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Warren B, Göpfert MC. Mechanically evoked spike responses of pentascolopidial chordotonal organs of Drosophila melanogaster larvae. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246197. [PMID: 39206682 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive ensembles of neurons in insects, known as chordotonal organs (COs), function in proprioception, the detection of sound and substrate vibrations. Here, we characterized the mechanical sensitivity of the lateral pentascolopidial CO (lch5) of Drosophila melanogaster larvae to establish its postulated role in proprioception. We developed a physiologically realistic method to replicate proprioceptive input to lch5 by pulling the apodeme (tendon) to which the tips of the neurons attach. We found that lch5 sensory neurons respond transiently with a short latency to the velocity component of stretch displacements and the release of stretch (relaxation). In the mechanosensory mutant inactive, lch5 has a decreased response to mechanical stimuli and a lower overall spontaneous spike rate. Finally, we simulated the input that lch5 receives during crawling and observed spike rate changes of peristaltic body contraction. We provide a characterization of proprioceptive feedback in D. melanogaster larvae and firmly establish the proprioceptive function of lch5 in larval locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Warren
- Neurogenetics Group, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, Leicestershire LE 7RH, UK
| | - Martin C Göpfert
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, University of Göttingen, Schwann-Schleiden Research Centre, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Strauß J. Functional Morphology of Leg Mechanosensory Organs in Early Postembryonic Development in the Stick Insect ( Sipyloidea chlorotica). INSECTS 2024; 15:392. [PMID: 38921107 PMCID: PMC11204026 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The subgenual organ complex of stick insects has a unique neuroanatomical organisation with two elaborate chordotonal organs, the subgenual organ and the distal organ. These organs are present in all leg pairs and are already developed in newly hatched stick insects. The present study analyses for the first time the morphology of sensory organs in the subgenual organ complex for a membrane connecting the two sensory organs in newly hatched insects (Sipyloidea chlorotica (Audinet-Serville 1838)). The stick insect legs were analysed following hatching by axonal tracing and light microscopy. The subgenual organ complex in first juvenile instars shows the sensory organs and a thin membrane connecting the sensory organs resembling the morphology of adult animals. Rarely was this membrane not detected, where it is assumed as not developed during embryogenesis. The connection appears to influence the shape of the subgenual organ, with one end extending towards the distal organ as under tension. These findings are discussed for the following functional implications: (1) the physiological responses of the subgenual organ complex to mechanical stimuli after hatching, (2) the influence of the membrane on the displacement of the sensory organs, and (3) the connection between the subgenual organ and distal organ as a possible functional coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Strauß
- AG Integrative Sensory Physiology, Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, 35392 Gießen, Germany; ; Tel.: +49-641-99-35253
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Gießen, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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3
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Huang Z, Sun Z, Liu J, Ju X, Xia H, Yang Y, Chen K, Wang Q. Insect transient receptor potential vanilloid channels as potential targets of insecticides. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 148:104899. [PMID: 37531974 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Chordotonal organs are miniature sensory organs present in insects. Chordotonal organs depend on transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels are the only TRPs identified that can act as targets of insecticides. By binding with TRPV channels, insecticides targeting the chordotonal organs trigger the inflow of calcium ions, resulting in abnormal function of the chordotonal organ to achieve the goal of eliminating pests. TRPV channels are highly expressed in various developmental stages and tissue parts of insects and play an important role in the whole life history of insects. In this review, we will discuss the structure and types of TRPV channels as well as their genetic relationships in different species. We also systematically reviewed the recent progress of TRPV channels as insecticide targets, demonstrating that TRPV channels can be used as the target of new high-efficiency insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengqing Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhonghe Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Ju
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Hengchuan Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yanhua Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China.
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4
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Boivin JC, Zhu J, Ohyama T. Nociception in fruit fly larvae. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1076017. [PMID: 37006412 PMCID: PMC10063880 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1076017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nociception, the process of encoding and processing noxious or painful stimuli, allows animals to detect and avoid or escape from potentially life-threatening stimuli. Here, we provide a brief overview of recent technical developments and studies that have advanced our understanding of the Drosophila larval nociceptive circuit and demonstrated its potential as a model system to elucidate the mechanistic basis of nociception. The nervous system of a Drosophila larva contains roughly 15,000 neurons, which allows for reconstructing the connectivity among them directly by transmission electron microscopy. In addition, the availability of genetic tools for manipulating the activity of individual neurons and recent advances in computational and high-throughput behavior analysis methods have facilitated the identification of a neural circuit underlying a characteristic nocifensive behavior. We also discuss how neuromodulators may play a key role in modulating the nociceptive circuit and behavioral output. A detailed understanding of the structure and function of Drosophila larval nociceptive neural circuit could provide insights into the organization and operation of pain circuits in mammals and generate new knowledge to advance the development of treatment options for pain in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Boivin
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jiayi Zhu
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomoko Ohyama
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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5
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Liu C, Zhang W. Molecular basis of somatosensation in insects. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 76:102592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Agrawal S, Tuthill JC. The two-body problem: Proprioception and motor control across the metamorphic divide. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 74:102546. [PMID: 35512562 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Like a rocket being propelled into space, evolution has engineered flies to launch into adulthood via multiple stages. Flies develop and deploy two distinct bodies, linked by the transformative process of metamorphosis. The fly larva is a soft hydraulic tube that can crawl to find food and avoid predators. The adult fly has a stiff exoskeleton with articulated limbs that enable long-distance navigation and rich social interactions. Because the larval and adult forms are so distinct in structure, they require distinct strategies for sensing and moving the body. The metamorphic divide thus presents an opportunity for comparative analysis of neural circuits. Here, we review recent progress toward understanding the neural mechanisms of proprioception and motor control in larval and adult Drosophila. We highlight commonalities that point toward general principles of sensorimotor control and differences that may reflect unique constraints imposed by biomechanics. Finally, we discuss emerging opportunities for comparative analysis of neural circuit architecture in the fly and other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Agrawal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - John C Tuthill
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Strauß J, Stritih-Peljhan N. Vibration detection in arthropods: Signal transfer, biomechanics and sensory adaptations. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 68:101167. [PMID: 35576788 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In arthropods, the detection of vibrational signals and stimuli is essential in several behaviours, including mate recognition and pair formation, prey detection, and predator evasion. These behaviours have been studied in several species of insects, arachnids, and crustaceans for vibration production and propagation in the environment. Vibration stimuli are transferred over the animals' appendages and the body to vibrosensory organs. Ultimately, the stimuli are transferred to act on the dendrites of the mechanosensitive sensilla. We refer to these two different levels of transfer as macromechanics and micromechanics, respectively. These biomechanical processes have important roles in filtering and pre-processing of stimuli, which are not carried out by neuronal components of sensory organs. Also, the macromechanical transfer is posture-dependent and enables behavioural control of vibration detection. Diverse sensory organs respond to vibrations, including cuticular sensilla (slit sensilla, campaniform sensilla) and internal chordotonal organs. These organs provide various adaptations, as they occur at diverse body positions with different mechanical couplings as input pathways. Macromechanics likely facilitated evolution of vibrosensory organs at specific body locations. Thus, vibration detection is a highly complex sensory capacity, which employs body and sensory mechanics for signal filtering, amplification, and analysis of frequency, intensity and directionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Strauß
- AG Integrative Sensory Physiology, Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Gießen, Germany.
| | - Nataša Stritih-Peljhan
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Hassan A, Sapir L, Nitsan I, Greenblatt Ben-El RT, Halachmi N, Salzberg A, Tzlil S. A Change in ECM Composition Affects Sensory Organ Mechanics and Function. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2272-2280.e4. [PMID: 31116974 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprioception requires the transduction of muscle-generated deformations into sensory neuronal impulses. In proprioceptive organs, the mechanical coupling between the sensory neuron and the muscle is mediated by a connective structure composed of accessory cells and an extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we use the fly chordotonal organ (ChO) to investigate how the mechanical properties of the connective element affect mechanosensing. We show that the loss of Pericardin, a major constituent of the ChO ECM, alters the mechanical properties of the ChO resulting in short-wavelength buckling of the accessory cells upon muscle contraction and low compressive strain within the organ. We explain these results using a simplified theoretical model of an elastic beam interacting with an elastic network under a compressive force. We further demonstrate that the transition from compression to bending interferes with the ability of the accessory cells to propagate muscle-generated deformations correctly to the neuron and hence with proper sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Hassan
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Liel Sapir
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ido Nitsan
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Rina T Greenblatt Ben-El
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Naomi Halachmi
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Adi Salzberg
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Shelly Tzlil
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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Lv Z, Rosenbaum J, Mohr S, Zhang X, Kong D, Preiß H, Kruss S, Alim K, Aspelmeier T, Großhans J. The Emergent Yo-yo Movement of Nuclei Driven by Cytoskeletal Remodeling in Pseudo-synchronous Mitotic Cycles. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2564-2573.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Moreno-Salinas AL, Avila-Zozaya M, Ugalde-Silva P, Hernández-Guzmán DA, Missirlis F, Boucard AA. Latrophilins: A Neuro-Centric View of an Evolutionary Conserved Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor Subfamily. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:700. [PMID: 31354411 PMCID: PMC6629964 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion G protein-coupled receptors latrophilins have been in the limelight for more than 20 years since their discovery as calcium-independent receptors for α-latrotoxin, a spider venom toxin with potent activity directed at neurotransmitter release from a variety of synapse types. Latrophilins are highly expressed in the nervous system. Although a substantial amount of studies has been conducted to describe the role of latrophilins in the toxin-mediated action, the recent identification of endogenous ligands for these receptors helped confirm their function as mediators of adhesion events. Here we hypothesize a role for latrophilins in inter-neuronal contacts and the formation of neuronal networks and we review the most recent information on their role in neurons. We explore molecular, cellular and behavioral aspects related to latrophilin adhesion function in mice, zebrafish, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including autism spectrum, bipolar, attention deficit and hyperactivity and substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Moreno-Salinas
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Monserrat Avila-Zozaya
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul Ugalde-Silva
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David A. Hernández-Guzmán
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fanis Missirlis
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antony A. Boucard
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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11
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Neuronal stretch reception – Making sense of the mechanosense. Exp Cell Res 2019; 378:104-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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