Badji Mokhtar University -Annaba, Box 12 Annaba 23000 Algeria
| | - Taha Khaldi
- National Center of Biotechnology Research Constantine (CRBt) Ali Mendjli Nouvelle Ville UV 03 BP E73 Constantine 25016 Algeria
| | - Houria Bentoumi
- Department of Chemistry Applied Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Bioorganic Chemistry Group Badji Mokhtar University -Annaba, Box 12 Annaba 23000 Algeria
| | - Latifa Khattabi
- Nature and Life Sciences Faculty Brothers Mentouri University, Constantine 1 BP 325 Route de Ain El Bey Constantine 25017 Algeria
| | - Rachida Zerrouki
- Limoges University PEIRENE Laboratory, SylvaLim Group 123 Avenue Albert Thomas Limoges cedex 87060 France
| | - Malika Ibrahim‐Ouali
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2 F-13397 Marseille France
| | - Nour‐Eddine Aouf
- Department of Chemistry Applied Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Bioorganic Chemistry Group Badji Mokhtar University -Annaba, Box 12 Annaba 23000 Algeria
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Rudge ES, Chan AHY, Leeper FJ. Prodrugs of pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates: disguising phosphorus oxyanions. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:375-391. [PMID: 35647550 PMCID: PMC9020613 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00297j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrophosphates have important functions in living systems and thus pyrophosphate-containing molecules and their more stable bisphosphonate analogues have the potential to be used as drugs for treating many diseases including cancer and viral infections. Both pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates are polyanionic at physiological pH and, whilst this is essential for their biological activity, it also limits their use as therapeutic agents. In particular, the high negative charge density of these compounds prohibits cell entry other than by endocytosis, prevents transcellular oral absorption and causes sequestration to bone. Therefore, prodrug strategies have been developed to temporarily disguise the charges of these compounds. This review examines the various systems that have been used to mask the phosphorus-containing moieties of pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates and also illustrates the utility of such prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Rudge
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Alex H Y Chan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Finian J Leeper
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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Ebetino FH, Sun S, Cherian P, Roshandel S, Neighbors JD, Hu E, Dunford JE, Sedghizadeh PP, McKenna CE, Srinivasan V, Boeckman RK, Russell RGG. Bisphosphonates: The role of chemistry in understanding their biological actions and structure-activity relationships, and new directions for their therapeutic use. Bone 2022; 156:116289. [PMID: 34896359 PMCID: PMC11023620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The bisphosphonates ((HO)2P(O)CR1R2P(O)(OH)2, BPs) were first shown to inhibit bone resorption in the 1960s, but it was not until 30 years later that a detailed molecular understanding of the relationship between their varied chemical structures and biological activity was elucidated. In the 1990s and 2000s, several potent bisphosphonates containing nitrogen in their R2 side chains (N-BPs) were approved for clinical use including alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, and zoledronate. These are now mostly generic drugs and remain the leading therapies for several major bone-related diseases, including osteoporosis and skeletal-related events associated with bone metastases. The early development of chemistry in this area was largely empirical and only a few common structural features related to strong binding to calcium phosphate were clear. Attempts to further develop structure-activity relationships to explain more dramatic pharmacological differences in vivo at first appeared inconclusive, and evidence for mechanisms underlying cellular effects on osteoclasts and macrophages only emerged after many years of research. The breakthrough came when the intracellular actions on the osteoclast were first shown for the simpler bisphosphonates, via the in vivo formation of P-C-P derivatives of ATP. The synthesis and biological evaluation of a large number of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates in the 1980s and 1990s led to the key discovery that the antiresorptive effects of these more complex analogs on osteoclasts result mostly from their potency as inhibitors of the enzyme farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS/FPPS). This key branch-point enzyme in the mevalonate pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis is important for the generation of isoprenoid lipids that are utilized for the post-translational modification of small GTP-binding proteins essential for osteoclast function. Since then, it has become even more clear that the overall pharmacological effects of individual bisphosphonates on bone depend upon two key properties: the affinity for bone mineral and inhibitory effects on biochemical targets within bone cells, in particular FDPS. Detailed enzyme-ligand crystal structure analysis began in the early 2000s and advances in our understanding of the structure-activity relationships, based on interactions with this target within the mevalonate pathway and related enzymes in osteoclasts and other cells have continued to be the focus of research efforts to this day. In addition, while many members of the bisphosphonate drug class share common properties, now it is more clear that chemical modifications to create variations in these properties may allow customization of BPs for different uses. Thus, as the appreciation for new potential opportunities with this drug class grows, new chemistry to allow ready access to an ever-widening variety of bisphosphonates continues to be developed. Potential new uses of the calcium phosphate binding mechanism of bisphosphonates for the targeting of other drugs to the skeleton, and effects discovered on other cellular targets, even at non-skeletal sites, continue to intrigue scientists in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H Ebetino
- BioVinc LLC, 2265 E. Foothill Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14617, USA; Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Shuting Sun
- BioVinc LLC, 2265 E. Foothill Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA.
| | - Philip Cherian
- BioVinc LLC, 2265 E. Foothill Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
| | | | | | - Eric Hu
- BioVinc LLC, 2265 E. Foothill Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
| | - James E Dunford
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Parish P Sedghizadeh
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14617, USA
| | - Robert K Boeckman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14617, USA
| | - R Graham G Russell
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK; Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Investigation of Physical Properties of Disodium Etidronate Tetrahydrate and Application of Phosphorus K-Edge X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure Spectroscopy. Pharm Res 2021; 38:2147-2155. [PMID: 34919171 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Disodium etidronate is a bisphosphonate, compounds that are widely used in the treatment of bone disorders such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease. We investigated the physical properties of disodium etidronate tetrahydrate crystal, form I. METHODS We used X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), thermal analysis, dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), X-ray single crystal structure analysis, and phosphorus K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy for the first time. RESULTS XRPD and thermal analyses demonstrated that form I was dehydrated and transformed to an amorphous form, to a crystalline form II, and finally to a form III by heating. DVS measurements revealed that the amorphous form, form II, and form III were rehydrated to form I by humidification, and form I was stable even at 0% relative humidity. These results indicate that form I is the most stable solid-state under ambient conditions and is suitable as an API for manufacture in solid formulations. The phosphorus K-edge XANES spectra differed among form I, the amorphous form, and form II, which may be ascribed to the difference in the coordinate bond schemes between the phosphate moieties and sodium ions. The results demonstrated that the phosphorus K-edge XANES spectroscopy could be applied to the identification or the discrimination of crystal forms of the APIs containing phosphate moieties. CONCLUSIONS Acquired information about physical properties are crucial for manufacturing of solid formulations of disodium etidronate. XANES spectroscopy is a promising alternative method for evaluating the solid-state forms of APIs.
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Bando K, Oizumi T, Takahashi T, Mizoguchi I, Sugawara S, Endo Y. Release of Nitrogen-Containing Bisphosphonates (NBPs) from Hydroxyapatite by Non-NBPs and by Pyrophosphate. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1670-1680. [PMID: 34719644 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are major anti-bone-resorptive drugs. Among them, the nitrogen-containing BPs (NBPs) exhibit much stronger anti-bone-resorptive activities than non-nitrogen-containing BPs (non-NBPs). However, BP-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) has been increasing without effective strategies for its prevention or treatment. The release of NBPs (but not non-NBPs) from NBP-accumulated jawbones has been supposed to cause BRONJ, even though non-NBPs (such as etidronate (Eti) and clodronate (Clo)) are given at very high doses because of their low anti-bone-resorptive activities. Our murine experiments have demonstrated that NBPs cause inflammation/necrosis at the injection site, and that Eti and Clo can reduce or prevent the inflammatory/necrotic effects of NBPs by inhibiting their entry into soft-tissue cells. In addition, our preliminary clinical studies suggest that Eti may be useful for treating BRONJ. Notably, Eti, when administered together with an NBP, reduces the latter's anti-bone-resorptive effect. Here, on the basis of the above background, we examined and compared in vitro interactions of NBPs, non-NBPs, and related substances with hydroxyapatite (HA), and obtained the following results. (i) NBPs bind rapidly to HA under pH-neutral conditions. (ii) At high concentrations, Eti and Clo inhibit NBP-binding to HA and rapidly expel HA-bound NBPs (potency Eti>>Clo). (iii) Pyrophosphate also inhibits NBP-binding to HA and expels HA-bound NBPs. Based on these results and those reported previously, we discuss (i) possible anti-BRONJ strategies involving the use of Eti and/or Clo to reduce jawbone-accumulated NBPs, and (ii) a possible involvement of pyrophosphate-mediated release of NBPs as a cause of BRONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanan Bando
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University
| | - Takefumi Oizumi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University.,Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, National Hospital Organization Sendai Medical Center
| | - Tetsu Takahashi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University
| | - Itaru Mizoguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University
| | - Shunji Sugawara
- Division of Oral Immunology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University
| | - Yasuo Endo
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University
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11
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Shepherd J, Hans D. The Passing of the Baton—In Memory of Professor Harry Genant MD. J Clin Densitom 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Barbosa JS, Almeida Paz FA, Braga SS. Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1260-1282. [PMID: 33522236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates, used for a long time in osteoporosis management, are currently the target of intensive research, from pre-formulation studies to more advanced stages of clinical practice. This review presents an overview of the contributions of this family of compounds to human health, starting with the chemistry and clinical uses of bisphosphonates. Following this, their pharmacology is described, highlighting administration-borne handicaps and undesirable effects. The last three sections of the review describe the research efforts that seek to curb delivery-related issues and expand bisphosphonate use. Innovative routes and strategies of administration, such as nano-encapsulation for oral intake or injectable cements for local or in-bone delivery are presented, as well as the latest results of case studies or preclinical studies proposing new therapeutic indications for the clinically approved bisphosphonates. Finally, a selection of anti-infectious bisphosphonate new drug candidates is shown, with focus on the molecules reported in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica S Barbosa
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.,LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipe A Almeida Paz
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Santos Braga
- LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Yambe N, Tamai R, Mashima I, Kiyoura Y. Etidronate down-regulates Toll-like receptor 2 ligand-induced chemokine production by inhibiting MyD88 expression and NF-κB activation. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 43:51-57. [PMID: 33251898 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1850761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pretreatment of J774.1 cells with etidronate, a non-nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (non-NBP) used as an antibone resorptive drug, was previously reported to inhibit Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 agonist-induced proinflammatory cytokine production. The present study aimed to examine the effects of etidronate on chemokine production by human monocytic U937 cells incubated with Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 (Pam3CSK4, a TLR2 ligand) and lipid A (a TLR4 ligand). METHODS U937 cells were pretreated with or without etidronate, and then incubated with or without Pam3CSK4 or lipid A. Levels of secreted human interleukin (IL)-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in culture supernatants and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cytotoxicity was determined by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in supernatants. Expression of intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and MyD88 was analyzed by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS Etidronate down-regulated IL-8 and MCP-1 production and NF-κB p65 activation induced by Pam3CSK4, but not lipid A, in U937 cells. Etidronate also inhibited MyD88 expression in U937 cells incubated with Pam3CSK4. CONCLUSION Etidronate down-regulates IL-8 and MCP-1 production in U937 cells by inhibiting both the expression of MyD88 and activation of NF-κB p65 in the TLR2, but not TLR4, pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohito Yambe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ohu University Graduate School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Riyoko Tamai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ohu University Graduate School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan.,Department of Oral Medical Science, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Izumi Mashima
- Department of Oral Medical Science, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kiyoura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ohu University Graduate School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan.,Department of Oral Medical Science, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
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Coleman R. Bisphosphonates and breast cancer - From cautious palliation to saving lives. Bone 2020; 140:115570. [PMID: 32745688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastases are common in breast cancer and may cause considerable morbidity including fractures, severe pain, nerve compression and hypercalcaemia. Alongside developments in the multidisciplinary management for patients with metastatic breast cancer, the use of bisphosphonates, and more recently denosumab, has transformed the course of advanced breast cancer for many patients resulting in a major reduction in skeletal complications, reduced bone pain and improved quality of life. Additionally, because the bone marrow microenvironment is so intimately involved in the metastatic processes required for cancer dissemination, the use of adjuvant bisphosphonates has been studied extensively over the past 25 years in many randomised trials. We now have clear evidence that bisphosphonates significantly reduce both metastasis to bone and mortality in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. Efficacy seems similar across different biological subgroups of postmenopausal breast cancer with the use of either a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate such as intravenous zoledronate or daily oral ibandronate as well as the non-nitrogen containing agent, daily oral clodronate. In this overview of evolving role of bisphosphonates in breast cancer, focussing particularly on pamidronate and zoledronate, the long winding development road from the 1970s through to the present day is described and some of the serendipitous findings, "lucky breaks" and regulatory decisions along the way outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Coleman
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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15
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Abstract
Herein we review the discovery, development, commercial history and legacy of risedronate or NE-58095, a potent N-containing bisphosphonate developed by scientists at the Cincinnati Miami Valley Laboratories and the Norwich Eaton Laboratories of Procter and Gamble. It is characterized by a hydroxyl substituent (R1) and a pyridyl-methylene substituent (R2) at the carbon bridging two phosphonate moieties. It was shown to have greater potency than alendronate in cell-based systems while binding affinity to bone matrix was lower than alendronate, accounting for the relatively rapid offset of bone turnover inhibition when therapy is discontinued. Risedronate was shown to significantly reduce serum alkaline phosphatase and clinical features in patients with Paget's disease and was approved for this indication, at a dose of 30 mg daily for 2 months, in 1998. Formal dose response testing for treatment of osteoporosis was not performed. In large Phase 3 studies, 5 mg risedronate daily increased bone mineral density more than did the 2.5 mg dose. As a result, the 2.5 mg dose was dropped from most of the Phase 3 studies after 12 months. The 5 mg daily dose was approved for treating and preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in 2000. The drug was subsequently approved for treating men with osteoporosis. Following the leads of other companies, weekly and monthly preparations were developed and approved, based on non-inferiority BMD studies vs the 5 mg daily oral dose as was a unique dosing regimen of 75 mg given on 2 consecutive days each month. Finally, to overcome the effect of food on limiting the already poor gastrointestinal absorption of the drug, a once-weekly oral preparation containing the chelating agent EDTA and with an enteric coating delaying dissolution until the tablet was in the small intestine was approved in 2010 to be administered after breakfast. The Alliance for Better Bone Health, a collaboration between Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals and sanofi-aventis U.S. was formed to market risedronate as Actonel® and, subsequently, Actonel-EC® or Atelvia®. These drugs are still marketed by sanofi-aventis in some countries. The sale of the pharmaceutical division of Procter & Gamble to Warner Chilcott (US) was based, in large part, on the perceived value and marketability of the risedronate drugs. When marketing targets of Warner-Chilcott were not met, the rights of risedronate were sold to Allergan USA, Inc. which never actively promoted the drug. Generic forms of risedronate were introduced into the United States in 2015 but are rarely used, although several generic forms are actively marketed in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R McClung
- Oregon Osteoporosis Center, Portland, OR, United States of America; Mary MacKillop Center for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- Chemistry Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America; BioVinc, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
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16
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Hsieh CY, Sung SF, Huang HK. Drug treatment strategies for osteoporosis in stroke patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:811-821. [PMID: 32151211 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1736556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoporosis and subsequent fractures are well-recognized complications of stroke. However, drug treatment strategies for osteoporosis after stroke have been rarely discussed in the current guidelines for the management of stroke or osteoporosis. AREAS COVERED The authors review the epidemiology, characteristics, pathophysiology, and risk prediction of post-stroke osteoporosis and fractures. Then they provide an overview of existing evidence regarding drug treatment strategies for osteoporosis in stroke patients. They also review the effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures for those drugs commonly used in stroke patients. EXPERT OPINION Currently, there is scarce evidence. A small randomized control trial suggested that a single use of 4 mg of intravenous zoledronate within 5 weeks of stroke onset was beneficial for preserving BMD, while simultaneous use of calcium and vitamin D supplements may be effective in preventing hypocalcemia. Further studies are needed to address several important issues of post-stroke osteoporosis, including who (the eligibility for treatment), when (the best timing of treatment), what (which drug), and how long (the best duration of treatment). On the other hand, physicians should bear in mind that drugs commonly used for stroke, such as statins or warfarin, may have beneficial or adverse effects on BMD and fracture risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yang Hsieh
- Department of Neurology, Tainan Sin Lau Hospital , Tainan, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Feng Sung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital , Chiayi City, Taiwan.,Department of Information Management and Institute of Healthcare Information Management, National Chung Cheng University , Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Kai Huang
- Departments of Family Medicine and Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation , Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University , Hualien, Taiwan
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