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Sevilla A, Grichnik J. Therapeutic modulation of KIT ligand in melanocytic disorders with implications for mast cell diseases. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15091. [PMID: 38711220 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
KIT ligand and its associated receptor KIT serve as a master regulatory system for both melanocytes and mast cells controlling survival, migration, proliferation and activation. Blockade of this pathway results in cell depletion, while overactivation leads to mastocytosis or melanoma. Expression defects are associated with pigmentary and mast cell disorders. KIT ligand regulation is complex but efficient targeting of this system would be of significant benefit to those suffering from melanocytic or mast cell disorders. Herein, we review the known associations of this pathway with cutaneous diseases and the regulators of this system both in skin and in the more well-studied germ cell system. Exogenous agents modulating this pathway will also be presented. Ultimately, we will review potential therapeutic opportunities to help our patients with melanocytic and mast cell disease processes potentially including vitiligo, hair greying, melasma, urticaria, mastocytosis and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Sevilla
- Department of Dermatology, New York Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lakeland Regional Health, Lakeland, Florida, USA
| | - James Grichnik
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
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2
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Wangberg H, Willis MJH, Lindsey D, Schmidgal EC, White AA. A familial case of diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2023; 11:3802-3803. [PMID: 37598730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wangberg
- Department of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, Calif
| | - Mary J H Willis
- Department of Pediatrics, Navy Medical Center, San Diego, Calif
| | - Diana Lindsey
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Navy Medical Center, San Diego, Calif
| | - E Chad Schmidgal
- Department of Dermatology, Navy Medical Center, San Diego, Calif
| | - Andrew A White
- Department of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, Calif.
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3
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Li Q, Chen W, Wang C, Liu Z, Gu Y, Xu X, Xu J, Jiang T, Xu M, Wang Y, Chen C, Zhong Y, Zhang Y, Yao L, Jin G, Hu Z, Zhou P. Whole-exome sequencing reveals common and rare variants in immunologic and neurological genes implicated in achalasia. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:1478-1487. [PMID: 34197731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic achalasia (IA) is a severe motility disorder characterized by neuronal degeneration in the myenteric plexus, but the etiology remains largely unknown. We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) in 100 IA-affected individuals and 313 non-IA control subjects and validated the results in 230 IA-affected individuals and 1,760 non-IA control subjects. Common missense variants rs1705003 (CUTA, GenBank: NC_000006.11:g.33385953A>G) and rs1126511 (HLA-DPB1, GenBank: NC_000006.11:g.33048466G>T) at 6p21.32 were reproducibly associated with increased risk of IA (rs1126511: OR = 1.83, p = 2.34 × 10-9; rs1705003: OR = 2.37, p = 3.21 × 10-7), meeting exome-wide significance. Both variants can affect the expression of their target genes at the transcript level. An array-based association analysis in 280 affected individuals and 1,121 control subjects determined the same signal at 6p21.32. Further conditional analyses supported that the two missense variants identified in WES-based association study were potential causal variants of IA. For rare variants, the top genes identified by gene-based analysis were significantly enriched in nerve and muscle phenotypic genes in the mouse. Moreover, the functional rare variants in these genes tended to cooccur in IA-affected individuals. In an independent cohort, we successfully validated three rare variants (CREB5, GenBank: NC_000007.13:g.28848865G>T; ESYT3, GenBank: NC_000003.11:g.138183253C>T; and LPIN1, GenBank: NC_000002.11:g.11925128A>G) which heightens the risk of developing IA. Our study identified and validated two common variants and three rare variants associated with IA in immunologic and neurological genes, providing new insight into the etiology of IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanlin Li
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weifeng Chen
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211116, China
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yayun Gu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiaoyue Xu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiaxing Xu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Meidong Xu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Congcong Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yunshi Zhong
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liqing Yao
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Pinghong Zhou
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Tustumi F, de Sousa JHB, Dornelas NM, Rosa GM, Steinman M, Bianchi ET. The Mechanisms for the Association of Cancer and Esophageal Dysmotility Disorders. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:32. [PMID: 34064058 PMCID: PMC8163009 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achalasia and other esophageal dysmotility disorders mimicking achalasia can be associated with cancer. This study aimed to review the main mechanisms for which cancer may develop in esophageal dysmotility disorder patients. METHODS A narrative review was performed. RESULTS The mechanism for developing squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are discussed. Besides, achalasia-like syndromes related to familial KIT-gene mutation and pseudoachalasia are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Knowing the main mechanism for which achalasia can be related to cancer is essential for clinicians to conduct the proper investigation, surveillance, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Tustumi
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (J.H.B.d.S.); (N.M.D.); (G.M.R.); (M.S.); (E.T.B.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | | | - Nicolas Medeiros Dornelas
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (J.H.B.d.S.); (N.M.D.); (G.M.R.); (M.S.); (E.T.B.)
| | - Guilherme Maganha Rosa
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (J.H.B.d.S.); (N.M.D.); (G.M.R.); (M.S.); (E.T.B.)
| | - Milton Steinman
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (J.H.B.d.S.); (N.M.D.); (G.M.R.); (M.S.); (E.T.B.)
| | - Edno Tales Bianchi
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (J.H.B.d.S.); (N.M.D.); (G.M.R.); (M.S.); (E.T.B.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
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Detection of the germline KIT S476I mutation in a kindred with familial mastocytosis associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumors. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:2123-2125.e1. [PMID: 33422680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ruksha TG, Sergeeva EY, Fefelova YA, Khorzhevsky VA. [The significance of C-KIT gene mutations in the diagnosis and prognosis of malignant tumors]. Arkh Patol 2021; 83:61-68. [PMID: 34278763 DOI: 10.17116/patol20218304161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the C-KIT gene encoding type III receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates cellular processes, such as differentiation, survival, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, are found in some neoplasms: gastrointestinal stromal tumor, mastocytosis, melanoma, breast carcinomas, myeloid leukemias, and a number of others. Tumors that exhibit these mutations are sensitive to therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which makes it necessary to correctly identify the mutation status by C-KIT in order to apply a personalized approach to therapy. This literature review shows that the type and localization of the C-KIT gene mutation are of crucial prognostic value and significance in choosing drugs for antitumor therapy, but traditional diagnostic methods fail to determine accurate mutation characteristics. Routine sequencing techniques focus on identifying the gene mutations associated with specific cellular processes, such as DNA damage and repair. The emergence of next-generation sequencing techniques has solved this problem, making it possible to fully analyze the genome of a malignant neoplasm, with constant screening for new mutations that appear as the tumor develops, affect the prognosis of the disease, and change its sensitivity to the antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Ruksha
- Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - E Yu Sergeeva
- Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Yu A Fefelova
- Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - V A Khorzhevsky
- Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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Fornasarig M, Gasparotto D, Foltran L, Campigotto M, Lombardi S, Del Savio E, Buonadonna A, Puglisi F, Sulfaro S, Canzonieri V, Cannizzaro R, Maestro R. A Novel Kindred with Familial Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Caused by a Rare KIT Germline Mutation (N655K): Clinico-Pathological Presentation and TKI Sensitivity. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10040234. [PMID: 33212994 PMCID: PMC7711910 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, are characterized by activating mutations in KIT or PDGFRA genes. The vast majority of GISTs are sporadic, but rare hereditary forms have been reported, often featuring multifocality and younger age of onset. We here report the identification of a novel kindred affected by familial GIST caused by a KIT germline mutation in exon 13 (N655K). No family affected by hereditary GIST due to this KIT variant has been reported in literature so far. We were able to track the mutation in three members of the family (proband, mother, and second-degree cousin), all affected by multiple GISTs. Due to its rarity, the N655K variant is poorly characterized. We conducted in vitro drug sensitivity assays that indicated that most tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) currently included in the therapeutic armamentarium for GISTs have a limited inhibitory activity toward this mutation. However, when compared to a classical imatinib-resistant KIT mutation (T670I), N655K was slightly more sensitive to imatinib, and encouraging responses were observed with last-generation TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Fornasarig
- Unit of Oncological Gastroenterology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Daniela Gasparotto
- Unit of Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (D.G.); (S.L.); (E.D.S.)
| | - Luisa Foltran
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (L.F.); (A.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Michele Campigotto
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.C.); (V.C.)
| | - Sara Lombardi
- Unit of Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (D.G.); (S.L.); (E.D.S.)
| | - Elisa Del Savio
- Unit of Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (D.G.); (S.L.); (E.D.S.)
| | - Angela Buonadonna
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (L.F.); (A.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Fabio Puglisi
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (L.F.); (A.B.); (F.P.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 3310 Udine, Italy
| | - Sandro Sulfaro
- Unit of Pathology, Santa Maria Degli Angeli General Hospital, 33170 Pordenone, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.C.); (V.C.)
- Unit of Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Renato Cannizzaro
- Unit of Oncological Gastroenterology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberta Maestro
- Unit of Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO Aviano), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (D.G.); (S.L.); (E.D.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Tustumi F, Szor DJ, Sallum RAA, Cecconello I. Stem cell factor receptor gene mutation: Achalasia, mastocytosis and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Genet 2019; 241:66. [PMID: 31780427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Tustumi
- Department of Gastroenterology. Digestive Surgery Division,University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-000, Brazil.
| | - Daniel José Szor
- Department of Gastroenterology. Digestive Surgery Division,University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Rubens Antonio Aissar Sallum
- Department of Gastroenterology. Digestive Surgery Division,University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Ivan Cecconello
- Department of Gastroenterology. Digestive Surgery Division,University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-000, Brazil
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