1
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Baucom JC, Agyemang NB, Trelles T, Gallicchio E, Murelli RP. Studies on the Configurational Stability of Tropolone-Ketone-, Ester-, and Aldehyde-Based Chiral Axes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:541-552. [PMID: 38133833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that tropolone-amide aryl C-C(O) rotational barriers are dramatically higher than those of analogous benzamide-based systems, and as a result, they have an increased likelihood of displaying high configurational stability. Studies on other tropolone-based chiral axes are important to assess the generality of this phenomenon. Herein, we describe a series of studies on the rotational barriers of tropolone-ketone, tropolone-ester, and tropolone-aldehyde chiral axes. These studies are complemented with computational modeling of the dynamics of these and analogous benzenoid variants to illuminate the impact that tropolone may have on aryl-C(O) configurational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Charles Baucom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Nana B Agyemang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Theresa Trelles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Emilio Gallicchio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Ryan P Murelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
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2
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Patel S, Sandha K, Waingankar A, Jain P, Abhyankar A. Atropisomerism transforming anti-cancer drug discovery. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:138-157. [PMID: 36254625 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atropisomerism is a stereochemical phenomenon that describes how groups are arranged in space as a result of their impeded rotation around a single bond. It is one of the frequently underappreciated conformational kinds of chirality. A significant role for atropisomers in drug discovery and development has been established via substantial study on the characteristics of molecules exhibiting this form of chirality. According to studies on the target selectivity of anti-cancer drugs, it was identified that atropisomers of specific compounds could be examined to modulate the selectivity of promiscuous inhibitors, which are a key target in cancer therapy. Conversely, it was discovered that these deliberate rigidifications of possible molecules along an axis of chirality gave an abundant possibility of acquiring more tailored anti-cancer action. Atropisomerism plays a significant role in altering pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and thereby the success of any proposed drug candidate. It is thus necessary to anticipate the impact of stereogenic centres in such compounds on cancer drug development. Hence, herein we review atropisomeric anti-cancer moieties which have been investigated based on their target proteins, origin and isomerism. The insights offered herein would be extremely useful in anti-cancer drug design, pave way for new avenues to development promising potent agents to combat this life-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Patel
- SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Khushi Sandha
- SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Prachi Jain
- SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
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3
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Single and dual target inhibitors based on Bcl-2: Promising anti-tumor agents for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112446. [PMID: 32563811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) proteins family is an essential checkpoint in apoptosis. Extensive evidences suggested that overexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins can be observed in multiple cancer cell lines and primary tumor biopsy samples, which is an important reason for tumor cells to evade apoptosis and further acquire drug resistance for chemotherapy. Hence, down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins is effective for the treatment of cancers. In view that Bcl-2 inhibitors and some other anti-tumor agents, such as HDAC inhibitors and Mdm2 inhibitors, exert synergy effects in tumor cells, it is pointed out that dual-targeting therapies based on these targets are regarded as rational strategies to enhance the effectiveness of single target agents for cancer treatment. This review briefly introduces the apoptosis, the structure of Bcl-2 family proteins, and focuses on the current status and recent advances of Bcl-2 inhibitors and the corresponding SARs of them. Moreover, we discuss the synergisms between Bcl-2 and other anti-tumor targets, and summarize the current dual-target agents.
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4
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Gataullin RR. New Syntheses and Properties of Some Axial and Helical Isomers of Organic Compounds. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042801909001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Zeng Y, Ma J, Xu L, Wu D. Natural Product Gossypol and its Derivatives in Precision Cancer Medicine. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1849-1873. [PMID: 28545375 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170523123655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gossypol, a natural product extracted from the seed, roots, and stem of cotton, was initially used as a male contraceptive but was subsequently investigated as a novel antitumor agent. This review depicts the current status of gossypol and its derivatives as novel antitumor agents as well as presents their preparation and characteristics, especially of some gossypol Schiff bases, through quantitative and structural analysis. The main attractive target sites of gossypol and its derivatives are Bcl-2 family proteins containing the anti-apoptosis proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. The molecular mechanism of gossypol analogs not only involves cell apoptosis but also autophagy, cell cycle arrest, and other abnormal cellular phenomena. Gossypol and its derivatives exert antitumor effects on different cancer types in vitro and in vivo, and demonstrate synergistic effects with other chemo- and radio- therapeutic treatments. In addition, several nanocarriers have been designed to load gossypol or its derivatives in order to expand the range of their applications and evaluate their combination effects with other anti-tumor agents. This review may serve as a reference for the rational application of gossypol analogs as anti-tumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingwen Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Daocheng Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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6
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Matamoros E, Cintas P, Palacios JC. Tautomerism and stereodynamics in Schiff bases from gossypol and hemigossypol with N-aminoheterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6229-6250. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01011d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gossypol, a natural male contraceptive, can be functionalized via dynamic imine linkages, whose tautomerism has been explored in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Matamoros
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible
- Universidad de Extremadura
- 06006 Badajoz
| | - Pedro Cintas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible
- Universidad de Extremadura
- 06006 Badajoz
| | - Juan Carlos Palacios
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible
- Universidad de Extremadura
- 06006 Badajoz
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7
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Pradhan AK, Bhoopathi P, Talukdar S, Shen XN, Emdad L, Das SK, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Recombinant MDA-7/IL24 Suppresses Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis through Downregulation of the Akt/Mcl-1 Pathway. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1951-1960. [PMID: 29934341 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a principal cause of cancer-associated morbidity in men. Although 5-year survival of patients with localized prostate cancer approaches 100%, survival decreases precipitously after metastasis. Bone is the preferred site for disseminated prostate cancer cell colonization, altering the equilibrium of bone homeostasis resulting in weak and fragile bones. Currently, no curative options are available for prostate cancer bone metastasis. Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (MDA-7)/IL24 is a well-studied cytokine established as a therapeutic in a wide array of cancers upon delivery as a gene therapy. In this study, we explored the potential anticancer properties of MDA-7/IL24 delivered as a recombinant protein. Using bone metastasis experimental models, animals treated with recombinant MDA-7/IL24 had significantly less metastatic lesions in their femurs as compared with controls. The inhibitory effects of MDA-7/IL24 on bone metastasis resulted from prostate cancer-selective killing and inhibition of osteoclast differentiation, which is necessary for bone resorption. Gain- and loss-of-function genetic approaches document that prosurvival Akt and Mcl-1 pathways are critically important in the antibone metastatic activity of MDA-7/IL24. Our previous findings showed that MDA-7/IL24 gene therapy plus Mcl-1 inhibitors cooperate synergistically. Similarly, an Mcl-1 small-molecule inhibitor synergized with MDA-7/IL24 and induced robust antibone metastatic activity. These results expand the potential applications of MDA-7/IL24 as an anticancer molecule and demonstrate that purified recombinant protein is nontoxic in preclinical animal models and has profound inhibitory effects on bone metastasis, which can be enhanced further when combined with an Mcl-1 inhibitory small molecule. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(9); 1951-60. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan K Pradhan
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Praveen Bhoopathi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Xue-Ning Shen
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia. .,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
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8
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Recent advances in gossypol derivatives and analogs: a chemistry and biology view. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1243-1275. [PMID: 28722469 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gossypol as a natural occurring polyphenol has been studied in a wide range of therapeutic contexts for a long time. The chemical modifications on gossypol were limited due to the unique chemical properties of polyphenols. The design and synthesis of gossypol derivatives and the exploration of their biological activities are the interest of the synthetic chemists, medicinal chemists and pharmacologists. Thus, the progress of diverse gossypol derivatives and analogs' synthesis, biological activities, mechanism elucidation and drug discovery based on gossypol scaffold is summarized.
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9
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Zhan W, Hu X, Yi J, An Q, Huang X. Inhibitory activity of apogossypol in human prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:4142-8. [PMID: 25672487 PMCID: PMC4394964 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Apogossypol, a gossypol derivative, is a novel small-molecule inhibitor of the Bcl-2 family proteins and has been demonstrated to have anti-tumor activities. Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in males, for which chemotherapy is the usual treatment option in clinical practice. The aim of the present study was to investigate the growth inhibitory effects of apogossypol on prostate cancers in vitro and in vivo. An MTT assay and a colony formation assay were used to assess the anti-survival and anti-proliferation effects of apogossypol in LNCaP cells. Immunofluorescence was performed in order to detect the expression levels of apoptosis-associated proteins in xenograft tumors following apogossypol treatment. Apogossypol exerted strong anti-tumor effects on LNCaP cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, immunofluorescence revealed that apogossypol inhibited the growth and proliferation of prostate cancer cells by downregulating Bcl-2 protein expression and activating caspase-3 and -8. In addition, the in vivo study indicated that apogossypol significantly inhibited tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner with reduced toxicity compared with gossypol. In conclusion, the present study indicated that apogossypol effectively inhibited the growth and proliferation of prostate cancer cells and may be a potential agent for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zhan
- Department of Radiotherapy, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Xingbin Hu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yi
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Qunxing An
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Central Laboratory, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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10
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Bcl-2 antagonists: a proof of concept for CLL therapy. Invest New Drugs 2013; 31:1384-94. [PMID: 23907405 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Defective apoptosis is a fundamental hallmark feature of CLL biology and is a major target of cancer therapy development. High levels of Bcl-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins are considered primarily responsible for inhibiting apoptosis in CLL cells. While several approaches were considered to selectively inhibit Bcl-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins, the discovery that gossypol binds and antagonizes anti-apoptotic effect of Bcl-2 family proteins was a major breakthrough in identifying specific Bcl-2 antagonists. The concept of mimicking BH3 domain emphasized the importance of Bcl-2 family-targeted therapy that can modulate the function of anti-apoptotic proteins. Although parent compound gossypol did not sustain in the clinic, its structural modifications led to the development of additional analogues that demonstrated improved efficacy and reduced toxicity in preclinical and clinical investigations. Proof of concept of this hypothesis was demonstrated by structure based BH3 mimetic ABT-737 that has shown greater cytotoxicity towards CLL cells both in pre-clinical models and clinical trials. Its oral compound ABT-263 has demonstrated the substantial susceptibility of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells through Bcl-2 inhibition. Collectively, results of a Phase I Study of Navitoclax (ABT-263) in patients with relapsed or refractory disease warrants Bcl-2 as a valid therapeutic target in CLL. Importantly, molecules that mimic pro-apoptotic BH3 domains represent a direct approach to overcoming the protective effects of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Mcl-1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL.
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11
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Zask A, Murphy J, Ellestad GA. Biological Stereoselectivity of Atropisomeric Natural Products and Drugs. Chirality 2013; 25:265-74. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arie Zask
- Department of Chemistry; Columbia University; New York New York 10027
| | - John Murphy
- Department of Chemistry; Columbia University; New York New York 10027
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12
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Sabutoclax, a Mcl-1 antagonist, inhibits tumorigenesis in transgenic mouse and human xenograft models of prostate cancer. Neoplasia 2013; 14:656-65. [PMID: 22904682 DOI: 10.1593/neo.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to available therapeutic agents has been a common problem thwarting progress in treatment of castrate-resistant and metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). Overexpression of the Bcl-2 family members, including Mcl-1, in PCa cells is known to inhibit intracellular mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. Here we report the development of a novel transgenic mouse model that spontaneously develops prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma by the inducible, conditional knockout of transforming growth factor β receptor type II in stromal fibroblastic cells (Tgfbr2(ColTKO)). The Tgfbr2(ColTKO) prostate epithelia demonstrated down-regulation of luminal and basal differentiation markers, as well as Pten expression and up-regulation of Mcl-1. However, unlike in men, Tgfbr2(ColTKO) prostates exhibited no regression acutely after castration. The administration of Sabutoclax (BI-97C1), a pan-active Bcl-2 protein family antagonist mediated apoptosis in castrate-resistant PCa cells of Tgfbr2(ColTKO) mice and human subcutaneous, orthotopic, and intratibial xenograft PCa models. Interestingly, Sabutoclax had little apoptotic effect on benign prostate tissue in Tgfbr2(ColTKO) and wild-type mice. Sabutoclax was able to block c-Met activation, a critical axis in PCa metastatic progression. Further, Sabutoclax synergistically sensitized PC-3 cells to the cytotoxic effects of docetaxel (Taxotere). Together, these data suggest that Sabutoclax inhibits castrate-resistant PCa alone at the primary and bone metastatic site as well as support sensitivity to docetaxel treatment.
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13
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Zhang Z, Li X, Song T, Zhao Y, Feng Y. An Anthraquinone Scaffold for Putative, Two-Face Bim BH3 α-Helix Mimic. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10735-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301504b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhang
- State Key
Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- State Key
Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, People’s Republic
of China
- State Key Laboratory
of Natural
and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Song
- School of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian
116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian
116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingang Feng
- Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy
and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Deck LM, Mgani Q, Martinez A, Martinic A, Whalen LJ, Vander Jagt DL, Royer RE. Synthesis of benzyl substituted naphthalenes from benzylidene tetralones. Tetrahedron Lett 2012; 53:373-376. [PMID: 23794758 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A convenient and efficient synthesis of novel highly substituted dimethoxybenzylnaphthalenes, which are precursors to several dihydroxynaphthoic acids, is described. The approach involves the use of aldol chemistry to provide a number of benzylidene tetralones, which are converted to the target naphthalenes in three steps, with good to excellent yields. Grignard reaction of intermediate benzyl tetralones provided 1-substituted benzyl naphthalenes. The reported synthesis is flexible and scalable and provides access to naphthalenes having a variety of substitution patterns. These benzyl substituted naphthalenes are being converted to naphthoic acids and the bioactivities of these compounds are currently being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine M Deck
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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15
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Wei J, Stebbins JL, Kitada S, Dash R, Zhai D, Placzek WJ, Wu B, Rega MF, Zhang Z, Barile E, Yang L, Dahl R, Fisher PB, Reed JC, Pellecchia M. An optically pure apogossypolone derivative as potent pan-active inhibitor of anti-apoptotic bcl-2 family proteins. Front Oncol 2011; 1:28. [PMID: 22655238 PMCID: PMC3356046 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2011.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our focus in the past several years has been on the identification of novel and effective pan-Bcl-2 antagonists. We have recently reported a series of Apogossypolone (ApoG2) derivatives, resulting in the chiral compound (±) BI97D6. We report here the synthesis and evaluation on its optically pure (-) and (+) atropisomers. Compound (-) BI97D6 potently inhibits the binding of BH3 peptides to Bcl-X(L), Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and Bfl-1 with IC(50) values of 76 ± 5, 31 ± 2, 25 ± 8, and 122 ± 28 nM, respectively. In a cellular assay, compound (-) BI97D6 effectively inhibits cell growth in the PC-3 human prostate cancer and H23 human lung cancer cell lines with EC(50) values of 0.22 ± 0.08 and 0.14 ± 0.02 μM, respectively. Similarly, compound (-) BI97D6 effectively induces apoptosis in the BP3 human lymphoma cell line in a dose-dependent manner. The compound also shows little cytotoxicity against bax(-/-)/bak(-/-) cells, suggesting that it kills cancers cells predominantly via a Bcl-2 pathway. Moreover, compound (-) BI97D6 displays in vivo efficacy in both a Bcl-2-transgenic mouse model and in a prostate cancer xenograft model in mice. Therefore, compound (-) BI97D6 represents a promising drug lead for the development of novel apoptosis-based therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
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16
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Wei J, Kitada S, Stebbins JL, Placzek W, Zhai D, Wu B, Rega MF, Zhang Z, Cellitti J, Yang L, Dahl R, Reed JC, Pellecchia M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of Apogossypolone derivatives as pan-active inhibitors of antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8000-11. [PMID: 21033669 DOI: 10.1021/jm100746q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins is commonly related with tumor maintenance, progression, and chemoresistance. Inhibition of these antiapoptotic proteins is an attractive approach for cancer therapy. Guided by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) binding assays, a series of 5,5' substituted compound 6a (Apogossypolone) derivatives was synthesized and identified pan-active antagonists of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, with binding potency in the low micromolar to nanomolar range. Compound 6f inhibits the binding of BH3 peptides to Bcl-X(L), Bcl-2, and Mcl-1 with IC(50) values of 3.10, 3.12, and 2.05 μM, respectively. In a cellular assay, 6f potently inhibits cell growth in several human cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Compound 6f further displays in vivo efficacy in transgenic mice and demonstrated superior single-agent antitumor efficacy in a PPC-1 mouse xenograft model. Together with its negligible toxicity, compound 6f represents a promising drug lead for the development of novel apoptosis-based therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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17
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Pore MM, Hiltermann TJN, Kruyt FAE. Targeting apoptosis pathways in lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2010; 332:359-68. [PMID: 20974517 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a devastating disease with a poor prognosis. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) represent different forms of lung cancer that are associated with distinct genetic causes and display different responses to therapy in the clinic. Whereas SCLC is often sensitive to chemotherapy at start of treatment, NSCLC are less chemo-sensitive. In NSCLC different histological subtypes are distinguished and increasing efforts are made to identify subtypes that respond to specific therapies, such as those harbouring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations that have benefit from treatment with EGFR inhibitors. Targeting of the apoptotic machinery represents another approach that aims to selectively kill cancer cells while sparing normal ones. Here we describe different ways that are currently explored to induce apoptosis in lung cancer cells, specifically pathways controlled by TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), BCL-2 family members and apoptosis inhibitory proteins (IAPs). Preclinical studies are discussed and for some agents results from early clinical studies and future perspectives are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind M Pore
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Wei J, Vander Jagt DL, Royer RE, Deck LM. Synthesis of Hemigossypol and its Derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2010; 51:5757-5760. [PMID: 22837586 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemigossypol (3), a sesquiterpene natural product, was previously isolated from Gossypium barbadense and was shown to display improved anti-fungal activity compared to gossypol (1), the disesquiterpene dimer of hemigossypol (3). Gossypol exhibits multiple biological activities. In order to study whether hemigossypol and it derivatives retain the various bioactivities of gossypol, we developed a short and convenient synthetic scheme to synthesize hemigossypol. This is the first de novo synthesis of this natural product. In addition derivatives of hemigossypol with various 2,5-alkyl substituents were synthesized. Modification of the synthetic scheme also afforded the natural product hemigossylic lactone (4) and its 2,5-substituted derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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19
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Wei J, Stebbins JL, Kitada S, Dash R, Placzek W, Rega MF, Wu B, Cellitti J, Zhai D, Yang L, Dahl R, Fisher PB, Reed JC, Pellecchia M. BI-97C1, an optically pure Apogossypol derivative as pan-active inhibitor of antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4166-76. [PMID: 20443627 DOI: 10.1021/jm1001265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In our continued attempts to identify novel and effective pan-Bcl-2 antagonists, we have recently reported a series of compound 2 (Apogossypol) derivatives, resulting in the chiral compound 4 (8r). We report here the synthesis and evaluation on its optically pure individual isomers. Compound 11 (BI-97C1), the most potent diastereoisomer of compound 4, inhibits the binding of BH3 peptides to Bcl-X(L), Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and Bfl-1 with IC(50) values of 0.31, 0.32, 0.20, and 0.62 microM, respectively. The compound also potently inhibits cell growth of human prostate cancer, lung cancer, and lymphoma cell lines with EC(50) values of 0.13, 0.56, and 0.049 microM, respectively, and shows little cytotoxicity against bax(-/-)bak(-/-) cells. Compound 11 displays in vivo efficacy in transgenic mice models and also demonstrated superior single-agent antitumor efficacy in a prostate cancer mouse xenograft model. Therefore, compound 11 represents a potential drug lead for the development of novel apoptosis-based therapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Przybylski P, Kwit M, Pyta K, Pankiewicz R, Schroeder G, Gawroński J, Brzezinski B. Structure and atropisomerisation of new diastereomeric gossypol Schiff bases with (R)-(+)-2-amino-3-benzyloxy-1-propanol studied by NMR, ECD and DFT methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Samudio I, Konopleva M, Carter B, Andreeff M. Apoptosis in leukemias: regulation and therapeutic targeting. Cancer Treat Res 2010; 145:197-217. [PMID: 20306253 PMCID: PMC3822431 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-69259-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 25 years after the seminal publication of John Foxton Kerr that first described apoptosis, the process of regulated cell death, our understanding of this basic physiological phenomenon is far from complete [39]. From cardiovascular disease to cancer, apoptosis has assumed a central role with broad ranging therapeutic implications that depend on a complete understanding of this process, yet have also identified an incredibly complex regulatory system that is critical for development and is at the core of many diseases, challenging scientist and clinicians to step into its molecular realm and modulate its circuitry for therapeutic purposes. This chapter will review our understanding of the molecular circuitry that controls apoptosis in leukemia and the pharmacological manipulations of this pathway that may yield therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Samudio
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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22
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Wei J, Kitada S, Rega MF, Stebbins JL, Zhai D, Cellitti J, Yuan H, Emdadi A, Dahl R, Zhang Z, Yang L, Reed JC, Pellecchia M. Apogossypol derivatives as pan-active inhibitors of antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4511-23. [PMID: 19555126 DOI: 10.1021/jm900472s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Guided by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) binding assays and computational docking studies, a series of 5,5' substituted apogossypol derivatives was synthesized that resulted in potent pan-active inhibitors of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Compound 8r inhibits the binding of BH3 peptides to Bcl-X(L), Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and Bfl-1 with IC(50) values of 0.76, 0.32, 0.28, and 0.73 microM, respectively. The compound also potently inhibits cell growth of human lung cancer and BP3 human B-cell lymphoma cell lines with EC(50) values of 0.33 and 0.66 microM, respectively. Compound 8r shows little cytotoxicity against bax(-/-)bak(-/-) cells, indicating that it kills cancers cells via the intended mechanism. The compound also displays in vivo efficacy in transgenic mice in which Bcl-2 is overexpressed in splenic B-cells. Together with its improved chemical, plasma, and microsomal stability relative to compound 2 (apogossypol), compound 8r represents a promising drug lead for the development of novel apoptosis-based therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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23
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Rozanov DV, Savinov AY, Golubkov VS, Rozanova OL, Postnova TI, Sergienko EA, Vasile S, Aleshin AE, Rega MF, Pellecchia M, Strongin AY. Engineering a leucine zipper-TRAIL homotrimer with improved cytotoxicity in tumor cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1515-25. [PMID: 19509255 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Successful cancer therapies aim to induce selective apoptosis in neoplastic cells. The current suboptimal efficiency and selectivity drugs have therapeutic limitations and induce concomitant side effects. Recently, novel cancer therapies based on the use of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) have emerged. TRAIL, a key component of the natural antitumor immune response, selectively kills many tumor cell types. Earlier studies with recombinant TRAIL, however, revealed its many shortcomings including a short half-life, off-target toxicity, and existence of TRAIL-resistant tumor cells. We improved the efficacy of recombinant TRAIL by redesigning its structure and the expression and purification procedures. The result is a highly stable leucine zipper (LZ)-TRAIL chimera that is simple to produce and purify. This chimera functions as a trimer in a manner that is similar to natural TRAIL. The formulation of the recombinant LZ-TRAIL we have developed has displayed high specific activity in both cell-based assays in vitro and animal tests in vivo. Our results have shown that the half-life of LZ-TRAIL is improved and now exceeds 1 h in mice compared with a half-life of only minutes reported earlier for recombinant TRAIL. We have concluded that our LZ-TRAIL construct will serve as a foundation for a new generation of fully human LZ-TRAIL proteins suitable for use in preclinical and clinical studies and for effective combination therapies to overcome tumor resistance to TRAIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Rozanov
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
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24
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Wei J, Kitada S, Rega MF, Emdadi A, Yuan H, Cellitti J, Stebbins JL, Zhai D, Sun J, Yang L, Dahl R, Zhang Z, Wu B, Wang S, Reed TA, Wang HG, Lawrence N, Sebti S, Reed JC, Pellecchia M. Apogossypol derivatives as antagonists of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:904-13. [PMID: 19372563 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Guided by a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance binding assays and computational docking studies, we synthesized a library of 5,5' substituted Apogossypol derivatives as potent Bcl-XL antagonists. Each compound was subsequently tested for its ability to inhibit Bcl-XL in an in vitro fluorescence polarization competition assay and exert single-agent proapoptotic activity in human cancer cell lines. The most potent compound BI79D10 binds to Bcl-XL, Bcl-2, and Mcl-1 with IC50 values of 190, 360, and 520 nmol/L, respectively, and potently inhibits cell growth in the H460 human lung cancer cell line with an EC50 value of 680 nmol/L, expressing high levels of Bcl-2. BI79D10 also effectively induces apoptosis of the RS11846 human lymphoma cell line in a dose-dependent manner and shows little cytotoxicity against bax-/-bak-/- mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, in which antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins lack a cytoprotective phenotype, implying that BI79D10 has little off-target effects. BI79D10 displays in vivo efficacy in transgenic mice, in which Bcl-2 is overexpressed in splenic B cells. Together with its improved plasma and microsomal stability relative to Apogossypol, BI79D10 represents a lead compound for the development of novel apoptosis-based therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 90237, USA
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