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Akiyama T, Yoshimatsu Y, Noguchi R, Sin Y, Tsuchiya R, Ono T, Sato C, Kojima N, Yoshida A, Kawai A, Ohtori S, Kondo T. Establishment and characterization of NCC-MRT1-C1: a novel cell line of malignant rhabdoid tumor. Hum Cell 2022; 35:2002-2010. [PMID: 35927606 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) is a sarcoma histologically characterized by rhabdoid cells and genetically characterized by loss of function of the chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF induced by SMARCB1 gene deficiency. MRT mainly occurs in children, may arise in various locations, but is predominantly in the central nervous system (CNS) and kidney. Although MRT exhibits poor prognosis, standard treatment has not yet been established due to its extreme rarity. Patient-derived cancer cell lines are critical tools for basic and pre-clinical research in the development of chemotherapy. However, none of the MRT cell lines was derived from adult patients, and only one cell line was derived from the MRT of a soft tissue, despite the clinical behavior of MRT varying according to patient age and anatomic site. Herein, we reported the first cell line of MRT isolated from the soft tissue of an adult patient and named it NCC-MRT1-C1. NCC-MRT1-C1 cells showed a biallelic loss of the SMARCB1 gene. NCC-MRT1-C1 cells demonstrated rapid proliferation, spheroid formation, invasion capability in vitro, and tumorigenesis in nude mice. Screening of antitumor agents in NCC-MRT1-C1 cells resulted in the identification of six effective drugs. In conclusion, we report the first MRT cell line from the soft tissue of an adult patient. We believe that NCC-MRT1-C1 is a useful tool for developing novel chemotherapies for MRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Akiyama
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshimatsu
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Rei Noguchi
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yooksil Sin
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Ryuto Tsuchiya
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan
| | - Takuya Ono
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sato
- Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Naoki Kojima
- Department of Diagnosis Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshida
- Department of Diagnosis Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Akira Kawai
- Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Seji Ohtori
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kondo
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
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2
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Forrest SJ, Al-Ibraheemi A, Doan D, Ward A, Clinton CM, Putra J, Pinches RS, Kadoch C, Chi SN, DuBois SG, Leavey PJ, LeBoeuf NR, Mullen E, Collins N, Church AJ, Janeway KA. Genomic and Immunologic Characterization of INI1-Deficient Pediatric Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:2882-2890. [PMID: 32122923 PMCID: PMC10947260 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several aggressive pediatric cancers harbor alterations in SMARCB1, including rhabdoid tumors, epithelioid sarcoma, and chordoma. As tumor profiling has become more routine in clinical care, we investigated the relationship between SMARCB1 genetic variants identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and INI1 protein expression. Therapeutic approaches for INI1-deficient tumors are limited. Early reports suggest a potential role for immune checkpoint inhibition in these patients. Thus, we also investigated PD-L1 and CD8 expression in INI1-negative pediatric brain and solid tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) for INI1 and immune markers (PD-L1, CD8, and CD163) and NGS on tumor samples from 43 pediatric patients who had tumors with INI1 loss on previous IHC or SMARCB1 genomic alterations on prior somatic sequencing. RESULTS SMARCB1 two-copy deletions and inactivating mutations on NGS were associated with loss of INI1 protein expression. Single-copy deletion of SMARCB1 was not predictive of INI1 loss in tumor histologies not known to be INI1-deficient. In the 27 cases with INI1 loss and successful tumor sequencing, 24 (89%) had a SMARCB1 alteration detected. In addition, 47% (14/30) of the patients with INI1-negative tumors had a tumor specimen that was PD-L1 positive and 60% (18/30) had positive or rare CD8 staining. We report on 3 patients with INI1-negative tumors with evidence of disease control on immune checkpoint inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of the INI1-negative tumors express PD-L1, and PD-L1 positivity was associated with extracranial tumor site. These results suggest that clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors are warranted in INI1-negative pediatric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J Forrest
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Alyaa Al-Ibraheemi
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Duong Doan
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abigail Ward
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine M Clinton
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Juan Putra
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - R Seth Pinches
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cigall Kadoch
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan N Chi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven G DuBois
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick J Leavey
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nicole R LeBoeuf
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Cutaneous Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Mullen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Natalie Collins
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alanna J Church
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine A Janeway
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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3
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Reddy AT, Strother DR, Judkins AR, Burger PC, Pollack IF, Krailo MD, Buxton AB, Williams-Hughes C, Fouladi M, Mahajan A, Merchant TE, Ho B, Mazewski CM, Lewis VA, Gajjar A, Vezina LG, Booth TN, Parsons KW, Poss VL, Zhou T, Biegel JA, Huang A. Efficacy of High-Dose Chemotherapy and Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation for Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group Trial ACNS0333. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38:1175-1185. [PMID: 32105509 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is an aggressive, early-childhood brain tumor without standard effective treatment. To our knowledge, we conducted the first AT/RT-specific cooperative group trial, ACNS0333, to examine the efficacy and safety of intensive postoperative chemotherapy and focal radiation to treat AT/RT. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients from birth to 22 years of age with AT/RT were eligible. After surgery, they received 2 courses of multiagent chemotherapy, followed by 3 courses of high-dose chemotherapy with peripheral blood stem cell rescue and involved-field radiation therapy. Timing of radiation was based on patient age and disease location and extent. Central testing of tumor and blood for SMARCB1 status was mandated. Tumor molecular subclassification was performed retrospectively. The primary analysis was event-free survival (EFS) for patients < 36 months of age compared with a cooperative groups' historical cohort. Although accrual was based on the therapeutic question, potential prognostic factors, including age, tumor location, M stage, surgical resection, order of therapy, germline status, and molecular subtype, were explored. RESULTS Of 65 evaluable patients, 54 were < 36 months of age. ACNS0333 therapy significantly reduced the risk of EFS events in patients < 36 months of age compared with the historical cohort (P < .0005; hazard rate, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.66). Four-year EFS and overall survival for the entire cohort were 37% (95% CI, 25% to 49%) and 43% (95% CI, 31% to 55%), respectively. Timing of radiation did not affect survival, and 91% of relapses occurred by 2 years from enrollment. Treatment-related deaths occurred in 4 patients. CONCLUSION The ACNS0333 regimen dramatically improved survival compared with historical therapies for patients with AT/RT. Clinical characteristics and molecular subgrouping suggest prognostic differences. ACNS0333 results lay a foundation on which to build future studies and incorporate testing of new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa T Reddy
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Douglas R Strother
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexander R Judkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peter C Burger
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Department Neurosurgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mark D Krailo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Maryam Fouladi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Anita Mahajan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Thomas E Merchant
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Ben Ho
- Department of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claire M Mazewski
- Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Victor A Lewis
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amar Gajjar
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Louis-Gilbert Vezina
- Department of Radiology, The George Washington University School Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Timothy N Booth
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Vicky L Poss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Tianni Zhou
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, CA
| | - Jaclyn A Biegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Annie Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Arnaud O, Le Loarer F, Tirode F. BAFfling pathologies: Alterations of BAF complexes in cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 419:266-279. [PMID: 29374542 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To activate or repress specific genes, chromatin is constantly modified by chromatin-remodeling complexes. Among these complexes, the SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermenting (SWI/SNF) complex, also referred to as BRG1-Associated Factor (BAF) complex, moves the nucleosome along chromatin using energy provided by ATP hydrolysis. In mammalian organisms, the SWI/SNF complex is composed of 10-15 subunits, depending on cell type, and a defect in one of these subunits can have dramatic consequences. In this review we will focus on the alterations identified in the SWI/SNF (BAF) complex subunits that lead to cancerous pathologies. While SMARCB1 was the first mutated subunit to be reported in a majority of malignant rhabdoid tumors, the advent of next-generation sequencing allowed the discovery of mutations in various SWI/SNF subunits within a broad spectrum of cancers. In most cases, the mutation leads to a loss of expression or to a truncated subunit unable to perform its function. Even though it is now commonly acknowledged that approximately 20% of all cancers present a mutation in a SWI/SNF subunit, some cancers are associated to a specific alteration of a SWI/SNF subunit, which acts either as tumor suppressor genes or as oncogenes, and therefore constitute diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Consistently, therapeutic strategies targeting SWI/SNF subunits or the genes affected downstream have been revealed to treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophelie Arnaud
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | | | - Franck Tirode
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France; Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France.
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5
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Abstract
The SMARCB1 gene ( INI1, BAF47) is a member of the SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex, involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene transcription. SMARCB1 acts as a tumor suppressor gene, and loss of function of both alleles gives rise to SMARCB1-deficient tumors. The prototypical SMARCB1-deficient tumor is the malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) which was first described in the kidney but also occurs in soft tissue, viscera, and the brain (where it is referred to as atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor or AT/RT). These are overwhelmingly tumors of the very young, and most follow an aggressive and ultimately lethal course. Morphologically, most but not all contain a population of "rhabdoid" cells, which are large cells with abundant cytoplasm, perinuclear spherical inclusions, and eccentric vesicular nuclei with large inclusion-like nucleoli. MRT immunohistochemistry reveals complete loss of SMARCB1 nuclear expression, and molecular analysis confirms biallelic SMARCB1 inactivation in the vast majority. Rare AT/RTs have loss of SMARCA4, another SWI/SNF member, rather than SMARCB1. With the widespread adoption of SMARCB1 immunohistochemistry, an increasing number of SMARCB1-deficient tumors outside of the MRT-AT/RT spectrum have been described. In addition to MRT and AT/RT, pediatric tumors with complete loss of SMARCB1 expression include cribriform neuroepithelial tumor, renal medullary carcinoma, and epithelioid sarcoma. Tumors with variable loss of SMARCB1 expression include subsets of epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, schwannomas arising in schwannomatosis, subsets of chordomas, myoepithelial carcinomas, and sinonasal carcinomas. Variable and reduced expression of SMARCB1 is characteristic of synovial sarcoma. In this review, the historical background, clinical characteristics, morphology, immunohistochemical features, and molecular genetics most germane to these tumors are summarized. In addition, familial occurrence of these tumors (the rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome) is discussed. It is hoped that this review may provide practical guidance to pathologists encountering tumors that have altered expression of SMARCB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R Pawel
- 1 Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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6
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Sredni ST, Bailey AW, Suri A, Hashizume R, He X, Louis N, Gokirmak T, Piper DR, Watterson DM, Tomita T. Inhibition of polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4): a new therapeutic option for rhabdoid tumors and pediatric medulloblastoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:111190-111212. [PMID: 29340047 PMCID: PMC5762315 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdoid tumors (RT) are highly aggressive and vastly unresponsive embryonal tumors. They are the most common malignant CNS tumors in infants below 6 months of age. Medulloblastomas (MB) are embryonal tumors that arise in the cerebellum and are the most frequent pediatric malignant brain tumors. Despite the advances in recent years, especially for the most favorable molecular subtypes of MB, the prognosis of patients with embryonal tumors remains modest with treatment related toxicity dreadfully high. Therefore, new targeted therapies are needed. The polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is a critical regulator of centriole duplication and consequently, mitotic progression. We previously established that PLK4 is overexpressed in RT and MB. We also demonstrated that inhibiting PLK4 with a small molecule inhibitor resulted in impairment of proliferation, survival, migration and invasion of RT cells. Here, we showed in MB the same effects that we previously described for RT. We also demonstrated that PLK4 inhibition induced apoptosis, senescence and polyploidy in RT and MB cells, thereby increasing the susceptibility of cancer cells to DNA-damaging agents. In order to test the hypothesis that PLK4 is a CNS druggable target, we demonstrated efficacy with oral administration to an orthotropic xenograft model. Based on these results, we postulate that targeting PLK4 with small-molecule inhibitors could be a novel strategy for the treatment of RT and MB and that PLK4 inhibitors (PLK4i) might be promising agents to be used solo or in combination with cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Treiger Sredni
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Anders W. Bailey
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Amreena Suri
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurological Surgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xingyao He
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurological Surgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nundia Louis
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurological Surgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tufan Gokirmak
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Research and Development, Biosciences Division, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - David R. Piper
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Research and Development, Biosciences Division, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Daniel M. Watterson
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tadanori Tomita
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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7
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Krämer KF, Moreno N, Frühwald MC, Kerl K. BRD9 Inhibition, Alone or in Combination with Cytostatic Compounds as a Therapeutic Approach in Rhabdoid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071537. [PMID: 28714904 PMCID: PMC5536025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdoid tumors (RT) are malignant neoplasms of early childhood. Despite intensive therapy, survival is poor and new treatment approaches are required. The only recurrent mutations in these tumors affect SMARCB1 and less commonly SMARCA4, both subunits of the chromatin remodeling complex SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF). Loss of these two core subunits alters the function of the SWI/SNF complex, resulting in tumor development. We hypothesized that inhibition of aberrant SWI/SNF function by selective blockade of the BRD9 subunit of the SWI/SNF complex would reduce tumor cell proliferation. The cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects of two specific chemical probes (I-BRD9 and BI-9564) which target the bromodomain of SWI/SNF protein BRD9 were evaluated in 5 RT cell lines. Combinatorial effects of I-BRD9 and cytotoxic drugs on cell proliferation were evaluated by cytotoxicity assays. Single compound treatment of RT cells with I-BRD9 and BI-9564 resulted in decreased cell proliferation, G1-arrest and apoptosis. Combined treatment of doxorubicin or carboplatin with I-BRD9 resulted in additive to synergistic inhibitory effects on cell proliferation. In contrast, the combination of I-BRD9 with vincristine demonstrated the antagonistic effects of these two compounds. We conclude that the BRD9 bromodomain is an attractive target for novel therapies in this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja F Krämer
- University Children's Hospital Muenster, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Natalia Moreno
- University Children's Hospital Muenster, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Michael C Frühwald
- Children's Hospital and Swabian Children's Cancer Center, 86156 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Kornelius Kerl
- University Children's Hospital Muenster, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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8
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Byers HM, Adam MP, LaCroix A, Leary SES, Cole B, Dobyns WB, Mefford HC. Description of a new oncogenic mechanism for atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors in patients with ring chromosome 22. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 173:245-249. [PMID: 27734605 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors of the central nervous system are rare, highly malignant, embryonal tumors most often occurring in children under age 3 years. Most are due to a somatic change in tumor suppressor gene SMARCB1 followed by a second-hit, typically loss of heterozygosity, best detected on immunohistochemical staining. Despite the noteworthy genetic homogeneity of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors, relatively little is known about the oncogenic mechanisms that lead to biallelic inactivation of SMARCB1. Herein, we describe a patient with constitutional ring chromosome 22, Phelan-McDermid syndrome and atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor of the brain. During mitosis, sister chromatids of a ring chromosome may form interlocking and dicentric rings, resulting in chromosomal loss, complex karyotypes, and ongoing somatic variation. We hypothesized that the inherent instability of the patient's ring chromosome could lead to mosaic monosomy chromosome 22, resulting in allelic inactivation of the tumor-suppressor gene SMARCB1 and AT/RT if a second-hit occurred. Utilizing high-density microarray technology to analyze peripheral blood and tumor tissue, we confirmed this oncogenic mechanism, previously undescribed in patients with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors. Our data demonstrate chromosomal loss as a consequence of ring chromosome instability serving as the first hit in oncogenesis. This rare but possibly under-recognized mechanism is important to note in children with ATRT and syndromic features. Further investigation is warranted to assess if this oncogenic mechanism has management and/or prognostic implications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Byers
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Genetic Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Margaret P Adam
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amy LaCroix
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sarah E S Leary
- Division of Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bonnie Cole
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - William B Dobyns
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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9
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Abstract
SMARCB1 is the core subunit of the SWI/sucrose non-fermenting ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complex located on the long arm of chromosome 22 (22q11.2). Since discovering genetic alterations of the SMARCB1 gene in malignant rhabdoid tumours, the family of tumours harbouring loss of SMARCB1 expression has been steadily expanding. In this review, we give a general overview of SMARCB1, its role in various cancers including germline mutations, association with genetic syndromes and role in future targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha N Kalimuthu
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Runjan Chetty
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Kadoch C, Copeland RA, Keilhack H. PRC2 and SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Complexes in Health and Disease. Biochemistry 2016; 55:1600-14. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cigall Kadoch
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Robert A. Copeland
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology
Square, 4th floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heike Keilhack
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology
Square, 4th floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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