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Recall and Self-Relevance of Emotional Words Predict Subjective Self-Evaluation of Cognition in Patients with MTLE with or without Depressive Symptoms. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111402. [PMID: 34827401 PMCID: PMC8615735 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined whether word processing is associated with subjective self-evaluation of cognition in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) as a function of their depressive symptoms. MTLE patients with (MTLE +d, N = 28) or without (MTLE -d, N = 11) depression were compared to pair-matched healthy control participants on free recall and self-relevance ratings of emotionally valenced words. Correlation and hierarchical analyses were conducted to investigate whether the subjective self-evaluation of cognition in MTLE patients is predicted by the negative emotional bias reflected in task performance. MTLE +d patients endorsed as self-relevant fewer positive words and more negative words than the MTLE -d patients and healthy participants. They also self-evaluated their cognition poorer than the MTLE -d patients. Analyses indicated that recall and self-endorsement of emotional words predicted both self-evaluation of cognition as well as epilepsy duration. Our findings indicate that negative self-relevance emotional bias is observed in MTLE patients and is predictive of subjective self-evaluation of cognition. Application of brief behavioral tasks probing emotional functions could be valuable for clinical research and practice in the patients with MTLE.
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Pérez-Fernández H, Martín-Cruz N, Delgado-García JB, Rodríguez-Escudero AI. Online and Face-to-Face Social Networks and Dispositional Affectivity. How to Promote Entrepreneurial Intention in Higher Education Environments to Achieve Disruptive Innovations? Front Psychol 2021; 11:588634. [PMID: 33391111 PMCID: PMC7773815 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.588634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although entrepreneurial intention has been widely studied using cognitive models, we still lack entrepreneurial vocation and, therefore, lack disruptive innovations. Entrepreneurship scholars have some understanding of the reasons underlying this weakness, although there is much room for improvement in our learning concerning how to promote entrepreneurship among university students, especially in the transformed context of digital technologies. This paper focuses on the early stages of start-up, and in particular seeks to evaluate what role social and psychological factors play in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Drawing on network theory, we consider the impact of social networks on entrepreneurial intention. Specifically, we analyze the influence of two types of social networks: face-to-face and online social networks, with the latter proving especially important in digital transformations. In addition, based on affective congruency theory, we relate affect with entrepreneurial intention. Particularly, we evaluate the influence of positive and negative dispositional affectivity on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Finally, since affect and emotions can also be related with social relationships, we analyze whether dispositional affectivities influence entrepreneurial intention through the mediation effect of social networks. Using structural equation modeling, we confirm the impact of both online and face-to-face social networks, as well as positive dispositional affectivity on entrepreneurial intention for 589 higher education students in Spain. However, negative dispositional affectivity is not seen to influence entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, both face-to-face and online social networks are influenced by positive dispositional affectivity. Moreover, these two types of networks can even partially mediate the relationship between positive dispositional affectivity and entrepreneurial intention. Positive dispositional affectivity can thus influence entrepreneurial intention in two different ways: directly and indirectly through both face-to-face and online social networks. This study provides further insights and adds to the literature on affect, social networks, and entrepreneurial intention. From a broader perspective, we also contribute to the literature on disruptive innovations by explaining how the development of entrepreneurial intentions would have positive consequences for university students vis-à-vis achieving these disruptive innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Martín-Cruz
- Department of Business and Marketing, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Daming M, Xin L, Shuwen H, Pengfei G, Shuai L, Feng G, Xiaomei C, Binbin C, Hui Z. Somatization Symptoms Regulate Emotional Memory Bias in Adolescents With Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:656198. [PMID: 34512408 PMCID: PMC8428275 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.656198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Somatization symptoms are commonly comorbid with depression. Furthermore, people with depression and somatization have a negative memory bias. We investigated the differences in emotional memory among adolescent patients with depressive disorders, with and without functional somatization symptoms (FSS). Methods: We recruited 30 adolescents with depression and FSS, 38 adolescents with depression but without FSS, and 38 healthy participants. Emotional memory tasks were conducted to evaluate the emotional memory of the participants in the three groups. The clinical symptoms were evaluated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Children's Somatization Inventory (CSI). Results: The valence ratings and recognition accuracy rates for positive and neutral images of adolescent patients were significantly lower than those of the control group (F = 12.208, P < 0.001; F = 6.801, P < 0.05; F = 14.536, P < 0.001; F = 6.306, P < 0.05, respectively); however, the recognition accuracy rate for negative images of adolescent patients of depression without FSS was significantly lower than that of patients with FSS and control group participants (F = 10.316, P < 0.001). These differences persisted after controlling for HDRS scores. The within-group analysis revealed that patients of depression with FSS showed significantly higher recognition accuracy rates for negative images than the other types (F = 5.446, P < 0.05). The recognition accuracy rate for negative images was positively correlated with CSI scores (r = 0.352, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, emotional memory impairment exists in adolescent patients of depression and FSS are associated with negative emotional memory retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Daming
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Hu Shuwen
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Guo Pengfei
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Liu Shuai
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Geng Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Cao Xiaomei
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Binbin
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Zhong Hui
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
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4
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Electroconvulsive therapy regulates emotional memory bias of depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 2017; 257:296-302. [PMID: 28787655 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Emotional memory bias is considered to be an important base of the etiology of depression and can be reversed by antidepressants via enhancing the memory for positive stimuli. Another antidepressant treatment, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), has rapid antidepressant effect and frequently causes short-term memory impairment. However, it is unclear about the short-term effect of ECT on memory bias. In this study, the incidental memory task with emotional pictures were applied to evaluate the emotional memory of twenty depressed patients at pre- and post-ECT (three days after ECT) compared to twenty healthy controls. The depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Hamilton rating scale of depression (HRSD). Before ECT, patients showed decreased recognition memory for positive pictures compared to controls and remembered negative pictures more easily than positive pictures in the recognition task. In patients, the main effect of session (pre-ECT and post-ECT) was significant for both recognition and recall memory with reduced memory performance. The interaction between valence (positive, neutral and negative) and session was significant for recognition memory, indicating that negative memory was impaired more severely than positive memory. Our study indicates that ECT relieves depressive symptoms and regulates emotional memory through more severe impairment on memory for negative stimuli.
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Preglej L, Marinković K, Hećimović H. Differences in emotional stimuli processing in subjects with MTLE with and without depression. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 74:87-93. [PMID: 28732260 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In healthy people, a preference in attention maintenance and memory for words with emotional valence comparing to neutral words has been shown. The pattern of emotional stimuli processing may be different in people with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) and it may be sensitive to the presence of depressive symptoms. In order to explore these possibilities, we applied the emotional spatial cueing attentional task and the free recall memory task to participants (N=39) with MTLE and compared them with healthy controls. We hypothesized that the pattern of maintaining attention and remembering emotional words is different in people with MTLE. Current literature indicates that this pattern will change from positive bias in the controls, though no emotional bias in the participants with MTLE without depression (MTLE-d), and in this work we examined this pattern in the participants with MTLE with depressive symptoms (MTLE+d). Our results show that in both attention and memory, control subjects exhibit positive emotional bias, the subjects with MTLE-d show nonemotional bias and the subjects with MTLE+d have bias away from positive words. Participants with MTLE+d maintained attention for positive words shorter than others. Participants with MTLE+d had worse recall for positive words than the participants with MTLE-d and for all words when compared to controls. We found that faster attention disengagement from positive words and worse memory for positive words is associated with elevated levels of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Preglej
- The Accredited Private Classical High School, Zagreb, Croatia; University of Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ksenija Marinković
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Hrvoje Hećimović
- Neuro Center, Zagreb, Croatia; Neuromed Campus, J. Kepler University, Linz, Austria; University Nord, Varaždin, Croatia.
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Lewis G, Kounali D, Button KS, Duffy L, Wiles NJ, Munafò MR, Harmer CJ, Lewis G. Variation in the recall of socially rewarding information and depressive symptom severity: a prospective cohort study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017; 135:489-498. [PMID: 28374430 PMCID: PMC5763395 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the association between recall for socially rewarding (positive) and/or socially critical (negative) information and depressive symptoms. METHOD Cohort study of people who had visited UK primary care in the past year reporting depressive symptoms (N = 558, 69% female). Positive and negative recall was assessed at three time-points, 2 weeks apart, using a computerised task. Depressive symptoms were assessed at four time-points using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Analyses were conducted using multilevel models. RESULTS Concurrently we found evidence that, for every increase in two positive words recalled, depressive symptoms reduced by 0.6 (95% CI -1.0 to -0.2) BDI points. This association was not affected by adjustment for confounders. There was no evidence of an association between negative recall and depressive symptoms (-0.1, 95% CI -0.5 to 0.3). Longitudinally, we found more evidence that positive recall was associated with reduced depressive symptoms than vice versa. CONCLUSION People with more severe depressive symptoms recall less positive information, even if their recall of negative information is unaltered. Clinicians could put more emphasis on encouraging patients to recall positive, socially rewarding information, rather than trying to change negative interpretations of events that have already occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Lewis
- Division of PsychiatryFaculty of Brain SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - D.‐Z. Kounali
- School of Social and Community MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - K. S. Button
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - L. Duffy
- Division of PsychiatryFaculty of Brain SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - N. J. Wiles
- Centre for Academic Mental HealthSchool of Social and Community MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - M. R. Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - C. J. Harmer
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - G. Lewis
- Division of PsychiatryFaculty of Brain SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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Bollen J, Trick L, Llewellyn D, Dickens C. The effects of acute inflammation on cognitive functioning and emotional processing in humans: A systematic review of experimental studies. J Psychosom Res 2017; 94:47-55. [PMID: 28183402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cognitive neuropsychological model of depression proposes that negative biases in the processing of emotionally salient information have a central role in the development and maintenance of depression. We have conducted a systematic review to determine whether acute experimental inflammation is associated with changes to cognitive and emotional processing that are thought to cause and maintain depression. METHODS We identified experimental studies in which healthy individuals were administered an acute inflammatory challenge (bacterial endotoxin/vaccination) and standardised tests of cognitive function were performed. RESULTS Fourteen references were identified, reporting findings from 12 independent studies on 345 participants. Methodological quality was rated strong or moderate for 11 studies. Acute experimental inflammation was triggered using a variety of agents (including endotoxin from E. coli, S. typhi, S. abortus Equi and Hepatitis B vaccine) and cognition was assessed over hours to months, using cognitive tests of i) attention/executive functioning, ii) memory and iii) social/emotional processing. Studies found mixed evidence that acute experimental inflammation caused changes to attention/executive functioning (2 of 6 studies showed improvements in attention executive function compared to control), changes in memory (3 of 5 studies; improved reaction time: reduced memory for object proximity: poorer immediate and delayed memory) and changes to social/emotional processing (4 of 5 studies; reduced perception of emotions, increased avoidance of punishment/loss experiences, and increased social disconnectedness). CONCLUSIONS Acute experimental inflammation causes negative biases in social and emotional processing that could explain observed associations between inflammation and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bollen
- Mental Health Research Group, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Trick
- Mental Health Research Group, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom
| | - David Llewellyn
- Mental Health Research Group, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Dickens
- Mental Health Research Group, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Maltreatment is associated with chronic depression, high negative self-attributions, and lifetime psychopathology. Adolescence is a sensitive period for the formation of self-concept. Identifying neurobiomarkers of self-processing in depressed adolescents with and without maltreatment may parse the effects of trauma and depression on self-development and chronic psychopathology. Depressed adolescents (n = 86) maltreated due to omission (DO, n = 13) or commission (DCM, n = 28) or without maltreatment (DC, n = 45), and HCs (HC, n = 37) appraised positive and negative self-descriptors in the scanner. DCM and DO showed hypoactivity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) while processing positive versus negative self-descriptors compared to DC youth, who in turn showed reduced dACC recruitment versus HC. HC youth showed the highest activation in the dACC and striatum during positive self-descriptors; these regions showed a linear decline in activity across DC, DO, and DCM. Low dACC activity to positive versus negative self-descriptors was linked to inadequate coregulation of children's emotions by parents. Negative self-cognitions prevalent in DCM and DO adolescents may be perpetuated by activity in the dACC and striatum. Reduced activation of the dACC and striatum for positive self-descriptors, coupled with enhanced activity for negative self-descriptors, may heighten the risk for persistent depression.
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Romero N, Sanchez A, Vázquez C, Valiente C. Explicit self-esteem mediates the relationship between implicit self-esteem and memory biases in major depression. Psychiatry Res 2016; 242:336-344. [PMID: 27341330 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the relationships between explicit and implicit self-esteem and self-referent memory biases in depression. We specifically tested the hypothesis that implicit self-esteem would influence depression-related memory biases via its association with explicit self-esteem. Self-esteem was assessed in patients with a current Major Depressive Disorder (MDD; n=38) and in a control group of participants who had never experienced depression (ND; n=40) by using explicit (Rosenberg Self-esteem Questionnaire) and implicit (Go/No-go Association Task) measures. A self-referent processing task of negative and positive adjectives was used to assess memory bias. Our analyses revealed that participants diagnosed with MDD showed lower levels of both explicit and implicit self-esteem in comparison to ND participants. MDD compared to ND participants also recalled a greater number of depressed self-referent adjectives and lower recall of positive self-referent information. Mediation analyses showed an indirect effect of explicit self-esteem on the relationship between implicit self-esteem and depression-related memory biases in the MDD group. These findings suggest an association between implicit and explicit self-esteem in depression that may result in negative cognitive processing, as reflected by self-referent memory biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Romero
- Department of Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Somosaguas Campus, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alvaro Sanchez
- Department of Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Somosaguas Campus, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmelo Vázquez
- Department of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Somosaguas Campus, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Valiente
- Department of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Somosaguas Campus, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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Kircanski K, Gotlib IH. Processing of Emotional Information in Major Depressive Disorder: Toward a Dimensional Understanding. EMOTION REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073915575402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several decades of research converge on the formulation that individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) exhibit negative biases in their processing of emotional information. It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that traditional between-group comparisons have obscured the substantial heterogeneity of cognitive and affective dysfunction that is associated with depressive symptomatology. In this article, we review the findings of research examining attention to and memory for negative emotional information using a more dimensional perspective on depression. Specifically, we explore studies that assess cognitive biases along a continuum of depressive symptom severity and consider the influence of co-occurring dimensions of functioning, in particular the severity of anxiety symptoms. Finally, we identify critical empirical questions and issues in this growing literature.
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11
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Winter D, Elzinga B, Schmahl C. Emotions and memory in borderline personality disorder. Psychopathology 2014; 47:71-85. [PMID: 24355827 DOI: 10.1159/000356360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Memory processes such as encoding, storage, and retrieval of information are influenced by emotional content. Because patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are particularly susceptible to emotional information, it is relevant to understand whether such memory processes are altered in this patient group. This systematic literature review collects current evidence on this issue. Research suggests that emotional information interferes more strongly with information processing and learning in BPD patients than in healthy controls. In general, BPD patients do not seem to differ from healthy control subjects in their ability to memorize emotional information, but they tend to have specific difficulties forgetting negative information. Also, BPD patients seem to recall autobiographical, particularly negative events with stronger arousal than healthy controls, while BPD patients also show specific temporo-prefrontal alterations in neural correlates. No substantial evidence was found that the current affective state influences learning and memory in BPD patients any differently than in healthy control subjects. In general, a depressive mood seems to both deteriorate and negatively bias information processing and memories, while there is evidence that dissociative symptoms impair learning and memory independently of stimulus valence. This review discusses methodological challenges of studies on memory and emotions in BPD and makes suggestions for future research and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Winter
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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12
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Phillips WJ, Hine DW. Exploring the factor structure of implicit and explicit cognitions associated with depression. Assessment 2012; 20:474-83. [PMID: 22357697 DOI: 10.1177/1073191112437595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dual-process models of cognitive vulnerability to depression propose that implicit (automatic) and explicit (effortful) processes are involved in depression. The current study investigated the underlying structure of four implicit and four explicit cognitive biases associated with depression in an undergraduate sample (N = 355). An exploratory principal-axis factor analysis of implicit and explicit measures of self-esteem, dysfunctional beliefs, and memory for positive and negative stimuli produced a three-factor solution that was inconsistent with the dual process (two factor) account. Subsequent confirmatory factor analyses of biases exhibited by a hold-out sample also failed to support the hypothesized dual-process model and supported a three-factor solution. Overall, the results indicate that the latent structure of measures investigated in this study is not characterized by a clear differentiation between implicit and explicit cognition and that alternative models and measurement strategies should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Phillips
- University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.
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13
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Roiser JP, Elliott R, Sahakian BJ. Cognitive mechanisms of treatment in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:117-36. [PMID: 21976044 PMCID: PMC3238070 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive abnormalities are a core feature of depression, and biases toward negatively toned emotional information are common, but are they a cause or a consequence of depressive symptoms? Here, we propose a 'cognitive neuropsychological' model of depression, suggesting that negative information processing biases have a central causal role in the development of symptoms of depression, and that treatments exert their beneficial effects by abolishing these biases. We review the evidence pertaining to this model: briefly with respect to currently depressed patients, and in more detail with respect to individuals at risk for depression and the effects of antidepressant treatments. As well as being present in currently depressed individuals, negative biases are detectable in those vulnerable for depression due to neuroticism, genetic risk, or previous depressive illness. Recent evidence provides strong support for the notion that both antidepressant drugs and psychological therapies modify negative biases, providing a common mechanism for understanding treatments for depression. Intriguingly, it may even be possible to predict which patients will benefit most from which treatments on the basis of neural responses to negative stimuli. However, further research is required to ascertain whether negative processing biases will be useful in predicting, detecting, and treating depression, and hence in preventing a chronic, relapsing course of illness.
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14
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Elliott R, Zahn R, Deakin JFW, Anderson IM. Affective cognition and its disruption in mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:153-82. [PMID: 20571485 PMCID: PMC3055516 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we consider affective cognition, responses to emotional stimuli occurring in the context of cognitive evaluation. In particular, we discuss emotion categorization, biasing of memory and attention, as well as social/moral emotion. We discuss limited neuropsychological evidence suggesting that affective cognition depends critically on the amygdala, ventromedial frontal cortex, and the connections between them. We then consider neuroimaging studies of affective cognition in healthy volunteers, which have led to the development of more sophisticated neural models of these processes. Disturbances of affective cognition are a core and specific feature of mood disorders, and we discuss the evidence supporting this claim, both from behavioral and neuroimaging perspectives. Serotonin is considered to be a key neurotransmitter involved in depression, and there is a considerable body of research exploring whether serotonin may mediate disturbances of affective cognition. The final section presents an overview of this literature and considers implications for understanding the pathophysiology of mood disorder as well as developing and evaluating new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Elliott
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, School of Community-Based Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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15
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Ridout N, Noreen A, Johal J. Memory for emotional faces in naturally occurring dysphoria and induced sadness. Behav Res Ther 2009; 47:851-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Wisco BE, Nolen-Hoeksema S. The Interaction of Mood and Rumination in Depression: Effects on Mood Maintenance and Mood-Congruent Autobiographical Memory. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-009-0096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Identification of emotionally ambiguous interpersonal stimuli among dysphoric and nondysphoric individuals. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2008; 33:283-290. [PMID: 20046979 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-008-9198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether dysphoria influences the identification of non-ambiguous and ambiguous facial expressions of emotion. Dysphoric and non-dysphoric college students viewed a series of human faces expressing sadness, happiness, anger, and fear that were morphed with each other to varying degrees. Dysphoric and non-dysphoric individuals identified prototypical emotional expressions similarly. However, when viewing ambiguous faces, dysphoric individuals were more likely to identify sadness when mixed with happiness than non-dysphoric individuals. A similar but less robust pattern was observed for facial expressions that combined fear and happiness. No group differences in emotion identification were observed for faces that combined sadness and anger or fear and anger. Dysphoria appears to enhance the identification of negative emotion in others when positive emotion is also present. This tendency may contribute to some of the interpersonal difficulties often experienced by dysphoric individuals.
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