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Long K, Zhang X, Wang N, Lei H. Event-related prefrontal activations during online video game playing are modulated by game mechanics, physiological arousal and the amount of daily playing. Behav Brain Res 2024; 469:115038. [PMID: 38705282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
There is a trend to study human brain functions in ecological contexts and in relation to human factors. In this study, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to record real-time prefrontal activities in 42 male university student habitual video game players when they played a round of multiplayer online battle arena game, League of Legends. A content-based event coding approach was used to analyze regional activations in relation to event type, physiological arousal indexed by heart rate (HR) change, and individual characteristics of the player. Game events Slay and Slain were found to be associated with similar HR and prefrontal responses before the event onset, but differential responses after the event onset. Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) activation preceding the Slay onset correlated positively with HR change, whereas activations in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and rostral frontal pole area (FPAr) preceding the Slain onset were predicted by self-reported hours of weekly playing (HoWP). Together, these results provide empirical evidence to support the notion that event-related regional prefrontal activations during online video game playing are shaped by game mechanics, in-game dynamics of physiological arousal and individual characteristics the players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehong Long
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xuzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ningxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China; Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China; Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
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Smith JL, Carbine KA, Larson MJ, Tucker LA, Christensen WF, LeCheminant JD, Bailey BW. To play or not to play? The relationship between active video game play and electrophysiological indices of food‐related inhibitory control in adolescents. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:876-894. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Smith
- Department of Exercise Sciences Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | | | - Michael J. Larson
- Department of Psychology Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
- Neuroscience CenterBrigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | - Larry A. Tucker
- Department of Exercise Sciences Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | | | | | - Bruce W. Bailey
- Department of Exercise Sciences Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
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Kober SE, Wood G, Kiili K, Moeller K, Ninaus M. Game-based learning environments affect frontal brain activity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242573. [PMID: 33211780 PMCID: PMC7676717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inclusion of game elements in learning environments to increase motivation and learning outcome is becoming increasingly popular. However, underlying mechanisms of game-based learning have not been studied sufficiently yet. In the present study, we investigated effects of game-based learning environments on a neurofunctional level. In particular, 59 healthy adults completed a game-based version (including game elements such as a narrative and virtual incentives) as well as a non-game-based version of a number line estimation task, to improve fractional knowledge, while their brain activity was monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy. Behavioral performance was comparable across the two versions, although there was a tendency that less errors were made in the game-based version. However, subjective user experience differed significantly between versions. Participants rated the game-based version as more attractive, novel, and stimulating but less efficient than the non-game-based version. Additionally, positive affect was reported to be higher while engaging in the game-based as compared to the non-game-based task version. Corroborating these user reports, we identified increased brain activation in areas associated with emotion and reward processing while playing the game-based version, which might be driven by rewarding elements of the game-based version. Moreover, frontal areas associated with attention were also more activated in the game-based version of the task. Hence, we observed converging evidence on a user experience and neurofunctional level indicating that the game-based version was more rewarding as well as emotionally and attentionally engaging. These results underscore the potential of game-based learning environments to promote more efficient learning by means of attention and reward up-tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Erika Kober
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Guilherme Wood
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kristian Kiili
- Faculty of Education and Culture, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Korbinian Moeller
- Centre for Mathematical Cognition, School of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Ninaus
- Centre for Mathematical Cognition, School of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Open-Access fNIRS Dataset for Classification of Unilateral Finger- and Foot-Tapping. ELECTRONICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics8121486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous open-access electroencephalography (EEG) datasets have been released and widely employed by EEG researchers. However, not many functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) datasets are publicly available. More fNIRS datasets need to be freely accessible in order to facilitate fNIRS studies. Toward this end, we introduce an open-access fNIRS dataset for three-class classification. The concentration changes of oxygenated and reduced hemoglobin were measured, while 30 volunteers repeated each of the three types of overt movements (i.e., left- and right-hand unilateral complex finger-tapping, foot-tapping) for 25 times. The ternary support vector machine (SVM) classification accuracy obtained using leave-one-out cross-validation was estimated at 70.4% ± 18.4% on average. A total of 21 out of 30 volunteers scored a superior binary SVM classification accuracy (left-hand vs. right-hand finger-tapping) of over 80.0%. We believe that the introduced fNIRS dataset can facilitate future fNIRS studies.
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Perrot A, Maillot P, Hartley A. Cognitive Training Game Versus Action Videogame: Effects on Cognitive Functions in Older Adults. Games Health J 2018; 8:35-40. [PMID: 30376364 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2018.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to compare a cognitive training game, Kawashima Brain Training (KBT), and an action videogame, Super Mario Bros (SMB), in their effects on cognitive function in older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six older adults were randomly assigned to the KBT group, the SMB group, or the no-training no-contact control group. All participants completed several cognitive tests [matrix reasoning, Stroop, Trail Making Test, digit symbol substitution test (DSST), Corsi clock, spatial relation, and number comparison]. Then, participants in the game groups were instructed to play the videogame (KBT or SMB) for 1 hour, thrice per week, during 2 months, for a total training time of 24 hours. When the twenty-four 1-hour game sessions were complete, the three groups again completed the cognitive tests. RESULTS Analysis of variances on each of the cognitive measures and Tukey's post hoc tests showed that the matrix reasoning change score was significantly greater in both game groups than in the control group. The Stroop test change was significantly greater in the KBT group than in control and SMB groups. The DSST, Corsi block test, spatial relations test, and number comparison test showed significantly greater change in the SMB group than in the control group with KBT intermediate. CONCLUSION The scope of benefits of SMB training seems broader than those from the KBT program. The intrinsic characteristics of SMB and KBT games may well be partly responsible for these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Perrot
- 1 CIAMS, University of Paris Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France.,2 CIAMS, University of Orleans, Orléans, France
| | - Pauline Maillot
- 3 University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire TEC, EA 3625, Paris, France
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Does spinal excitability scale to the difficulty of the dual-task? Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1629-1640. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Palaus M, Marron EM, Viejo-Sobera R, Redolar-Ripoll D. Neural Basis of Video Gaming: A Systematic Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:248. [PMID: 28588464 PMCID: PMC5438999 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Video gaming is an increasingly popular activity in contemporary society, especially among young people, and video games are increasing in popularity not only as a research tool but also as a field of study. Many studies have focused on the neural and behavioral effects of video games, providing a great deal of video game derived brain correlates in recent decades. There is a great amount of information, obtained through a myriad of methods, providing neural correlates of video games. Objectives: We aim to understand the relationship between the use of video games and their neural correlates, taking into account the whole variety of cognitive factors that they encompass. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using standardized search operators that included the presence of video games and neuro-imaging techniques or references to structural or functional brain changes. Separate categories were made for studies featuring Internet Gaming Disorder and studies focused on the violent content of video games. Results: A total of 116 articles were considered for the final selection. One hundred provided functional data and 22 measured structural brain changes. One-third of the studies covered video game addiction, and 14% focused on video game related violence. Conclusions: Despite the innate heterogeneity of the field of study, it has been possible to establish a series of links between the neural and cognitive aspects, particularly regarding attention, cognitive control, visuospatial skills, cognitive workload, and reward processing. However, many aspects could be improved. The lack of standardization in the different aspects of video game related research, such as the participants' characteristics, the features of each video game genre and the diverse study goals could contribute to discrepancies in many related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Palaus
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Elena M Marron
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Viejo-Sobera
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain.,Laboratory for Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA
| | - Diego Redolar-Ripoll
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain
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Neuronal Correlates of Cognitive Control during Gaming Revealed by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134816. [PMID: 26244781 PMCID: PMC4526694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In everyday life we quickly build and maintain associations between stimuli and behavioral responses. This is governed by rules of varying complexity and past studies have identified an underlying fronto-parietal network involved in cognitive control processes. However, there is only limited knowledge about the neuronal activations during more natural settings like game playing. We thus assessed whether near-infrared spectroscopy recordings can reflect different demands on cognitive control during a simple game playing task. Sixteen healthy participants had to catch falling objects by pressing computer keys. These objects either fell randomly (RANDOM task), according to a known stimulus-response mapping applied by players (APPLY task) or according to a stimulus-response mapping that had to be learned (LEARN task). We found an increased change of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin during LEARN covering broad areas over right frontal, central and parietal cortex. Opposed to this, hemoglobin changes were less pronounced for RANDOM and APPLY. Along with the findings that fewer objects were caught during LEARN but stimulus-response mappings were successfully identified, we attribute the higher activations to an increased cognitive load when extracting an unknown mapping. This study therefore demonstrates a neuronal marker of cognitive control during gaming revealed by near-infrared spectroscopy recordings.
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Anderson AA, Smith E, Chernomordik V, Ardeshirpour Y, Chowdhry F, Thurm A, Black D, Matthews D, Rennert O, Gandjbakhche AH. Prefrontal cortex hemodynamics and age: a pilot study using functional near infrared spectroscopy in children. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:393. [PMID: 25565935 PMCID: PMC4266015 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral hemodynamics reflect cognitive processes and underlying physiological processes, both of which are captured by functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Here, we introduce a novel parameter of Oxygenation Variability directly obtained from fNIRS data —the OV Index—and we demonstrate its use in children. fNIRS data were collected from 17 children (ages 4–8 years), while they performed a standard Go/No-Go task. Data were analyzed using two frequency bands—the first attributed to cerebral autoregulation (CA) (<0.1 Hz) and the second to respiration (0.2–0.3 Hz). Results indicate differences in variability of oscillations of oxygen saturation (SO2) between the two different bands. These pilot data reveal a dynamic relationship between chronological age and OV index in CA associated frequency of <0.1 Hz. Specifically, OV index increased with age between 4 and 6 years. In addition, there was much higher variability in frequencies associated with CA than for respiration across subjects. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the utility of the OV index and are the first to describe the relationship between cerebral autoregulation and age in children using fNIRS methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrouz A Anderson
- National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Bethesda, MD, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Victor Chernomordik
- National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yasaman Ardeshirpour
- National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fatima Chowdhry
- National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Audrey Thurm
- National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Black
- National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dennis Matthews
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Owen Rennert
- National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amir H Gandjbakhche
- National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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The promise of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) for psychological research: A brief review. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2014. [DOI: 10.4074/s0003503314003054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Investigation of frontal lobe activation with fNIRS and systemic changes during video gaming. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 789:89-95. [PMID: 23852481 PMCID: PMC4038001 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Frontal lobe activation caused by tasks such as videogames can be investigated using multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), sometimes called optical topography. The aims of this study are to investigate the effects of video gaming (fighting and puzzle games) in the brain and the systemic physiology and to determine whether systemic responses during the gaming task are associated with the measurement of localised cerebral haemodynamic changes as measured by fNIRS. We used a continuous-wave 8-channel fNIRS system to measure the changes in concentration of oxy-haemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxy-haemoglobin (HHb) and changes in total haemoglobin (ΔtHb = ΔHbO2 + ΔHHb) over the frontal lobe in 30 healthy volunteers. The Portapres system was used to measure mean blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR), and a laser Doppler was employed to measure the changes in scalp blood flow (or flux). Even though we observed significant changes in systemic variables during gaming, in particular in scalp flow, we also managed to see localised activation patterns over the frontal polar (FP1) region. However, in some channels over the frontal lobe, we also observed significant correlations between the HbO2 and systemic variables.
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12
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Endo A, Fujita Y, Fuchigami T, Takahashi S, Mugishima H, Skatani K. Changes in cerebral blood oxygenation induced by active standing test in children with POTS and NMS. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 812:253-261. [PMID: 24729241 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0620-8_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Orthostatic dysregulation (OD) has been classified into subtypes by heart rate and blood pressure; however, the hemodynamics of brains have not yet been revealed. Therefore, we investigated changes in cerebral blood flow and oxygenation during an active standing test to clarify the pathophysiology of two subtypes: postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and neurally mediated syncope (NMS). We studied 31 children (15 boys, 16 girls; mean age, 14.0 ± 1.7 years) who presented with OD at the Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine between 2009 and 2011. OD was diagnosed using the Japanese clinical guidelines for juvenile orthostatic dysregulation. After a 10-min resting period in the supine position, patients were asked to quickly stand up and keep upright for 10 min. Cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygenation were measured using transcranial Doppler sonography and near-infrared spectroscopy. POTS showed a significant decrease of oxy-Hb and resistance index (RI), suggesting transient ischemia with maintainable cerebral autoregulation. NMS showed a decrease of oxy-Hb and an increase of RI, suggesting ischemia and impairment of autoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Endo
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Fujita
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Fuchigami
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shori Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hideo Mugishima
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kaoru Skatani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Nihon University College of Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
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Mellecker R, Lyons EJ, Baranowski T. Disentangling Fun and Enjoyment in Exergames Using an Expanded Design, Play, Experience Framework: A Narrative Review. Games Health J 2013; 2:142-149. [PMID: 24761322 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2013.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With exergames (as with physical activity in general), more intense and longer-duration game play should accrue more health benefits. Exergames, however, appear to be played for relatively short durations, often at medium or lower intensities. Ostensibly games are played for fun or enjoyment. Enhancing the fun or enjoyment experienced during exergame play should enhance the intensity and duration of physical activity, and thereby the health benefits. Research, reviewed herein, indicates fun and/or enjoyment in games are inherently laden with psychosocial, physiological, and embodiment substrates. Physical activity may also have separate or closely related psychosocial, physiological, and embodiment enjoyment substrates. Research is needed to integrate these levels of experience and to identify the game mechanics that enhance, and even maximize, the fun or enjoyment experienced in exergames, to thereby increase the health benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Mellecker
- University of Hong Kong, Institute of Human Performance , Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Elizabeth J Lyons
- Institute for Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Tom Baranowski
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
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Choudhury S, McKinney KA. Digital media, the developing brain and the interpretive plasticity of neuroplasticity. Transcult Psychiatry 2013; 50:192-215. [PMID: 23599391 DOI: 10.1177/1363461512474623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use and misuse of digital technologies among adolescents has been the focus of fiery debates among parents, educators, policy-makers and in the media. Recently, these debates have become shaped by emerging data from cognitive neuroscience on the development of the adolescent brain and cognition. "Neuroplasticity" has functioned as a powerful metaphor in arguments both for and against the pervasiveness of digital media cultures that increasingly characterize teenage life. In this paper, we propose that the debates concerning adolescents are the meeting point of two major social anxieties both of which are characterized by the threat of "abnormal" (social) behaviour: existing moral panics about adolescent behaviour in general and the growing alarm about intense, addictive, and widespread media consumption in modern societies. Neuroscience supports these fears but the same kinds of evidence are used to challenge these fears and reframe them in positive terms. Here, we analyze discourses about digital media, the Internet, and the adolescent brain in the scientific and lay literature. We argue that while the evidential basis is thin and ambiguous, it has immense social influence. We conclude by suggesting how we might move beyond the poles of neuro-alarmism and neuro-enthusiasm. By analyzing the neurological adolescent in the digital age as a socially extended mind, firstly, in the sense that adolescent cognition is distributed across the brain, body, and digital media tools and secondly, by viewing adolescent cognition as enabled and transformed by the institution of neuroscience, we aim to displace the normative terms of current debates.
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15
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Nagamitsu S, Yamashita Y, Tanaka H, Matsuishi T. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy studies in children. Biopsychosoc Med 2012; 6:7. [PMID: 22433235 PMCID: PMC3337812 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0759-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosomatic and developmental behavioral medicine in pediatrics has been the subject of significant recent attention, with infants, school-age children, and adolescents frequently presenting with psychosomatic, behavioral, and psychiatric symptoms. These may be a consequence of insecurity of attachment, reduced self-confidence, and peer -relationship conflicts during their developmental stages. Developmental cognitive neuroscience has revealed significant associations between specific brain lesions and particular cognitive dysfunctions. Thus, identifying the biological deficits underlying such cognitive dysfunction may provide new insights into therapeutic prospects for the management of those symptoms in children. Recent advances in noninvasive neuroimaging techniques, and especially functional near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), have contributed significant findings to the field of developmental cognitive neuroscience in pediatrics. We present here a comprehensive review of functional NIRS studies of children who have developed normally and of children with psychosomatic and behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Nagamitsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
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16
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Leff DR, Orihuela-Espina F, Elwell CE, Athanasiou T, Delpy DT, Darzi AW, Yang GZ. Assessment of the cerebral cortex during motor task behaviours in adults: A systematic review of functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies. Neuroimage 2011; 54:2922-36. [PMID: 21029781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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17
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Nagamitsu S, Araki Y, Ioji T, Yamashita F, Ozono S, Kouno M, Iizuka C, Hara M, Shibuya I, Ohya T, Yamashita Y, Tsuda A, Kakuma T, Matsuishi T. Prefrontal brain function in children with anorexia nervosa: a near-infrared spectroscopy study. Brain Dev 2011; 33:35-44. [PMID: 20129748 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the prefrontal hemodynamic response during a cognitive task in childhood anorexia nervosa (AN), we measured regional cerebral blood volume changes in terms of changes in hemoglobin concentrations [Hb], using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Sixteen females with AN (mean age 14.2 years old) and 12 age-matched healthy female control subjects (mean age 14.3 years old) participated in this study. Waveform patterns for [Hb] during the word fluency task differed between the two groups, although their task performances showed no significant difference. In the control group, the [total-Hb] and [oxy-Hb] immediately increased and the [deoxy-Hb] immediately decreased after the beginning of the task and gradually reached the baseline level after the end of the task. The patients with AN were consistently characterized by an unchanged or less fluctuating response pattern of [total-Hb], [oxy-Hb] and [deoxy-Hb] during the task and rest periods. In the AN group, subjects with higher Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) scores showed higher [oxy-Hb] during the task. On the other hand, in the control group, subjects with higher EAT-26 scores showed lower [oxy-Hb] during the task. The grand waveforms of each [Hb] during a motor activation task, which was applied as a control task, did not differ significantly between two groups. The different prefrontal hemodynamic responses might indicate that AN subjects might apply fewer brain circuits or fewer neurons per circuit during cognitive tasks and might use different brain circuits in relation to their preoccupation with eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Nagamitsu
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Lorant-Royer S, Munch C, Mesclé H, Lieury A. Kawashima vs “Super Mario”! Should a game be serious in order to stimulate cognitive aptitudes? EUROPEAN REVIEW OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nagamitsu S, Yamashita F, Araki Y, Iizuka C, Ozono S, Komatsu H, Ohya T, Yamashita Y, Kakuma T, Tsuda A, Matsuishi T. Characteristic prefrontal blood volume patterns when imaging body type, high-calorie food, and mother-child attachment in childhood anorexia nervosa: A near infrared spectroscopy study. Brain Dev 2010; 32:162-7. [PMID: 19216042 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prefrontal activation in childhood anorexia nervosa (AN) patients when imaging symptom-provocative factors such as body type, high-calorie food, and attachment between mother and child. The prefrontal activations during each task, in terms of blood volume changes, were measured by near infrared spectroscopy. Twelve females with childhood AN (mean age, 14.4 years old) and 13 age-matched healthy female controls (mean age, 14.3 years old) participated in this study. Both groups showed increased prefrontal blood volume when viewing images of each symptom-provocative factor. Unexpectedly, there was no significant difference in the prefrontal blood volume increases between the control group and the childhood AN group when viewing images of slender and obese body types and high-calorie food. On the other hand, images of mother-child attachment resulted in significantly greater increases in prefrontal blood volume in the childhood AN group than in the control group. These results indicated that prefrontal activation in AN might be associated with imaging attachment between mother and child, but not associated with imaging body type or high-calorie food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Nagamitsu
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Girouard A, Solovey ET, Hirshfield LM, Peck EM, Chauncey K, Sassaroli A, Fantini S, Jacob RJK. From Brain Signals to Adaptive Interfaces: Using fNIRS in HCI. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84996-272-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Tai K, Chau T. Single-trial classification of NIRS signals during emotional induction tasks: towards a corporeal machine interface. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2009; 6:39. [PMID: 19900285 PMCID: PMC2779792 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-6-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Corporeal machine interfaces (CMIs) are one of a few available options for restoring communication and environmental control to those with severe motor impairments. Cognitive processes detectable solely with functional imaging technologies such as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can potentially provide interfaces requiring less user training than conventional electroencephalography-based CMIs. We hypothesized that visually-cued emotional induction tasks can elicit forehead hemodynamic activity that can be harnessed for a CMI. Methods Data were collected from ten able-bodied participants as they performed trials of positively and negatively-emotional induction tasks. A genetic algorithm was employed to select the optimal signal features, classifier, task valence (positive or negative emotional value of the stimulus), recording site, and signal analysis interval length for each participant. We compared the performance of Linear Discriminant Analysis and Support Vector Machine classifiers. The latency of the NIRS hemodynamic response was estimated as the time required for classification accuracy to stabilize. Results Baseline and activation sequences were classified offline with accuracies upwards of 75.0%. Feature selection identified common time-domain discriminatory features across participants. Classification performance varied with the length of the input signal, and optimal signal length was found to be feature-dependent. Statistically significant increases in classification accuracy from baseline rates were observed as early as 2.5 s from initial stimulus presentation. Conclusion NIRS signals during affective states were shown to be distinguishable from baseline states with classification accuracies significantly above chance levels. Further research with NIRS for corporeal machine interfaces is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Tai
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Tsujii T, Masuda S, Yamamoto E, Ohira T, Akiyama T, Takahashi T, Watanabe S. Effects of sedative and nonsedative antihistamines on prefrontal activity during verbal fluency task in young children: a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 207:127-32. [PMID: 19705105 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antagonists of histamine H(1) receptors (antihistamines) are widely used for the treatment of allergic disorders in children. These drugs' sedative effect on brain function, however, has been mostly examined in adults. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the effects of anitihistamines on prefrontal cortex activity in young children using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a novel brain-imaging method. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 15 healthy children (mean age, 7.7 years), we examined changes of oxygenated hemoglobin concentration in the prefrontal cortex while they performed a verbal fluency task 3 h after taking a sedating antihistamine (ketotifen), nonsedating antihistamine (epinastine), or placebo. RESULTS Ketotifen significantly impaired behavioral performance and cortical activation at the lateral prefrontal cortex compared with placebo. There were no sedative effects on neural response or behavioral performance after epinastine administration. CONCLUSIONS NIRS revealed that sedating and nonsedating antihistamines exert differential effects on brain hemodynamic response in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Tsujii
- Center for Advanced Research on Logic and Sensibility, Keio University, Mita 3-1-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan.
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Tian F, Chance B, Liu H. Investigation of the prefrontal cortex in response to duration-variable anagram tasks using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:054016. [PMID: 19895118 PMCID: PMC2774976 DOI: 10.1117/1.3241984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesize that nonlinearity between short-term anagram tasks and corresponding hemodynamic responses can be observed by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The PFC of six human subjects in response to anagram tasks is investigated using multichannel fNIRS. Concentration changes of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin in the PFC are measured with variable anagram durations and at two difficulty levels (four- and six-letter anagrams). The durations to perform the selected anagram tasks range from several seconds to more than one minute. The dorsolateral PFC areas exhibit consistent and strong hemodynamic deactivation during and shortly after task execution. The superposition principle of a linear system is employed to investigate nonlinear hemodynamic features among three task duration subgroups: D1 = 2.0 sec, D2 = 4.0 sec, and D3 = 8.0 sec. Such analysis shows clear nonlinearity in hemodynamic responses on the PFC with task durations shorter than 4 sec. Our observation of significant deactivation in early hemodynamic responses in the PFC is consistent with multiple fNIRS studies and several reports given in the field of functional magnetic resonance imaging. A better understanding of nonlinearity in fNIRS signals will have potential for us to investigate brain adaptation and to extrapolate neuronal activities from hemodynamic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Tian
- The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Huppert TJ, Diamond SG, Franceschini MA, Boas DA. HomER: a review of time-series analysis methods for near-infrared spectroscopy of the brain. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:D280-98. [PMID: 19340120 PMCID: PMC2761652 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.00d280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 879] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive neuroimaging tool for studying evoked hemodynamic changes within the brain. By this technique, changes in the optical absorption of light are recorded over time and are used to estimate the functionally evoked changes in cerebral oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations that result from local cerebral vascular and oxygen metabolic effects during brain activity. Over the past three decades this technology has continued to grow, and today NIRS studies have found many niche applications in the fields of psychology, physiology, and cerebral pathology. The growing popularity of this technique is in part associated with a lower cost and increased portability of NIRS equipment when compared with other imaging modalities, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. With this increasing number of applications, new techniques for the processing, analysis, and interpretation of NIRS data are continually being developed. We review some of the time-series and functional analysis techniques that are currently used in NIRS studies, we describe the practical implementation of various signal processing techniques for removing physiological, instrumental, and motion-artifact noise from optical data, and we discuss the unique aspects of NIRS analysis in comparison with other brain imaging modalities. These methods are described within the context of the MATLAB-based graphical user interface program, HomER, which we have developed and distributed to facilitate the processing of optical functional brain data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Huppert
- Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Kim YT, Tanaka H, Takaya R, Kajiura M, Tamai H, Arita M. Quantitative study on cerebral blood volume determined by a near-infrared spectroscopy during postural change in children. Acta Paediatr 2009; 98:466-71. [PMID: 19183359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate changes in cerebral blood volume during standing in healthy children with or without abnormal cardiovascular responses. METHODS We studied 53 children (age, 10-15 years). Cerebral oxygenated haemoglobin (oxy-Hb) and deoxygenated Hb (deoxy-Hb) were non-invasively and continuously measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (NIRO 300, Hamamatsu Photomedics, Shizuoka, Japan) during active standing. Beat-to-beat arterial pressure was monitored by Portapres. RESULTS Of 49 children with complete data acquisition, 33 had a normal cardiovascular response to the test (Group I) and 16 showed an abnormal response (Group II); nine with instantaneous orthostatic hypotension, three with postural tachycardia syndrome, three with neutrally mediated syncope and one with delayed orthostatic hypotension. At the onset of standing, Group II showed a significantly larger fall of oxy-Hb than Group I did (-2.9 +/- 2.8 micromol/L vs. -6.4 +/- 7.2 micromol/L, respectively, p < 0.05). During min 1 to 7 of standing, with one exception, changes in oxy-Hb were normally distributed over the level of -4 micromol/L in Group I. Group II also showed a significantly marked decrease in oxy-Hb compared to Group I. Decreases in oxy-Hb were not correlated with blood pressure changes. CONCLUSION This study shows that precise change in cerebral blood volume caused by orthostatic stress can be determined by NIRS in children in a quantitative manner of NIRS. Children with abnormal circulatory responses to standing showed a significant reduction of oxy-Hb compared with normal counterparts, suggesting impairment of cerebral autoregulation in these children.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research suggests that engaging in mentally stimulating tasks may improve brain health and cognitive abilities. Using computer search engines to find information on the Internet has become a frequent daily activity of people at any age, including middle-aged and older adults. As a preliminary means of exploring the possible influence of Internet experience on brain activation patterns, the authors performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain in older persons during search engine use and explored whether prior search engine experience was associated with the pattern of brain activation during Internet use. DESIGN Cross-sectional, exploratory observational study PARTICIPANTS The authors studied 24 subjects (age, 55-76 years) who were neurologically normal, of whom 12 had minimal Internet search engine experience (Net Naive group) and 12 had more extensive experience (Net Savvy group). The mean age and level of education were similar in the two groups. MEASUREMENTS Patterns of brain activation during functional MRI scanning were determined while subjects performed a novel Internet search task, or a control task of reading text on a computer screen formatted to simulate the prototypic layout of a printed book, where the content was matched in all respects, in comparison with a nontext control task. RESULTS The text reading task activated brain regions controlling language, reading, memory, and visual abilities, including left inferior frontal, temporal, posterior cingulate, parietal, and occipital regions, and both the magnitude and the extent of brain activation were similar in the Net Naive and Net Savvy groups. During the Internet search task, the Net Naive group showed an activation pattern similar to that of their text reading task, whereas the Net Savvy group demonstrated significant increases in signal intensity in additional regions controlling decision making, complex reasoning, and vision, including the frontal pole, anterior temporal region, anterior and posterior cingulate, and hippocampus. Internet searching was associated with a more than twofold increase in the extent of activation in the major regional clusters in the Net Savvy group compared with the Net Naive group (21,782 versus 8,646 total activated voxels). CONCLUSION Although the present findings must be interpreted cautiously in light of the exploratory design of this study, they suggest that Internet searching may engage a greater extent of neural circuitry not activated while reading text pages but only in people with prior computer and Internet search experience. These observations suggest that in middle-aged and older adults, prior experience with Internet searching may alter the brain's responsiveness in neural circuits controlling decision making and complex reasoning.
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Girouard A, Solovey ET, Hirshfield LM, Chauncey K, Sassaroli A, Fantini S, Jacob RJK. Distinguishing Difficulty Levels with Non-invasive Brain Activity Measurements. HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION – INTERACT 2009 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03655-2_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Luu S, Chau T. Decoding subjective preference from single-trial near-infrared spectroscopy signals. J Neural Eng 2008; 6:016003. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/6/1/016003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abreu CND, Karam RG, Góes DS, Spritzer DT. Dependência de Internet e de jogos eletrônicos: uma revisão. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2008; 30:156-67. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462008000200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Com a inclusão das novas tecnologias contemporâneas, a Internet e os jogos eletrônicos tornaram-se ferramentas de uso amplo e irrestrito, transformando-se em um dos maiores fenômenos mundiais da última década. Diversas pesquisas atestam os benefícios desses recursos, mas seu uso sadio e adaptativo progressivamente deu lugar ao abuso e à falta de controle ao criar severos impactos na vida cotidiana de milhões de usuários. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar de forma sistemática os artigos que examinam a dependência de Internet e jogos eletrônicos na população geral. Almejamos, portanto, avaliar a evolução destes conceitos no decorrer da última década, assim como contribuir para a melhor compreensão do quadro e suas comorbidades. MÉTODO: Foi feita uma revisão sistemática da literatura através do MedLine, Lilacs, SciELO e Cochrane usando-se como parâmetro os termos: "Internet addiction", pathological "Internet use", "problematic Internet use", "Internet abuse", "videogame", "computer games" e "electronic games". A busca eletrônica foi feita até dezembro de 2007. DISCUSSÃO: Estudos realizados em diferentes países apontam para prevalências ainda muito diversas, o que provavelmente se deve à falta de consenso e ao uso de diferentes denominações, dando margem à adoção de distintos critérios diagnósticos. Muitos pacientes que relatam o uso abusivo e dependência passam a apresentar prejuízos significativos na vida profissional, acadêmica (escolar), social e familiar. CONCLUSÕES: São necessárias novas investigações para determinar se esse uso abusivo de Internet e de jogos eletrônicos pode ser compreendido como uma das mais novas classificações psiquiátricas do século XXI ou apenas substratos de outros transtornos.
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Saager R, Berger A. Measurement of layer-like hemodynamic trends in scalp and cortex: implications for physiological baseline suppression in functional near-infrared spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:034017. [PMID: 18601562 DOI: 10.1117/1.2940587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A multidetector, continuous wave, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system is developed to examine whether the hemodynamics of the scalp and brain in adults contain significant layer-like hemodynamic trends. NIRS measurements are made using contrasting geometries, one with four detectors equidistant from a source 33 mm away, and one with detectors collinear with the source (5 to 33 mm away). When NIRS time series are acquired over the prefrontal cortex from resting adults using both geometries, variations among the time series are consistent with a substantially homogeneous two-layer model (p<0.001) and inconsistent with one dominated by heterogeneities. Additionally, when time series measured 5 mm from the source are subtracted from corresponding 33-mm signals via a least-squares algorithm, 60% of the hemoglobin changes are on average removed. These results suggest that hemodynamic trends present in the scalp can contribute significantly to NIRS measurements, and that attempts to reduce this noise by subtracting a simultaneous near-channel measurement using a two-layer model are justified. Such subtractions are then performed on NIRS measurements from two stimulus protocols. For systemic stimulations (Valsalva maneuver), the subtraction cancels the hemodynamic response, as desired. For localized stimulation of the occipital lobe (viewing a flickering pattern), the subtraction isolated a stimulus-correlated hemodynamic feature from background noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Saager
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, Goergen Hall 405, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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Behavioral and near-infrared spectroscopy study of the effects of distance and choice in a number comparison task. Neurosci Res 2008; 61:294-301. [PMID: 18486254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Extensive behavioral and neurophysiological numerical comparison studies have shown that response times are longer and parietal activities are stronger when the numerical distance between two digits is smaller (the distance effect). However, only a few behavioral studies have considered the effect of the choice of larger or smaller numerals in numerical comparisons. Using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), we investigated the neural basis of choosing larger/smaller numerals in number comparison tasks in which subjects were required to choose a larger or smaller digit. Our results showed that choosing a smaller digit induced significantly longer response times (the choice effect) and stronger parietal activities. We also obtained significantly longer response times as the distance effect in accordance with previous works. However, NIRS data did not show any significant difference corresponding to distance effect. Our results and previous studies suggest that the parietal cortex is involved not only in measuring numerical quantities, but also in choosing a numerically larger/smaller quantity among the categories of choice. Potentials and limitations of NIRS were discussed.
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Tachtsidis I, Leung TS, Tisdall MM, Devendra P, Smith M, Delpy DT, Elwell CE. Investigation of Frontal Cortex, Motor Cortex and Systemic Haemodynamic Changes During Anagram Solving. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 614:21-8. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74911-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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