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Wu J, Ngai T. In-vitro Fibrin Assembly: From the Bulk to the Interface. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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2
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Mechanical and Biochemical Role of Fibrin Within a Venous Thrombus. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2018; 55:417-424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kim CH, McBride DW, Raval R, Sherchan P, Hay KL, Gren ECK, Kelln W, Lekic T, Hayes WK, Bull BS, Applegate R, Tang J, Zhang JH. Crotalus atrox venom preconditioning increases plasma fibrinogen and reduces perioperative hemorrhage in a rat model of surgical brain injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40821. [PMID: 28102287 PMCID: PMC5244360 DOI: 10.1038/srep40821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Perioperative bleeding is a potentially devastating complication in neurosurgical patients, and plasma fibrinogen concentration has been identified as a potential modifiable risk factor for perioperative bleeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate preconditioning with Crotalus atrox venom (Cv-PC) as potential preventive therapy for reducing perioperative hemorrhage in the rodent model of surgical brain injury (SBI). C. atrox venom contains snake venom metalloproteinases that cleave fibrinogen into fibrin split products without inducing clotting. Separately, fibrinogen split products induce fibrinogen production, thereby elevating plasma fibrinogen levels. Thus, the hypothesis was that preconditioning with C. atrox venom will produce fibrinogen spilt products, thereby upregulating fibrinogen levels, ultimately improving perioperative hemostasis during SBI. We observed that Cv-PC SBI animals had significantly reduced intraoperative hemorrhage and postoperative hematoma volumes compared to those of vehicle preconditioned SBI animals. Cv-PC animals were also found to have higher levels of plasma fibrinogen at the time of surgery, with unchanged prothrombin time. Cv-PC studies with fractions of C. atrox venom suggest that snake venom metalloproteinases are largely responsible for the improved hemostasis by Cv-PC. Our findings indicate that Cv-PC increases plasma fibrinogen levels and may provide a promising therapy for reducing perioperative hemorrhage in elective surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherine H Kim
- Department of Physiology &Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Devin W McBride
- Department of Physiology &Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Ronak Raval
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology &Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Karen L Hay
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Eric C K Gren
- Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Wayne Kelln
- Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Tim Lekic
- Department of Physiology &Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.,Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - William K Hayes
- Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Brian S Bull
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Richard Applegate
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology &Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology &Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Litvinov RI, Weisel JW. Fibrin mechanical properties and their structural origins. Matrix Biol 2016; 60-61:110-123. [PMID: 27553509 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrin is a protein polymer that is essential for hemostasis and thrombosis, wound healing, and several other biological functions and pathological conditions that involve extracellular matrix. In addition to molecular and cellular interactions, fibrin mechanics has been recently shown to underlie clot behavior in the highly dynamic intra- and extravascular environments. Fibrin has both elastic and viscous properties. Perhaps the most remarkable rheological feature of the fibrin network is an extremely high elasticity and stability despite very low protein content. Another important mechanical property that is common to many filamentous protein polymers but not other polymers is stiffening occurring in response to shear, tension, or compression. New data has begun to provide a structural basis for the unique mechanical behavior of fibrin that originates from its complex multi-scale hierarchical structure. The mechanical behavior of the whole fibrin gel is governed largely by the properties of single fibers and their ensembles, including changes in fiber orientation, stretching, bending, and buckling. The properties of individual fibrin fibers are determined by the number and packing arrangements of double-stranded half-staggered protofibrils, which still remain poorly understood. It has also been proposed that forced unfolding of sub-molecular structures, including elongation of flexible and relatively unstructured portions of fibrin molecules, can contribute to fibrin deformations. In spite of a great increase in our knowledge of the structural mechanics of fibrin, much about the mechanisms of fibrin's biological functions remains unknown. Fibrin deformability is not only an essential part of the biomechanics of hemostasis and thrombosis, but also a rapidly developing field of bioengineering that uses fibrin as a versatile biomaterial with exceptional and tunable biochemical and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem I Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Waigh TA. Advances in the microrheology of complex fluids. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2016; 79:074601. [PMID: 27245584 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/7/074601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
New developments in the microrheology of complex fluids are considered. Firstly the requirements for a simple modern particle tracking microrheology experiment are introduced, the error analysis methods associated with it and the mathematical techniques required to calculate the linear viscoelasticity. Progress in microrheology instrumentation is then described with respect to detectors, light sources, colloidal probes, magnetic tweezers, optical tweezers, diffusing wave spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, elastic- and quasi-elastic scattering techniques, 3D tracking, single molecule methods, modern microscopy methods and microfluidics. New theoretical techniques are also reviewed such as Bayesian analysis, oversampling, inversion techniques, alternative statistical tools for tracks (angular correlations, first passage probabilities, the kurtosis, motor protein step segmentation etc), issues in micro/macro rheological agreement and two particle methodologies. Applications where microrheology has begun to make some impact are also considered including semi-flexible polymers, gels, microorganism biofilms, intracellular methods, high frequency viscoelasticity, comb polymers, active motile fluids, blood clots, colloids, granular materials, polymers, liquid crystals and foods. Two large emergent areas of microrheology, non-linear microrheology and surface microrheology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andrew Waigh
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Thrombin and fibrinogen γ' impact clot structure by marked effects on intrafibrillar structure and protofibril packing. Blood 2015; 127:487-95. [PMID: 26608329 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-06-652214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown effects of thrombin and fibrinogen γ' on clot structure. However, structural information was obtained using electron microscopy, which requires sample dehydration. Our aim was to investigate the role of thrombin and fibrinogen γ' in modulating fibrin structure under fully hydrated conditions. Fibrin fibers were studied using turbidimetry, atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy, and magnetic tweezers in purified and plasma solutions. Increased thrombin induced a pronounced decrease in average protofibril content per fiber, with a relatively minor decrease in fiber size, leading to the formation of less compact fiber structures. Atomic force microscopy under fully hydrated conditions confirmed that fiber diameter was only marginally decreased. Decreased protofibril content of the fibers produced by high thrombin resulted in weakened clot architecture as analyzed by magnetic tweezers in purified systems and by thromboelastometry in plasma and whole blood. Fibers produced with fibrinogen γ' showed reduced protofibril packing over a range of thrombin concentrations. High-magnification electron microscopy demonstrated reduced protofibril packing in γ' fibers and unraveling of fibers into separate protofibrils. Decreased protofibril packing was confirmed in plasma for high thrombin concentrations and fibrinogen-deficient plasma reconstituted with γ' fibrinogen. These findings demonstrate that, in fully hydrated conditions, thrombin and fibrinogen γ' have dramatic effects on protofibril content and that protein density within fibers correlates with strength of the fibrin network. We conclude that regulation of protofibril content of fibers is an important mechanism by which thrombin and fibrinogen γ' modulate fibrin clot structure and strength.
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Protopopova AD, Barinov NA, Zavyalova EG, Kopylov AM, Sergienko VI, Klinov DV. Visualization of fibrinogen αC regions and their arrangement during fibrin network formation by high-resolution AFM. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:570-9. [PMID: 25393591 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrinogen has been intensively studied with transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. But until now, a complete 3D structure of the molecule has not yet been available because the two highly flexible αC regions could not be resolved in fibrinogen crystals. This study was aimed at determining whether the αC regions can be visualized by high-resolution atomic force microscopy. METHODS Atomic force microscopy with super high resolution was used to image single molecules of fibrinogen and fibrin associates. The key approach was to use a graphite surface modified with the monolayer of amphiphilic carbohydrate-glycine molecules and unique supersharp cantilevers with 1 nm tip diameter. RESULTS Fibrinogen αC regions were visualized along with the complete domain structure of the protein. In almost all molecules at pH 7.4 the D domain regions had one or two protrusions of average height 0.4 ± 0.1 nm and length 21 ± 6 nm. The complex, formed between thrombin and fibrinogen, was also visualized. Images of growing fibrin fibers with clearly visible αC regions have been obtained. CONCLUSIONS Fibrin αC regions were visible in protofibrils and large fibers; αC regions intertwined near a branchpoint and looked like a zipper. These results support the idea that αC regions are involved in the thickening of fibrin fibers. In addition, new details were revealed about the behavior of individual fibrin molecules during formation of the fibrin network. Under the diluted condition, the positioning of the αC regions could suggest their involvement in long-range interactions between fibrin but not fibrinogen molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Protopopova
- Scientific Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Chernyshenko V, Platonova T, Makogonenko Y, Rebriev A, Mikhalovska L, Chernyshenko T, Komisarenko S. Fibrin(ogen)olytic and platelet modulating activity of a novel protease from the Echis multisquamatis snake venom. Biochimie 2014; 105:76-83. [PMID: 25046629 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The variety of enzymes including serine proteases that possess fibrin(ogen)olytic and platelet modulating activity have been discovered in different snake venoms. In our work the fibrin(ogen)olytic and platelet modulating activity of a new protease from Echis multisquamatis snake venom was studied. It was shown that purified enzyme cleaved the ВβR42-A43 bond of fibrinogen during first contact with the substrate following much slower hydrolysis of C-terminus of fibrinogen Aα-chain. Protease hydrolysed fibrin clot too, but at much slower rate and cleaved both C-terminus of Aα-chain and ВβR42-A43 bond of Bβ-chain simultaneously. Preincubation of fibrinogen with protease dramatically elongated thrombin clotting time and the clot formed from a mixture of native fibrinogen and fibrinogen desВβ(1-42)2 digested by plasmin much faster than a native fibrin clot. The protease did not activate platelets nor cause changes in their shape and granularity, but it reduced platelets aggregation induced by ADP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andriy Rebriev
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry NAS of Ukraine, Ukraine
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9
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Duval C, Allan P, Connell SDA, Ridger VC, Philippou H, Ariëns RAS. Roles of fibrin α- and γ-chain specific cross-linking by FXIIIa in fibrin structure and function. Thromb Haemost 2014; 111:842-50. [PMID: 24430058 DOI: 10.1160/th13-10-0855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Factor XIII is responsible for the cross-linking of fibrin γ-chains in the early stages of clot formation, whilst α-chain cross-linking occurs at a slower rate. Although γ- and α-chain cross-linking was previously shown to contribute to clot stiffness, the role of cross-linking of both chains in determining clot structure is currently unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the role of individual α- and γ-chain cross-linking during clot formation, and its effects on clot structure. We made use of a recombinant fibrinogen (γQ398N/Q399N/K406R), which does not allow for γ-chain cross-linking. In the absence of cross-linking, intact D-D interface was shown to play a potential role in fibre appearance time, clot stiffness and elasticity. Cross-linking of the fibrin α-chain played a role in the thickening of the fibrin fibres over time, and decreased lysis rate in the absence of α2-antiplasmin. We also showed that α-chain cross-linking played a role in the timing of fibre appearance, straightening fibres, increasing clot stiffness and reducing clot deformation. Cross-linking of the γ-chain played a role in fibrin fibre appearance time and fibre density. Our results show that α- and γ-chain cross-linking play independent and specific roles in fibrin clot formation and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Robert A. S. Ariëns, Theme Thrombosis, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health, and Therapeutics, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, LS2 9NL, UK, Tel.: +44 1133437734, E-mail:
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Ariëns RAS. Fibrin(ogen) and thrombotic disease. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11 Suppl 1:294-305. [PMID: 23809133 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinogen is an abundant plasma protein that, when converted to fibrin by thrombin, provides the main building blocks for the clot. Dys-, a-, and hypo-fibrinogenemias have been variably linked to a normal phenotype, bleeding or even thrombosis. Meanwhile, increased fibrinogen concentrations in the blood have been associated with risk for thrombosis. More recently, studies have focussed on abnormal fibrin structure as a cause for thrombosis. Fibrin clots that have high fiber density and increased resistance to fibrinolysis have been consistently associated with risk for thrombosis. Fibrin structure measurements can (i) provide an overall assessment of hemostatic capacity of a sample, (ii) include effects of thrombin generation and fibrinogen concentrations, (iii) include effects of fibrinogen mutations, polymorphisms, and modifications, and (iv) give an indication of clot mechanical strength and resistance to fibrinolysis. A fibrinogen splice variation of the γ-chain (γ') is discussed as a model for changes in fibrin structure in relation to thrombosis. Results from prospective studies on fibrin structure are awaited. Studies of fibrin formation under flow, interactions of fibrin with blood cells, the mechanical properties of the fibrin clot, and nanoscale/molecular characterization of fibrin formation are likely to expose new causal mechanisms for the role of fibrin in thrombotic disease. Future studies into the causality and mechanisms may lead to new opportunities using fibrin structure in the diagnosis or treatment of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A S Ariëns
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute for Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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11
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Counting 1 fibrin molecule at a time. Blood 2013; 121:1251-2. [PMID: 23429986 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-01-474635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Hategan et al report on the development of a novel method to study single molecule kinetics of fibrin polymerization.(1)
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Allan P, Uitte de Willige S, Abou-Saleh RH, Connell SD, Ariëns RAS. Evidence that fibrinogen γ' directly interferes with protofibril growth: implications for fibrin structure and clot stiffness. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:1072-80. [PMID: 22463367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrinogen contains an alternatively spliced γ-chain (γ'), which mainly exists as a heterodimer with the common γA-chain (γA/γ'). Fibrinogen γ' has been reported to inhibit thrombin and modulate fibrin structure, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism underpinning the influence of γ' on fibrin polymerization, structure and viscoelasticity. METHODS γA/γA and γA/γ' fibrinogens were separated using anion exchange chromatography. Cross-linking was controlled with purified FXIIIa and a synthetic inhibitor. Fibrin polymerization was analyzed by turbidity and gel-point time was measured using a coagulometer. We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to image protofibril formation while final clot structure was assessed by confocal and scanning electron microscopy. Clot viscoelasticity was measured using a magnetic microrheometer. RESULTS γA/γ' fibrin formed shorter oligomers by AFM than γA/γA, which in addition gelled earlier. γA/γ' clots displayed a non-homogenous arrangement of thin fibers compared with the uniform arrangements of thick fibers for γA/γA clots. These differences in clot structure were not due to thrombin inhibition as demonstrated in clots made with reptilase. Non-cross-linked γA/γA fibrin was approximately 2.7 × stiffer than γA/γ'. Cross-linking by FXIIIa increased the stiffness of both fibrin variants; however, the difference in stiffness increased to approximately 4.6 × (γA/γA vs. γA/γ'). CONCLUSIONS Fibrinogen γ' is associated with the formation of mechanically weaker, non-uniform clots composed of thin fibers. This is caused by direct disruption of protofibril formation by γ'.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Allan
- Molecular and Nanoscale Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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High resolution imaging of immunoglobulin G antibodies and other biomolecules using amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy in air. Methods Mol Biol 2011. [PMID: 21660721 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-105-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a very versatile tool for studying biological samples at -nanometre-scale resolution. The resolution one achieves depends on many factors, including the sample properties, the imaging environment, the AFM tip and cantilever probe characteristics, and the signal detection and feedback control mechanism, to name a few. This chapter describes how to routinely achieve the highest possible spatial resolution on isolated protein molecules on mica surfaces. This is illustrated with Immunoglobulin G antibodies but the methods apply equally well to any other globular multi-subunit protein, as well as other biomolecules. Double-stranded DNA is used as a model sample to illustrate the effects of the force regime in amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy (AM AFM) on the image resolution and contrast. AM control is a widely used technique in biological AFM for reasons which are discussed.
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Factor XIIa regulates the structure of the fibrin clot independently of thrombin generation through direct interaction with fibrin. Blood 2011; 118:3942-51. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-339572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Recent data indicate an important contribution of coagulation factor (F)XII to in vivo thrombus formation. Because fibrin structure plays a key role in clot stability and thrombosis, we hypothesized that FXII(a) interacts with fibrin(ogen) and thereby regulates clot structure and function. In plasma and purified system, we observed a dose-dependent increase in fibrin fiber density and decrease in turbidity, reflecting a denser structure, and a nonlinear increase in clot stiffness with FXIIa. In plasma, this increase was partly independent of thrombin generation, as shown in clots made in prothrombin-deficient plasma initiated with snake venom enzyme and in clots made from plasma deficient in FXII and prothrombin. Purified FXII and α-FXIIa, but not β-FXIIa, bound to purified fibrinogen and fibrin with nanomolar affinity. Immunostaining of human carotid artery thrombi showed that FXII colocalized with areas of dense fibrin deposition, providing evidence for the in vivo modulation of fibrin structure by FXIIa. These data demonstrate that FXIIa modulates fibrin clot structure independently of thrombin generation through direct binding of the N-terminus of FXIIa to fibrin(ogen). Modification of fibrin structure by FXIIa represents a novel physiologic role for the contact pathway that may contribute to the pathophysiology of thrombosis.
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Zavyalova EG, Protopopova AD, Kopylov AM, Yaminsky IV. Investigation of early stages of fibrin association. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4922-4927. [PMID: 21428306 DOI: 10.1021/la200148n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between fibrinogen molecules proteolytically cleaved with thrombin were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Gradually decreased fibrinogen concentrations were used to study the fibrin network, large separated fibrils, small fibrils in the initial association stages, and protofibrils. In addition, a new type of structure was found in AFM experiments at a low fibrinogen concentration (20 nM): the molecules in these single-stranded associates are arranged in a row, one after the other. The height, diameter, and distance between domains in these single-stranded associates were the same as those in the original fibrinogen molecules. DLS data assumed formation of extended associates in bulk solution at fibrinogen concentration as low as 20 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Zavyalova
- Chemistry Department, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-3, Moscow, 119991 Russian Federation.
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16
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Kastantin M, Langdon BB, Chang EL, Schwartz DK. Single-molecule resolution of interfacial fibrinogen behavior: effects of oligomer populations and surface chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:4975-83. [PMID: 21391676 PMCID: PMC3077424 DOI: 10.1021/ja110663u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Through the use of single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, the dynamic behavior of fibrinogen was observed at the interface between aqueous solution and various solid surfaces. Multiple populations of objects were observed, as characterized by surface residence times, interfacial diffusion, and fluorescence intensity. On all surfaces, populations exhibited direct links between surface residence time, rate of diffusion, and fluorescence intensity. In particular, longer-lived populations diffused more slowly and exhibited greater fluorescence intensity, leading to the conclusion that the objects represented fibrinogen monomers and discrete oligomer populations (dimers, trimers, etc.), and that these oligomer populations play an important role in the protein-surface interaction because of their long surface residence times. Two or three diffusive modes were observed for most populations, indicating that protein aggregates have multiple mechanisms for interaction with solid substrates. In addition, the fastest diffusive mode is believed to represent a hopping mode that often precedes desorption events. Surprisingly, a monolayer of 5000 Da poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG5000) increased surface residence time and slowed diffusion of fibrinogen relative to bare fused silica or hydrophobically modified fused silica, suggesting that the mechanism of PEG resistance to protein adhesion is more sophisticated than the simple repulsion of individual proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kastantin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Blake B. Langdon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Erin L. Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Daniel K. Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
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Marchi R, Rojas H, Meyer M, Castillo O, De Sáez Ruiz A, Weisel JW. A novel missense mutation in the FGB g. 3354 T>A (p. Y41N), fibrinogen Caracas VIII. Thromb Haemost 2011; 105:627-34. [PMID: 21301788 DOI: 10.1160/th10-03-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A novel dysfibrinogenaemia with a replacement of Tyr by Asn at Bβ41 has been discovered (fibrinogen Caracas VIII). An asymptomatic 39-year-old male was diagnosed as having dysfibrinogenaemia due to a mildly prolonged thrombin time (+ 5.8 seconds); his fibrinogen concentration was in the low normal range, both by Clauss and gravimetric determination, 1.9 g/l and 2.1 g/l, respectively. The plasma polymerization process was slightly impaired, characterised by a mildly prolonged lag time and a slightly increased final turbidity. Permeation through the patients' clots was dramatically increased, with the Darcy constant around four times greater than that of the control (22 ± 2 x 10(-9) cm² compared to 6 ± 0.5 x 10(-9) cm² in controls). The plasma fibrin structure of the patient, by scanning electron microscopy, featured a mesh composed of thick fibres (148 ± 50 nm vs. 120 ± 31 nm in controls, p<0.05) and larger pores than those of the control fibrin clot. The viscoelastic properties of the clot from the patient were also altered, as the storage modulus (G', 310 ± 30) was much lower than in the control (831 ± 111) (p ≤0.005). The interaction of the fibrin clot with a monolayer of human microvascular endothelial cells, by confocal laser microscopy, revealed that the patients' fibrin network had less interaction with the cells. These results demonstrate the significance of the amino terminal end of the β chain of fibrin in the polymerisation process and its consequences on the clot organisation on the surface of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Marchi
- Centro de Medicina Experimental, Laboratorio Biología del Desarrollo de la Hemostasia, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, República Bolivariana de Venezuela.
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Cilia La Corte AL, Philippou H, Ariëns RAS. Role of fibrin structure in thrombosis and vascular disease. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2011; 83:75-127. [PMID: 21570666 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381262-9.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibrin clot formation is a key event in the development of thrombotic disease and is the final step in a multifactor coagulation cascade. Fibrinogen is a large glycoprotein that forms the basis of a fibrin clot. Each fibrinogen molecule is comprised of two sets of Aα, Bβ, and γ polypeptide chains that form a protein containing two distal D regions connected to a central E region by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is produced upon cleavage of the fibrinopeptides by thrombin, which can then form double-stranded half staggered oligomers that lengthen into protofibrils. The protofibrils then aggregate and branch, yielding a three-dimensional clot network. Factor XIII, a transglutaminase, cross-links the fibrin stabilizing the clot protecting it from mechanical stress and proteolytic attack. The mechanical properties of the fibrin clot are essential for its function as it must prevent bleeding but still allow the penetration of cells. This viscoelastic property is generated at the level of each individual fiber up to the complete clot. Fibrinolysis is the mechanism of clot removal, and involves a cascade of interacting zymogens and enzymes that act in concert with clot formation to maintain blood flow. Clots vary significantly in structure between individuals due to both genetic and environmental factors and this has an effect on clot stability and susceptibility to lysis. There is increasing evidence that clot structure is a determinant for the development of disease and this review will discuss the determinants for clot structure and the association with thrombosis and vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Cilia La Corte
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Section on Mechanisms of Thrombosis, Leeds Institute for Genetics Health and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Santos S, Barcons V, Font J, Thomson NH. Bi-stability of amplitude modulation AFM in air: deterministic and stochastic outcomes for imaging biomolecular systems. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:225710. [PMID: 20453275 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/22/225710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of the oscillating microcantilever for amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy (AM AFM) operating in air is well understood theoretically but the experimental outcomes are still emerging. We use double-stranded DNA on mica as a model biomolecular system for investigating the connection between theory and experiment. A demonstration that the switching between the two cantilever oscillation states is stochastic in nature is achieved, and it can be induced by means of topographical anomalies on the surface. Whether one or the other attractor basin is accessed depends on the tip-sample separation history used to achieve the imaging conditions, and we show that the behaviour is reproducible when the tip is stable and well characterized. Emergence of background noise occurs in certain regions of parameter space regardless of whether two cantilever oscillation states coexist. The low state has been explored in detail and we note that at low to intermediate values of the free amplitude, noise-free imaging is achieved. The outcomes shown here are general and demonstrate that a thorough and systematic experimental approach in conjunction with standard modelling gives insight into the mechanisms behind image contrast formation in AM AFM in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Santos
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Averett LE, Schoenfisch MH. Atomic force microscope studies of fibrinogen adsorption. Analyst 2010; 135:1201-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b924814e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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