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Chen L, Qi E, Liu X, Cui L, Fan X, Wei T, Hu Y. The lack of homology domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 ameliorates visual impairment in rats with diabetic retinopathy through regulation of the AKT-GSK-3β-Nrf2 signal cascade. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 482:116766. [PMID: 37995808 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Pleckstrin homology domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) is an emerging player in diverse disorders. Our previous findings have documented that reducing PHLPP2 levels in cultured retinal ganglion cells protects against cellular damage caused by high glucose, indicating a possible link between PHLPP2 and diabetic retinopathy (DR). The present work was dedicated to the investigation of PHLPP2 in DR through in vivo experiments with rat models induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Compared to normal rats, the retinas of rats with DR exhibited a notable increase in the level of PHLPP2. The reduction of PHLPP2 levels in the retina was achieved by the intravitreal administration of adeno-associated viruses expressing specific shRNA targeting PHLPP2. Decreasing the expression of PHLPP2 ameliorated visual function impairment and improved the pathological changes of retina in DR rats. Moreover, decreasing the expression of PHLPP2 repressed the apoptosis, oxidative stress and proinflammatory response in the retinas of rats with DR. Reduction of PHLPP2 levels led to an increase in the levels of phosphorylated AKT and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Decreasing the expression of PHLPP2 resulted in increased activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which was reversed by suppressing AKT. Notably, the protective effect of reducing PHLPP2 on DR was eliminated when Nrf2 was restrained. These observations show that the down-regulation of PHLPP2 has protective effects on DR by preserving the structure and function of the retina by regulating the AKT-GSK-3β-Nrf2 signal cascade. Therefore, targeting PHLPP2 may hold promise in the treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - En Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining 810007, Qinghai, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lijun Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojuan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaguang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
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2
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Tang J, Yan B, Tang Y, Zhou X, Ji Z, Xu F. Baicalein ameliorates oxidative stress and brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway via miR-106a-5p/PHLPP2 axis. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:1380-1393. [PMID: 35612366 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2080676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating stroke subtype. Baicalein (BAI) has been reported to be effective in ischemic stroke. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of BAI on brain injury after ICH. Firstly, ICH mouse models were established by injecting collagenase into the right of basal ganglia, followed by detection of neurobehavioral scores, brain edema, oxidative stress (OS) level, neuronal apoptosis and pathological changes. Average neurologic scores, brain water content, and blood-brain barrier permeability and MDA level in ICH mice were reduced after BAI treatment, while serum SOD and GSH-Px levels were increased and neuronal apoptosis and pathological injury of the brain tissues were mitigated. miR-106a-5p downregulation averted the effect of BAI on ICH mice. miR-106a-5p targeted PHLPP2 and PHLPP2 overexpression reversed the effect of BAI on ICH mice. BAI activated the Nrf2/ARE pathway by inhibiting PHLPP2 expression. In conclusion, BAI inhibited OS and protected against brain injury after ICH by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway through the miR-106a-5p/PHLPP2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People'Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingchao Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People'Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangyang Tang
- Department of Nursing Basic Medicine Teaching and Research Section, Jiangsu Provincial Xuzhou Pharmaceutical Vocational College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Xuzhou College of Industrial Technolog, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziteng Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People'Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People'Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Liu X, Liu Y, Chen L, Zhang Z, Cui L, Wei T. Loss of pleckstrin homology domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 has protective effects on high glucose-injured retinal ganglion cells via the effect on the Akt-GSK-3β-Nrf2 pathway. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:373-385. [PMID: 36562794 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pleckstrin homology domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) is linked to various pathological states. However, whether PHLPP2 mediates diabetic retinopathy is unaddressed. This work explored the biological function of PHLPP2 in modulating high glucose (HG)-elicited damage of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), an in vitro model for studying diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Mouse RGCs were treated with HG to establish a cell model. PHLPP2 was silenced by transfecting specific shRNAs targeting PHLPP2. RT-qPCR, immunoblotting, CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, TUNEL assay, and ELISA were carried out. RESULTS Significant increases in PHLPP2 levels were observed in cultured RGCs exposed to HG. The severe damages evoked by HG to RGCs were remarkably weakened in PHLPP2-silenced RGCs, including improved cell survival, attenuated cell apoptosis, repressed oxidative stress, and prohibited proinflammatory response. The silencing of PHLPP2 strengthened the activation of Nrf2 in HG-treated RGCs via modulation of the Akt-GSK-3β axis. Interruption of the Akt-GSK-3β axis reversed PHLPP2-silencing-elicited Nrf2 activation. The protective effects of PHLPP2 silencing on HG-induced injury of RGCs were diminished by Nrf2 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS The loss of PHLPP2 was beneficial for HG-injured RGCs through the effect on the Akt-GSK-3β-Nrf2 pathway. This work suggests a possible role of PHLPP2 in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- The Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- The Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijun Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
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Emerging roles of PHLPP phosphatases in the nervous system. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 123:103789. [PMID: 36343848 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been more than a decade since the discovery of a novel class of phosphatase, the Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain Leucine-rich repeat Protein Phosphatases (PHLPP). Over time, they have been recognized as crucial regulators of various cellular processes, such as memory formation, cellular survival and proliferation, maintenance of circadian rhythm, and others, with any deregulation in their expression or cellular localization causing havoc in any cellular system. With the ever-growing number of downstream substrates across multiple tissue systems, a web is emerging wherein the central point is PHLPP. A slight nick in the normal signaling cascade of the two isoforms of PHLPP, namely PHLPP1 and PHLPP2, has been recently found to invoke a variety of neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, epileptic seizures, Parkinson's disease, and others, in the neuronal system. Improper regulation of the two isoforms has also been associated with various disease pathologies such as diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, musculoskeletal disorders, etc. In this review, we have summarized all the current knowledge about PHLPP1 (PHLPP1α and PHLPP1β) and PHLPP2 and their emerging roles in regulating various neuronal signaling pathways to pave the way for a better understanding of the complexities. This would in turn aid in providing context for the development of possible future therapeutic strategies.
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Sharma M, Dey CS. PHLPP isoforms differentially regulate Akt isoforms and AS160 affecting neuronal insulin signaling and insulin resistance via Scribble. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:179. [PMID: 36376971 PMCID: PMC9664818 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to determine the role of individual PHLPP isoforms in insulin signaling and insulin resistance in neuronal cells. METHODS PHLPP isoforms were either silenced or overexpressed individually, and the effects were observed on individual Akt isoforms, AS160 and on neuronal glucose uptake, under insulin sensitive and resistant conditions. To determine PHLPP regulation itself, we tested effect of scaffold protein, Scribble, on PHLPP isoforms and neuronal glucose uptake. RESULTS We observed elevated expression of both PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 in insulin resistant neuronal cells (Neuro-2A, mouse neuroblastoma; SHSY-5Y, human neuroblastoma) as well as in the whole brain lysates of high-fat-diet mediated diabetic mice. In insulin sensitive condition, PHLPP isoforms differentially affected activation of all Akt isoforms, wherein PHLPP1 regulated serine phosphorylation of Akt2 and Akt3, while PHLPP2 regulated Akt1 and Akt3. This PHLPP mediated Akt isoform specific regulation activated AS160 affecting glucose uptake. Under insulin resistant condition, a similar trend of results were observed in Akt isoforms, AS160 and glucose uptake. Over-expressed PHLPP isoforms combined with elevated endogenous expression under insulin resistant condition drastically affected downstream signaling, reducing neuronal glucose uptake. No compensation was observed amongst PHLPP isoforms under all conditions tested, indicating independent roles and pointing towards possible scaffolding interactions behind isoform specificity. Silencing of Scribble, a scaffolding protein known to interact with PHLPP, affected cellular localization of both PHLPP1 and PHLPP2, and caused increase in glucose uptake. CONCLUSIONS PHLPP isoforms play independent roles via Scribble in regulating Akt isoforms differentially, affecting AS160 and neuronal glucose uptake. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Sharma
- grid.417967.a0000 0004 0558 8755Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016 India
| | - Chinmoy Sankar Dey
- grid.417967.a0000 0004 0558 8755Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016 India
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PHLPP Inhibitor NSC74429 Is Neuroprotective in Rodent Models of Cardiac Arrest and Traumatic Brain Injury. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101352. [DOI: 10.3390/biom12101352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleckstrin homology domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) knockout mice have improved outcomes after a stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and decreased maladaptive vascular remodeling following vascular injury. Thus, small-molecule PHLPP inhibitors have the potential to improve neurological outcomes in a variety of conditions. There is a paucity of data on the efficacy of the known experimental PHLPP inhibitors, and not all may be suited for targeting acute brain injury. Here, we assessed several PHLPP inhibitors not previously explored for neuroprotection (NSC13378, NSC25247, and NSC74429) that had favorable predicted chemistries for targeting the central nervous system (CNS). Neuronal culture studies in staurosporine (apoptosis), glutamate (excitotoxicity), and hydrogen peroxide (necrosis/oxidative stress) revealed that NSC74429 at micromolar concentrations was the most neuroprotective. Subsequent testing in a rat model of asphyxial cardiac arrest, and in a mouse model of severe TBI, showed that serial dosing of 1 mg/kg of NSC74429 over 3 days improved hippocampal survival in both models. Taken together, NSC74429 is neuroprotective across multiple insult mechanisms. Future pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) studies are warranted to optimize dosing, and mechanistic studies are needed to determine the percentage of neuroprotection mediated by PHLPP1/2 inhibition, or potentially from the modulation of PHLPP-independent targets.
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Lemoine KA, Fassas JM, Ohannesian SH, Purcell NH. On the PHLPPside: Emerging roles of PHLPP phosphatases in the heart. Cell Signal 2021; 86:110097. [PMID: 34320369 PMCID: PMC8403656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) is a family of enzymes made up of two isoforms (PHLPP1 and PHLPP2), whose actions modulate intracellular activity via the dephosphorylation of specific serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) residues on proteins such as Akt. Recent data generated in our lab, supported by findings from others, implicates the divergent roles of PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 in maintaining cellular homeostasis since dysregulation of these enzymes has been linked to various pathological states including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, ischemia/reperfusion injury, musculoskeletal disease, and cancer. Therefore, development of therapies to modulate specific isoforms of PHLPP could prove to be therapeutically beneficial in several diseases especially those targeting the cardiovascular system. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive summary of current literature detailing the role of the PHLPP isoforms in the development and progression of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A Lemoine
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Julianna M Fassas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Shirag H Ohannesian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Nicole H Purcell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA; Cardiovascular Molecular Signaling, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA.
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Jin A, Li B, Li W, Xiao D. PHLPP2 downregulation protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia-induced injury through reinforcing Nrf2/ARE antioxidant signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 314:108848. [PMID: 31610156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte injury induced by acute myocardial infarction contributes to myocardial dysfunction. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) is a cytoprotective protein that protects against various adverse injuries. However, whether PHLPP2 participates in regulating myocardial-infarction-induced cardiomyocyte injury remains unknown. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the biological role and molecular mechanism of PHLPP2 in regulating hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury. Cardiomyocytes were cultured in an anaerobic chamber for 24 h to induce hypoxic injury in vitro. The expression of PHLPP2 was determined by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL and caspase-3 activity assays. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured by DCFH-DA probe. PHLPP2 expression was highly upregulated in hypoxia-injured cardiomyocytes. Inhibition of PHLPP2 by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing significantly improved the viability of hypoxia-injured cardiomyocytes and attenuated hypoxia-induced apoptosis and ROS production. In contrast, PHLPP2 overexpression exacerbated hypoxia-induced apoptosis and ROS production in cardiomyocytes. Mechanism research revealed that PHLPP2 silencing increased the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β and promoted the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). In addition, PHLPP2 inhibition promoted Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) transcriptional activity. However, Nrf2 silencing markedly reversed PHLPP2-inhibition-mediated cardioprotection, while GSK-3β inhibition partially blocked the PHLPP2-overexpression-induced adverse effect. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that PHLPP2 inhibition alleviates hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury by reinforcing Nrf2/ARE antioxidant signaling via inactivating GSK-3β, a pathway that highlights the importance of the PHLPP2/GSK-3β/Nrf2/ARE signaling axis in regulation of cardiomyocyte injury. Our study suggests a potential relevance for PHLPP2 in acute myocardial infarction, and this protein may serve as a promising target for cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Jin
- Geriatric Cardiovascular Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xibei Hospital), No. 157, Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Bing Li
- Geriatric Cardiovascular Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xibei Hospital), No. 157, Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Li
- Geriatric Cardiovascular Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xibei Hospital), No. 157, Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Geriatric Cardiovascular Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xibei Hospital), No. 157, Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
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Westphal S, Stoppe C, Gruenewald M, Bein B, Renner J, Cremer J, Coburn M, Schaelte G, Boening A, Niemann B, Kletzin F, Roesner J, Strouhal U, Reyher C, Laufenberg-Feldmann R, Ferner M, Brandes IF, Bauer M, Kortgen A, Stehr SN, Wittmann M, Baumgarten G, Struck R, Meyer-Treschan T, Kienbaum P, Heringlake M, Schoen J, Sander M, Treskatsch S, Smul T, Wolwender E, Schilling T, Degenhardt F, Franke A, Mucha S, Tittmann L, Kohlhaas M, Fuernau G, Brosteanu O, Hasenclever D, Zacharowski K, Meybohm P. Genome-wide association study of myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, acute stroke, acute kidney injury and delirium after cardiac surgery - a sub-analysis of the RIPHeart-Study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2019; 19:26. [PMID: 30678657 PMCID: PMC6345037 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-019-1002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of our study was the identification of genetic variants associated with postoperative complications after cardiac surgery. Methods We conducted a prospective, double-blind, multicenter, randomized trial (RIPHeart). We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 1170 patients of both genders (871 males, 299 females) from the RIPHeart-Study cohort. Patients undergoing non-emergent cardiac surgery were included. Primary endpoint comprises a binary composite complication rate covering atrial fibrillation, delirium, non-fatal myocardial infarction, acute renal failure and/or any new stroke until hospital discharge with a maximum of fourteen days after surgery. Results A total of 547,644 genotyped markers were available for analysis. Following quality control and adjustment for clinical covariate, one SNP reached genome-wide significance (PHLPP2, rs78064607, p = 3.77 × 10− 8) and 139 (adjusted for all other outcomes) SNPs showed promising association with p < 1 × 10− 5 from the GWAS. Conclusions We identified several potential loci, in particular PHLPP2, BBS9, RyR2, DUSP4 and HSPA8, associated with new-onset of atrial fibrillation, delirium, myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury and stroke after cardiac surgery. Trial registration The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01067703, prospectively registered on 11 Feb 2010. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12872-019-1002-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Westphal
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Stoppe
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gruenewald
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Berthold Bein
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Renner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Cremer
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mark Coburn
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gereon Schaelte
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Boening
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernd Niemann
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Kletzin
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Roesner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Suedstadt Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ulrich Strouhal
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Reyher
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Marion Ferner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ivo F Brandes
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Martin Bauer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Region Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Kortgen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian N Stehr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Wittmann
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Baumgarten
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Johanniter Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rafael Struck
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tanja Meyer-Treschan
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Kienbaum
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Heringlake
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Julika Schoen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Neuruppin, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Michael Sander
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sascha Treskatsch
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Smul
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ewa Wolwender
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schilling
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Frauke Degenhardt
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Soeren Mucha
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lukas Tittmann
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Madeline Kohlhaas
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Georg Fuernau
- University Heart Center Luebeck, Medical Clinic II (Cardiology/Angiology/Intensive Care Medicine), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Oana Brosteanu
- Clinical Trial Centre, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Hasenclever
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrick Meybohm
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Li YQ, Song FH, Zhong K, Yu GY, Zilundu PLM, Zhou YY, Fu R, Tang Y, Ling ZM, Xu X, Zhou LH. Pre-Injection of Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) Promotes c-Jun Gene Silencing and Decreases the Survival Rate of Axotomy-Injured Spinal Motoneurons in Adult Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:400-410. [PMID: 29992498 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brachial plexus injury is a common clinical peripheral nerve trauma. A series of genes in motoneurons were activated in the corresponding segments of the spinal cord after brachial plexus roots axotomy. The spatial and temporal expression of these genes directly affects the speed of motoneuron axon regeneration and precise target organ reinnervation. In a previous study, we observed the overexpression of c-Jun in motoneurons of the spinal cord ventral horn after brachial plexus injury in rats. However, the relevance of c-Jun expression with respect to the fate of axotomy-induced branchial plexus injury in adult mice remains unknown. In the present study, we explored the function of c-Jun in motoneuron recovery after axotomy. We pre-injected small interfering RNA (siRNA) to knockdown c-Jun expression in mice and examined the effects of the overexpression of c-Jun in motoneurons after the axotomy of the brachial plexus in vivo. Axotomy induced c-Jun overexpression in the ventral horn motoneurons of adult mice from 3 to 14 days after injury. In addition, the pre-injection of siRNA transiently inhibited c-Jun expression and decreased the survival rate of axotomy-injured motoneurons. These findings indicate that the axotomy-induced overexpression of c-Jun plays an important role in the survival of ventral horn motoneurons in adult mice. In addition, the pre-injection of c-Jun siRNA through the brachial plexus stem effectively adjusts c-Jun gene expression at the ipsilateral side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qin Li
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.52 Mei Hua East Road, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fa-Huan Song
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhong
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Yin Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Prince Last Mudenda Zilundu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Rao Fu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Min Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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Mathur A, Pandey VK, Kakkar P. PHLPP: a putative cellular target during insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:R185-R198. [PMID: 28428363 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Progressive research in the past decade converges to the impact of PHLPP in regulating the cellular metabolism through PI3K/AKT inhibition. Aberrations in PKB/AKT signaling coordinates with impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance, identified during T2D, obesity and cardiovascular disorders which brings in the relevance of PHLPPs in the metabolic paradigm. In this review, we discuss the impact of PHLPP isoforms in insulin signaling and its associated cellular events including mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, autophagy and cell death. The article highlights the plausible molecular targets that share the role during insulin-resistant states, whose understanding can be extended into treatment responses to facilitate targeted drug discovery for T2D and allied metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Mathur
- Herbal Research LaboratoryCSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Babu Banarasi Das UniversityBBD City, Lucknow, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Pandey
- Herbal Research LaboratoryCSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchCSIR-IITR, Lucknow, India
| | - Poonam Kakkar
- Herbal Research LaboratoryCSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Babu Banarasi Das UniversityBBD City, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchCSIR-IITR, Lucknow, India
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Stechschulte LA, Qiu B, Warrier M, Hinds TD, Zhang M, Gu H, Xu Y, Khuder SS, Russo L, Najjar SM, Lecka-Czernik B, Yong W, Sanchez ER. FKBP51 Null Mice Are Resistant to Diet-Induced Obesity and the PPARγ Agonist Rosiglitazone. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3888-3900. [PMID: 27442117 PMCID: PMC5045506 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
FK506-binding protein-51 (FKBP51) is a molecular cochaperone recently shown to be a positive regulator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, the master regulator of adipocyte differentiation and function. In cellular models of adipogenesis, loss of FKBP51 not only reduced PPARγ activity but also reduced lipid accumulation, suggesting that FKBP51 knock-out (KO) mice might have insufficient development of adipose tissue and lipid storage ability. This model was tested by examining wild-type (WT) and FKBP51-KO mice under regular and high-fat diet conditions. Under both diets, FKBP51-KO mice were resistant to weight gain, hepatic steatosis, and had greatly reduced white adipose tissue (WAT) but higher amounts of brown adipose tissue. Under high-fat diet, KO mice were highly resistant to adiposity and exhibited reduced plasma lipids and elevated glucose and insulin tolerance. Profiling of perigonadal and sc WAT revealed elevated expression of brown adipose tissue lineage genes in KO mice that correlated increased energy expenditure and a shift of substrate oxidation to carbohydrates, as measured by indirect calorimetry. To directly test PPARγ involvement, WT and KO mice were fed rosiglitazone agonist. In WT mice, rosiglitazone induced whole-body weight gain, increased WAT mass, a shift of substrate oxidation to lipids, and elevated expression of PPARγ-regulated lipogenic genes in WAT. In contrast, KO mice had reduced rosiglitazone responses for these parameters. Our results identify FKBP51 as an important regulator of PPARγ in WAT and as a potential new target in the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Butylphthalide Suppresses Neuronal Cells Apoptosis and Inhibits JNK–Caspase3 Signaling Pathway After Brain Ischemia /Reperfusion in Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:1087-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gene-Stress-Epigenetic Regulation of FKBP5: Clinical and Translational Implications. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:261-74. [PMID: 26250598 PMCID: PMC4677131 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stress responses and related outcomes vary markedly across individuals. Elucidating the molecular underpinnings of this variability is of great relevance for developing individualized prevention strategies and treatments for stress-related disorders. An important modulator of stress responses is the FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP5/FKBP51). FKBP5 acts as a co-chaperone that modulates not only glucocorticoid receptor activity in response to stressors but also a multitude of other cellular processes in both the brain and periphery. Notably, the FKBP5 gene is regulated via complex interactions among environmental stressors, FKBP5 genetic variants, and epigenetic modifications of glucocorticoid-responsive genomic sites. These interactions can result in FKBP5 disinhibition that has been shown to contribute to a number of aberrant phenotypes in both rodents and humans. Consequently, FKBP5 blockade may hold promise as treatment intervention for stress-related disorders, and recently developed selective FKBP5 blockers show encouraging results in vitro and in rodent models. Although risk for stress-related disorders is conferred by multiple environmental and genetic factors, the findings related to FKBP5 illustrate how a deeper understanding of the molecular and systemic mechanisms underlying specific gene-environment interactions may provide insights into the pathogenesis of stress-related disorders.
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Schiene-Fischer C. Multidomain Peptidyl Prolyl cis/trans Isomerases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:2005-16. [PMID: 25445709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) assist the folding and restructuring of client proteins by catalysis of the slow rotational motion of peptide bonds preceding a proline residue. Catalysis is performed by relatively small, distinct protein domains of 10 to 18kDa for all PPIase families. PPIases are involved in a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes like signal transduction, cell differentiation, apoptosis as well as viral, bacterial and parasitic infection. SCOPE OF REVIEW There are multidomain PPIases consisting of one to up to four catalytic domains of the respective PPIase family supplemented by N- or C-terminal extensions. This review examines the biochemical and functional properties of the members of the PPIase class of enzymes which contain additional protein domains with defined biochemical functions. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The versatile domain architecture of multidomain PPIases is important for the control of enzyme specificity and organelle-specific targeting, the establishment of molecular connections and hence the coordination of PPIase functions across the cellular network. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Accessory domains covalently linked to a PPIase domain supply an additional layer of control to the catalysis of prolyl isomerization in specific client proteins. Understanding these control mechanisms will provide new insights into the physiological mode of action of the multidomain PPIases and their ability to form therapeutic targets. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Proline-directed Foldases: Cell Signaling Catalysts and Drug Targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia Schiene-Fischer
- Department of Enzymology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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