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Mahanta AK, Chaulagain B, Gothwal A, Singh J. Engineered PLGA Nanoparticles for Brain-Targeted Codelivery of Cannabidiol and pApoE2 through the Intranasal Route for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2025. [PMID: 40380910 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2025]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation induced by the accumulation of amyloid beta plaques expedites the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reducing Aβ plaques and associated neuroinflammation could potentially help to delay the progression of AD. Cannabidiol (CBD) is well-known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective nature, and the ApoE2 is effective in binding and clearing Aβ plaques in the brain. Therefore, codelivery of CBD and pApoE2 to the brain would be a promising therapeutic approach in developing effective therapeutics against AD. This research aims to design a nonviral delivery agent that delivers both drugs and genes to the brain through a noninvasive intranasal route. We have developed mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles coated with mannose, a brain-targeting ligand, to deliver CBD and pApoE2. The designed CBD-loaded coated nanoparticles showed an average diameter of 179.3 ± 4.57 nm and a zeta potential of 30.3 ± 6.45 mV. The coated nanoparticles prolonged the CBD release and showed a 93% release of its payload in 30 days. CBD-loaded nanoparticles, as compared to the free CBD, significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide and amyloid beta-induced inflammation in immortalized microglia cells. Cytotoxicity of the designed nanoparticles was assessed against brain endothelial cells (bEND.3) and found to be nontoxic in nature. The mannose-conjugated chitosan-coated nanoparticles were cationic and able to bind with the pApoE2, protecting the encapsulated pApoE2 from enzymatic degradation. Quantitative in vitro transfection efficiency study in primary astrocytes and primary neurons revealed that the ApoE2 expression level is significantly (P < 0.0001) higher for mPLGA-CBD-MC/pApoE2 than the control. The ApoE2 expression level in the brain of C57BL6/J mice was significantly (P < 0.0001) increased after intranasal administration of mPLGA-CBD-MC/pApoE2. Henceforth, the mannose-conjugated chitosan-coated mPLGA nanoparticles could serve as a nonviral delivery system to deliver both drugs and genes to the brain through the intranasal route for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Mahanta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Bivek Chaulagain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Avinash Gothwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Jagdish Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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de Almeida Queiroz S, de Novais Junior LR, de Carvalho ABP, da Silva TV, de Souza Ramos S, Meneguzzo V, Mathias K, Tiscoski ADB, Piacentini N, de Souza Goldim MP, Iser BPM, Petronilho F, Inserra A, de Bitencourt RM. Cannabidiol reverses myeloperoxidase hyperactivity in the prefrontal cortex and striatum, and reduces protein carbonyls in the hippocampus in a ketamine-induced schizophrenia rat model. Schizophr Res 2025; 278:82-95. [PMID: 40132281 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2025.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2025] [Accepted: 03/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SCZ) has limited treatment options, often with significant side effects. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-euphoric phytocannabinoid, has shown potential as a novel therapeutic option in SCZ due to antipsychotic-like, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. We compared the therapeutic effects of CBD and risperidone (RISP) in a rat model of SCZ induced by sub-chronic ketamine (KET), focusing on inflammatory and oxidative stress, and behavioral phenotypes. METHODS Rats were pre-treated with KET or saline (SAL) for 10 days followed by CBD or RISP for 8 days. Locomotion, anxiety- and anhedonia-like behavior, and recognition memory were assessed. Oxidative damage as measured by protein carbonyls, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and catalase activity, and the inflammation markers myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and nitrite/nitrate (N/N) concentration ratio were assessed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hypothalamus (HYP), hippocampus (HPC), and striatum, brain areas relevant to SCZ. RESULTS CBD restored the KET-induced decreased rearing behavior in the OFT, while RISP further decreased rearing. RISP treatment in control rats decreased rearing and elicited an anhedonic-like phenotype, while CBD did not. CBD, but not RISP restored the KET-induced increased levels of MPO activity in the PFC and the striatum, and protein carbonyls in the HPC. Post-KET treatment with RISP but not CBD decreased protein carbonyls in the PFC, and decreased the N/N concentration ratio in the HYP. CONCLUSION CBD restored the KET-induced decrease in rearing behavior without inducing an anhedonic-like phenotype as observed with RISP. CBD, and to a lesser extent RISP restored the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation elicited by KET in the striatum, HPC, and PFC. These findings support the possibility that the antipsychotic effects of CBD might be mediated by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia de Almeida Queiroz
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Linério Ribeiro de Novais Junior
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Anita Beatriz Pacheco de Carvalho
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Tiago Vicente da Silva
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Suelen de Souza Ramos
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Vicente Meneguzzo
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Khiany Mathias
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Anita Dal Bó Tiscoski
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Natália Piacentini
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pereira de Souza Goldim
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Betine Pinto Moehlecke Iser
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Antonio Inserra
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Rafael Mariano de Bitencourt
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil.
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Soriano D, Brumovsky PR, Villar MJ, Coronel MF. Early oral administration of THC:CBD formulations prevent pain-related behaviors without exacerbating paclitaxel-induced changes in weight, locomotion, and anxiety in a rat model of chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2025:10.1007/s00213-025-06778-y. [PMID: 40163146 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-025-06778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/02/2025]
Abstract
RATIONALE Paclitaxel-induced neuropathy stands out as the primary, dose-limiting side effect of this extensively used chemotherapy agent. Prolonged hypersensitivity and pain represent the most severe clinical manifestations. Effective preventive and therapeutic strategies are currently lacking. OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to assess the impact of early oral administration of pharmaceutical-grade formulations containing the phytocannabinoids THC and CBD in a rat model of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. METHODS The experimental design involved the co-administration of paclitaxel and cannabinoid formulations with different THC to CBD ratios (THC:CBD 1:1 and THC:CBD 1:20) to adult male rats. Mechanical and thermal sensitivity, locomotor activity, vertical exploratory behaviors, anxiety-related parameters, weight gain, food and water consumption, and liver functionality were assessed. RESULTS Daily administration of THC:CBD 1:1 successfully prevented paclitaxel-induced cold allodynia, while THC:CBD 1:20 effectively prevented both thermal and mechanical hypersensitivities. Additionally, THC:CBD 1:1 formulation restored rearing behavior, significantly reduced by paclitaxel. Conversely, neither cannabinoid formulation was able to counteract paclitaxel-induced hypo-locomotion, reduced vertical exploratory activity, increased anxiety-like behaviors, attenuated weight gain, or decreased food and water intakes. However, the formulations employed did not induce further alterations or toxicity in animals receiving paclitaxel, and no signs of liver damage were detected. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a differential therapeutic effect of two THC:CBD formulations on pain-related behaviors and spontaneous activities, particularly in the context of peripheral neuropathy. These formulations represent a promising therapeutic strategy not only to managing pain but also for enhancing daily activities and improving the quality of life for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Soriano
- Laboratorio de Dolor en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional CONICET - Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500, B1629AHJ, Pilar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500, B1629AHJ, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Rodolfo Brumovsky
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos e Innovación Terapéutica en Dolor, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional CONICET - Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500, B1629AHJ, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500, B1629AHJ, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo José Villar
- Laboratorio de Dolor en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional CONICET - Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500, B1629AHJ, Pilar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500, B1629AHJ, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Coronel
- Laboratorio de Dolor en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional CONICET - Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500, B1629AHJ, Pilar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500, B1629AHJ, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Farbman E, Anis S, Torres-Russotto D. Hope vs Hype III: Should physicians be more open in endorsing cannabis for Parkinson's disease? (PSG Debate 2024). Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2025:107811. [PMID: 40175169 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2025.107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/04/2025]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Farbman
- Community Neurosciences Institute, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Saar Anis
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Diego Torres-Russotto
- Baptist Health Miami Neuroscience Institute, Florida International University, FL, USA
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Alexander C, Jeon J, Nickerson K, Hassler S, Vasefi M. CBD and the 5-HT1A receptor: A medicinal and pharmacological review. Biochem Pharmacol 2025; 233:116742. [PMID: 39778776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2025.116742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 11/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2025] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a phytocannabinoid, has emerged as a promising candidate for addressing a wide array of symptoms. It has the ability to bind to multiple proteins and receptors, including 5-HT1AR, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), and cannabinoid receptors. However, CBD's pharmacodynamic interaction with 5-HT1AR and its medicinal outcomes are still debated. This review explores recent literature to elucidate these questions, highlighting the neurotherapeutic outcomes of this pharmacodynamic interaction and proposing a signaling pathway underlying the mechanism by which CBD desensitizes 5-HT1AR signaling. A comprehensive survey of the literature underscores CBD's multifaceted neurotherapeutic effects, which include antidepressant, anxiolytic, neuroprotective, antipsychotic, antiemetic, anti-allodynic, anti-epileptic, anti-degenerative, and addiction-treating properties, attributable in part to its interactions with 5-HT1AR. Furthermore, evidence suggests that the pharmacodynamic interaction between CBD and 5-HT1AR is contingent upon dosage. Moreover, we propose that CBD can induce desensitization of 5-HT1AR via both homologous and heterologous mechanisms. Homologous desensitization involves the recruitment of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) and β-arrestin, leading to receptor endocytosis. In contrast, heterologous desensitization is mediated by an elevated intracellular calcium level or activation of protein kinases, such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), through the activity of other receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Alexander
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Jiyoon Jeon
- Department of Biology, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA
| | - Kyle Nickerson
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76706, USA
| | - Shayne Hassler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, University of Houton, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Maryam Vasefi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, University of Houton, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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García-Gutiérrez MS, Torregrosa AB, Navarrete F, Navarro D, Manzanares J. A comprehensive review of the multifaceted role of cannabinoid receptor type 2 in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Res 2025; 213:107657. [PMID: 39978657 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2025] [Accepted: 02/14/2025] [Indexed: 02/22/2025]
Abstract
Research carried out during the last 30 years since the first identification of CB2r in 1993 has changed the landscape of this receptor's role and therapeutic utility. Initially, studies focused on elucidating the role of CB2r at the periphery since it was first characterized in spleen and lymphocytes. Later, CB2r was found in the brain not only under pathological conditions but also under basal conditions. It is now known that this receptor is expressed in different brain regions and different cell types, including neurons and microglia. Experimental studies have provided robust evidence that CB2r is involved in the modulation of the immune system, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and neuroprotection. Besides, CB2r mediated the response to stress, anxiety, and depression. Also, CB2r plays a relevant role in modulating the reinforcing properties of different drugs of abuse, including alcohol, nicotine and cocaine. In this review, we summarize the cumulative knowledge regarding the immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties of CB2r against the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, we cover the anxiolytic and antidepressant potential of CB2r, which raises the therapeutic interest of this receptor in different psychiatric diseases associated with anxiety and depression. Finally, we discuss the involvement of CB2r in the regulation of drug addiction. A better understanding of the properties of CB2r is essential for the pharmacological development of this receptor in different neurodegenerative, psychiatric, and addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S García-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda. de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Abraham B Torregrosa
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda. de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco Navarrete
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda. de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Daniela Navarro
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda. de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda. de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain.
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Mahmoud R, Khajavinia A, Barzegar S, Purves RW, Laprairie RB, El-Aneed A. Establishment of a Mass Spectrometric Fingerprint of the Most Common Phytocannabinoids in Electrospray Ionization in Positive Ion Mode. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2025; 39:e9952. [PMID: 39673267 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Revised: 11/06/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 12/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of the phytocannabinoids holds significant importance because of their various pharmacological properties and potential therapeutic applications. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) coupled with electrospray ionization in positive ion mode is employed in this study to describe the collision-induced dissociation (CID) behavior of a series of common phytocannabinoids with the aim of establishing a generalized MS/MS fingerprint. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight phytocannabinoids, namely, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabigerol (CBG), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), 6-hydroxy-cannabidiol (6-OH-CBD), and 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol (7-OH-CBD), were studied. A Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with a heated electrospray ionization (HESI-Q Orbitrap) is used to provide accurate mass measurement data for single-stage and MS/MS analysis. In addition, a triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer was used to perform MS/MS and second-generation MS/MS (MS3) analyses. RESULTS An abundant, singly charged [M + H]+ species during single-stage MS analysis was observed for all phytocannabinoids, with mass accuracies less than 5 ppm. Because of their structural similarities, all compounds showed some common fragmentation behavior in their MS/MS analysis. By comparing the fragmentation patterns and identifying diagnostic ions, a universal MS/MS fragmentation pattern was established. The structures of the various product ions proposed in the fragmentation pathway were confirmed with exact mass measurements and MS3 experiments. CONCLUSIONS The evaluated compounds contain varying functional groups, resulting in unique product ions, specific to each structure. The MS/MS fingerprints will be utilized in the future for the identification of new structures as well as the development of targeted quantification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa Mahmoud
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Amir Khajavinia
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sedigheh Barzegar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Centre for Veterinary Drug Residues, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Randy W Purves
- Centre for Veterinary Drug Residues, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Robert B Laprairie
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Engeli BE, Lachenmeier DW, Diel P, Guth S, Villar Fernandez MA, Roth A, Lampen A, Cartus AT, Wätjen W, Hengstler JG, Mally A. Cannabidiol in Foods and Food Supplements: Evaluation of Health Risks and Health Claims. Nutrients 2025; 17:489. [PMID: 39940347 PMCID: PMC11820564 DOI: 10.3390/nu17030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2025] [Accepted: 01/22/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabidiol (CBD) is a cannabinoid present in the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa L.). Non-medicinal CBD oils with typically 5-40% CBD are advertised for various alleged positive health effects. While such foodstuffs containing cannabinoids are covered by the Novel Food Regulation in the European Union (EU), none of these products have yet been authorized. Nevertheless, they continue to be available on the European market. METHODS The Permanent Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (DFG) reviewed the currently available data on adverse and potential beneficial effects of CBD in the dose range relevant for foods. RESULTS Increased liver enzyme activities were observed in healthy volunteers following administration of 4.3 mg CBD/kg bw/day and higher for 3-4 weeks. As lower doses were not tested, a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) could not be derived, and the dose of 4.3 mg/kg bw/day was identified as the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL). Based on the CBD content and dose recommendations of CBD products on the market, the SKLM considered several exposure scenarios and concluded that the LOAEL for liver toxicity may be easily reached, e.g., via consumption of 30 drops of an oil containing 20% CBD, or even exceeded. A critical evaluation of the available data on potential beneficial health effects of CBD in the dose range at or below the LOAEL of 4.3 mg/kg bw/day revealed no scientific evidence that would substantiate health claims, e.g., in relation to physical performance, the cardiovascular, immune, and nervous system, anxiety, relaxation, stress, sleep, pain, or menstrual health. CONCLUSIONS The SKLM concluded that consumption of CBD-containing foods/food supplements may not provide substantiated health benefits and may even pose a health risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E. Engeli
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Division Knowledge Foundation, Section Risk Assessment, Schwarzenburgstr 155, 3003 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Dirk W. Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weißenburger Str. 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Sabine Guth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany; (S.G.); (M.A.V.F.); (A.R.); (J.G.H.)
| | - Maria A. Villar Fernandez
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany; (S.G.); (M.A.V.F.); (A.R.); (J.G.H.)
| | - Angelika Roth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany; (S.G.); (M.A.V.F.); (A.R.); (J.G.H.)
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Risk Assessment Strategies, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8–10, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | | | - Wim Wätjen
- Institut für Agrar-und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany; (S.G.); (M.A.V.F.); (A.R.); (J.G.H.)
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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Hafida EG, Rachid S, Halima G, Najib K. CBD's potential impact on Parkinson's disease: An updated overview. Open Med (Wars) 2024; 19:20241075. [PMID: 39479465 PMCID: PMC11524397 DOI: 10.1515/med-2024-1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 10/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily known as a motor disorder; however, its debilitating non-motor symptoms have a significant impact on patients' quality of life. The current standard treatment, l-DOPA, is used to relieve motor symptoms, but prolonged use is often associated with severe side effects. This creates an urgent need for effective alternatives targeting both motor and non-motor symptoms. Objectives Over the past decade, Cannabis sativa and its cannabinoids have been widely studied across various health conditions. Among these compounds, cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive component, is garnering growing interest due to its multi-targeted pleiotropic properties. This work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of CBD's efficacy in PD. Methods This review compiles data on both motor and non-motor symptoms of PD, integrating results from preclinical animal studies and available clinical trials. Results Preclinical research has demonstrated promising results regarding CBD's potential benefits in PD; however, the total number of clinical trials is limited (with only seven studies to date), making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions on its efficacy. Conclusions While preclinical findings suggest that CBD may have therapeutic potential in PD, the limited number of clinical trials highlights the need for further research. This review emphasizes the gaps that need to be addressed in future studies to fully understand CBD's role in treating both motor and non-motor symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Ghachi Hafida
- Neurosciences, Pharmacology, and Environment Unit (NPEU), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Soulimani Rachid
- LCOMS/Neurotoxicologie Alimentaire et Bioactivité, Université de Lorraine, 57000, Metz, France
| | - Gamrani Halima
- Neurosciences, Pharmacology, and Environment Unit (NPEU), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Kissani Najib
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hospital Mohamed VI, Medical Research Center, University Cadi Ayyad, 40000, Marrakesh, Morocco
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10
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Basavarajappa BS, Subbanna S. Unveiling the Potential of Phytocannabinoids: Exploring Marijuana's Lesser-Known Constituents for Neurological Disorders. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1296. [PMID: 39456229 PMCID: PMC11506053 DOI: 10.3390/biom14101296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2024] [Revised: 10/11/2024] [Accepted: 10/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is known for producing over 120 distinct phytocannabinoids, with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) being the most prominent, primarily in their acidic forms. Beyond Δ9-THC and CBD, a wide array of lesser-known phytocannabinoids, along with terpenes, flavonoids, and alkaloids, demonstrate diverse pharmacological activities, interacting with the endocannabinoid system (eCB) and other biological pathways. These compounds, characterized by phenolic structures and hydroxyl groups, possess lipophilic properties, allowing them to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) effectively. Notably, their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuro-modulatory effects position them as promising agents in treating neurodegenerative disorders. While research has extensively examined the neuropsychiatric and neuroprotective effects of Δ9-THC, other minor phytocannabinoids remain underexplored. Due to the well-established neuroprotective potential of CBD, there is growing interest in the therapeutic benefits of non-psychotropic minor phytocannabinoids (NMPs) in brain disorders. This review highlights the emerging research on these lesser-known compounds and their neuroprotective potential. It offers insights into their therapeutic applications across various major neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balapal S. Basavarajappa
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shivakumar Subbanna
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA;
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11
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Poudel B, Bany BM, Hales DB, Cheatwood JL. Effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) on Doxorubicin-Induced Anxiety and Depression-like Behaviors and mRNA Expression of Inflammatory Markers in Rats. Brain Sci 2024; 14:999. [PMID: 39452013 PMCID: PMC11505750 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2024] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Post-treatment side effects of chemotherapy can include cognitive deficits commonly known as Chemo-brain. The treatment of patients with Doxorubicin (DOX), one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic drugs in the treatment of cancer, can induce depression, anxiety, and impaired cognitive function. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive component of Cannabis sativa that has been identified as a possible therapeutic agent against many neurodegenerative disorders, including traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Tau-protein-induced neurodegeneration, and neuropathic pain. Therefore, this study aimed to assess whether oral CBD administration could reduce DOX-induced anxiety and depression-like behaviors and alter the expression of mRNA associated with neuroinflammation. Methods: Female Long Evans Hooded rats received intraperitoneal injections of DOX (6 mg/kg) or the vehicle (0.9% saline) once a week for four weeks, followed by oral administration of CBD (10 mg/kg) three times a week for the same period. Results: CBD was significantly protective against DOX-induced anxiety and depression-like behaviors, as measured by several behavioral tests. Furthermore, CBD improved DOX-induced alterations in the gene expression of biomarkers of neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Conclusions: This provides insights into future studies on possible mechanisms by which DOX-induced cognitive dysfunction could be alleviated by CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph L. Cheatwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; (B.P.)
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12
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Banerjee S, Saha D, Sharma R, Jaidee W, Puttarak P, Chaiyakunapruk N, Chaoroensup R. Phytocannabinoids in neuromodulation: From omics to epigenetics. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118201. [PMID: 38677573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent developments in metabolomics, transcriptomic and epigenetics open up new horizons regarding the pharmacological understanding of phytocannabinoids as neuromodulators in treating anxiety, depression, epilepsy, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease and autism. METHODS The present review is an extensive search in public databases, such as Google Scholar, Scopus, the Web of Science, and PubMed, to collect all the literature about the neurobiological roles of cannabis extract, cannabidiol, 9-tetrahydrocannabinol specially focused on metabolomics, transcriptomic, epigenetic, mechanism of action, in different cell lines, induced animal models and clinical trials. We used bioinformatics, network pharmacology and enrichment analysis to understand the effect of phytocannabinoids in neuromodulation. RESULTS Cannabidomics studies show wide variability of metabolites across different strains and varieties, which determine their medicinal and abusive usage, which is very important for its quality control and regulation. CB receptors interact with other compounds besides cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, like cannabinol and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol. Phytocannabinoids interact with cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid receptors (GPCR, ion channels, and PPAR) to improve various neurodegenerative diseases. However, its abuse because of THC is also a problem found across different epigenetic and transcriptomic studies. Network enrichment analysis shows CNR1 expression in the brain and its interacting genes involve different pathways such as Rap1 signalling, dopaminergic synapse, and relaxin signalling. CBD protects against diseases like epilepsy, depression, and Parkinson's by modifying DNA and mitochondrial DNA in the hippocampus. Network pharmacology analysis of 8 phytocannabinoids revealed an interaction with 10 (out of 60) targets related to neurodegenerative diseases, with enrichment of ErbB and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways which helps in ameliorating neuro-inflammation in various neurodegenerative diseases. The effects of phytocannabinoids vary across sex, disease state, and age which suggests the importance of a personalized medicine approach for better success. CONCLUSIONS Phytocannabinoids present a range of promising neuromodulatory effects. It holds promise if utilized in a strategic way towards personalized neuropsychiatric treatment. However, just like any drug irrational usage may lead to unforeseen negative effects. Exploring neuro-epigenetics and systems pharmacology of major and minor phytocannabinoid combinations can lead to success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Banerjee
- Medicinal Plant Innovation Center of Mae Fah Luang University, Mae Fah Luang University, ChiangRai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Debolina Saha
- School of Bioscience and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wuttichai Jaidee
- Medicinal Plant Innovation Center of Mae Fah Luang University, Mae Fah Luang University, ChiangRai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Panupong Puttarak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand; Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | | | - Rawiwan Chaoroensup
- Medicinal Plant Innovation Center of Mae Fah Luang University, Mae Fah Luang University, ChiangRai, 57100, Thailand; School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand.
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13
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Khaspekov LG, Illarioshkin SN. Therapeutic Application of Modulators of Endogenous Cannabinoid System in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8520. [PMID: 39126088 PMCID: PMC11312457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) of the brain plays an important role in the molecular pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). It is involved in the formation of numerous clinical manifestations of the disease by regulating the level of endogenous cannabinoids and changing the activation of cannabinoid receptors (CBRs). Therefore, ECS modulation with new drugs specifically designed for this purpose may be a promising strategy in the treatment of PD. However, fine regulation of the ECS is quite a complex task due to the functional diversity of CBRs in the basal ganglia and other parts of the central nervous system. In this review, the effects of ECS modulators in various experimental models of PD in vivo and in vitro, as well as in patients with PD, are analyzed. Prospects for the development of new cannabinoid drugs for the treatment of motor and non-motor symptoms in PD are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid G. Khaspekov
- Brain Science Institute, Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoye Road, 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia
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14
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Lirio PHC, Gaspari PDM, Campos AC. Cannabidiol: Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic in the context of neuropsychiatric disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 177:11-27. [PMID: 39029981 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
In this chapter we explored the growing interest in cannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD), over the last two decades due to their potential therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. CBD, a major non-psychotomimetic compound derived from Cannabis sativa, is highlighted as a safer alternative to other cannabinoids like Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Clinical trials have been investigating CBD formulations for conditions such as schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's diseases, and stress-related disorders. However, limited access to CBD-approved formulations primarily due to their high-cost and concerns about the quality of market-available products, challenges regulatory agencies globally. The pharmacokinetics of CBD, especially after oral administration, present challenges with erratic absorption and low bioavailability. CBD's "promiscuous" pharmacodynamics involve interactions with various targets beyond the endocannabinoid system, complicating precise dosing in therapeutic interventions. This chapter delves into CBD's dose-response curves, revealing complexities that pose challenges in clinical practice. Nanobiotechnology emerges as a promising solution, with recent developments showing improved bioavailability, stability, and reduced toxicity through nanoencapsulation of CBD. While this phytocannabinoid holds immense promise in neuropsychopharmacology, we provided a comprehensive overview of the current state of CBD research and suggests potential future directions regarding the pharmacology of CBD, harnessing the benefits of this intriguing compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H C Lirio
- Pharmacology of Neuroplasticity Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Center for Cannabinoid Research, Mental Health Building, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Priscyla D M Gaspari
- GNanoBio, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alline C Campos
- Pharmacology of Neuroplasticity Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Center for Cannabinoid Research, Mental Health Building, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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15
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Del-Bel E, Barros-Pereira N, Moraes RPD, Mattos BAD, Alves-Fernandes TA, Abreu LBD, Nascimento GC, Escobar-Espinal D, Pedrazzi JFC, Jacob G, Milan BA, Bálico GG, Antonieto LR. A journey through cannabidiol in Parkinson's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 177:65-93. [PMID: 39029991 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder with no known cure characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Non-motor symptoms like cognitive impairment, mood disturbances, and sleep disorders often accompany the disease. Pharmacological treatments for these symptoms are limited and frequently induce significant adverse reactions, underscoring the necessity for appropriate treatment options. Cannabidiol is a phytocannabinoid devoid of the euphoric and cognitive effects of tetrahydrocannabinol. The study of cannabidiol's pharmacological effects has increased exponentially in recent years. Preclinical and preliminary clinical studies suggest that cannabidiol holds therapeutic potential for alleviating symptoms of Parkinson's disease, offering neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. However, knowledge of cannabidiol neuromolecular mechanisms is limited, and its pharmacology, which appears complex, has not yet been fully elucidated. By examining the evidence, this review aims to provide and synthesize scientifically proven evidence for the potential use of cannabidiol as a novel treatment option for Parkinson's disease. We focus on studies that administrated cannabidiol alone. The results of preclinical trials using cannabidiol in models of Parkinson's disease are encouraging. Nevertheless, drawing firm conclusions on the therapeutic efficacy of cannabidiol for patients is challenging. Cannabidiol doses, formulations, outcome measures, and methodologies vary considerably across studies. Though, cannabidiol holds promise as a novel therapeutic option for managing both motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, offering hope for improved quality of life for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Del-Bel
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; National Institute for Science and Technology, Translational Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP Brazil; Center for Cannabinoid Research, Mental Health Building, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP Brazil.
| | - Nubia Barros-Pereira
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Neurociences and Neurology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Ponciano de Moraes
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Phisiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca Andretto de Mattos
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Phisiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaís Antonia Alves-Fernandes
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Phisiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorena Borges de Abreu
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Neurociences and Neurology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Glauce Crivelaro Nascimento
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Escobar-Espinal
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - João Francisco Cordeiro Pedrazzi
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Neurociences and Neurology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Jacob
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna A Milan
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Gonçalves Bálico
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Livia Rodrigues Antonieto
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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16
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Sharon N, Yarmolinsky L, Khalfin B, Fleisher-Berkovich S, Ben-Shabat S. Cannabinoids' Role in Modulating Central and Peripheral Immunity in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6402. [PMID: 38928109 PMCID: PMC11204381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids (the endocannabinoids, the synthetic cannabinoids, and the phytocannabinoids) are well known for their various pharmacological properties, including neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory features, which are fundamentally important for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The aging of the global population is causing an increase in these diseases that require the development of effective drugs to be even more urgent. Taking into account the unavailability of effective drugs for neurodegenerative diseases, it seems appropriate to consider the role of cannabinoids in the treatment of these diseases. To our knowledge, few reviews are devoted to cannabinoids' impact on modulating central and peripheral immunity in neurodegenerative diseases. The objective of this review is to provide the best possible information about the cannabinoid receptors and immuno-modulation features, peripheral immune modulation by cannabinoids, cannabinoid-based therapies for the treatment of neurological disorders, and the future development prospects of making cannabinoids versatile tools in the pursuit of effective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (N.S.); (L.Y.); (B.K.); (S.F.-B.)
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17
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Kalsoom I, Shehzadi K, Li HS, Wen HL, Yu MJ. Unraveling the Mechanisms of Cannabidiol's Pharmacological Actions: A Comprehensive Research Overview. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:20. [PMID: 38829467 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00465-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa has long been used for neurological and psychological healing. Recently, cannabidiol (CBD) extracted from cannabis sativa has gained prominence in the medical field due to its non-psychotropic therapeutic effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems. CBD, also acting as a potent antioxidant, displays diverse clinical properties such as anticancer, antiinflammatory, antidepressant, antioxidant, antiemetic, anxiolytic, antiepileptic, and antipsychotic effects. In this review, we summarized the structural activity relationship of CBD with different receptors by both experimental and computational techniques and investigated the mechanism of interaction between related receptors and CBD. The discovery of structural activity relationship between CBD and target receptors would provide a direction to optimize the scaffold of CBD and its derivatives, which would give potential medical applications on CBD-based therapies in various illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Kalsoom
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Kiran Shehzadi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Han-Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Hong-Liang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Ming-Jia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China.
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18
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Evans AA, Jesus CHA, Martins LL, Fukuyama AH, Gasparin AT, Crippa JA, Zuardi AW, Hallak JEC, Genaro K, de Castro Junior CJ, Zanoveli JM, Cunha JMD. Pharmacological Interaction Between Cannabidiol and Tramadol on Experimental Diabetic Neuropathic Pain: An Isobolographic Analysis. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:728-739. [PMID: 37205869 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetic neuropathies are the most prevalent chronic complications of diabetes, characterized by pain and substantial morbidity. Although many drugs have been approved for the treatment of this type of pain, including gabapentin, tramadol (TMD), and classical opioids, it is common to report short-term results or potentially severe side effects. TMD, recommended as a second-line treatment can lead to unwanted side effects. Cannabidiol (CBD) has been gaining attention recently due to its therapeutic properties, including pain management. This study aimed to characterize the pharmacological interaction between CBD and TMD over the mechanical allodynia associated with experimental diabetes using isobolographic analysis. Materials and Methods: After diabetes induction by streptozotocin (STZ), diabetic rats were systemically treated with CBD or TMD alone or in combination (doses calculated based on linear regression of effective dose 40% [ED40]) and had the mechanical threshold evaluated using the electronic Von Frey apparatus. Both experimental and theoretical additive ED40 values (Zmix and Zadd, respectively) were determined for the combination of CBD plus TMD in this model. Results: Acute treatment with CBD (3 or 10 mg/kg) or TMD (2.5, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) alone or in combination (0.38+1.65 or 1.14+4.95 mg/kg) significantly improved the mechanical allodynia in STZ-diabetic rats. Isobolographic analysis revealed that experimental ED40 of the combination (Zmix) was 1.9 mg/kg (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2-2.9) and did not differ from the theoretical additive ED40 2.0 mg/kg (95% CI=1.5-2.8; Zadd), suggesting an additive antinociceptive effect in this model. Conclusions: Using an isobolographic analysis, these results provide evidence of additive pharmacological interaction between CBD and TMD over the neuropathic pain associated with experimental diabetes induced by STZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Arnold Evans
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Pain, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Alves Jesus
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Pain, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucas Latchuk Martins
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Pain, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alisson Hideki Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Pain, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alexia Thamara Gasparin
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Pain, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre Crippa
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Waldo Zuardi
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaime Eduardo Cecílio Hallak
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Genaro
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Janaina Menezes Zanoveli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Pain, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Joice Maria da Cunha
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Pain, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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de Fátima Dos Santos Sampaio M, de Paiva YB, Sampaio TB, Pereira MG, Coimbra NC. Therapeutic applicability of cannabidiol and other phytocannabinoids in epilepsy, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease and in comorbidity with psychiatric disorders. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 134:574-601. [PMID: 38477419 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of cannabidiol (CBD) and other Cannabis sativa L. derivatives on diseases of the central nervous system caused by their direct or indirect interaction with endocannabinoid system-related receptors and other molecular targets, such as the 5-HT1A receptor, which is a potential pharmacological target of CBD. Interestingly, CBD binding with the 5-HT1A receptor may be suitable for the treatment of epilepsies, parkinsonian syndromes and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in which the 5-HT1A serotonergic receptor plays a key role. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of cannabinoid effects on neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's diseases, and discuss their possible mechanism of action, highlighting interactions with molecular targets and the potential neuroprotective effects of phytocannabinoids. CBD has been shown to have significant therapeutic effects on epilepsy and Parkinson's disease, while nabiximols contribute to a reduction in spasticity and are a frequent option for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Although there are multiple theories on the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for neurological disorders, substantially greater progress in the search for strong scientific evidence of their pharmacological effectiveness is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de Fátima Dos Santos Sampaio
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Agropastoralism Sciences and Technology (CCTA), North Fluminense State University (UENF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Psychobiology Division, Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yara Bezerra de Paiva
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Psychobiology Division, Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- NAP-USP-Neurobiology of Emotions Research Center (NuPNE), Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tuane Bazanella Sampaio
- Pharmacology Post-Graduation Program, Health Sciences Centre, Santa Maria Federal University, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Messias Gonzaga Pereira
- Center for Agropastoralism Sciences and Technology (CCTA), North Fluminense State University (UENF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Psychobiology Division, Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- NAP-USP-Neurobiology of Emotions Research Center (NuPNE), Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Soliman NA, El Dahmy SI, Khamis T, Sameh R, Alashqar SM, Hussein S. The potential protective and therapeutic effects of cannabidiol oil on experimental Leukemia induced by DMBA in male rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2389-2400. [PMID: 37837474 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) is a member of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon family. It is a member of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon family. It is a mutagenic, carcinogenic, and immunosuppressor agent. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid. It has anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible protective and therapeutic benefits of CBD oil in DMBA-induced leukemia in rats. METHOD Experimental animals were divided into six groups of five rats each. Group 1 (normal control) included healthy rats. Group 2 included normal rats that received olive oil. Group 3 included normal rats that received CBD. Group 4 included the DMBA-induced leukemic group. Group 5 (prophylactic group) included rats that received CBD as a prophylaxis before IV injection with DMBA. Group 6 (treated group) included DMBA-induced leukemic rats that received CBD as treatment. Liver functions (total, direct and indirect bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, globulin, and albumin globulin ratio) were measured. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were also measured. Total RNA extraction followed by-real time qRT-PCR gene expression of LC3-II, Beclin, mTOR, and P62 was performed. Histopathological examination of liver and spleen tissues was performed. RESULTS Administration of CBD in groups 5 and 6 resulted in a significant improvement of the levels of liver functions compared to the leukemic untreated rats. Also, the levels of catalase and SOD significantly increased after treatment with CBD compared to the leukemic group. After treatment with CBD in groups 5 and 6, there were downregulations in the expression of all studied genes compared to leukemic untreated rats. Treatment with CBD was more statistically effective than prophylactic use. CONCLUSION Administration of CBD resulted in a significant improvement in the biochemical, antioxidant status, morphological, and molecular measures in DMBA-induced leukemia in adult male rats. The therapeutic use was more effective than the prophylactic one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A Soliman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samih I El Dahmy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Tarek Khamis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Reham Sameh
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Samia Hussein
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ibn Sina University for Medical Sciences, Amman, Jordan.
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Omotayo OP, Lemmer Y, Mason S. A narrative review of the therapeutic and remedial prospects of cannabidiol with emphasis on neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Cannabis Res 2024; 6:14. [PMID: 38494488 PMCID: PMC10946130 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-024-00222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of diverse diseases using plant-derived products is actively encouraged. In the past few years, cannabidiol (CBD) has emerged as a potent cannabis-derived drug capable of managing various debilitating neurological infections, diseases, and their associated complications. CBD has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and curative effects in neuropathological conditions, and it exhibits therapeutic, apoptotic, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties. However, more information on the reactions and ability of CBD to alleviate brain-related disorders and the neuroinflammation that accompanies them is needed. MAIN BODY This narrative review deliberates on the therapeutic and remedial prospects of CBD with an emphasis on neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. An extensive literature search followed several scoping searches on available online databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus with the main keywords: CBD, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cannabinoids. After a purposive screening of the retrieved papers, 170 (41%) of the articles (published in English) aligned with the objective of this study and retained for inclusion. CONCLUSION CBD is an antagonist against pro-inflammatory cytokines and the cytokine storm associated with neurological infections/disorders. CBD regulates adenosine/oxidative stress and aids the downregulation of TNF-α, restoration of BDNF mRNA expression, and recovery of serotonin levels. Thus, CBD is involved in immune suppression and anti-inflammation. Understanding the metabolites associated with response to CBD is imperative to understand the phenotype. We propose that metabolomics will be the next scientific frontier that will reveal novel information on CBD's therapeutic tendencies in neurological/neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadara Pelumi Omotayo
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Yolandy Lemmer
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Next Generation Health, Pretoria, South Africa
- Preclinical Drug Development Platform, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Shayne Mason
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Martinez Naya N, Kelly J, Corna G, Golino M, Polizio AH, Abbate A, Toldo S, Mezzaroma E. An Overview of Cannabidiol as a Multifunctional Drug: Pharmacokinetics and Cellular Effects. Molecules 2024; 29:473. [PMID: 38257386 PMCID: PMC10818442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound derived from Cannabis Sativa, has garnered increasing attention for its diverse therapeutic potential. This comprehensive review delves into the complex pharmacokinetics of CBD, including factors such as bioavailability, distribution, safety profile, and dosage recommendations, which contribute to the compound's pharmacological profile. CBD's role as a pharmacological inhibitor is explored, encompassing interactions with the endocannabinoid system and ion channels. The compound's anti-inflammatory effects, influencing the Interferon-beta and NF-κB, position it as a versatile candidate for immune system regulation and interventions in inflammatory processes. The historical context of Cannabis Sativa's use for recreational and medicinal purposes adds depth to the discussion, emphasizing CBD's emergence as a pivotal phytocannabinoid. As research continues, CBD's integration into clinical practice holds promise for revolutionizing treatment approaches and enhancing patient outcomes. The evolution in CBD research encourages ongoing exploration, offering the prospect of unlocking new therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Martinez Naya
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Jazmin Kelly
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Giuliana Corna
- Interventional Cardiology Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1199, Argentina;
| | - Michele Golino
- Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA;
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 2110 Varese, Italy
| | - Ariel H. Polizio
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
- Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA;
| | - Stefano Toldo
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Eleonora Mezzaroma
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
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Taboada-Rosell K, Castro-García FA, Medina-Saldivar C, Cruz-Visalaya SR, Pacheco-Otalora LF. The novel FAAH inhibitor, MCH1, reduces the infarction area in the motor cortex-related region but does not affect the sensorimotor function or memory and spatial learning in rats exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148636. [PMID: 37865139 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Macamides, amides of fatty acids first isolated from maca (Lepidium meyenii) are potentially responsible for the reduction of ischemic injury in the stroke animal model followed by maca extract administration. This deduction comes from its ability to inhibit the fatty acid amide hydrolase activity, an enzyme related to the endocannabinoid anandamide hydrolysis. However, no study about the effects of isolated macamides on in-vivo models has been published yet. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of a 10-day 30 mg/kg i.p. MCH1 administration, the macamide with the higher FAAH inhibition capability, on the neurological recovery and brain infarction area of Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Our results showed that the group receiving MCH1 for 10 days did not improve Garcia's neurological score compared to receiving the vehicle only. Likewise, the MCH1 group did not improve their sensorimotor dysfunction as indicated by the latency to detect and remove the tape from the contralateral forepaw in the adhesive removal test, and a similar number of errors with the contralateral forepaw in the foot fault test compared to the vehicle group at the 10th day. Evaluation of the spatial memory and learning using the Barnes test showed longer latency to reach the escape box in the Vehicle and MCH1 groups compared to the control group (no MCAO) only in the retrieval test, while no effect of MCAO procedure or MCH1 administration was observed in the reversal learning test. Despite the lack of behavioral effect of MCH1, analysis of the infarcted areas in the brain using the 2, 3, 5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining method in the seven consecutive coronal sections revealed that the infarcted area in the first (bregma + 4.2 mm) and fifth (bregma -3.8 mm) coronal sections of the MCAO + MCH1 group remained similar to the Control group. These results provide evidence that MCH1 can limit damage from ischemic stroke, although it is not reflected in neurological or sensorimotor behavior and spatial learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Taboada-Rosell
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Instituto Científico, Universidad Andina del Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
| | - F A Castro-García
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Instituto Científico, Universidad Andina del Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
| | - C Medina-Saldivar
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Instituto Científico, Universidad Andina del Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
| | - S R Cruz-Visalaya
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Instituto Científico, Universidad Andina del Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
| | - L F Pacheco-Otalora
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Instituto Científico, Universidad Andina del Cusco, Cuzco, Peru.
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Saima, Latha S, Sharma R, Kumar A. Role of Network Pharmacology in Prediction of Mechanism of Neuroprotective Compounds. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2761:159-179. [PMID: 38427237 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3662-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Network pharmacology is an emerging pioneering approach in the drug discovery process, which is used to predict the therapeutic mechanism of compounds using various bioinformatic tools and databases. Emerging studies have indicated the use of network pharmacological approaches in various research fields, particularly in the identification of possible mechanisms of herbal compounds/ayurvedic formulations in the management of various diseases. These techniques could also play an important role in the prediction of the possible mechanisms of neuroprotective compounds. The first part of the chapter includes an introduction on neuroprotective compounds based on literature. Further, network pharmacological approaches are briefly discussed. The use of network pharmacology in the prediction of the neuroprotective mechanism of compounds is discussed in detail with suitable examples. Finally, the chapter concludes with the current challenges and future prospectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
| | - S Latha
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchika Sharma
- Centre for Precision Medicine and Pharmacy, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
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Dixon T, Cadenhead KS. Cannabidiol versus placebo as adjunctive treatment in early psychosis: study protocol for randomized controlled trial. Trials 2023; 24:775. [PMID: 38037108 PMCID: PMC10691114 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotic disorders are a leading cause of disability in young adults. Antipsychotics have been the primary intervention for psychosis for over 60 years, and yet, we have made little progress in treating negative symptoms, neurocognition, and functional disability. There is growing evidence that cannabidiol (CBD) is effective in treating positive psychotic symptoms, possibly also negative and neurocognitive symptoms, and moreover is well tolerated compared to other psychotropic medications. Anecdotally, patients participating in the Cognitive Assessment and Risk Evaluation (CARE) Early Psychosis Treatment Program at the University of California, San Diego, are self-administering CBD and report subjective improvement in stress, anxiety, and ability to cope with symptoms. The overarching aim of the trial is to explore the effectiveness of CBD augmentation on symptoms and neurocognition in early psychosis while also exploring the mechanism of action of CBD and predictors of response to treatment. The mechanism by which cannabidiol has a therapeutic effect on psychosis is poorly understood. Recent evidence has suggested that CBD may reduce stress and pro-inflammatory biomarker levels. Endocannabinoids also have powerful roles in eating behavior, reward, and mood, indicating these neurotransmitters may play a role in reducing hyperphagia and metabolic abnormalities that are present early in the course of psychotic illness and exacerbated by antipsychotic medication. The neurophysiological effects of CBD have been studied in animal models of psychosis that show improvements in information processing in response to CBD, but there are no studies in individuals with early psychosis. METHOD A total of 120 individuals in the early stages of psychosis will be randomized to 1000 mg of CBD versus placebo as an adjunct to existing treatment in a 8-week, double-blind superiority randomized control trial. The primary outcome measures are symptoms and neurocognition. DISCUSSION We hypothesized that CBD will improve symptoms and neurocognition as well as secondary outcome measures of neurohormones, inflammation, eating behaviors, and information processing. Importantly, predictors, moderators, and mediators of the CBD effects will be examined. A better understanding of which individuals are likely to respond to CBD can inform treatment planning and personalize treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04411225. Registered on June 2, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dixon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0810, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0810, USA
| | - K S Cadenhead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0810, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0810, USA.
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Silkiss RZ, Koppinger J, Truong T, Gibson D, Tyler C. Cannabidiol as an Adjunct to Botulinum Toxin in Blepharospasm - A Randomized Pilot Study. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:17. [PMID: 37606606 PMCID: PMC10461691 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.8.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of low dose cannabidiol (CBD; Epidiolex) as adjunctive therapy for idiopathic adult-onset blepharospasm (BPS), as well as develop a novel objective assessment methodology to gauge response. Methods Prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled crossover design of 6 months duration of 12 patients with BPS undergoing routine maximal botulinum toxin (BTX) therapy and experiencing breakthrough symptoms. Participants received their standard BTX every 3 months and were randomized to group A = CBD daily in cycle 1, followed by placebo in cycle 2 or group B = placebo followed by CBD. Videos recorded at days 0, 45, and 90 of each cycle were analyzed to quantify eyelid kinematics. The Jankovic Rating Scale (JRS) was used to provide a clinical rating. Results All 12 patients completed the study without adverse events. CBD decreased median eyelid closure amplitude by 19.1% (-1.66 mm, confidence interval [CI] = -3.19 to -0.14 mm, P = 0.03), decreased median eyelid closure duration by 15.8% (-18.35 ms, CI = -29.37 to -7.32 ms, P = 0.001), and increased the maximum eyelid closure velocity by 34.8% (-13.26 mm/ms, CI = -20.93 to -5.58 mm/ms, P = 0.001). The JRS showed a 0.5 reduction in severity and frequency, which was not statistically significant. Conclusions Low dose CBD was safely tolerated and improved several BPS kinematic parameters. The clinical scale suggested a direction of effect but may have been underpowered. Further studies are needed to better quantify the clinical relevance. Translational Relevance This work describes a novel assessment methodology and therapeutic approach to bBPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy Truong
- The Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Gibson
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Ebadi SR, Saleki K, Adl Parvar T, Rahimi N, Aghamollaii V, Ranji S, Tafakhori A. The effect of cannabidiol on seizure features and quality of life in drug-resistant frontal lobe epilepsy patients: a triple-blind controlled trial. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1143783. [PMID: 37470002 PMCID: PMC10352113 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1143783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment-resistant epileptic seizures are associated with reduced quality of life (QoL). As polypharmacy with routine antiseizure medications has many side effects, novel add-on treatments are necessary. Recent research showed the efficacy of add-on therapy by cannabidiol (CBD) on refractory epilepsy. We attempted to extend data on the efficacy and safety profile of CBD in patients with frontal lobe treatment-resistant epilepsy. Methods A total of 27 patients were recruited into two CBD (n = 12) and placebo (n = 15) groups. The CBD group received a highly purified liposomal preparation of the drug in addition to routine antiseizure medications. The placebo group only received antiseizure medications. This experiment followed a triple-blinding protocol. Outcome measures were seizure frequency, the Chalfont seizure severity scale (CSSS), and the quality of life questionnaire score (QOLIE-31) assessed at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. Results At 4 weeks, results indicated that a higher fraction of patients in the CBD group (66.67%) showed improvement in seizure, compared to the placebo group (20.00%). Before-after comparison revealed that CBD, unlike routine ADEs, was effective in reducing the occurrence of seizures at the study's final timepoint [mean difference 45.58, 95% CI (8.987 to 82.18), p = 0.009]. Seizure severity was not affected by study groups or time intervals (repeated-measures ANOVA p > 0.05). Post-hoc tests found that the QoLI-31 score was improved at 8 weeks compared to baseline [mean diff. -5.031, 95% CI (-9.729 to -0.3328), p = 0.032]. The difference in cases who experienced enhanced QoL was meaningful between the CBD and placebo groups at 8 weeks [RR: 2.160, 95% CI (1.148 to 4.741), p = 0.018] but not at 4 weeks (p = 0.653). A positive finding for QoL improvement was associated with a positive finding for seizure frequency reduction [r = 0.638, 95% CI (0.296 to 0.835), p = 0.001]. Interestingly, limiting the correlation analysis to cases receiving CBD indicated that QoL improvement was not linked with seizure parameters such as severity and frequency (p > 0.05). Conclusion The present study suggests the benefit of a purified and highly efficient preparation of CBD for seizure frequency reduction and improvement of QoL in refractory frontal lobe epilepsy. Further study with longer follow-ups and larger sample size is advised. Clinical trial registration https://www.irct.ir/trial/56790, identifier: IRCT20210608051515N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Reza Ebadi
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiarash Saleki
- School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Tanin Adl Parvar
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Rahimi
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vajiheh Aghamollaii
- Cognitive Neurology and Neuropsychiatry Division, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neurology, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ranji
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Tafakhori
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yau GTY, Tai W, Arnold JC, Chan HK, Kwok PCL. Cannabidiol for the Treatment of Brain Disorders: Therapeutic Potential and Routes of Administration. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1087-1114. [PMID: 36635488 PMCID: PMC10229467 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of cannabidiol (CBD) for treating brain disorders has gained increasing interest. While the mechanism of action of CBD in these conditions is still under investigation, CBD has been shown to affect numerous different drug targets in the brain that are involved in brain disorders. Here we review the preclinical and clinical evidence on the potential therapeutic use of CBD in treating various brain disorders. Moreover, we also examine various drug delivery approaches that have been applied to CBD. Due to the slow absorption and low bioavailability with the current oral CBD therapy, more efficient routes of administration to bypass hepatic metabolism, particularly pulmonary delivery, should be considered. Comparison of pharmacokinetic studies of different delivery routes highlight the advantages of intranasal and inhalation drug delivery over other routes of administration (oral, injection, sublingual, buccal, and transdermal) for treating brain disorders. These two routes of delivery, being non-invasive and able to achieve fast absorption and increase bioavailability, are attracting increasing interest for CBD applications, with more research and development expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Tsz Yan Yau
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Waiting Tai
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jonathon Carl Arnold
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Philip Chi Lip Kwok
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Autophagic Molecular Alterations in the Mouse Cerebellum Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Following Treatment with Cannabidiol and Fluoxetine. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1797-1809. [PMID: 36576709 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis is one of the most important processes involved in the cell program death, and several mechanisms including oligodendrocyte apoptosis and autophagy play significant roles in activating macrophages, microglial cells, and finally demyelination in neurodegenerative disease. The antidepressants and anti-apoptotic mechanisms of fluoxetine (FLX) and cannabidiol (CBD) commence an autophagic event that can effectively repair myelin. This study aimed to investigate the effect of those reagents on the rate of demyelination in the cerebellum, an important site for white matter in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE was induced in twenty four adult female C57Bl/6 mice were inducted the EAE model; FLX treatment which was performed (10 mg/kg/IP) and CBD; were treated (5 mg/kg/IP); and their cerebellum was used for Western blotting, real-time PCR to autophagic markers of LC3II, Beclin-1, and apoptotic markers Bax and Bcl2 evaluation and Luxol Fast Blue staining to the assessment of demyelination. The level of autophagic markers was expressively elevated (P < 0.01) but the pro-apoptotic markers and Bax/Bcl2 ratio were reduced (P < 0.05). Luxol Fast Blue staining confirmed the noteworthy diminution of demyelination in treatment groups (P < 0.001). This finding clarified that FLX and CBD ameliorate the severity of the EAE model. Combinatory treatments of these two agents are suggested for future investigations.
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Pintori N, Caria F, De Luca MA, Miliano C. THC and CBD: Villain versus Hero? Insights into Adolescent Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065251. [PMID: 36982327 PMCID: PMC10048857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is the most used drug of abuse worldwide. It is well established that the most abundant phytocannabinoids in this plant are Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). These two compounds have remarkably similar chemical structures yet vastly different effects in the brain. By binding to the same receptors, THC is psychoactive, while CBD has anxiolytic and antipsychotic properties. Lately, a variety of hemp-based products, including CBD and THC, have become widely available in the food and health industry, and medical and recreational use of cannabis has been legalized in many states/countries. As a result, people, including youths, are consuming CBD because it is considered “safe”. An extensive literature exists evaluating the harmful effects of THC in both adults and adolescents, but little is known about the long-term effects of CBD exposure, especially in adolescence. The aim of this review is to collect preclinical and clinical evidence about the effects of cannabidiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pintori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Caria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta De Luca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-6758633
| | - Cristina Miliano
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Jîtcă G, Ősz BE, Vari CE, Rusz CM, Tero-Vescan A, Pușcaș A. Cannabidiol: Bridge between Antioxidant Effect, Cellular Protection, and Cognitive and Physical Performance. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020485. [PMID: 36830042 PMCID: PMC9952814 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The literature provides scientific evidence for the beneficial effects of cannabidiol (CBD), and these effects extend beyond epilepsy treatment (e.g., Lennox-Gastaut and Dravet syndromes), notably the influence on oxidative status, neurodegeneration, cellular protection, cognitive function, and physical performance. However, products containing CBD are not allowed to be marketed everywhere in the world, which may ultimately have a negative effect on health as a result of the uncontrolled CBD market. After the isolation of CBD follows the discovery of CB1 and CB2 receptors and the main enzymatic components (diacylglycerol lipase (DAG lipase), monoacyl glycerol lipase (MAGL), fatty acid amino hydrolase (FAAH)). At the same time, the antioxidant potential of CBD is due not only to the molecular structure but also to the fact that this compound increases the expression of the main endogenous antioxidant systems, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), through the nuclear complex erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2)/Keep1. Regarding the role in the control of inflammation, this function is exercised by inhibiting (nuclear factor kappa B) NF-κB, and also the genes that encode the expression of molecules with a pro-inflammatory role (cytokines and metalloproteinases). The other effects of CBD on cognitive function and physical performance should not be excluded. In conclusion, the CBD market needs to be regulated more thoroughly, given the previously listed properties, with the mention that the safety profile is a very good one.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Jîtcă
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Bianca E. Ősz
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Camil E. Vari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Carmen-Maria Rusz
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, I.O.S.U.D, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Amelia Tero-Vescan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Amalia Pușcaș
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
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32
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Chu L, Shu Z, Gu X, Wu Y, Yang J, Deng H. The Endocannabinoid System as a Potential Therapeutic Target for HIV-1-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023. [PMID: 36745405 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the successful introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy, the prevalence of mild to moderate forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remains high. It has been demonstrated that neuronal injury caused by HIV is excitotoxic and inflammatory, and it correlates with neurocognitive decline in HAND. Endocannabinoid system (ECS) protects the body from excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation on demand and presents a promising therapeutic target for treating HAND. Here, we firstly discuss the potential pathogenesis of HAND. We secondly discuss the structural and functional changes in the ECS that are currently known among HAND patients. We thirdly discuss current clinical and preclinical findings concerning the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of the ECS among HAND patients. Fourth, we will discuss the interactions between the ECS and neuroendocrine systems, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes under the HAND conditions. Materials and Methods: We have carried out a review of the literature using PubMed to summarize the current state of knowledge on the association between ECS and HAND. Results: The ECS may be ideally suited for modulation of HAND pathophysiology. Direct activation of presynaptic cannabinoid receptor 1 or reduction of cannabinoid metabolism attenuates HAND excitotoxicity. Chronic neuroinflammation associated with HAND can be reduced by activating cannabinoid receptor 2 on immune cells. The sensitivity of the ECS to HIV may be enhanced by increased cannabinoid receptor expression in HAND. In addition, indirect regulation of the ECS through modulation of hormone-related receptors may be a potential strategy to influence the ECS and also alleviate the progression of HAND due to the reciprocal inhibition of the ECS by the HPA and HPG axes. Conclusions: Taken together, targeting the ECS may be a promising strategy to alleviate the inflammation and neurodegeneration caused by HIV-1 infection. Further studies are required to clarify the role of endocannabinoid signaling in HIV neurotoxicity. Strategies promoting endocannabinoid signaling may slow down cognitive decline of HAND are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxi Chu
- Department of Brain and Learning Science, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.,Department of Child Development and Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Shu
- Clinical Nutrition Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinpei Gu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Brain and Learning Science, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.,Department of Child Development and Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Child Development and Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Child and Adolescent Hygienics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huihua Deng
- Department of Brain and Learning Science, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.,Department of Child Development and Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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33
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Therapeutic Molecular Insights into the Active Engagement of Cannabinoids in the Therapy of Parkinson's Disease: A Novel and Futuristic Approach. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:85-102. [PMID: 36567416 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder which is characterised mostly by loss of dopaminergic nerve cells throughout the nigral area mainly as a consequence of oxidative stress. Muscle stiffness, disorganised bodily responses, disturbed sleep, weariness, amnesia, and voice impairment are all symptoms of dopaminergic neuron degeneration and existing symptomatic treatments are important to arrest additional neuronal death. Some cannabinoids have recently been demonstrated as robust antioxidants that might protect the nerve cells from degeneration even when cannabinoid receptors are not triggered. Cannabinoids are likely to have property to slow or presumably cease the steady deterioration of the brain's dopaminergic systems, a condition for which there is now no treatment. The use of cannabinoids in combination with currently available drugs has the potential to introduce a radically new paradigm for treatment of Parkinson's disease, making it immensely useful in the treatment of such a debilitating illness.
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Smegal LF, Vedmurthy P, Ryan M, Eagen M, Andrejow NW, Sweeney K, Reidy TG, Yeom S, Lin DD, Suskauer SJ, Kalb LG, Salpekar JA, Zabel TA, Comi AM. Cannabidiol Treatment for Neurological, Cognitive, and Psychiatric Symptoms in Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 139:24-34. [PMID: 36508880 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A prior drug trial of cannabidiol for treatment-resistant epilepsy in patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), a rare neurovascular condition, implicated improvements in neurological, quality of life (QOL), neuropsychologic, psychiatric, and motor outcomes. METHODS Ten subjects with SWS brain involvement, controlled seizures, and cognitive impairments received study drug in this Johns Hopkins institutional review board-approved, open-label, prospective drug trial. Oral cannabidiol was taken for six months (dose ranged from 5 to 20 mg/kg/day). SWS neuroscore, port-wine birthmark score, QOL, and adverse events were recorded every four to 12 weeks. Neuropsychologic, psychiatric, and motor assessments were administered at baseline and six months' follow-up. Most evaluations were conducted virtually due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. RESULTS Cannabidiol was generally well tolerated. Six subjects reported mild to moderate side effects related to study drug and continued on drug; one subject withdrew early due to moderate side effects. No seizures were reported. Significant improvements in SWS neuroscore, patient-reported QOL, anxiety and emotional regulation, and report of bimanual ability use were noted. Migraine QOL scores were high at baseline in these subjects, and remained high. Neuropsychologic and other QOL and motor outcomes remained stable, with some within-subject improvements noted. CONCLUSIONS Further studies are needed to determine whether Epidiolex can improve quality of life and be beneficial for neurological, anxiety, and motor impairments in SWS independent of seizure control. Large multicentered studies are needed to extend these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay F Smegal
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Hugo Moser Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pooja Vedmurthy
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Hugo Moser Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew Ryan
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Melissa Eagen
- Fairmount Rehabilitation Programs, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Kristie Sweeney
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Teressa Garcia Reidy
- Fairmount Rehabilitation Programs, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - SangEun Yeom
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Hugo Moser Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Doris D Lin
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stacy J Suskauer
- Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland; Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Luther G Kalb
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jay A Salpekar
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - T Andrew Zabel
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anne M Comi
- Department of Neurology, Hugo Moser Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Abd-Nikfarjam B, Dolati-Somarin A, Baradaran Rahimi V, Askari VR. Cannabinoids in neuroinflammatory disorders: Focusing on multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons, and Alzheimers diseases. Biofactors 2023. [PMID: 36637897 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal properties of cannabis and cannabinoid-derivative are entirely investigated and known. In addition, the identification of psychotropic plant cannabinoids has led to more studies regarding the cannabinoid system and its therapeutic features in the treatment and management of clinical symptoms of neuroinflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinsons disease (PD), and Alzheimers disease (AD). In fact, cannabinoid agonists are able to control and regulate inflammatory responses. In contrast to the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and its unwanted adverse effects, the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) and its ligands hold promise for new and effective therapeutic approaches. So far, some successes have been achieved in this field. This review will discuss an outline of the endocannabinoid system's involvement in neuroinflammatory disorders. Moreover, the pharmacological efficacy of different natural and synthetic preparations of phytocannabinoids acting on cannabinoid receptors, particularly in MS, PD, and AD, will be updated. Also, the reasons for targeting CB2 for neurodegeneration will be explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Abd-Nikfarjam
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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36
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Exploring the Potential of Cannabinoid Nanodelivery Systems for CNS Disorders. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010204. [PMID: 36678832 PMCID: PMC9863859 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids have a major therapeutic value in a variety of disorders. The concepts of cannabinoids are difficult to develop, but they can be used and are advantageous for a number of diseases that are not sufficiently managed by existing treatments. Nanoconjugation and encapsulation techniques have been shown to be effective in improving the delivery and the therapeutic effectiveness of drugs that are poorly soluble in water. Because the bioavailability of cannabinoids is low, the challenge is to explore different administration methods to improve their effectiveness. Because cannabinoids cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), they modify the negative effects of inflammatory processes on the BBB and may be a key factor in the improvement of BBB function after ischemic disease or other conditions. This review discusses various types of cannabinoid administration, as well as nanotechnologies used to improve the bioavailability of these compounds in CNS diseases.
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37
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Bernal‐Chico A, Tepavcevic V, Manterola A, Utrilla C, Matute C, Mato S. Endocannabinoid signaling in brain diseases: Emerging relevance of glial cells. Glia 2023; 71:103-126. [PMID: 35353392 PMCID: PMC9790551 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of cannabinoid receptors as the primary molecular targets of psychotropic cannabinoid Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 -THC) in late 1980s paved the way for investigations on the effects of cannabis-based therapeutics in brain pathology. Ever since, a wealth of results obtained from studies on human tissue samples and animal models have highlighted a promising therapeutic potential of cannabinoids and endocannabinoids in a variety of neurological disorders. However, clinical success has been limited and major questions concerning endocannabinoid signaling need to be satisfactorily addressed, particularly with regard to their role as modulators of glial cells in neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, recent studies have brought into the limelight diverse, often unexpected functions of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in brain injury and disease, thus providing scientific basis for targeting glial cells to treat brain disorders. This Review summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular and cellular hallmarks of endocannabinoid signaling in glial cells and its clinical relevance in neurodegenerative and chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bernal‐Chico
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaSpain,Achucarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceLeioaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain,Neuroimmunology UnitBiocruces BizkaiaBarakaldoSpain
| | | | - Andrea Manterola
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaSpain,Achucarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceLeioaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain,Present address:
Parque Científico y Tecnológico de GuipuzkoaViralgenSan SebastianSpain
| | | | - Carlos Matute
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaSpain,Achucarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceLeioaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
| | - Susana Mato
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaSpain,Achucarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceLeioaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain,Neuroimmunology UnitBiocruces BizkaiaBarakaldoSpain
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38
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Storozhuk MV. Cannabidiol: potential in treatment of neurological diseases, flax as a possible natural source of cannabidiol. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1131653. [PMID: 37138768 PMCID: PMC10150377 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1131653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
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Patel V, Abu-Hijleh F, Rigg N, Mishra R. Cannabidiol Protects Striatal Neurons by Attenuating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022; 8:299-308. [PMID: 36454179 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aggregation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a pathological trait shared by many neurodegenerative disorders. This aggregation leads to the persistent activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and ultimately apoptosis as a result of ER stress. Cannabidiol (CBD) has been demonstrated to be neuroprotective in various cellular and animal models of neurodegeneration, which has been attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, little is known about the role of CBD in the context of protein folding and ER stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether CBD is neuroprotective against an in vitro model of ER stress. Materials and Methods: Using different exposure models, mouse striatal STHdhQ7/Q7 cells were exposed to either the ER stress inducer thapsigargin (TG) and/or CBD. Cell viabilities assays were used to investigate the effect of CBD pre-treatment, co-treatment, and post-treatment on TG-induced cell death. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure changes in ER stress regulators and UPR genes such as glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP78), mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF), B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), BCL-2 interacting mediator of cell death (BIM), and caspase-12. Results: Cell viability increased significantly when cells were pre-treated with CBD before TG exposure. An increase in the gene expression of pro-survival ER chaperone GRP78 and ER-resident neurotrophic factor MANF coincided with this effect and decreased ER-mediated pro-apoptotic markers such as BIM, and caspase-12 was observed. Conclusions: These data suggest that CBD pre-treatment is neuroprotective against TG-induced cell death. Understanding the role of ER stress in CBD-driven neuroprotection provides insight into the therapeutic potential of CBD and the role of ER dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhi Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fahed Abu-Hijleh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolette Rigg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ram Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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40
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Basile MS, Mazzon E. The Role of Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptors in Parkinson's Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112986. [PMID: 36428554 PMCID: PMC9687889 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease and currently represents a clear unmet medical need. Therefore, novel preventive and therapeutic strategies are needed. Cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptors, one of the components of the endocannabinoid system, can regulate neuroinflammation in PD. Here, we review the current preclinical and clinical studies investigating the CB2 receptors in PD with the aim to clarify if these receptors could have a role in PD. Preclinical data show that CB2 receptors could have a neuroprotective action in PD and that the therapeutic targeting of CB2 receptors could be promising. Indeed, it has been shown that different CB2 receptor-selective agonists exert protective effects in different PD models. Moreover, the alterations in the expression of CB2 receptors observed in brain tissues from PD animal models and PD patients suggest the potential value of CB2 receptors as possible novel biomarkers for PD. However, to date, there is no direct evidence of the role of CB2 receptors in PD. Further studies are strongly needed in order to fully clarify the role of CB2 receptors in PD and thus pave the way to novel possible diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofia Basile
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
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41
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Bhunia S, Kolishetti N, Arias AY, Vashist A, Nair M. Cannabidiol for neurodegenerative disorders: A comprehensive review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:989717. [PMID: 36386183 PMCID: PMC9640911 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.989717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant advances in neurology, the cure for neurodegenerative conditions remains a formidable task to date. Among various factors arising from the complex etiology of neurodegenerative diseases, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress play a major role in pathogenesis. To this end, some phytocannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa (widely known as marijuana) have attracted significant attention as potential neurotherapeutics. The profound effect of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major psychoactive component of cannabis, has led to the discovery of the endocannabinoid system as a molecular target in the central nervous system (CNS). Cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychoactive component of cannabis, has recently emerged as a potential prototype for neuroprotective drug development due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and its well-tolerated pharmacological behavior. This review briefly discusses the role of inflammation and oxidative stress in neurodegeneration and demonstrates the neuroprotective effect of cannabidiol, highlighting its general mechanism of action and disease-specific pathways in Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, we have summarized the preclinical and clinical findings on the therapeutic promise of CBD in PD and AD, shed light on the importance of determining its therapeutic window, and provide insights into identifying promising new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Bhunia
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nagesh Kolishetti
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Adriana Yndart Arias
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Arti Vashist
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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Tudorancea IM, Ciorpac M, Stanciu GD, Caratașu C, Săcărescu A, Ignat B, Burlui A, Rezuș E, Creangă I, Alexa-Stratulat T, Tudorancea I, Tamba BI. The Therapeutic Potential of the Endocannabinoid System in Age-Related Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2492. [PMID: 36289755 PMCID: PMC9599275 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) dynamically regulates many aspects of mammalian physiology. ECS has gained substantial interest since growing evidence suggests that it also plays a major role in several pathophysiological conditions due to its ability to modulate various underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, cannabinoids, as components of the cannabinoid system (CS), have proven beneficial effects such as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuromodulatory, antioxidative, and cardioprotective effects. In this comprehensive review, we aimed to describe the complex interaction between CS and most common age-related diseases such as neuro-degenerative, oncological, skeletal, and cardiovascular disorders, together with the potential of various cannabinoids to ameliorate the progression of these disorders. Since chronic inflammation is postulated as the pillar of all the above-mentioned medical conditions, we also discuss in this paper the potential of CS to ameliorate aging-associated immune system dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Maria Tudorancea
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Mitică Ciorpac
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Gabriela Dumitrița Stanciu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Cătălin Caratașu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Alina Săcărescu
- Department of Medical Specialties II, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 14 Pantelimon Halipa, 700661 Iași, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ignat
- Department of Neurology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Alexandra Burlui
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iași, Romania
| | - Elena Rezuș
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iași, Romania
| | - Ioana Creangă
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Oncology Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Teodora Alexa-Stratulat
- Oncology Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Oncology Department, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iași, Romania
| | - Ionuț Tudorancea
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Cardiology Clinic “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ionel Tamba
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
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Patricio F, Morales Dávila E, Patricio-Martínez A, Arana Del Carmen N, Martínez I, Aguilera J, Perez-Aguilar JM, Limón ID. Intrapallidal injection of cannabidiol or a selective GPR55 antagonist decreases motor asymmetry and improves fine motor skills in hemiparkinsonian rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:945836. [PMID: 36120297 PMCID: PMC9479130 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.945836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) presents antiparkinsonian properties and neuromodulatory effects, possibly due to the pleiotropic activity caused at multiple molecular targets. Recently, the GPR55 receptor has emerged as a molecular target of CBD. Interestingly, GPR55 mRNA is expressed in the external globus pallidus (GPe) and striatum, hence, it has been suggested that its activity is linked to motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the intrapallidal injection of both CBD and a selective GPR55 antagonist (CID16020046) on motor asymmetry, fine motor skills, and GAD-67 expression in hemiparkinsonian rats. The hemiparkinsonian animal model applied involved the induction of a lesion in male Wistar rats via the infusion of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle via stereotaxic surgery. After a period of twenty days, a second surgical procedure was performed to implant a guide cannula into the GPe. Seven days later, lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), CBD, or CID16020046 were injected once a day for three consecutive days (from the 28th to the 30th day post-lesion). Amphetamine-induced turning behavior was evaluated on the 14th and 30th days post-injury. The staircase test and fine motor skills were evaluated as follows: the rats were subject to a ten-day training period prior to the 6-OHDA injury; from the 15th to the 19th days post-lesion, the motor skills alterations were evaluated under basal conditions; and, from the 28th to the 30th day post-lesion, the pharmacological effects of the drugs administered were evaluated. The results obtained show that the administration of LPI or CBD generated lower levels of motor asymmetry in the turning behavior of hemiparkinsonian rats. It was also found that the injection of CBD or CID16020046, but not LPI, in the hemiparkinsonian rats generated significantly superior performance in the staircase test, in terms of the use of the forelimb contralateral to the 6-OHDA-induced lesion, when evaluated from the 28th to the 30th day post-lesion. Similar results were also observed for superior fine motor skills performance for pronation, grasp, and supination. Finally, the immunoreactivity levels were found to decrease for the GAD-67 enzyme in the striatum and the ipsilateral GPe of the rats injected with CBD and CID16020046, in contrast with those lesioned with 6-OHDA. The results obtained suggest that the inhibitory effects of CBD and CID16020046 on GPR55 in the GPe could be related to GABAergic overactivation in hemiparkinsonism, thus opening new perspectives to explain, at a cellular level, the reversal of the motor impairment observed in PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Patricio
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Eliud Morales Dávila
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Aleidy Patricio-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Nayeli Arana Del Carmen
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Isabel Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - José Aguilera
- Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ilhuicamina Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Ilhuicamina Daniel Limón, ,
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Kluger BM, Huang AP, Miyasaki JM. Cannabinoids in movement disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 102:124-130. [PMID: 36038457 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION On the basis of both scientific progress and popular lore, there is growing optimism in the therapeutic potential of cannabis (marijuana) and cannabinoid-based chemicals for movement disorders. There is also notable skepticism regarding the scientific basis for this therapeutic optimism and significant concerns regarding the safety and regulation of cannabinoid products, particularly those available without prescription. METHODS In recognition of the high interest and controversial nature of this subject, the meeting committee of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society arranged for a talk on cannabis at the 2019 annual meeting's Controversies in Movement Disorders plenary session. This paper summarizes the highlights of this session. RESULTS The endocannabinoid system is strongly tied to motor function and dysfunction, with basic research suggesting several promising therapeutic targets related to cannabinoids for movement disorders. Clinical research on cannabinoids for motor and nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Tourette's syndrome, dystonia, and other movement disorders to date are promising at best and inconclusive or negative at worst. Research in other populations suggest efficacy for common symptoms like pain. While social campaigns against recreational cannabinoid use focus on cognitive changes in adolescents, the long-term sequelae of regulated medical use in older adults with movement disorders is unknown. The overall risks of cannabinoids may be similar to other commonly used medications and include falls and apathy. CONCLUSION Further research is greatly needed to better understand the actual clinical benefits and long-term side effects of medical cannabis products for movement disorders indications and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benzi M Kluger
- Departments of Neurology and Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Andrew P Huang
- Departments of Neurology and Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Janis M Miyasaki
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Paes-Colli Y, Aguiar AFL, Isaac AR, Ferreira BK, Campos RMP, Trindade PMP, de Melo Reis RA, Sampaio LS. Phytocannabinoids and Cannabis-Based Products as Alternative Pharmacotherapy in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Hypothesis to Clinical Practice. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:917164. [PMID: 35707521 PMCID: PMC9189313 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.917164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, Cannabis is one of the first plants to be domesticated and used in medicine, though only in the last years the amount of Cannabis-based products or medicines has increased worldwide. Previous preclinical studies and few published clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of Cannabis-based medicines in humans. Indeed, Cannabis-related medicines are used to treat multiple pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders. In clinical practice, Cannabis products have already been introduced to treatment regimens of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Multiple Sclerosis’s patients, and the mechanisms of action behind the reported improvement in the clinical outcome and disease progression are associated with their anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties, due to the modulation of the endocannabinoid system. In this review, we describe the role played by the endocannabinoid system in the physiopathology of Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Multiple Sclerosis, mainly at the neuroimmunological level. We also discuss the evidence for the correlation between phytocannabinoids and their therapeutic effects in these disorders, thus describing the main clinical studies carried out so far on the therapeutic performance of Cannabis-based medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Paes-Colli
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrey F. L. Aguiar
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alinny Rosendo Isaac
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis (IBqM), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna K. Ferreira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis (IBqM), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel Maria P. Campos
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila Martins Pinheiro Trindade
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luzia S. Sampaio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Luzia S. Sampaio,
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Lacroix C, Alleman-Brimault I, Zalta A, Rouby F, Cassé-Perrot C, Jouve E, Attolini L, Guilhaumou R, Micallef J, Blin O. What Do We Know About Medical Cannabis in Neurological Disorders and What Are the Next Steps? Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:883987. [PMID: 35571129 PMCID: PMC9091192 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.883987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical use of cannabis has been receiving growing attention over the last few decades in modern medicine. As we know that the endocannabinoid system is largely involved in neurological disorders, we focused on the scientific rationale of medical cannabis in three neurological disorders: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease through pharmacological plausibility, clinical studies, and patients’ view. Clinical studies (randomized controlled trials, open-label studies, cohorts, and case reports) exploring medical cannabis in these disorders show different results depending on the methods and outcomes. Some show benefits on motor symptoms and others on non-motor symptoms and quality of life. Concerning patients’ view, several web surveys were collected, highlighting the real use of cannabis to relieve symptoms of neurological disorders, mostly outside a medical pathway. This anarchic use keeps questioning particularly in terms of risks: consumption of street cannabis, drug–drug interactions with usual medical treatment, consideration of medical history, and adverse reactions (psychiatric, respiratory, cardiovascular disorders, etc.), underlining the importance of a medical supervision. To date, most scientific data support the therapeutic potential of cannabis in neurological disorders. As far as patients and patients’ associations are calling for it, there is an urgent need to manage clinical studies to provide stronger evidence and secure medical cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Lacroix
- APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, Aix Marseille Univ, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Alleman-Brimault
- APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, Aix Marseille Univ, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, Marseille, France
| | - Arnaud Zalta
- APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, Aix Marseille Univ, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, Marseille, France
| | - Frank Rouby
- APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, Aix Marseille Univ, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Cassé-Perrot
- APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, Aix Marseille Univ, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Jouve
- APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, Aix Marseille Univ, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Attolini
- APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, Aix Marseille Univ, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Guilhaumou
- APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, Aix Marseille Univ, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, Marseille, France
| | - Joëlle Micallef
- APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, Aix Marseille Univ, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Blin
- APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, Aix Marseille Univ, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, Marseille, France
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Calapai F, Cardia L, Calapai G, Di Mauro D, Trimarchi F, Ammendolia I, Mannucci C. Effects of Cannabidiol on Locomotor Activity. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050652. [PMID: 35629320 PMCID: PMC9144881 DOI: 10.3390/life12050652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the second cannabinoid, in order of importance after Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), from Cannabis sativa. Unlike THC, CBD does not cause psychotomimetic effects, and although these compounds have the same chemical formula, their pharmacological characteristics are not equivalent. Preclinical studies suggest that CBD has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic, antiemetic, anticonvulsant, and antipsychotic properties and influences the sleep–wake cycle. The evaluation of effects on spontaneous motor activity is crucial in experimental pharmacology, and the careful measurement of laboratory animal movement is an established method to recognize the effects of stimulant and depressant drugs. The potential influence of CBD on locomotor activity has been investigated through numerous in vivo experiments. However, there is no clear picture of the impact of CBD on these issues, even though it is administered alone for medical uses and sold with THC as a drug for pain caused by muscle spasms in multiple sclerosis, and it was recently licensed as a drug for severe forms of infantile epilepsy. On this basis, with the aim of developing deeper knowledge of this issue, scientific data on CBD’s influence on locomotor activity are discussed here. We conducted research using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and a search engine for literature between January 2009 and December 2021 on life sciences and biomedical topics using the keywords “motor activity”, “locomotor activity”, and “locomotion” in combination with “cannabidiol”. In this article, we discuss findings describing the effects on locomotor activity of the CBD precursor cannabidiolic acid and of CBD alone or in combination with THC, together with the effects of CBD on locomotor modifications induced by diseases and on locomotor changes induced by other substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Calapai
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Luigi Cardia
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Gioacchino Calapai
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (D.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Debora Di Mauro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (D.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Fabio Trimarchi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (D.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Ilaria Ammendolia
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (D.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Carmen Mannucci
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (D.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.); (C.M.)
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Cortes-Altamirano JL, Yáñes-Pizaña A, Reyes-Long S, Angélica GM, Bandala C, Bonilla-Jaime H, Alfaro-Rodríguez A. Potential Neuroprotective Effect of Cannabinoids in Covid-19 Patients. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1326-1345. [PMID: 35382723 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220405143003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The global pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus began in early 2020 and is still present. The respiratory symptoms caused by COVID-19 are well established, however, neurological manifestations that may result from direct or indirect neurological damage after SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported frequently. The main proposed pathophysiological processes leading to neurological damage in COVID-19 are cerebrovascular disease, and indirect mechanisms of inflammatory / autoimmune origin. A growing number of studies confirm that neuroprotective measures should be maintained in COVID-19 patients. On the other hand, cannabinoids have been the subject of various studies that propose them as potential promising drugs in chronic neurodegenerative diseases due to their powerful neuroprotective potential. In this review we address the possible mechanism of action of cannabinoids as a neuroprotective treatment in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. The endocannabinoid system is found in multiple systems within the body, including the immune system. Its activation can lead to beneficial results, such as a decrease in viral entry, a decrease in viral replication, and a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α or IFN-c through CB2R expression induced during inflammation by SARS-CoV-2 infection in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Cortes-Altamirano
- Division de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 14389, Mexico.,Departamento de Quiropráctica, Universidad Estatal del Valle de Ecatepec, Estado de Mexico, 55210, Mexico
| | - Ariadna Yáñes-Pizaña
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad del Valle de Mexico, Mexico City, 04910, México.,Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia en Pequeñas Especies, Federación Canofila Mexicana, Mexico City, 14430, México
| | - Samuel Reyes-Long
- Division de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 14389, Mexico.,Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, 07738, México
| | - González-Maciel Angélica
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Mexico City, C. P. 04530, Mexico
| | - Cindy Bandala
- Division de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 14389, Mexico.,Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia en Pequeñas Especies, Federación Canofila Mexicana, Mexico City, 14430, México
| | - Herlinda Bonilla-Jaime
- Departamento de Biología de la reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Alfaro-Rodríguez
- Division de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 14389, Mexico
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Bagues A, López-Tofiño Y, Llorente-Berzal Á, Abalo R. Cannabinoid drugs against chemotherapy-induced adverse effects: focus on nausea/vomiting, peripheral neuropathy and chemofog in animal models. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:105-129. [PMID: 35045012 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although new drugs are being developed for cancer treatment, classical chemotherapeutic agents are still front-line therapies, despite their frequent association with severe side effects that can hamper their use. Cannabinoids may prevent or palliate some of these side effects. The aim of the present study is to review the basic research which has been conducted evaluating the effects of cannabinoid drugs in the treatment of three important side effects induced by classical chemotherapeutic agents: nausea and vomiting, neuropathic pain and cognitive impairment. Several published studies have demonstrated that cannabinoids are useful in preventing and reducing the nausea, vomits and neuropathy induced by different chemotherapy regimens, though other side effects can occur, such as a reduction of gastrointestinal motility, along with psychotropic effects when using centrally-acting cannabinoids. Thus, peripherally-acting cannabinoids and new pharmacological options are being investigated, such as allosteric or biased agonists. Additionally, due to the increase in the survival of cancer patients, there are emerging data that demonstrate an important cognitive deterioration due to chemotherapy, and because the cannabinoid drugs have a neuroprotective effect, they could be useful in preventing chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (as demonstrated through studies in other neurological disorders), but this has not yet been tested. Thus, although cannabinoids seem a promising therapeutic approach in the treatment of different side effects induced by chemotherapeutic agents, future research will be necessary to find pharmacological options with a safer profile. Moreover, a new line of research awaits to be opened to elucidate their possible usefulness in preventing cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bagues
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón
- High Performance Research Group in Experimental Pharmacology (PHARMAKOM-URJC)
- Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda López-Tofiño
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón
- High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System NeuGut-URJC
| | - Álvaro Llorente-Berzal
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland
- Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, NCBES, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón
- Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System NeuGut-URJC
- Grupo de Trabajo de Ciencias Básicas en Dolor y Analgesia de la Sociedad Española del Dolor, Madrid, Spain
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Cannabis sativa L. Bioactive Compounds and Their Protective Role in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040660. [PMID: 35453344 PMCID: PMC9030479 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) plants from the family Cannabidaceae have been used since ancient times, to produce fibers, oil, and for medicinal purposes. Psychoactive delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and nonpsychoactive cannabidiol (CBD) are the main pharmacologically active compounds of Cannabis sativa. These compounds have, for a long time, been under extensive investigation, and their potent antioxidant and inflammatory properties have been reported, although the detailed mechanisms of their actions have not been fully clarified. CB1 receptors are suggested to be responsible for the analgesic effect of THC, while CB2 receptors may account for its immunomodulatory properties. Unlike THC, CBD has a very low affinity for both CB1 and CB2 receptors, and behaves as their negative allosteric modulator. CBD activity, as a CB2 receptor inverse agonist, could be important for CBD anti-inflammatory properties. In this review, we discuss the chemical properties and bioavailability of THC and CBD, their main mechanisms of action, and their role in oxidative stress and inflammation.
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