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Madhubala D, Mahato R, Khan MR, Bala A, Mukherjee AK. Neurotrophin peptidomimetics for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104156. [PMID: 39233307 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Neurotrophins, such as nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, play an essential role in the survival of neurons. However, incorporating better features can increase their therapeutic efficacy in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Peptidomimetics, which mimic these neurotrophins, show potential for treating NDs. This study emphasizes the use of peptidomimetics from neurotrophins for treating NDs and their benefits. By improving bioavailability and stability, these molecules can completely transform the therapy for NDs. This in-depth review guides researchers and pharmaceutical developers, providing insight into the changing field of neurodegenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dev Madhubala
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India
| | - Rosy Mahato
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India; Faculty of Science, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mojibur R Khan
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India; Faculty of Science, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asis Bala
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India; Faculty of Science, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India; Faculty of Science, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Yap RS, Kumar J, Teoh SL. Potential Neuroprotective Role of Neurotrophin in Traumatic Brain Injury. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:1189-1202. [PMID: 38279761 DOI: 10.2174/0118715273289222231219094225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major global health issue that affects millions of people every year. It is caused by any form of external force, resulting in temporary or permanent impairments in the brain. The pathophysiological process following TBI usually involves excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, ischemia, and apoptotic cell death. It is challenging to find treatment for TBI due to its heterogeneous nature, and no therapeutic interventions have been approved thus far. Neurotrophins may represent an alternative approach for TBI treatment because they influence various functional activities in the brain. The present review highlights recent studies on neurotrophins shown to possess neuroprotective roles in TBI. Neurotrophins, specifically brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) have demonstrated reduced neuronal death, alleviated neuroinflammatory responses and improved neurological functions following TBI via their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Further studies are required to ensure the efficacy and safety of neurotrophins to be used as TBI treatment in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Shian Yap
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Nguyen A, Patel AB, Kioutchoukova IP, Diaz MJ, Lucke-Wold B. Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Brain Injury: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutics. OXYGEN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:163-178. [PMID: 37082315 PMCID: PMC10111246 DOI: 10.3390/oxygen3020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative stress has been implicated in various forms of brain injury, both traumatic and non-traumatic. Due to its oxidative demand, the brain is intimately dependent on its mitochondrial functioning. However, there remains appreciable heterogeneity in the development of these injuries regarding ROS and their effect on the sequelae. These include traumatic insults such as TBIs and intracranial hemorrhaging secondary to this. In a different vein, such injuries may be attributed to other etiologies such as infection, neoplasm, or spontaneous hemorrhage (strokes, aneurysms). Clinically, the manner of treatment may also be adjusted in relation to each injury and its unique progression in the context of ROS. In the current review, then, the authors highlight the role of mitochondrial ROS in various forms of brain injury, emphasizing both the collective and unique elements of each form. Lastly, these narratives are met with the current therapeutic landscape and the role of emerging therapies in treating reactive oxygen species in brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Nguyen
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Anjali B. Patel
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Diaz
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd., Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Cigel A, Sayin O, Gurgen SG, Sonmez A. Long term neuroprotective effects of acute single dose MK-801treatment against traumatic brain injury in immature rats. Neuropeptides 2021; 88:102161. [PMID: 34098454 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Because brain development continues during adolescence, childhood trauma is a major health problem in pediatric ages. It is known traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in damage in hippocampal and cortical areas of the brain and impairs cognitive functions. The study aims to investigate the long-term effects of MK-801 (dizocilpine), an N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, on hippocampal damage, locomotor activity, and cognitive functions following TBI in immature rats. MK-801 (1 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally immediately after TBI. Thirty-seven litters were randomly allocated into three groups at 7 days (P7) of postnatal age: a control group, a trauma group, and an MK-801 treatment group. The control group received no treatment; the trauma group received saline as vehicle control for the MK-801 group and the MK-801 group received a single dose of 1 mg/kg MK-801 immediately after TBI. Hippocampal damage was examined by Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), NMDA-R, and glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry and, BDNF, NGF, and NMDA-R ELISA protein levels were evaluated 125 days after trauma. Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations showed that treatment with MK-801 significantly ameliorated the trauma-induced hippocampal neuron loss and increased BDNF, NGF, NMDA-R, GFAP expressions in CA1, CA3, and DG hippocampal regions. Additionally, treatment with MK-801 decreased anxiety and increased hippocampus-dependent memory of animals subjected to brain injury after TBI. These results show that acute treatment of MK-801 has a neuroprotective role against trauma-induced hippocampal neuron loss and associated cognitive impairment in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Cigel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Oya Sayin
- Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Seren Gulsen Gurgen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Atac Sonmez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Zhang Q, Dai J, Song Z, Guo Y, Deng S, Yu Y, Li T, Zhang Y. Anti-Inflammatory Dipeptide, a Metabolite from Ambioba Secretion, Protects Cerebral Ischemia Injury by Blocking Apoptosis Via p-JNK/Bax Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:689007. [PMID: 34220513 PMCID: PMC8249563 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.689007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
MQ (l-methionyl-l-glutamic acid), anti-inflammatory dipeptide, is one of the metabolites of monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor, a thermostable pentapeptide secreted by Entamoeba histolytica. Monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor injection has been approved as an investigational drug for the potential neural protection in acute ischemic stroke. This study further investigated the neuroprotective effect of MQ in ischemic brain damage. Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the brain was induced in the rat model by middle cerebral artery occlusion. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining assay was used to measure cerebral infarction areas in rats. Laser Doppler measurement instrument was used to detect blood flow changes in the rat model. Nissl staining and NeuN staining were utilized to observe the numbers and structures of neuron cells, and the pathological changes in the brain tissues were examined by hematoxylin–eosin staining. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was used to assess cell apoptosis. The changes in oxidative stress indexes, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde (MDA), were measured in serum. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium was used to measure the survival rates of PC12 cells. Flow cytometry assessed the apoptosis rates and the levels of reactive oxygen species. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate the mRNA expression levels, and Western blotting was used to analyze the changes in protein levels of p-JNK, Bax, cleaved Caspase3. We revealed that MQ improved neurobehavior, decreased cerebral infarction areas, altered blood flow volume, and the morphology of the cortex and hippocampus. On the other hand, it decreased the apoptosis of cortical neurons and the levels of MDA, and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase. In vitro studies demonstrated that MQ enhanced the cell survival rates and decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species. Compared to the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion group, the protein and mRNA expressions of p-JNK, Bax, cleaved Caspase3 was decreased significantly. These findings suggested that MQ exerts a neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia by blocking apoptosis via the p-JNK/Bax pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,College of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jinwei Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhibing Song
- College of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yuchen Guo
- College of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shanshan Deng
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongsheng Yu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuefan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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The Delayed Neuroprotective Effect of Methylene Blue in Experimental Rat Brain Trauma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050377. [PMID: 32370131 PMCID: PMC7278725 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
After traumatic brain injury (TBI), an increase in dysfunction of the limbs contralateral to injury focus was observed. Using different behavioral tests, we found that a single intravenous injection of methylene blue (MB, 1 mg/kg) 30 min after the injury reduced the impairment of the motor functions of the limbs from 7 to 120 days after TBI. Administration of methylene blue 30 min after the injury and then monthly (six injections in total) was the most effective both in terms of preservation of limb function and duration of therapeutic action. This therapeutic effect was clearly manifested from the seventh day and continued until the end of the experiment-by the 180th day after TBI. MB is known to possess antioxidant properties; it has a protective effect against TBI by promoting autophagy and minimizing lesion volume in the first two weeks after TBI. Studies of the brains on the 180th day after TBI demonstrated that the monthly treatment of animals with MB statistically significantly prevented an increase in the density of microglial cells in the ipsilateral hemisphere and a decrease in the thickness of the corpus callosum in the contralateral hemisphere in comparison with untreated animals. However, on the 180th day after TBI, the magnetic resonance imaging scan of the animal brains did not show a significant reduction in the volume of the lesion in MB-treated animals. These findings are important for understanding the development of the long-term effects of TBI and expand the required therapeutic window for targeted neuroprotective interventions.
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Stelmashook EV, Aleksandrova OP, Rogozin PD, Genrikhs EE, Novikova SV, Gudasheva TA, Sharonova IN, Skrebitsky VG, Isaev NK. GK-2 Reduces Death of Cultured Granule Neurons in Cerebellum Induced by the Toxic Effects of Zinc Ions. Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 168:474-478. [PMID: 32146635 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptide mimetic of nerve growth factor GK-2 in a dose of 1-2 mg/liter improves survival of cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons exposed to the cytotoxic effect of zinc ions, but has no protective effect against copper ion cytotoxicity. Experiments on cultured rat hippocampal slices demonstrated that GK-2 did not affect reactivity of pyramidal neurons and long-term potentiation in the hippocampal field CA1 and the probability of glutamate release from presynaptic terminals in the synapses of the CA3-CA1 fields. The results suggest that GK-2 does not affect the functional properties of synaptic transmission under normal conditions, but protects neurons from the toxic effects of zinc, which creates prerequisites for GK-12 use in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P D Rogozin
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - T A Gudasheva
- V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - N K Isaev
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia. .,M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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Genrikhs EE, Stelmashook EV, Alexandrova OP, Novikova SV, Voronkov DN, Glibka YA, Skulachev VP, Isaev NK. The single intravenous administration of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQR1 after traumatic brain injury attenuates neurological deficit in rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 148:100-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Neurodegenerative Changes in Rat Brain in Streptozotocin Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 166:793-796. [PMID: 31028587 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common models of sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease is injection of streptozotocin into the lateral ventricles of rat brain. In 3 months after this injection, an increase in the expression of astroglia in the corpus callosum and a decrease in the thickness of the corpus callosum and intensity of its staining with luxol fast blue were observed. This can reflect a decrease in the content of myelinated fibers. In layer V of the sensorimotor cortex, intensive degeneration of neurons was revealed. The lateral ventricles were significantly enlarged and the expression of PSA-NCAM protein, a marker of immature neurons, was reduced in subventricular zone, which can be associated with disturbed neurogenesi.
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