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Biswas U, Roy R, Ghosh S, Chakrabarti G. The interplay between autophagy and apoptosis: its implication in lung cancer and therapeutics. Cancer Lett 2024; 585:216662. [PMID: 38309614 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining cellular homeostasis relies on the interplay between apoptosis and autophagy, and disruption in either of these processes can contribute to the development of cancer. Autophagy can hinder the apoptotic process, and when autophagy is inhibited in such instances, it can enhance the rate of apoptosis. However, evidence suggests that excessive autophagy can also lead to apoptotic cell death. Also, excess autophagy can cause excessive digestion of cellular organelles, causing autophagic cell death. Targeting autophagy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common form of lung cancer, can be very tricky due to the dual nature of autophagy. According to genetic analysis, various mutations in p53 and EGFR, G:C to A:T transversions seem responsible for the development of lung cancer in smokers and non-smokers. These events trigger cytoprotective autophagy or induce apoptotic cell death through different but interconnected signalling pathways. Lung cancer being the leading cause of death worldwide, calls for more attention to disease prognosis and new therapeutics in the market. However, molecules responsible for autophagy to apoptosis transition are yet to be studied elaborately. Also, the role of effector caspases during this shift needs to be elucidated in future. To comprehend how therapeutics operate through the modulation of autophagy and apoptosis and to target such pathways, it is crucial to emphasize these intricate connections. Many therapeutics discussed in this review targeting both apoptosis and autophagy have shown promising results in vitro and in vivo, however, few have crossed the hurdles of clinical trial. Nevertheless, the quest for safer and better efficacious agents is still alive, with the sole aim to develop novel cancer chemotherapeutic(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmita Biswas
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Swarnasree Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Gopal Chakrabarti
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Hou JJ, Ding L, Yang T, Yang YF, Jin YP, Zhang XP, Ma AH, Qin YH. The proteolytic activity in inflammatory bowel disease: insight from gut microbiota. Microb Pathog 2024; 188:106560. [PMID: 38272327 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory disease caused by the destruction of the intestinal mucosal epithelium that affects a growing number of people worldwide. Although the etiology of IBD is complex and still elucidated, the role of dysbiosis and dysregulated proteolysis is well recognized. Various studies observed altered composition and diversity of gut microbiota, as well as increased proteolytic activity (PA) in serum, plasma, colonic mucosa, and fecal supernatant of IBD compared to healthy individuals. The imbalance of intestinal microecology and intestinal protein hydrolysis were gradually considered to be closely related to IBD. Notably, the pivotal role of intestinal microbiota in maintaining proteolytic balance received increasing attention. In summary, we have speculated a mesmerizing story, regarding the hidden role of PA and microbiota-derived PA hidden in IBD. Most importantly, we provided the diagnosis and therapeutic targets for IBD as well as the formulation of new treatment strategies for other digestive diseases and protease-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Liang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Yan-Fei Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Yue-Ping Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - A-Huo Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Yue-Hua Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China.
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Choudhary P, Shafaati M, Abu Salah MAH, Chopra H, Choudhary OP, Silva-Cajaleon K, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Zoonotic diseases in a changing climate scenario: Revisiting the interplay between environmental variables and infectious disease dynamics. Travel Med Infect Dis 2024; 58:102694. [PMID: 38336336 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2024.102694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Bathinda, 151103, Punjab, India
| | - Maryam Shafaati
- Research Center for Antibiotic Stewardship and Antimicrobial Resistance, Infectious Diseases Department, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mai Abdel Haleem Abu Salah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Bathinda, 151103, Punjab, India
| | - Kenneth Silva-Cajaleon
- Masters of Climate Change and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Masters of Climate Change and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru; Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas-Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 36, Lebanon.
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Gonjilashvili A, Tatishvili S. The interplay between Sars-Cov-2 infection related cardiovascular diseases and depression. Common mechanisms, shared symptoms. Am Heart J Plus 2024; 38:100364. [PMID: 38510743 PMCID: PMC10945907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahjo.2024.100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
In 2020 the World Health organization announced a pandemic due to the outbreak of the Coronavirus disease 19. Pneumonia was the most common manifestation of the Sars-Cov-2 infection, however, clinical papers describe Sars-Cov-2 associated cardiovascular pathologies, such as ACS, myopericarditis, cardiomyopathies, dysrhythmias, as leading causes of increased morbidity and mortality. The short and long term prognosis of Sars-Cov-2-related cardiovascular diseases was defined not only by the disease severity itself but also by associated conditions and complications, among which mental health issues (stress, depression and anxiety) have a negative impact. The interplay between Sars-Cov-2 infection, cardiovascular disease and depression may be explained by hyperinflammation, unhealthy lifestyle and inter-organ communication, mediated by extracellular vesicles (EV) and non-coding MicroRNA (miRNA). The long Covid syndrome is characterized with orthostatic hypotension, impaired cardiac and cerebral perfusion, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), syncope, chest pain, dyspnea, palpitation, chronic fatigue syndrome, 'brain fog', memory, cognitive and sleep difficulties, depression and anxiety. From a clinical point of view these symptoms may be considered as common symptoms representing not only a cardiac but also a neurological/psychiatric problem. Consequently assessment of these symptoms are of paramount importance. Due to their complexity, management of these patients requires multidisciplinary care.
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Huang Y, Zhen Y, Chen Y, Sui S, Zhang L. Unraveling the interplay between RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway and autophagy in cancer: From molecular mechanisms to targeted therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 217:115842. [PMID: 37802240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is one of the most important pathways of Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), which widely participate in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and signaling transduction. Autophagy is an essential mechanism that maintains cellular homeostasis by degrading aged and damaged organelles. Recently, some studies revealed RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is closely related to autophagy regulation and has a dual effect in tumor cells. However, the specific mechanism by which RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway participates in autophagy regulation is not fully understood. This article provides a comprehensive review of the research progress with regard to the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway and autophagy, as well as their interplay in cancer therapy. The impact of small molecule inhibitors that target the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway on autophagy is discussed in this study. The advantages and limitations of the clinical combination of these small molecule inhibitors with autophagy inhibitors are also explored. The findings from this study may provide additional perspectives for future cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Huang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yongqi Zhen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shaoguang Sui
- Emergency Department, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, China.
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
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Lebbink F, Stocchiero S, Fossati P, Engwall E, Georg D, Stock M, Knäusl B. Parameter based 4D dose calculations for proton therapy. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol 2023; 27:100473. [PMID: 37520640 PMCID: PMC10374597 DOI: 10.1016/j.phro.2023.100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Retrospective log file-based analysis provides the actual dose delivered based on the patient's breathing and the daily beam-delivery dynamics. To predict the motion sensitivity of the treatment plan on a patient-specific basis before treatment start a prospective tool is required. Such a parameter-based tool has been investigated with the aim to be used in clinical routine. Materials and Methods 4D dose calculations (4DDC) were performed for seven cancer patients with small breathing motion treated with scanned pulsed proton beams. Validation of the parameter-based 4DDC (p-4DDC) method was performed with an anthropomorphic phantom and patient data employing measurements and a log file-based 4DDC tool. The dose volume histogram parameters (Dx%) were investigated for the target and the organs at risk, compared to static and the file-based approach. Results The difference between the measured and the p-4DDC dose was within the deviation of the measurements. The maximum deviation was 0.4Gy. For the planning target volume D98% varied up to 15% compared to the static scenario, while the results from the log file and p-4DDC agreed within 2%. For the liver patients, D33%liver deviated up to 35% compared to static and 10% comparing the two 4DDC tools, while for the pancreas patients the D1%stomach varied up to 45% and 11%, respectively. Conclusion The results showed that p-4DDC could be used prospectively. The next step will be the clinical implementation of the p-4DDC tool, which can support a decision to either adapt the treatment plan or apply motion mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciska Lebbink
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Radiation Oncology, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Centre, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Silvia Stocchiero
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Radiation Oncology, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Centre, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Piero Fossati
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Centre, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | | | - Dietmar Georg
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Radiation Oncology, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Centre, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Markus Stock
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Centre, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Barbara Knäusl
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Radiation Oncology, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Centre, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
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Song J, Ge Y, Dong M, Guan Q, Ju M, Song X, Han J, Zhao L. Molecular interplay between EIF4 family and circular RNAs in cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutics. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175867. [PMID: 37369297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 (EIF4) family is a major contributor to the recruitment of mRNAs to ribosomes during the initial translation stage in eukaryotes, whose dysregulation either allows for cancer transformation or prevents disordered cancerous cell growth. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), which exhibit distinctive structures and are widely expressed in eukaryotes, are anticipated to be a clinical diagnostic biomarker for cancer therapy. There is considerable evidence that EIF4s can influence the biogenesis, transport, and function of circRNAs and, in turn, circRNAs can control the expressions of EIF4s through certain molecular pathways. Herein, we primarily review the emerging studies of the EIF4 family and pinpoint the roles of dysregulated EIF4s in cancer. We also evaluate the patterns of intricate interactions between circRNAs and EIF4s and discuss the potential utility of circRNA-based therapeutics targeting EIF4s in clinical cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China.
| | - Yuexin Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China.
| | - Mingyan Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China.
| | - Qiutong Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China.
| | - Mingyi Ju
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China.
| | - Xueyi Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China.
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China.
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China.
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Sørlie M, Keller MB, Westh P. The interplay between lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases and glycoside hydrolases. Essays Biochem 2023:EBC20220156. [PMID: 36876880 DOI: 10.1042/EBC20220156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
In nature, enzymatic degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides such as chitin and cellulose takes place by a synergistic interaction between glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). The two different families of carbohydrate-active enzymes use two different mechanisms when breaking glycosidic bonds between sugar moieties. GHs employ a hydrolytic activity and LPMOs are oxidative. Consequently, the topologies of the active sites differ dramatically. GHs have tunnels or clefts lined with a sheet of aromatic amino acid residues accommodating single polymer chains being threaded into the active site. LPMOs are adapted to bind to the flat crystalline surfaces of chitin and cellulose. It is believed that the LPMO oxidative mechanism provides new chain ends that the GHs can attach to and degrade, often in a processive manner. Indeed, there are many reports of synergies as well as rate enhancements when LPMOs are applied in concert with GHs. Still, these enhancements vary in magnitude with respect to the nature of the GH and the LPMO. Moreover, impediment of GH catalysis is also observed. In the present review, we discuss central works where the interplay between LPMOs and GHs has been studied and comment on future challenges to be addressed to fully use the potential of this interplay to improve enzymatic polysaccharide degradation.
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Lazari EC, Mylonas CC, Thomopoulou GE, Manou E, Nastos C, Kavantzas N, Pikoulis E, Lazaris AC. Experiential student study groups: perspectives on medical education in the post-COVID-19 period. BMC Med Educ 2023; 23:42. [PMID: 36658528 PMCID: PMC9850331 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Undergraduate medical curricula often fail to integrate experiential learning methodologies. Thus, a pilot series of interactive pathology lessons was designed and implemented in an attempt to promote experiential learning. METHODS Thirty pre-graduate medical students voluntarily participated in the interactive study groups at the First Department of Pathology of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School. A questionnaire was designed to investigate the satisfaction of students regarding their participation in pathology study groups and to identify the characteristics that shape students' perceptions of the foundations of medical education. Descriptive statistics (mean values) were used to describe the students' evaluations of the pathology study groups, and thematic analysis was conducted to investigate the data collected using open-ended questions. RESULTS Interactions with the professor and the option of co-observing the slides using dual-view optical microscopes and virtual slides were each evaluated as "Excellent" by ≅ 95% of the students. Four overarching themes were identified regarding the core characteristics of medical education according to the students' perspectives: 1) educational background in medical education, 2) interaction with educators in medical education, 3) educational material in medical education and 4) assessment in medical education. CONCLUSIONS The high rates of acceptance of the pathology study groups reflect the desire and need for active learning methodologies to be implemented in modern medical education. Nearly all the students mentioned the need for practical skill acquisition, the integration of theory into practice and ethics in medical education. The success of these optional pathology study groups highlights the need for similar modalities to be incorporated into the main medical education curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Charikleia Lazari
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Building 10, GR-115 27, Athens, Greece.
| | - Charalampos C Mylonas
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Building 10, GR-115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Eleni Thomopoulou
- Cytopathology Department, "Attikon" University General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Manou
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Building 10, GR-115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Nastos
- Third Surgical Department, "Attikon" University General Hospital, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kavantzas
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Building 10, GR-115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Pikoulis
- Third Surgical Department, "Attikon" University General Hospital, School of Medicine, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas C Lazaris
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Building 10, GR-115 27, Athens, Greece
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Wang Y, Xu J, Chen H, Yu J, Xu X, Sun L, Xu X, Yu C, Xu F, Huang J, Jiao X, Zhang Y. A balanced gut microbiota is essential to maintain health in captive sika deer. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022. [PMID: 35922588 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12111-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Certain animals harbor a high proportion of pathogens, particular the zoonotic pathogens, in their gut microbiome but are usually asymptomic; however, their carried pathogens may seriously threaten the public health. By understanding how the microbiome overcomes the negative effects of pathogens to maintain host health, we can develop novel solutions to control animal-mediated pathogen transmission including identification and application of beneficial microbes. Here, we analyzed the gut microbiota of 10 asymptomic captive sika deer individuals by full-length 16S rDNA sequencing. Twenty-nine known pathogens capable of infecting humans were identified, and the accumulated proportions of the identified pathogens were highly variable among individuals (2.33 to 39.94%). The relative abundances of several beneficial bacteria, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, were found to be positively correlated with the relative abundances of accumulated pathogens. Whole-genome metagenomic analysis revealed that the beneficial- and pathogenic-associated functions, such as genes involved in the synthesis of short chain fatty acids and virulence factors, were also positively correlated in the microbiome, indicating that the beneficial and pathogenic functions were maintained at a relatively balanced ratio. Furthermore, the bacteriophages that target the identified pathogens were found to be positively correlated with the pathogenic content in the microbiome. Several high-quality genomes of beneficial bacteria affiliated with Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and bacteriophages were recovered from the metagenomic data. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the interplay between beneficial and pathogenic content to ensure maintenance of a healthy gut microbiome, and also contributes to discovery of novel beneficial microbes and functions that control pathogens. KEY POINTS: • Certain asymptomic captive sika deer individuals harbor relatively high amounts of zoonotic pathogens. • The beneficial microbes and the beneficial functions are balanced with the pathogenic contents in the gut microbiome. • Several high-quality genomes of beneficial bacteria and bacteriophages are recovered by metagenomics.
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Lin H, Wang Y, Wang P, Long F, Wang T. Mutual regulation between N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification and circular RNAs in cancer: impacts on therapeutic resistance. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:148. [PMID: 35843942 PMCID: PMC9290271 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The resistance of tumor cells to therapy severely impairs the efficacy of treatment, leading to recurrence and metastasis of various cancers. Clarifying the underlying mechanisms of therapeutic resistance may provide new strategies for overcoming cancer resistance. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent RNA modification in eukaryotes, and is involved in the regulation of RNA splicing, translation, transport, degradation, stability and processing, thus affecting several physiological processes and cancer progression. As a novel type of multifunctional non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been demonstrated to play vital roles in anticancer therapy. Currently, accumulating studies have revealed the mutual regulation of m6A modification and circRNAs, and their interaction can further influence the sensitivity of cancer treatment. In this review, we mainly summarized the recent advances of m6A modification and circRNAs in the modulation of cancer therapeutic resistance, as well as their interplay and potential mechanisms, providing promising insights and future directions in reversal of therapeutic resistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institution, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pinghan Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangyi Long
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institution, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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Yin X, Feng Q, Li Y, Deo RC, Liu W, Zhu M, Zheng X, Liu R. An interplay of soil salinization and groundwater degradation threatening coexistence of oasis-desert ecosystems. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:150599. [PMID: 34592278 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In salt-affected and groundwater-fed oasis-desert systems, water and salt balance is critically important for stable coexistence of oasis-desert ecosystems, especially in the context of anthropogenic-induced over-development and perturbations due to climate variability that affects the sustainability of human-natural systems. Here, an investigation of the spatio-temporal variability of soil salinity and groundwater dynamics across four different hydrological regions in oasis-desert system is performed. An evaluation of the effects of soil salinization and groundwater degradation interplays on the coexistence of oasis-desert ecosystems in northwestern China is undertaken over 1995-2020, utilizing comprehensive measurements and ecohydrological modelling framework. We note that the process of salt migration and accumulation across different landscapes in oasis-desert system is reshaping, with soil salinization accelerating especially in water-saving agricultural irrigated lands. The continuous decline in groundwater tables, dramatic shifts in groundwater flow patterns and significant degradation of groundwater quality are occurring throughout the watershed. Worse so, a clear temporal-spatial relationship between soil salinization and groundwater degradation appearing to exacerbate the regional water-salt imbalance. Also, the eco-environmental flows are reaching to their limit with watershed closures, although these progressions were largely hidden by regional precipitation and streamflow variability. The oasis-desert ecosystems tend to display bistable dynamics with two preferential configurations of bare and vegetated soils, and soil salinization and groundwater degradation interplays are causing catastrophic shift in the oasis-desert ecosystems. The results highlight the importance of regional adaptive water and salt management to maintain the coexistence of oasis-desert ecosystems in arid areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Fukang Station of Desert Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fukang 831505, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Ravinesh C Deo
- School of Sciences, Centre for Applied Climate Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, 4300, Australia
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xinjun Zheng
- Fukang Station of Desert Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fukang 831505, Xinjiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Fukang Station of Desert Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fukang 831505, Xinjiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
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Johnsson A, Boman Å, Wagman P, Pennbrant S. Manoeuvring between interplay and context- an ethnographic study of social interaction in encounters between registered nurses, older patients and their relatives. BMC Nurs 2021; 20:232. [PMID: 34789256 PMCID: PMC8600746 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-021-00754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Social interactions between registered nurses, older patients and their relatives are essential and play a central role in developing a successful care relationship in healthcare encounters. How nurses interact with patients affects the patient’s well-being. Limited time and demands for efficiency influence the encounter and complaints from patients and relatives often concern social interactions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the social interaction in encounters between registered nurses, older patients and their relatives at a department of medicine for older people. Methods The study has an ethnographic approach including participatory observations (n = 21) and informal field conversations (n = 63), followed by a thematic analysis with an abductive approach reflecting Goffman’s interactional perspective. Result The result revealed a pattern where the participants manoeuvred between interplay and context. By manoeuvring, they defined roles but also created a common social situation. Nurses led the conversation; patients followed and described their health problems, while relatives captured the moment to receive and provide information. Finally, nurses summarised the encounter using ritual language, patients expressed gratitude through verbal and non-verbal expressions, while relatives verbally confirmed the agreements. Conclusion The social interaction between registered nurses, older patients and relatives was shaped by a pattern where the participants manoeuvred between interplay and context. When all participants assume responsibility for the social interaction, they become active and listen to each other. The approach adopted by nurses is crucial, thus training in communication and social interaction skills are important. When the asymmetry due to imbalance, is reduced, less misunderstanding and a satisfactory care relationship can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Johnsson
- Department of Health Sciences, University West, Gustava Melins Gata 2, SE-461 86, Trollhättan, Sweden.
| | - Åse Boman
- Department of Health Sciences, University West, Gustava Melins Gata 2, SE-461 86, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - Petra Wagman
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Sandra Pennbrant
- Department of Health Sciences, University West, Gustava Melins Gata 2, SE-461 86, Trollhättan, Sweden
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Zhou Q, Xia B, Yin T, He Y, Ye L, Hu M. Overexpression of MRP3 in HeLa-UGT1A9 Cells Enhances Glucuronidation Capability of the Cells. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 22:772-783. [PMID: 34279197 DOI: 10.2174/1389200222666210716151520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interplay between phase II enzymes and efflux transporters leads to extensive metabolism and low systemic bioavailability of flavonoids. OBJECTIVE The study aims to investigate the dynamic interplay between multiple UGTs and multiple efflux transporters inside the cells. METHODS A new HeLa-UGT1A9-MRP3 cell was established to overexpress two dominant efflux transporters MRP3 and BCRP, and two UGT isoforms UGT1A9 and UGT1A3. The metabolism and glucuronides excretion for a model flavonoid genistein were determined in HeLa-UGT1A9-MRP3 cells and HeLa-UGT1A9-Con cells that overexpressed one UGT (1A9) and one efflux transporter (BCRP). RESULTS The excretion rate grew nearly 6-fold, cellular clearance of glucuronides increased about 3-fold, and a fraction of genistein metabolized (fmet) increased (14%, p<0.01) in the new cells. Small interfering (siRNA)-mediated MRP3 functional knockdown resulted in markedly decreases in the excretion rates (26%-78%), intracellular amounts (56%-93%), cellular clearance (54%-96%) in both cells, but the magnitude of the differences in HeLa-UGT1A9-Con cells were relatively small. Reductions in fmet values were similarly moderate (11%-14%). In contrast, UGT1A9 knockdown with siRNA caused large decreases in the excretion rates (46%-88%), intracellular amounts (80%-97%), cellular clearance (80%-98%) as well as fmet value (33%-43%, p<0.01) in both UGT1A9 cells. Comparisons of the kinetic parameters and profiles of genistein glucuronidation and UGT mRNA expression suggest that HeLa-UGT1A9-MRP3 has increased expression of both MRP3 and UGT1A3. CONCLUSION The newly engineered HeLa-UGT1A9-MRP3 cells are an appropriate model to study the kinetic interplay between multiple UGTs and efflux transporters. It's a promising biosynthetic tool to obtain flavonoids glucuronides of high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bijun Xia
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX77204, United States
| | - Taijun Yin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX77204, United States
| | - Yu He
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX77204, United States
| | - Ling Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX77204, United States
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Leste J, Medjahed I, Chauvin M, Younes T, Vieillevigne L, Ferrand R, Franceries X, Bardies M, Simon L. A study of the interplay effect in radiation therapy using a Monte-Carlo model. Phys Med 2021; 87:73-82. [PMID: 34120071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In modulated radiotherapy, breathing motion can lead to Interplay (IE) and Blurring (BE) effects that can modify the delivered dose. The aim of this work is to present the implementation, the validation and the use of an open-source Monte-Carlo (MC) model that computes the delivered dose including these motion effects. METHODS The MC model of the Varian TrueBeam was implemented using GATE. The dose delivered by different modulated plans is computed for several breathing patterns. A validation of these MC predictions is achieved by a comparison with measurements performed using a dedicated programmable motion platform, carrying a quality assurance phantom. A specific methodology was used to separate the IE and the BE. The influence of different motion parameters (period, amplitude, shape) and plan parameters (volume margin, dose per fraction) was also analyzed. RESULTS The MC model was validated against measurement performed with motion with a mean 3D global gamma index pass rate of 97.5% (3%/3 mm). A significant correlation is found between the IE and the period and the antero-posterior amplitude of the motion but not between the IE and the CTV margin or the shape of motion. The results showed that the IE increases D2% and decreases the D98% of CTV with mean values of +6.9% and -3.3% respectively. CONCLUSIONS We validated the feasibility to assess the IE using a MC model. We found that the most important parameter is the number of breathing cycles that must be greater than 20 for one arc to limit the IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Leste
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Imene Medjahed
- Institut Claudius Regaud (ICR), Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole (IUCT-O), Département Oncologie Médicale, Toulouse, France
| | - Maxime Chauvin
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Tony Younes
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Laure Vieillevigne
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSERM, Toulouse, France; Institut Claudius Regaud (ICR), Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole (IUCT-O), Département Oncologie Médicale, Toulouse, France
| | - Regis Ferrand
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSERM, Toulouse, France; Institut Claudius Regaud (ICR), Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole (IUCT-O), Département Oncologie Médicale, Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Franceries
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Manuel Bardies
- Cancer Research Institute of Montpellier, U1194 INSERM/ICM/Montpellier University, and Cancer Institute of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Simon
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSERM, Toulouse, France; Institut Claudius Regaud (ICR), Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole (IUCT-O), Département Oncologie Médicale, Toulouse, France.
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Mastella E, Mirandola A, Russo S, Vai A, Magro G, Molinelli S, Barcellini A, Vitolo V, Orlandi E, Ciocca M. High-dose hypofractionated pencil beam scanning carbon ion radiotherapy for lung tumors: Dosimetric impact of different spot sizes and robustness to interfractional uncertainties. Phys Med 2021; 85:79-86. [PMID: 33984821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The robustness against setup and motion uncertainties of gated four-dimensional restricted robust optimization (4DRRO) was investigated for hypofractionated carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) of lung tumors. METHODS CIRT plans of 9 patients were optimized using 4DRRO strategy with 3 mm setup errors, 3% density errors and 3 breathing phases related to the gate window. The prescription was 60 Gy(RBE) in 4 fractions. Standard spots (SS) were compared to big spots (BS). Plans were recalculated on multiple 4DCTs acquired within 3 weeks from treatment simulation and rigidly registered with planning images using bone matching. Warped dose distributions were generated using deformable image registration and accumulated on the planning 4DCTs. Target coverage (D98%, D95% and V95%) and dose to lung were evaluated in the recalculated and accumulated dose distributions. RESULTS Comparable target coverage was obtained with both spot sizes (p = 0.53 for D95%). The mean lung dose increased of 0.6 Gy(RBE) with BS (p = 0.0078), still respecting the dose constraint of a 4-fraction stereotactic treatment for the risk of radiation pneumonitis. Statistically significant differences were found in the recalculated and accumulated D95% (p = 0.048 and p = 0.024), with BS showing to be more robust. Using BS, the average degradations of the D98%, D95% and V95% in the accumulated doses were -2.7%, -1.6% and -1.5%. CONCLUSIONS Gated 4DRRO was highly robust against setup and motion uncertainties. BS increased the dose to healthy tissues but were more robust than SS. The selected optimization settings guaranteed adequate target coverage during the simulated treatment course with acceptable risk of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Mastella
- CNAO, National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Strada Campeggi 53, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Alfredo Mirandola
- CNAO, National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Strada Campeggi 53, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Russo
- CNAO, National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Strada Campeggi 53, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vai
- CNAO, National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Strada Campeggi 53, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Magro
- CNAO, National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Strada Campeggi 53, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Molinelli
- CNAO, National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Strada Campeggi 53, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Amelia Barcellini
- CNAO, National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Strada Campeggi 53, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Viviana Vitolo
- CNAO, National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Strada Campeggi 53, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ester Orlandi
- CNAO, National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Strada Campeggi 53, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Ciocca
- CNAO, National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Strada Campeggi 53, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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Luo X, Lin J, Yan J, Kuang X, Su H, Lin W, Luo L. Characterization of DinJ-YafQ toxin-antitoxin module in Tetragenococcus halophilus: activity, interplay, and evolution. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3659-3672. [PMID: 33877415 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tetragenococcus halophilus is a moderately halophilic lactic acid bacterium widely used in high-salt food fermentation because of its coping ability under various stress conditions. Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are widely distributed and play important roles in stress response, but those specific for genus Tetragenococcus have never been explored. Here, a bona fide TA module named DinJ1-YafQ1tha was characterized in T. halophilus. The toxin protein YafQ1tha acts as a ribonuclease, and its overexpression severely inhibits Escherichia coli growth. These toxic effects can be eliminated by introducing DinJ1tha, indicating that YafQ1tha activity is blocked by the formed DinJ1-YafQ1tha complex. In vivo and in vitro assays showed that DinJ1tha alone or DinJ1-YafQ1tha complex can repress the transcription of dinJ1-yafQ1tha operon by binding directly to the promoter sequence. In addition, dinJ1-yafQ1tha is involved in plasmid maintenance and stress response, and its transcriptional level is regulated by various stresses. These findings reveal the possible roles of DinJ1-YafQ1tha system in the stress adaptation processes of T. halophilus during fermentation. A single antitoxin DinJ2tha without a cognate toxin protein was also found. Its sequence shows low similarity to that of DinJ1tha, indicating that this antitoxin may have evolved from a different ancestor. Moreover, DinJ2tha can cross-interact with noncognate toxin YafQ1tha and cross-regulate with dinJ1-yafQ1tha operon. In summary, DinJ-YafQtha characterization may be helpful in investigating the key roles of TA systems in T. halophilus and serves as a foundation for further research. KEY POINTS: • dinJ1-yafQ1tha is the first functional TA module characterized in T. halophilus and upregulated significantly upon osmotic and acidic stress. • DinJ2tha can exhibit physical and transcriptional interplay with DinJ1-YafQ1tha. • dinJ2tha may be acquired from bacteria in distant affiliation and inserted into the T. halophilus genome through horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Luo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieting Lin
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Yan
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxian Kuang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hantao Su
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Lin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Luo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Liu T, Song S, Wang X, Hao J. Small-molecule inhibitors of breast cancer-related targets: Potential therapeutic agents for breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 210:112954. [PMID: 33158576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite dramatic advances in cancer research and therapy, breast cancer remains a tricky health problem and represents a top biomedical research priority. Nowadays, breast cancer is still the leading cause of malignancy-related deaths in women, and incidence and mortality rates of it are expected to increase significantly the next years. Currently more and more researchers are interested in the study of breast cancer by its arising in young women. The common treatment options of breast cancer are chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, surgery, and radiotherapy. Most of them require chemical agents, such as PARP inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, and HER2 inhibitors. Recent studies suggest that some targets or pathways, including BRD4, PLK1, PD-L1, HDAC, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR, are tightly related to the occurrence and development of breast cancer. This article reviews the interplay between these targets and breast cancer and summarizes the progress of current research on small molecule inhibitors of these anti-breast cancer targets. The review aims to provide structural and theoretical basis for designing novel anti-breast cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China.
| | - Shubin Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, United States
| | - Jifu Hao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China
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Abstract
To survive, cancer cells are subjected to various internal and external adverse factors, including genetic mutations, hypoxia, nutritional deficiencies, and drug toxicity. All of these factors result in the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, which leads to a condition termed endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR downstream components strictly control transcription and translation reprogramming to ensure selective gene expression, including that of non-coding RNA (ncRNAs), to adapt to adverse environments. NcRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play important roles in regulating target gene expression and protein translation, and their aberrant expression is related to tumor development. Dysregulation of ncRNAs is involved in the regulation of various cellular characteristics of cancer cells, including growth, apoptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis, drug sensitivity, and tumor stem cell properties. Notably, ncRNAs and ER stress can regulate each other and collaborate to determine the fate of tumor cells. Therefore, investigating the interaction between ER stress and ncRNAs is crucial for developing effective cancer treatment and prevention strategies. In this review, we summarize the ER stress-triggered UPR signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis followed by the mutual regulation of ER stress and ncRNAs in cancer, which provide further insights into the understanding of tumorigenesis and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
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Jie AW, Marignol L. Pro-con of proton: Dosimetric advantages of intensity-modulation over passive scatter for thoracic malignancies. Tech Innov Patient Support Radiat Oncol 2020; 15:37-46. [PMID: 32954018 PMCID: PMC7486544 DOI: 10.1016/j.tipsro.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT) results in significant reduction of dose to organ at risk. Improving plan robustness mitigates interplay effects. Blanket use of small spots on a group of patients may severely worsen interplay in selected patients. Hypofractionated regimes have fewer interplay effects in both fractional and overall simulations. Randomised control trials are required before any clinical benefit of IMPT can be confirmed.
The use of passively scattered proton therapy (PSPT) or intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) opens the potential for dose escalation or critical structure sparing in thoracic malignancies. While the latter offers greater dose conformality, dose distributions are subjected to greater uncertainties, especially due to interplay effects. Exploration in this area is warranted to determine if there is any dosimetric advantages in using IMPT for thoracic malignancies. This review aims to both compare organs-at-risk sparing and plan robustness between PSPT and IMPT and examine the mitigation strategies for the reduction of interplay effects currently available. Early evidence suggests that IMPT is dosimetrically superior to PSPT in thoracic malignancies. Randomised control trials are required before any clinical benefit of IMPT can be confirmed.
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Key Words
- BSPTV, Beam Specific Planning Target Volume
- CT, Computed Tomography
- DIBH, Deep Inspiration Breath-Hold
- Dosimetry
- EUD, Equivalent Uniform Dose
- HI, Homogeneity Index
- IMPT, Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy
- IMRT, Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy
- ITV, Internal Target Volume
- Intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT)
- Interplay
- MFO, Multi Field Optimisation
- MU, Monitor Unit
- NSCLC, Non-Small-Cell Lung cancer
- OAR, Organ-At-Risk
- Organ at risks
- PSPT, Passively Scattered Proton Therapy
- PTV, Planning Target Volume
- Passively scattered proton therapy (PSPT)
- RT, Radiation Therapy
- SFO, Single Field Optimisation
- SFUD, Single Field Uniform Dose
- Thoracic malignancies
- iCTV, Internal Clinical Target Volume
- iGTV/HU, Internal Gross Tumour Volume/Hounsfield Unit
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Wei Jie
- Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore
- Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Discipline of Radiation Therapy, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laure Marignol
- Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Discipline of Radiation Therapy, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Corresponding author.
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Abstract
Cancer is characterized as a complex disease caused by coordinated alterations of multiple signaling pathways. The Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling is one of the best-defined pathways in cancer biology, and its hyperactivation is responsible for over 40% human cancer cases. To drive carcinogenesis, this signaling promotes cellular overgrowth by turning on proliferative genes, and simultaneously enables cells to overcome metabolic stress by inhibiting AMPK signaling, a key singular node of cellular metabolism. Recent studies have shown that AMPK signaling can also reversibly regulate hyperactive MAPK signaling in cancer cells by phosphorylating its key components, RAF/KSR family kinases, which affects not only carcinogenesis but also the outcomes of targeted cancer therapies against the MAPK signaling. In this review, we will summarize the current proceedings of how MAPK-AMPK signalings interplay with each other in cancer biology, as well as its implications in clinic cancer treatment with MAPK inhibition and AMPK modulators, and discuss the exploitation of combinatory therapies targeting both MAPK and AMPK as a novel therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Yuan
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
- Geriatric Department, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaoduo Dong
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, 1017 Dongmen North Road, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Jiajun Yap
- Cancer and Stem Cell Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Jiancheng Hu
- Cancer and Stem Cell Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.
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Liu T, Wu Z, He Y, Xiao Y, Xia C. Single and dual target inhibitors based on Bcl-2: Promising anti-tumor agents for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112446. [PMID: 32563811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) proteins family is an essential checkpoint in apoptosis. Extensive evidences suggested that overexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins can be observed in multiple cancer cell lines and primary tumor biopsy samples, which is an important reason for tumor cells to evade apoptosis and further acquire drug resistance for chemotherapy. Hence, down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins is effective for the treatment of cancers. In view that Bcl-2 inhibitors and some other anti-tumor agents, such as HDAC inhibitors and Mdm2 inhibitors, exert synergy effects in tumor cells, it is pointed out that dual-targeting therapies based on these targets are regarded as rational strategies to enhance the effectiveness of single target agents for cancer treatment. This review briefly introduces the apoptosis, the structure of Bcl-2 family proteins, and focuses on the current status and recent advances of Bcl-2 inhibitors and the corresponding SARs of them. Moreover, we discuss the synergisms between Bcl-2 and other anti-tumor targets, and summarize the current dual-target agents.
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23
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Abstract
The technique of two-electrode voltage-clamp (TEVC) recording from the heterologous expression system of olfactory receptors (ORs) in Xenopus laevis oocytes has been widely used to deorphanize insect ORs, that is to identify specific ligands for each of them. However, there is a controversial issue on whether ORs are activated by the odorant/OBP complex or the odorant alone. The mechanism of interaction among odorants, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and ORs remains largely unknown, due to the limitations in the use of scientific and innovative methods. In this chapter, the modified Xenopus oocytes expression system combined with TEVC technique is used to approach this issue. We describe the experimental strategies and provide detailed protocols for recording the signals generated by ORs in response to odorant/OBP complex at different concentrations. Results obtained by this approach have revealed that the presence of OBPs in the system affects the selectivity and sensitivity responses of ORs. Such studies help understanding the molecular mechanism of odorant detection in peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Song Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen, China; Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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24
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Abstract
Animal care and use play a pivotal role in the research process. Ethical concerns on the use of animals in research have promoted the creation of a legal framework in many geographical areas that researchers must comply with, and professional organizations continuously develop recommendations on specific areas of laboratory animal science. Scientific evidence demonstrates that many aspects of animal care and use which are beyond the legal requirements have direct impact on research results. Therefore, the review and oversight of animal care and use programs are essential to identify, define, control, and improve all of these aspects to promote the reproducibility, validity, and translatability of animal-based research outcomes. In this chapter, we summarize the ethical principles driving legislation and recommendations on animal care and use, as well as some of these laws and international recommendations. Examples of the impact of specific animal care and use aspects on research, as well as systems of internal and external oversight of animal care and use programs, are described.
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Sankrityayan H, Kulkarni YA, Gaikwad AB. Diabetic nephropathy: The regulatory interplay between epigenetics and microRNAs. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:574-585. [PMID: 30695734 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is still one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease despite the emergence of different therapies to counter the metabolic, hemodynamic and fibrotic pathways, implicating a prominent role of genetic and epigenetic factors in its progression. Epigenetics is the study of changes in the expression of genes which may be inheritable and does not involve a change in the genome sequence. Thrust areas of epigenetic research are DNA methylation and histone modifications. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly microRNAs (miRNAs) control the expression of genes via post-transcriptional mechanisms. However, the regulation by epigenetic mechanisms and miRNAs are not completely distinct. A number of emerging reports have revealed the interplay between epigenetic machinery and miRNA expression, particularly in cancer. Further research has proved that a feedback loop exists between miRNA expression and epigenetic regulation in disorders including DN. Studies showed that different miRNAs (miR-200, miR-29 etc.) were found to be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms viz. DNA methylation and histone modifications. Conversely, miRNAs (miR-301, miR-449 etc.) themselves modulated levels of DNA methyltranferases (DNMTs) and Histone deacetylases (HDACs), enzymes vital to epigenetic modifications. With already few FDA approved epigenetic -modulating drugs (Vorinostat, Decitabine) in the market and miRNA therapeutic drugs under clinical trial it becomes imperative to analyze the possible interaction between the two classes of drugs in the modulation of a disease process. The purpose of this review is to articulate the interplay between miRNA expression and epigenetic modifications with a particular focus on its impact on the development and progression of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Sankrityayan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India.
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Chakraborty A, Rajeev P, Rajput P, Gupta T. Water soluble organic aerosols in indo gangetic plain (IGP): Insights from aerosol mass spectrometry. Sci Total Environ 2017; 599-600:1573-1582. [PMID: 28535589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Filter samples collected during winter of 2015-16 from two polluted urban locations (Allahabad and Kanpur) residing within Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) showed high levels of water-soluble organic aerosols (WSOA). Total organic aerosols (OA) in submicron fraction, measured at Kanpur in real time via Aerosol Mass Spectrometer also showed substantially high concentration levels. WSOA to OA contribution in Kanpur was found to be very high (around 55%) indicating significant contributions from secondary OA (SOA). On average, WSOA oxidation ratio (O/C) was found to be higher (15-20%) in Kanpur than at Allahabad. WSOA from Allahabad was found to be following a much shallower slope (-0.38) in Van Krevelen diagram (H/C vs O/C plot) than Kanpur (-0.58). These differences suggest different composition and chemistry of WSOA at these two different locations. O/C ratios of WSOA were found to be much higher (~40%) than that of OA and independent of WSOA loading. Higher OA loadings were found to be associated with less oxidized primary OAs (POA) and culminated into lower WSOA/OA ratios. The presence of organo sulfate in filter samples from both locations indicate a significant amount of aqueous processing of organics. Concentrations and characteristics of water insoluble OA (WIOA) in Kanpur revealed that although they are present in significant quantity, their oxidation levels are much (almost 3 times) lower than that of WSOA. This finding indicates that less oxidized OAs are less soluble in line with the conventional wisdom. This study provides the first insight into oxidation levels and evolution of WSOA from India and also explores the interplay between WSOA and OA characteristics based on AMS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pradhi Rajeev
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
| | - Prashant Rajput
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India; Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India.
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27
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Fyhri A, Sundfør HB, Bjørnskau T, Laureshyn A. Safety in numbers for cyclists-conclusions from a multidisciplinary study of seasonal change in interplay and conflicts. Accid Anal Prev 2017; 105:124-133. [PMID: 27246608 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In many European countries, it is a political goal that future growth in local travel should be absorbed by sustainable transport modes. Concerns that increased walking and cycling produce more accidents have been countered by the "safety in numbers" (SiN) argument. According to SiN, the more walkers/cyclists there are in a population, the lower their risk. SiN has been demonstrated in cross sectional and longitudinal studies, but the mechanisms behind the effect have yet to be proven. Previous studies have mostly relied on register data. The current study, carried out in 2013 and 2014 tests the existence of this effect in a more controlled manner. This is achieved through the use of three data sets: (1) roadside survey data with cyclists, pedestrians and car drivers from Oslo carried out at three time points in the cycling season (2) a panel study covering the same time period, and (3) video observations at four different locations in Oslo. By exploiting the natural seasonal variation in cycling frequency, and by using a repeated measures design we can further control for other factors suggested to lie behind the SiN mechanism, such as differences in infrastructure and traffic culture. The results suggest that bicyclists experience a short term Safety in Numbers effect through the season. Each individual cyclist experiences fewer occasions of being overlooked by cars and fewer safety critical situations (near-misses). Video observation data confirm this pattern. However, the SiN effect seems to be countered by another mechanism taking place at the same time: the influx of inexperienced and risk-taking cyclists through the season. Thus car drivers and pedestrians also report to find themselves being surprised by cyclists in traffic late in the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fyhri
- Department of Safety and the Environment Institute of Transport Economics, Norway Gaustadalleen21, 0349 OSLO, Norway.
| | - H B Sundfør
- Department of Safety and the Environment Institute of Transport Economics, Norway Gaustadalleen21, 0349 OSLO, Norway
| | - T Bjørnskau
- Department of Safety and the Environment Institute of Transport Economics, Norway Gaustadalleen21, 0349 OSLO, Norway
| | - A Laureshyn
- Department of Safety and the Environment Institute of Transport Economics, Norway Gaustadalleen21, 0349 OSLO, Norway; Department of Technology & Society, Faculty of Engineering, LTH, Lund University, Sweden
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Zhuang X, Lv M, Zhong Z, Zhang L, Jiang R, Chen J. Interplay between intergrin-linked kinase and ribonuclease inhibitor affects growth and metastasis of bladder cancer through signaling ILK pathways. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:130. [PMID: 27576342 PMCID: PMC5006283 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a multifunctional adaptor protein which is involved with protein signalling within cells to modulate malignant (cancer) cell movement, cell cycle, metastasis and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our previous experiment demonstrated that ILK siRNA inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis of bladder cancer cells as well as increased the expression of Ribonuclease inhibitor (RI), an important cytoplasmic protein with many functions. We also reported that RI overexpression inhibited ILK and phosphorylation of AKT and GSK3β. ILK and RI gene both locate on chromosome 11p15 and the two genes are always at the adjacent position of same chromosome during evolution, which suggest that ILK and RI could have some relationship. However, underlying interacting mechanisms remain unclear between them. Here, we postulate that RI might regulate ILK signaling pathway via interacting with ILK. Methods Co-immunoprecipitation, GST pull-down and co-localization under laser confocal microscope assay were used to determine the interaction between ILK and RI exogenously and endogenously. Furthermore, we further verified that there is a direct binding between the two proteins by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in cells. Next, The effects of interplay between ILK and RI on the key target protein expressions of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway were determined by western blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assay in vivo and in vitro. Finally, the interaction was assessed using nude mice xenograft model. Results We first found that ILK could combine with RI both in vivo and in vitro by GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and FRET. The protein levels of ILK and RI revealed a significant inverse correlation in vivo and in vitro. Subsequently, The results showed that up-regulating ILK could increase cell proliferation, change cell morphology and regulate cell cycle. We also demonstrated that the overexpression of ILK remarkably promoted EMT and expressions of target molecules of ILK signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we found that ILK overexpression significantly enhanced growth, metastasis and angiogenesis of xenograft tumor; Whereas, RI has a contrary role compared to ILK in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions Our findings, for the first time, directly proved that the interplay between ILK and RI regulated EMT via ILK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways for bladder cancer, which highlights the possibilities that ILK/RI could be valuable markers together for the therapy and diagnosis of human carcinoma of urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhuang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Mengxin Lv
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhong
- The First Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Luyu Zhang
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junxia Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Wu H, Chen S, Ammar AB, Xu J, Wu Q, Pan K, Zhang J, Hong Y. Crosstalk Between Macroautophagy and Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy: Implications for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:1284-1296. [PMID: 25330936 PMCID: PMC4586010 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) are two important subtypes of autophagy that play a critical role in cellular quality control under physiological and pathological conditions. Despite the marked differences between these two autophagic pathways, macroautophagy and CMA are intimately connected with each other during the autophagy-lysosomal degradation process, in particular, in the setting of neurological illness. Macroautophagy serves as a backup mechanism to removal of malfunctioning proteins (i.e., aberrant α-synuclein) from the cytoplasm when CMA is compromised, and vice versa. The molecular mechanisms underlying the conversation between macroautophagy and CMA are being clarified. Herein, we survey current overviews concentrating on the complex interactions between macroautophagy and CMA, and present therapeutic potentials through utilization and manipulation of macroautophagy-CMA crosstalk in the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Al-Baadani Ammar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kum Pan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Abstract
Topologically complex proteins fold by multiple routes as a result of hard-to-fold regions of the proteins. Oftentimes these regions are introduced into the protein scaffold for function and increase frustration in the otherwise smooth-funneled landscape. Interestingly, while functional regions add complexity to folding landscapes, they may also contribute to a unique behavior referred to as hysteresis. While hysteresis is predicted to be rare, it is observed in various proteins, including proteins containing a unique peptide cyclization to form a fluorescent chromophore as well as proteins containing a knotted topology in their native fold. Here, hysteresis is demonstrated to be a consequence of the decoupling of unfolding events from the isomerization or hula-twist of a chromophore in one protein and the untying of the knot in a second protein system. The question now is- can hysteresis be a marker for the interplay of landscapes where complex folding and functional regions overlap?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominique T. Capraro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | - José N. Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston TX 77005
| | - Patricia A. Jennings
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0375, USA. Tel: 858-534-6417, fax: 858-534-7042,
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