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Spiekman IAC, Geurts BS, Zeverijn LJ, de Wit GF, van der Noort V, Roepman P, de Leng WWJ, Jansen AML, Kusters B, Beerepoot LV, de Vos FYFL, de Groot DJA, de Groot JWB, Hoeben A, Buter J, Gelderblom HAJ, Voest EE, Verheul HMW. Efficacy and Safety of Panitumumab in Patients With RAF/RAS-Wild-Type Glioblastoma: Results From the Drug Rediscovery Protocol. Oncologist 2024; 29:431-440. [PMID: 38109296 PMCID: PMC11067815 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyad320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of malignant primary high-grade brain tumors, predominantly glioblastomas, is poor despite intensive multimodality treatment options. In more than 50% of patients with glioblastomas, potentially targetable mutations are present, including rearrangements, altered splicing, and/or focal amplifications of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by signaling through the RAF/RAS pathway. We studied whether treatment with the clinically available anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody panitumumab provides clinical benefit for patients with RAF/RAS-wild-type (wt) glioblastomas in the Drug Rediscovery Protocol (DRUP). METHODS Patients with progression of treatment refractory RAF/RASwt glioblastoma were included for treatment with panitumumab in DRUP when measurable according to RANO criteria. The primary endpoints of this study are clinical benefit (CB: defined as confirmed objective response [OR] or stable disease [SD] ≥ 16 weeks) and safety. Patients were enrolled using a Simon-like 2-stage model, with 8 patients in stage 1 and up to 24 patients in stage 2 if at least 1 in 8 patients had CB in stage 1. RESULTS Between 03-2018 and 02-2022, 24 evaluable patients were treated. CB was observed in 5 patients (21%), including 2 patients with partial response (8.3%) and 3 patients with SD ≥ 16 weeks (12.5%). After median follow-up of 15 months, median progression-free survival and overall survival were 1.7 months (95% CI 1.6-2.1 months) and 4.5 months (95% CI 2.9-8.6 months), respectively. No unexpected toxicities were observed. CONCLUSIONS Panitumumab treatment provides limited CB in patients with recurrent RAF/RASwt glioblastoma precluding further development of this therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse A C Spiekman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit S Geurts
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurien J Zeverijn
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs F de Wit
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Roepman
- Hartwig Medical Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy W J de Leng
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Cancer Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne M L Jansen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Cancer Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Benno Kusters
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens V Beerepoot
- Department of Internal Medicine, ETZ Hospital (Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis), Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Filip Y F L de Vos
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Derk-Jan A de Groot
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ann Hoeben
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, GROW School of Oncology and Development Biology, Maastricht University Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Buter
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VuMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans A J Gelderblom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emile E Voest
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Personalized Cancer Treatment, Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Henk M W Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Luo C, Wang S, Liao W, Zhang S, Xu N, Xie W, Zhang Y. Upregulation of the APOBEC3 Family Is Associated with a Poor Prognosis and Influences Treatment Response to Raf Inhibitors in Low Grade Glioma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10390. [PMID: 34638749 PMCID: PMC8508917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) has been identified as a group of enzymes that catalyze cytosine deamination in single-stranded (ss) DNA to form uracil, causing somatic mutations in some cancers. We analyzed the APOBEC3 family in 33 TCGA cancer types and the results indicated that APOBEC3s are upregulated in multiple cancers and strongly correlate with prognosis, particularly in low grade glioma (LGG). Then we constructed a prognostic model based on family expression in LGG where the APOBEC3 family signature is an accurate predictive model (AUC of 0.85). Gene mutation, copy number variation (CNV), and a differential gene expression (DEG) analysis were performed in different risk groups, and the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was employed to clarify the role of various members in LGG; CIBERSORT algorithm was deployed to evaluate the landscape of LGG immune infiltration. We found that upregulation of the APOBEC3 family expression can strengthen Ras/MAPK signaling pathway, promote tumor progression, and ultimately reduce the treatment benefits of Raf inhibitors. Moreover, the APOBEC3 family was shown to enhance the immune response mediated by myeloid cells and interferon gamma, as well as PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression, implying that they have immunotherapy potential. Therefore, the APOBEC3 signature enables an efficient assessment of LGG patient survival outcomes and expansion of clinical benefits by selecting appropriate individualized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Luo
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (W.X.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Songmao Wang
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (W.X.)
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weijie Liao
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (W.X.)
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shikuan Zhang
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (W.X.)
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Naihan Xu
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (W.X.)
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weidong Xie
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (W.X.)
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yaou Zhang
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (W.X.)
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Huestis MP, Dela Cruz D, DiPasquale AG, Durk MR, Eigenbrot C, Gibbons P, Gobbi A, Hunsaker TL, La H, Leung DH, Liu W, Malek S, Merchant M, Moffat JG, Muli CS, Orr CJ, Parr BT, Shanahan F, Sneeringer CJ, Wang W, Yen I, Yin J, Siu M, Rudolph J. Targeting KRAS Mutant Cancers via Combination Treatment: Discovery of a 5-Fluoro-4-(3 H)-quinazolinone Aryl Urea pan-RAF Kinase Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3940-3955. [PMID: 33780623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of a series of aryl urea RAF inhibitors led to the identification of type II pan-RAF inhibitor GNE-0749 (7), which features a fluoroquinazolinone hinge-binding motif. By minimizing reliance on common polar hinge contacts, this hinge binder allows for a greater contribution of RAF-specific residue interactions, resulting in exquisite kinase selectivity. Strategic substitution of fluorine at the C5 position efficiently masked the adjacent polar NH functionality and increased solubility by impeding a solid-state conformation associated with stronger crystal packing of the molecule. The resulting improvements in permeability and solubility enabled oral dosing of 7. In vivo evaluation of 7 in combination with the MEK inhibitor cobimetinib demonstrated synergistic pathway inhibition and significant tumor growth inhibition in a KRAS mutant xenograft mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm P Huestis
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Darlene Dela Cruz
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Antonio G DiPasquale
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew R Durk
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul Gibbons
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alberto Gobbi
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas L Hunsaker
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hank La
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dennis H Leung
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Liu
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shiva Malek
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mark Merchant
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John G Moffat
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christine S Muli
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christine J Orr
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brendan T Parr
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Frances Shanahan
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christopher J Sneeringer
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Weiru Wang
- Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ivana Yen
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jianping Yin
- Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michael Siu
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joachim Rudolph
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Feng S, Wang S, Sun S, Su H, Zhang L. Effects of combination treatment with transcranial magnetic stimulation and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation or Raf inhibition on spinal cord injury in rats. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:294. [PMID: 33649786 PMCID: PMC7930933 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a global challenge due to limited treatment strategies. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation and downregulation of Raf/MEK/ERK signaling effectively improve SCI. The combination of BMSCs and TMS displays synergistic effects on vascular dementia. However, whether TMS displays a synergistic effect when combined with BMSC transplantation or Raf inhibitor (RafI) therapy for the treatment of SCI is not completely understood. The present study aimed to compare the therapeutic effect of monotherapy and combination therapy on SCI. In the present study, 8‑week‑old female Sprague Dawley rats were used to establish a model of SCI using the weight‑drop method followed by treatment with monotherapy (TMS, BMSCs or RafI) or combination therapy (TMS+BMSCs or TMS+RafI). The effect of monotherapy and combination therapy on locomotor function, pathological alterations, neuronal apoptosis and expression of axonal regeneration‑associated factors and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling‑associated proteins in the spinal cord was analyzed by Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scoring, hematoxylin and eosin staining, TUNEL‑neuronal nuclei (NeuN) staining and immunofluorescence or western blotting, respectively. The results demonstrated that compared with untreated SCI model rats, monotherapy significantly enhanced locomotor functional recovery, as evidenced by higher BBB scores, and slightly alleviated histopathological lesions of the spinal cord in SCI model rats. Furthermore, monotherapy markedly suppressed neuronal apoptosis and promoted axonal regeneration, as well as inhibiting astroglial activation in SCI model rats. The aforementioned results were demonstrated by significantly decreased numbers of apoptotic neurons, markedly decreased expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), significantly increased numbers of NeuN+ cells, markedly increased expression levels of growth‑associated protein 43 (GAP‑43) and significantly upregulated nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression levels in monotherapy groups (excluding the RafI monotherapy group) compared with untreated SCI model rats. In addition, monotherapy markedly suppressed activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, as evidenced by significantly reduced p‑Raf/Raf, p‑MEK/MEK and p‑ERK/ERK protein expression levels in monotherapy groups (excluding the BMSC monotherapy group) compared with untreated SCI model rats. Notably, combination therapy further alleviated SCI‑induced spinal cord lesions and neuronal apoptosis, increased GAP‑43, NGF and BDNF expression levels, downregulated GFAP expression levels and inhibited activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway in SCI model rats compared with the corresponding monotherapy groups. Therefore, it was hypothesized that compared with monotherapy, combination therapy displayed an improved therapeutic effect on SCI by further suppressing Raf/MEK/ERK signaling. The results of the present study provided an important basis for the clinical application of combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Shi Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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5
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Abstract
The RAS-regulated RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway promotes cell proliferation and survival and RAS and BRAF proteins are commonly mutated in cancer. This has fuelled the development of small molecule kinase inhibitors including ATP-competitive RAF inhibitors. Type I and type I½ ATP-competitive RAF inhibitors are effective in BRAFV600E/K-mutant cancer cells. However, in RAS-mutant cells these compounds instead promote RAS-dependent dimerisation and paradoxical activation of wild-type RAF proteins. RAF dimerisation is mediated by two key regions within each RAF protein; the RKTR motif of the αC-helix and the NtA-region of the dimer partner. Dimer formation requires the adoption of a closed, active kinase conformation which can be induced by RAS-dependent activation of RAF or by the binding of type I and I½ RAF inhibitors. Binding of type I or I½ RAF inhibitors to one dimer partner reduces the binding affinity of the other, thereby leaving a single dimer partner uninhibited and able to activate MEK. To overcome this paradox two classes of drug are currently under development; type II pan-RAF inhibitors that induce RAF dimer formation but bind both dimer partners thus allowing effective inhibition of both wild-type RAF dimer partners and monomeric active class I mutant RAF, and the recently developed "paradox breakers" which interrupt BRAF dimerisation through disruption of the αC-helix. Here we review the regulation of RAF proteins, including RAF dimers, and the progress towards effective targeting of the wild-type RAF proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frazer A. Cook
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, U.K
| | - Simon J. Cook
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, U.K
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Umkehrer C, Holstein F, Formenti L, Jude J, Froussios K, Neumann T, Cronin SM, Haas L, Lipp JJ, Burkard TR, Fellner M, Wiesner T, Zuber J, Obenauf AC. Isolating live cell clones from barcoded populations using CRISPRa-inducible reporters. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:174-178. [PMID: 32719478 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We developed a functional lineage tracing tool termed CaTCH (CRISPRa tracing of clones in heterogeneous cell populations). CaTCH combines precise clonal tracing of millions of cells with the ability to retrospectively isolate founding clones alive before and during selection, allowing functional experiments. Using CaTCH, we captured rare clones representing as little as 0.001% of a population and investigated the emergence of resistance to targeted melanoma therapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Umkehrer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Holstein
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Formenti
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Jude
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Kimon Froussios
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Neumann
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Shona M Cronin
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Haas
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jesse J Lipp
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas R Burkard
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Fellner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Wiesner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna C Obenauf
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Cancer is characterized as a complex disease caused by coordinated alterations of multiple signaling pathways. The Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling is one of the best-defined pathways in cancer biology, and its hyperactivation is responsible for over 40% human cancer cases. To drive carcinogenesis, this signaling promotes cellular overgrowth by turning on proliferative genes, and simultaneously enables cells to overcome metabolic stress by inhibiting AMPK signaling, a key singular node of cellular metabolism. Recent studies have shown that AMPK signaling can also reversibly regulate hyperactive MAPK signaling in cancer cells by phosphorylating its key components, RAF/KSR family kinases, which affects not only carcinogenesis but also the outcomes of targeted cancer therapies against the MAPK signaling. In this review, we will summarize the current proceedings of how MAPK-AMPK signalings interplay with each other in cancer biology, as well as its implications in clinic cancer treatment with MAPK inhibition and AMPK modulators, and discuss the exploitation of combinatory therapies targeting both MAPK and AMPK as a novel therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Yuan
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
- Geriatric Department, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaoduo Dong
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, 1017 Dongmen North Road, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Jiajun Yap
- Cancer and Stem Cell Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Jiancheng Hu
- Cancer and Stem Cell Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.
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8
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Melms JC, Vallabhaneni S, Mills CE, Yapp C, Chen JY, Morelli E, Waszyk P, Kumar S, Deming D, Moret N, Rodriguez S, Subramanian K, Rogava M, Cartwright ANR, Luoma A, Mei S, Brinker TJ, Miller DM, Spektor A, Schadendorf D, Riggi N, Wucherpfennig KW, Sorger PK, Izar B. Inhibition of Haspin Kinase Promotes Cell-Intrinsic and Extrinsic Antitumor Activity. Cancer Res 2020; 80:798-810. [PMID: 31882401 PMCID: PMC7029677 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Patients with melanoma resistant to RAF/MEK inhibitors (RMi) are frequently resistant to other therapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), and individuals succumb to their disease. New drugs that control tumor growth and favorably modulate the immune environment are therefore needed. We report that the small-molecule CX-6258 has potent activity against both RMi-sensitive (RMS) and -resistant (RMR) melanoma cell lines. Haspin kinase (HASPIN) was identified as a target of CX-6258. HASPIN inhibition resulted in reduced proliferation, frequent formation of micronuclei, recruitment of cGAS, and activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. In murine models, CX-6258 induced a potent cGAS-dependent type-I IFN response in tumor cells, increased IFNγ-producing CD8+ T cells, and reduced Treg frequency in vivo. HASPIN was more strongly expressed in malignant compared with healthy tissue and its inhibition by CX-6258 had minimal toxicity in ex vivo-expanded human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), proliferating TILs, and in vitro differentiated neurons, suggesting a potential therapeutic index for anticancer therapy. Furthermore, the activity of CX-6258 was validated in several Ewing sarcoma and multiple myeloma cell lines. Thus, HASPIN inhibition may overcome drug resistance in melanoma, modulate the immune environment, and target a vulnerability in different cancer lineages. SIGNIFICANCE: HASPIN inhibition by CX-6258 is a novel and potent strategy for RAF/MEK inhibitor-resistant melanoma and potentially other tumor types. HASPIN inhibition has direct antitumor activity and induces a favorable immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C Melms
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Columbia University Medical Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, New York, New York
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York, New York
| | - Sreeram Vallabhaneni
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caitlin E Mills
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clarence Yapp
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jia-Yun Chen
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eugenio Morelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patricia Waszyk
- Experimental Pathology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Derrick Deming
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nienke Moret
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven Rodriguez
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kartik Subramanian
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meri Rogava
- Columbia University Medical Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, New York, New York
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York, New York
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam N R Cartwright
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adrienne Luoma
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shaolin Mei
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Titus J Brinker
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David M Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander Spektor
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Essen, Germany
| | - Nicolo Riggi
- Experimental Pathology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter K Sorger
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin Izar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Columbia University Medical Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, New York, New York
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York, New York
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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9
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Abstract
The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter- and intra-cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival, and differentiation. The MAPK pathway also integrates signals from complex intracellular networks in performing cellular functions. Despite the initial discovery of the core elements of the MAPK pathways nearly four decades ago, additional findings continue to make a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of this pathway challenging. Considerable effort has been focused on the regulation of RAF, especially after the discovery of drug resistance and paradoxical activation upon inhibitor binding to the kinase. RAF activity is regulated by phosphorylation and conformation-dependent regulation, including auto-inhibition and dimerization. In this review, we summarize the recent major findings in the study of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling cascade, particularly with respect to the impact on clinical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Degirmenci
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Mei Wang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jiancheng Hu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore 169610, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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10
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Meng Q, Tang B, Qiu B. Growth inhibition of Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells by lactucopicrin is mediated via inhibition of cell migration and invasion, sub-G1 cell cycle disruption, apoptosis induction and Raf signalling pathway. J BUON 2019; 24:2136-2140. [PMID: 31786886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lactucopicrin, a sesquiterpene lactone, has been reported to exhibit anticancer activity against different cancer types. In this study, the anticancer effect of Lactucopicrin was examined against human osteosarcoma cells along with its effects on cell migration and invasion, cell cycle phase distribution and Raf signalling pathway. METHODS The human osteosarcoma cells Sao-2 were treated with various concentrations of Lactucopicrin for 24 h. The anti-proliferative effects of Lactucopicrin were measured by CCK8 cell viability assay. Acridine orange (AO)/ ethidium bromide (EB) and annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assays were employed to examine the induction of apoptosis. Transwell assay was performed to examine the cell migration and invasion. Protein expression analysis was performed by western blot analysis. RESULTS Lactucopicrin inhibited the proliferation of Saos-2 cells and exhibited an IC50 of 25 µM. The antiproliferative effects were due to induction of apoptosis as indicated by AO/EB staining. Moreover, the annexin V/PI staining showed that the percentage of the apoptotic cells increased with increase in the concentration of Lactucopicrin. The induction of apoptosis was also related to upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2. Lactopucrin also caused arrest of the osteosarcoma cells at the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle. Transwell assay showed that Lactucopicrin inhibited the migration and invasion of the Saos-2 cells. Finally, Lactucopicrin also blocked the Raf signalling pathway in the Saos-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Lactucopicrin exhibits significant antiproliferative effects on the osteosarcoma cells and may prove essential in the development of systemic therapy for this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Orthopedics Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China, 550007
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11
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Murali VS, Chang BJ, Fiolka R, Danuser G, Cobanoglu MC, Welf ES. An image-based assay to quantify changes in proliferation and viability upon drug treatment in 3D microenvironments. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:502. [PMID: 31138163 PMCID: PMC6537405 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Every biological experiment requires a choice of throughput balanced against physiological relevance. Most primary drug screens neglect critical parameters such as microenvironmental conditions, cell-cell heterogeneity, and specific readouts of cell fate for the sake of throughput. METHODS Here we describe a methodology to quantify proliferation and viability of single cells in 3D culture conditions by leveraging automated microscopy and image analysis to facilitate reliable and high-throughput measurements. We detail experimental conditions that can be adjusted to increase either throughput or robustness of the assay, and we provide a stand alone image analysis program for users who wish to implement this 3D drug screening assay in high throughput. RESULTS We demonstrate this approach by evaluating a combination of RAF and MEK inhibitors on melanoma cells, showing that cells cultured in 3D collagen-based matrices are more sensitive than cells grown in 2D culture, and that cell proliferation is much more sensitive than cell viability. We also find that cells grown in 3D cultured spheroids exhibit equivalent sensitivity to single cells grown in 3D collagen, suggesting that for the case of melanoma, a 3D single cell model may be equally effective for drug identification as 3D spheroids models. The single cell resolution of this approach enables stratification of heterogeneous populations of cells into differentially responsive subtypes upon drug treatment, which we demonstrate by determining the effect of RAK/MEK inhibition on melanoma cells co-cultured with fibroblasts. Furthermore, we show that spheroids grown from single cells exhibit dramatic heterogeneity to drug response, suggesting that heritable drug resistance can arise stochastically in single cells but be retained by subsequent generations. CONCLUSION In summary, image-based analysis renders cell fate detection robust, sensitive, and high-throughput, enabling cell fate evaluation of single cells in more complex microenvironmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanth S. Murali
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Bo-Jui Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Reto Fiolka
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Murat Can Cobanoglu
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Erik S. Welf
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
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12
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Abstract
The MAPK pathway is one of the most commonly mutated oncogenic pathways in cancer. Although RAS mutations are the most frequent MAPK alterations, less frequent alterations in downstream components of the pathway, including the RAF and MEK genes, offer promising therapeutic opportunities. In addition to BRAFV600 mutations, for which several approved therapeutic regimens exist, other alterations in the RAF and MEK genes may provide more rare, but tractable, targets. However, recent studies have illustrated the complexity of MAPK signaling and highlighted that distinct alterations in these genes may have strikingly different properties. Understanding the unique functional characteristics of specific RAF and MEK alterations, reviewed herein, will be critical for developing effective therapeutic approaches for these targets. SIGNIFICANCE: Alterations in the RAF and MEK genes represent promising therapeutic targets in multiple cancer types. However, given the unique and complex signaling biology of the MAPK pathway, the diverse array of RAF and MEK alterations observed in cancer can possess distinct functional characteristics. As outlined in this review, understanding the key functional properties of different RAF and MEK alterations is fundamental to selecting the optimal therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona Yaeger
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Ryan B Corcoran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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13
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Jabbarzadeh Kaboli P, Ismail P, Ling KH. Molecular modeling, dynamics simulations, and binding efficiency of berberine derivatives: A new group of RAF inhibitors for cancer treatment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193941. [PMID: 29565994 PMCID: PMC5863970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RAF kinases are a family of enzymes in the MAP kinase pathway that contribute to the development of different types of cancer. BRAF is the most important member of RAF kinases. BRAF mutations have been detected in 7% of all cancers and 66% of melanomas; as such, the FDA has approved a few BRAF inhibitor drugs to date. However, BRAF can activate CRAF leading to resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Berberine (BBR) is an alkaloid that is widely distributed in different plant species. Several studies have been carried out on the anti-cancer effects of BBR but direct targets of BBR are unknown. In this study, interactions of BBR derivatives against BRAF and CRAF kinases were modeled and predicted using an in silico-based approach. To analyze and identify the residues important in BRAF docking, we modeled interactions of ATP, the universal substrate of BRAF, and found that Lys483 and Asp594 are the most important residues involved in both ATP and BBR binding [(The average score = -11.5 kcal/mol (ATP); Range of scores = -7.78 to -9.55 kcal/mol (BBR)]. In addition to these polar residues, Trp530 and Phe583 are also applicable to the molecular docking of BRAF. We also observed that Asp593 was excluded from the enzyme cavity, while Phe594 was included inside the cavity, making the enzyme inactive. Finally, three alternatives for BBR were identified with dual RAF inhibition effects [The best scores against BRAF = -11.62 kcal/mol (BBR-7), -10.64 kcal/mol (BBR-9), and -11.01 kcal/mol (BBR-10); the best scores against CRAF = -9.68 kcal/mol (BBR-7), -9.60 kcal/mol (BBR-9), and -9.20 kcal/mol (BBR-10)]. Direct effects of BBR derivatives against BRAF and CRAF kinases had not yet been reported previously, and, thus, for the first time, we report three cycloprotoberberines as lead compounds against RAF kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Jabbarzadeh Kaboli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Patimah Ismail
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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14
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Bizarro A, Sousa D, Lima RT, Musso L, Cincinelli R, Zuco V, De Cesare M, Dallavalle S, Vasconcelos MH. Synthesis and Evaluation of the Tumor Cell Growth Inhibitory Potential of New Putative HSP90 Inhibitors. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020407. [PMID: 29438315 PMCID: PMC6017909 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a well-known target for cancer therapy. In a previous work, some of us have reported a series of 3-aryl-naphtho[2,3-d]isoxazole-4,9-diones as inhibitors of HSP90. Methods: In the present work, various compounds with new chromenopyridinone and thiochromenopyridinone scaffolds were synthesized as potential HSP90 inhibitors. Their binding affinity to HSP90 was studied in vitro. Selected compounds (5 and 8) were further studied in various tumor cell lines regarding their potential to cause cell growth inhibition, alter the cell cycle profile, inhibit proliferation, and induce apoptosis. Their effect on HSP90 client protein levels was also confirmed in two cell lines. Finally, the antitumor activity of compound 8 was studied in A431 squamous cell carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Results: Our results indicated that treatment with compounds 5 and 8 decreased the proliferation of tumor cell lines and compound 8 induced apoptosis. In addition, these two compounds were able to downregulate selected proteins known as “clients” of HSP90. Finally, treatment of xenografted mice with compound 5 resulted in a considerable dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth. Conclusions: Our results show that two new compounds with a chromenopyridinone and thiochromenopyridinone scaffold are promising putative HSP90 inhibitors causing tumor cell growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bizarro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto (FFUP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Diana Sousa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto (FFUP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Raquel T Lima
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Loana Musso
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences Division of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Cincinelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences Division of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Vantina Zuco
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione, IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Michelandrea De Cesare
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione, IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences Division of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - M Helena Vasconcelos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto (FFUP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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15
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Albano GD, Bonanno A, Moscato M, Anzalone G, Di Sano C, Riccobono L, Wenzel SE, Profita M. Crosstalk between mAChRM3 and β2AR, via acetylcholine PI3/PKC/PBEP1/Raf-1 MEK1/2/ERK1/2 pathway activation, in human bronchial epithelial cells after long-term cigarette smoke exposure. Life Sci 2018; 192:99-109. [PMID: 29175450 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) affects the expression of non-neuronal components of cholinergic system in bronchial epithelial cells and, as PEBP1/Raf-mediated MAPK1/2 and ERK1/2 pathway, promotes inflammation and oxidative stress. AIMS We studied whether Acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in the mechanism of crosstalk between mAChRM3 and β2Adrenergic receptors (β2AR) promoting, via PI3/PKC/PBEP1/Raf/MEK1/2/ERK1/2 activation, β2AR desensitization, inflammation and, oxidative stress in a bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE) after long-term exposure to cigarette smoke extract (LECSE). METHODS We evaluated mAChRM3 and Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression, ACh production, PEBP1, ERk1/2, and β2AR phosphorylation, as well as NOX-4, ROS production and IL-8 release in 16HBE after LECSE. The inhibitory activity of Hemicholinium (HCh-3) (a potent choline uptake blocker), LY294002 (a highly selective inhibitor of PI3 kinase), Tiotropium (Spiriva®) (anticholinergic drug) and Olodaterol (β2AR agonist), were tested in 16HBE after LECSE. RESULTS mAChRM3, ChAT, ACh activity, pPEBP1, pβ2AR, pERK1/2, ROS, NOX-4 and IL-8 increased after LECSE in 16HBE LECSE compared to untreated cells. HCh-3 and LY294002 (alone or in combination) as well as Tiotropium (Spiriva®) or Olodaterol (alone or in combination) all reduced the levels of pPEBP1, pβ2AR, pERK1/2, ROS, NOX-4, and IL-8 in 16HBE LECSE compared to untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS LECSE promotes ACh production which enhances PI3/PKC/PEBP1/Raf-ERK1/2 pathway activation, heterologous β2AR desensitization, as well as release of inflammatory and oxidative mediators in bronchial epithelial cells. The use of anticholinergic drugs and long-acting β2-agonists, alone or in combination may be dampen these inflammatory mechanisms when used in combination in some epithelial cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Daniela Albano
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Bonanno
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Moscato
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Anzalone
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Di Sano
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Loredana Riccobono
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Sally E Wenzel
- University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at UPMC, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine Division, University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Mirella Profita
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy.
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16
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Yaeger R, Yao Z, Hyman DM, Hechtman JF, Vakiani E, Zhao H, Su W, Wang L, Joelson A, Cercek A, Baselga J, de Stanchina E, Saltz L, Berger MF, Solit DB, Rosen N. Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance to BRAF V600E Inhibition in Colon Cancers Converge on RAF Dimerization and Are Sensitive to Its Inhibition. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6513-6523. [PMID: 28951457 PMCID: PMC5712250 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BRAF V600E colorectal cancers are insensitive to RAF inhibitor monotherapy due to feedback reactivation of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Combined RAF and EGFR inhibition exerts a therapeutic effect, but resistance invariably develops through undefined mechanisms. In this study, we determined that colorectal cancer progression specimens invariably harbored lesions in elements of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway. Genetic amplification of wild-type RAS was a recurrent mechanism of resistance in colorectal cancer patients that was not seen in similarly resistant melanomas. We show that wild-type RAS amplification increases receptor tyrosine kinase-dependent activation of RAS more potently in colorectal cancer than in melanoma and causes resistance only in the former. Currently approved RAF inhibitors inhibit RAF monomers but not dimers. All the drug-resistant lesions we identified activate BRAF V600E dimerization directly or by elevating RAS-GTP. Overall, our results show that mechanisms of resistance converge on formation of RAF dimers and that inhibiting EGFR and RAF dimers can effectively suppress ERK-driven growth of resistant colorectal cancer. Cancer Res; 77(23); 6513-23. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona Yaeger
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Zhan Yao
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David M Hyman
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jaclyn F Hechtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Efsevia Vakiani
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - HuiYong Zhao
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Wenjing Su
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Andrew Joelson
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Andrea Cercek
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jose Baselga
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Leonard Saltz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael F Berger
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David B Solit
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Neal Rosen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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17
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Abstract
The discovery that a subset of human tumours is dependent on mutationally deregulated BRAF kinase intensified the development of RAF inhibitors to be used as potential therapeutics. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved second-generation RAF inhibitors vemurafenib and dabrafenib have elicited remarkable responses and improved survival of patients with BRAF-V600E/K melanoma, but their effectiveness is limited by resistance. Beyond melanoma, current clinical RAF inhibitors show modest efficacy when used for colorectal and thyroid BRAF-V600E tumours or for tumours harbouring BRAF alterations other than the V600 mutation. Accumulated experimental and clinical evidence indicates that the complex biochemical mechanisms of RAF kinase signalling account both for the effectiveness of RAF inhibitors and for the various mechanisms of tumour resistance to them. Recently, a number of next-generation RAF inhibitors, with diverse structural and biochemical properties, have entered preclinical and clinical development. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of RAF kinase regulation, mechanisms of inhibitor action and related clinical resistance to these drugs. The recent elucidation of critical structural and biochemical aspects of RAF inhibitor action, combined with the availability of a number of structurally diverse RAF inhibitors currently in preclinical and clinical development, will enable the design of more effective RAF inhibitors and RAF-inhibitor-based therapeutic strategies, tailored to different clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Karoulia
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Department of Dermatology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Poulikos I Poulikakos
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Department of Dermatology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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18
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Sun Y, Alberta JA, Pilarz C, Calligaris D, Chadwick EJ, Ramkissoon SH, Ramkissoon LA, Garcia VM, Mazzola E, Goumnerova L, Kane M, Yao Z, Kieran MW, Ligon KL, Hahn WC, Garraway LA, Rosen N, Gray NS, Agar NY, Buhrlage SJ, Segal RA, Stiles CD. A brain-penetrant RAF dimer antagonist for the noncanonical BRAF oncoprotein of pediatric low-grade astrocytomas. Neuro Oncol 2017; 19:774-785. [PMID: 28082416 PMCID: PMC5464455 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activating mutations or structural rearrangements in BRAF are identified in roughly 75% of all pediatric low-grade astrocytomas (PLGAs). However, first-generation RAF inhibitors approved for adult melanoma have poor blood-brain penetrance and are only effective on tumors that express the canonical BRAFV600E oncoprotein, which functions as a monomer. These drugs (type I antagonists that target the "DFG-in" conformation of the kinase) fail to block signaling via KIAA1549:BRAF, a truncation/fusion BRAF oncoprotein which functions as a dimer and is found in the most common form of PLGA. Methods A panel of small molecule RAF inhibitors (including type II inhibitors, targeting the "DFG-out" conformation of the kinase) was screened for drugs showing efficacy on murine models of PLGA and on authentic human PLGA cells expressing KIAA1549:BRAF. Results We identify a type II RAF inhibitor that serves as an equipotent antagonist of BRAFV600E, KIAA1549:BRAF, and other noncanonical BRAF oncoproteins that function as dimers. This drug (MLN2480, also known as TAK-580) has good brain penetrance and is active on authentic human PLGA cells in brain organotypic cultures. Conclusion MLN2480 may be an effective therapeutic for BRAF mutant pediatric astrocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John A Alberta
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine Pilarz
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Calligaris
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily J Chadwick
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shakti H Ramkissoon
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lori A Ramkissoon
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Veronica Matia Garcia
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emanuele Mazzola
- Department of Biostatistics & Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liliana Goumnerova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Kane
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhan Yao
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and Center for Mechanism Based Therapeutics Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Levi A Garraway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neal Rosen
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and Center for Mechanism Based Therapeutics Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathalie Y Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara J Buhrlage
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosalind A Segal
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles D Stiles
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Korkut A, Wang W, Demir E, Aksoy BA, Jing X, Molinelli EJ, Babur Ö, Bemis DL, Onur Sumer S, Solit DB, Pratilas CA, Sander C. Perturbation biology nominates upstream-downstream drug combinations in RAF inhibitor resistant melanoma cells. eLife 2015; 4:e04640. [PMID: 26284497 PMCID: PMC4539601 DOI: 10.7554/elife.04640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to targeted cancer therapies is an important clinical problem. The discovery of anti-resistance drug combinations is challenging as resistance can arise by diverse escape mechanisms. To address this challenge, we improved and applied the experimental-computational perturbation biology method. Using statistical inference, we build network models from high-throughput measurements of molecular and phenotypic responses to combinatorial targeted perturbations. The models are computationally executed to predict the effects of thousands of untested perturbations. In RAF-inhibitor resistant melanoma cells, we measured 143 proteomic/phenotypic entities under 89 perturbation conditions and predicted c-Myc as an effective therapeutic co-target with BRAF or MEK. Experiments using the BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 affecting the level of c-Myc protein and protein kinase inhibitors targeting the ERK pathway confirmed the prediction. In conclusion, we propose an anti-cancer strategy of co-targeting a specific upstream alteration and a general downstream point of vulnerability to prevent or overcome resistance to targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Korkut
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Emek Demir
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Bülent Arman Aksoy
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Xiaohong Jing
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Evan J Molinelli
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Özgün Babur
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Debra L Bemis
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Selcuk Onur Sumer
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - David B Solit
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Christine A Pratilas
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Chris Sander
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
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20
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Yu X, Guo G, Li X, Zhang C, Huang L, Fang D, Song Y, Zhang X, Zhou L. Retrospective Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Sorafenib in Chinese Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma and Prognostic Factors Related to Overall Survival. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1361. [PMID: 26313773 PMCID: PMC4602909 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib has been recommended as first- or second-line treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) by several guidelines. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of sorafenib monotherapy in Chinese patients with mRCC and determine the prognostic clinicopathologic factors associated with survival in these patients.This is a single-arm retrospective study conducted in 2 tertiary medical centers; 140 mRCC patients were enrolled between January 2007 and June 2014. Sorafenib was administered at a dose of 400 mg twice daily, and continued until disease progression, at which point the dose was increased to 600 or 800 mg twice daily, or the onset of an intolerable adverse drug event (ADE) that required dose reduction or temporary suspension of treatment.The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), and the secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and safety.The median follow-up time was 32 months. The median OS and PFS were 24 months (range, 3-88 months) and 16 months (range, 0-88 months), respectively. Patients with clear cell carcinoma had a greater OS (P=0.001) whereas sarcomatoid differentiation (P=0.045) and disease progression (P=0.010) negatively impacted OS; time from kidney surgery or biopsy to initiation of sorafenib treatment was associated with PFS (P=0.027). Efficacy analysis revealed that 3 (2.1%) patients achieved complete responses, 28 (20.0%) patients experienced partial responses, 88 (62.9%) patients had stable disease, and 21 (15.0%) patients developed progressive disease. Moreover, the ORR was 22.1%, and the DCR was 85.0%. Most ADEs were classified as grades 1 or 2 with only 14 (10.0%) patients experiencing a severe ADE (grade 3).Sorafenib monotherapy can achieve promising OS and PFS for Chinese patients with mRCC, especially in those with clear cell carcinoma, with manageable adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoteng Yu
- From the Department of Urology (XY, XL, CZ, LH, DF, YS, LZ), Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, National Urological Cancer Center, Peking University; and Department of Urology (GG, XZ), State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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21
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Tang Z, Yuan X, Du R, Cheung SH, Zhang G, Wei J, Zhao Y, Feng Y, Peng H, Zhang Y, Du Y, Hu X, Gong W, Liu Y, Gao Y, Liu Y, Hao R, Li S, Wang S, Ji J, Zhang L, Li S, Sutton D, Wei M, Zhou C, Wang L, Luo L. BGB-283, a Novel RAF Kinase and EGFR Inhibitor, Displays Potent Antitumor Activity in BRAF-Mutated Colorectal Cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 2015. [PMID: 26208524 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic BRAF, which drives cell transformation and proliferation, has been detected in approximately 50% of human malignant melanomas and 5% to 15% of colorectal cancers. Despite the remarkable clinical activities achieved by vemurafenib and dabrafenib in treating BRAF(V600E) metastatic melanoma, their clinical efficacy in BRAF(V600E) colorectal cancer is far less impressive. Prior studies suggested that feedback activation of EGFR and MAPK signaling upon BRAF inhibition might contribute to the relative unresponsiveness of colorectal cancer to the first-generation BRAF inhibitors. Here, we report characterization of a dual RAF kinase/EGFR inhibitor, BGB-283, which is currently under clinical investigation. In vitro, BGB-283 potently inhibits BRAF(V600E)-activated ERK phosphorylation and cell proliferation. It demonstrates selective cytotoxicity and preferentially inhibits proliferation of cancer cells harboring BRAF(V600E) and EGFR mutation/amplification. In BRAF(V600E) colorectal cancer cell lines, BGB-283 effectively inhibits the reactivation of EGFR and EGFR-mediated cell proliferation. In vivo, BGB-283 treatment leads to dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition accompanied by partial and complete tumor regressions in both cell line-derived and primary human colorectal tumor xenografts bearing BRAF(V600E) mutation. These findings support BGB-283 as a potent antitumor drug candidate with clinical potential for treating colorectal cancer harboring BRAF(V600E) mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Tang
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xi Yuan
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Rong Du
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shing-Hu Cheung
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yingcai Feng
- Department of Molecular Sciences, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Molecular Sciences, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Molecular Sciences, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yunguang Du
- Department of Molecular Sciences, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Hu
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wenfeng Gong
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yajuan Gao
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Rui Hao
- Department of Molecular Sciences, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shengjian Li
- Department of Molecular Sciences, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lianhai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shuangxi Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - David Sutton
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Min Wei
- Department of Molecular Sciences, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Changyou Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lai Wang
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lusong Luo
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China.
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INN common stem: -rafenib. Prescrire Int 2015; 24:91. [PMID: 25941726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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23
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Abstract
Antibody mimics have significant scientific and therapeutic utility for the disruption of protein-protein interactions inside cells; however, their delivery to the cell cytosol remains a major challenge. Here we show that protective antigen (PA), a component of anthrax toxin, efficiently transports commonly used antibody mimics to the cytosol of mammalian cells when conjugated to the N-terminal domain of LF (LFN). In contrast, a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) was not able to deliver any of these antibody mimics into the cell cytosol. The refolding and binding of a transported tandem monobody to Bcr-Abl (its protein target) in chronic myeloid leukemia cells were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. We also observed inhibition of Bcr-Abl kinase activity and induction of apoptosis caused by the monobody. In a separate case, we show disruption of key interactions in the MAPK signaling pathway after PA-mediated delivery of an affibody binder that targets hRaf-1. We show for the first time that PA can deliver bioactive antibody mimics to disrupt intracellular protein-protein interactions. This technology adds a useful tool to expand the applications of these modern agents to the intracellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-596, Cambridge, MA 02193 (USA) E-mail:
| | - Amy E Rabideau
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-596, Cambridge, MA 02193 (USA) E-mail:
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-596, Cambridge, MA 02193 (USA) E-mail:
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24
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Bollag G. Setting up a kinase discovery and development project. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 355:3-18. [PMID: 21809194 DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of novel kinase inhibitors has matured rapidly over the last decade. Paramount to the successful development of kinase inhibitors is appropriate selectivity for validated targets. Many different approaches have been applied over the years, with varied results. There are currently thirteen different small molecule protein kinase inhibitors on the marketplace. Interestingly, a majority of these compounds lack precise selectivity for specific targets. This will change in the coming years, as technology for achieving improved selectivity becomes more widely applied. This chapter will focus on some of the critical considerations in setting up a kinase discovery and development project, citing examples particularly targeting the Raf kinases.
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25
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Fazio N, Abdel-Rahman O, Spada F, Galdy S, De Dosso S, Capdevila J, Scarpa A. RAF signaling in neuroendocrine neoplasms: from bench to bedside. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:974-9. [PMID: 24998490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms are a low-incidence and heterogeneous group of malignancies. In the advanced stage, several therapeutic options can be discussed, including molecular-targeted agents, but biological predicting factors are lacking. A number of molecular targets have been studied over the last decade leading to several phase II studies; however, very few agents progressed to phase III clinical trials. The RAF family of proteins belongs to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, that has a role in several types of cancers, particularly related to BRAF mutations. Indeed BRAF inhibitors have been reported as being effective, mainly in melanoma. However, in neuroendocrine neoplasms BRAF mutations are extremely rare and RAF-1 activation has been reported to inhibit tumor growth in a pre-clinical setting. Therefore, in this field, RAF-1 activators rather than BRAF inhibitors should be clinically investigated. This article reviews the basic science as well as clinical data of RAF signaling in advanced neuroendocrine neoplasms with special emphasis on the potential role of both RAF activators and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Fazio
- Unit of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
| | - Omar Abdel-Rahman
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Francesca Spada
- Unit of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Galdy
- Unit of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara De Dosso
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jaume Capdevila
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, ARC-NET Research Center, University of Verona, Italy
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26
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Aldea MD, Petrushev B, Soritau O, Tomuleasa CI, Berindan-Neagoe I, Filip AG, Chereches G, Cenariu M, Craciun L, Tatomir C, Florian IS, Crivii CB, Kacso G. Metformin plus sorafenib highly impacts temozolomide resistant glioblastoma stem-like cells. J BUON 2014; 19:502-511. [PMID: 24965413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), responsible for the dismal disease prognosis after conventional treatments, are driven by overactive signaling pathways, such as PI3K/ AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MAPK. The objective of our study was to target in vitro-GSCs by combining metformin (Met) as a mTOR inhibitor, with sorafenib (Soraf) as a RAF inhibitor. METHODS GSCs cultured under basal conditions were treated with Met, temozolomide (TMZ), Soraf, Met+TMZ and Met+Soraf; as untreated arm served as control. At 4 hrs of drug exposure, we measured the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) assay, apoptosis by prodium iodide (PI)-V Annexin staining and efflux pump activity by using the fluorescent dye rhodamine 123. At 24 hrs, we measured cell proliferation by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, apoptosis and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. MTT results were compared with corresponding measurements on cultures of non-stem glioblastoma cells and osteoblasts. RESULTS Met+Soraf exerted the highest antiproliferative effects in GSCs and non-stem glioblastoma cells (p<0.001). Both Met and Soraf monotherapy exhibited a selective cytotoxic effect on GSCs (p<0.001), while no effect was detected on non-stem glioblastoma cells (p>0.05). Soraf, but not Met, impacted the proliferation of normal cells. Soraf displayed synergism with Met in producing high levels of ROS, decreasing efflux pump activity and generating the highest apoptotic rates when compared to either drug alone (p<0.001). CONCLUSION GSCs were highly sensitive to the combination of Met and Soraf which reduced cell proliferation, increased oxidative stress, inhibited efflux pump activity and ultimately killed GSCs. We strongly believe that these results warrant further in vivo exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela D Aldea
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu and Department of Functional Genomics, the Oncology Institute Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, Cluj Napoca, Romania
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27
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Favre G. [Future targeting of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway in oncology: the example of melanoma]. Bull Acad Natl Med 2014; 198:321-338. [PMID: 26263707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation, survival and mobility of cancer cells are maintained by deregulation of signaling pathways, including RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK/. Constitutive activation of these pathways is a common event in human cancers. It is most often caused by mutations or altered expression of genes encoding key players in this pathway. Knowledge of the mechanisms of intracellular activation of these circuits has led to the development of inhibitory molecules aimed at limiting tumor growth. These molecules have been developed through extensive clinical trials marked by impressive therapeutic successes that have pioneered the concept of targeted therapies, leading to a new paradigm of cancer therapy. However, despite these remarkable clinical responses, particularly in metastatic melanoma, poorly understood drug resistance mechanisms eventually come into play. Resistance mechanisms associated with secondary mutations in B-RAF seem to be infrequent in melanomas, while those related to target circumvention are more common. The latter include an increase in the expression and regulation of PDGF and IGF-l receptors, and secondary mutations in the N-RAS, COT or MEK genes. They involve the activation pathways MEK/ERK and/or PI3K/AKT in conditions in which the target is inhibited. Resistance may also be explained by deregulation of the MEK/ERK pathway, leading to the expression of genes that had been subject to negative feedback. Moreover, the tumor microenvironment, through the secretion of soluble factors, stimulates signaling pathways that can compensate for MEK/ERK pathway inhibition. Lastly, combinations of MEK/ERK inhibition and immunotherapy open the way to new therapeutic strategies designed to circumvent drug resistance. Without calling into question the concept of "oncogenic addiction", in which alteration of a single gene is responsible for persistence of the tumoral phenotype, these findings call for a rethink on the use of targeted therapies. A more integrated view of the tumor including its microenvironment, will no doubt be necessary.
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28
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Shalem O, Sanjana NE, Hartenian E, Shi X, Scott DA, Mikkelson T, Heckl D, Ebert BL, Root DE, Doench JG, Zhang F. Genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening in human cells. Science 2014; 343:84-87. [PMID: 24336571 PMCID: PMC4089965 DOI: 10.1126/science.1247005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3433] [Impact Index Per Article: 343.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The simplicity of programming the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-associated nuclease Cas9 to modify specific genomic loci suggests a new way to interrogate gene function on a genome-wide scale. We show that lentiviral delivery of a genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout (GeCKO) library targeting 18,080 genes with 64,751 unique guide sequences enables both negative and positive selection screening in human cells. First, we used the GeCKO library to identify genes essential for cell viability in cancer and pluripotent stem cells. Next, in a melanoma model, we screened for genes whose loss is involved in resistance to vemurafenib, a therapeutic RAF inhibitor. Our highest-ranking candidates include previously validated genes NF1 and MED12, as well as novel hits NF2, CUL3, TADA2B, and TADA1. We observe a high level of consistency between independent guide RNAs targeting the same gene and a high rate of hit confirmation, demonstrating the promise of genome-scale screening with Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophir Shalem
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, MA 02142, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Neville E. Sanjana
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, MA 02142, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ella Hartenian
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xi Shi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, MA 02142, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David A. Scott
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, MA 02142, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tarjei Mikkelson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dirk Heckl
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Ebert
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David E. Root
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, MA 02142, USA
| | - John G. Doench
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, MA 02142, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, MA 02142, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Kamata T, Dankort D, Kang J, Giblett S, Pritchard CA, McMahon M, Leavitt AD. Hematopoietic expression of oncogenic BRAF promotes aberrant growth of monocyte-lineage cells resistant to PLX4720. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:1530-41. [PMID: 24152792 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mutational activation of BRAF leading to expression of the BRAF(V600E) oncoprotein was recently identified in a high percentage of specific hematopoietic neoplasms in monocyte/histiocyte and mature B-cell lineages. Although BRAF(V600E) is a driver oncoprotein and pharmacologic target in solid tumors such as melanoma, lung, and thyroid cancer, it remains unknown whether BRAF(V600E) is an appropriate therapeutic target in hematopoietic neoplasms. To address this critical question, we generated a mouse model expressing inducible BRAF(V600E) in the hematopoietic system, and evaluated the efficacy of pathway-targeted therapeutics against primary hematopoietic cells. In this model, BRAF(V600E) expression conferred cytokine-independent growth to monocyte/macrophage-lineage progenitors leading to aberrant in vivo and in vitro monocyte/macrophage expansion. Furthermore, transplantation of BRAF(V600E)-expressing bone marrow cells promoted an in vivo pathology most notable for monocytosis in hematopoietic tissues and visceral organs. In vitro analysis revealed that MAP-ERK kinase inhibition, but not RAF inhibition, effectively suppressed cytokine-independent clonal growth of monocyte/macrophage-lineage progenitors. However, combined RAF and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition effectively inhibited cytokine-independent colony formation, suggesting autocrine PI3K pathway activation. Taken together, these results provide evidence that constitutively activated BRAF(V600E) drives aberrant proliferation of monocyte-lineage cells. IMPLICATIONS This study supports the development of pathway-targeted therapeutics in the treatment of BRAF(V600E)-expressing hematopoietic neoplasms in the monocyte/histiocyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamihiro Kamata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, Room S-561, San Francisco, CA 94143-0100.
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Doma E, Rupp C, Varga A, Kern F, Riegler B, Baccarini M. Skin tumorigenesis stimulated by Raf inhibitors relies upon Raf functions that are dependent and independent of ERK. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6926-37. [PMID: 24129679 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RAF inhibitors achieve unprecedented but mainly transient clinical responses in patients with melanoma whose tumors harbor an activating BRAF mutation. One notable side-effect of RAF inhibitors is the stimulation of cutaneous skin tumors, arising in about 30% of patients receiving these drugs, which are thought to develop as a result of inhibitor-induced activation of wild-type Raf in occult precursor skin lesions. This effect raises the possibility that less manageable tumors might also arise in other epithelial tissues. Here we provide preclinical evidence supporting this disquieting hypothesis by showing that the RAF inhibitors PLX-4032 (vemurafenib) and GDC-0879 precipitate the development of cell-autonomous, Ras-driven tumors in skin and gastric epithelia. The magnitude of the effects correlated with the inhibitors' relative abilities to induce ERK activation. Epidermis-restricted ablation of either B-Raf or C-Raf prevented PLX-4032-induced ERK activation and tumorigenesis. In contrast, GDC-0879 induced ERK activation and tumorigenesis in B-Raf-deficient epidermis, whereas C-Raf ablation blocked GDC-0879-induced tumorigenesis (despite strong ERK activation) by preventing Rokα-mediated keratinocyte dedifferentiation. Thus, inhibitor-induced ERK activation did not require a specific Raf kinase. ERK activation was necessary, but not sufficient for Ras + Raf inhibitor-induced tumorigenesis, whereas C-Raf downregulation of Rokα was essential even in the face of sustained ERK signaling to prevent differentiation and promote tumorigenesis. Taken together, our findings suggest that combination therapies targeting ERK-dependent and -independent functions of Raf may be more efficient but also safer for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Doma
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
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Honda K, Yamamoto N, Nokihara H, Tamura Y, Asahina H, Yamada Y, Suzuki S, Yamazaki N, Ogita Y, Tamura T. Phase I and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study of RO5126766, a first-in-class dual Raf/MEK inhibitor, in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 72:577-84. [PMID: 23860959 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE RO5126766, a highly selective dual Raf and MEK inhibitor, is a first-in-class tandem mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway inhibitor. The objectives of this phase I study were to determine maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and anti-tumor activity of RO5126766 in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. METHODS Patients received a single oral dose of RO5126766 (0.8, 1.2, 1.8, or 2.25 mg) followed by continuous once-daily dosing at the same dosage in 28-day cycles. A 3 + 3 dose-escalation design was used. PD was evaluated by pMEK and pERK inhibition in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS A total of 12 patients were enrolled in cohorts of 0.8, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.25 mg/day. In the dose range tested, no dose-limiting toxicity was observed, and therefore, MTD was not defined. Main adverse events included acneiform dermatitis, creatine phosphokinase elevation, and ocular disorders. The plasma exposure of RO5126766 appeared to increase in a dose-proportional manner with a long plasma half-life (t 1/2) of 45.8-93.7 h. Following multiple dose administration, a steady-state condition was reached by Cycle 1 Day 8 (240 h). The inhibitory effects of RO5126766 on both pERK and pMEK in PBMCs increased in a dose-dependent manner. Five out of 12 patients achieved stable diseases, including a melanoma case with over 20 % shrinkage. CONCLUSIONS RO5126766 has a manageable safety profile up to 2.25 mg/day once daily with a favorable PK/PD profile in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Honda
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Rebocho AP, Marais R. ARAF acts as a scaffold to stabilize BRAF:CRAF heterodimers. Oncogene 2013; 32:3207-12. [PMID: 22926515 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The RAF proteins are cytosolic protein kinases that regulate cell responses to extracellular signals. There are three RAF proteins in cells, ARAF, BRAF and CRAF, and recent studies have shown that the formation of complexes by these different isoforms has an important role in their activation, particularly in response to RAF inhibitors. Here, we investigated the role of ARAF in cancer cell signaling and examined the role of ARAF in mediating paradoxical activation of the MAPK pathway in cells treated with RAF inhibitors. We show that two mutations that occur in ARAF in cancer inactivate the kinase. We also show that ARAF is not functionally redundant with CRAF and cannot substitute for CRAF downstream of RAS. We further show that ARAF binds to and is activated by BRAF and that ARAF also forms complexes with CRAF. Critically, ARAF seems to stabilize BRAF:CRAF complexes in cells treated with RAF inhibitors and thereby regulate cell signaling in a subtle manner to ensure signaling efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Rebocho
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Ganesan P, Piha-Paul S, Naing A, Falchook G, Wheler J, Fu S, Hong DS, Kurzrock R, Janku F, Laday S, Bedikian AY, Kies M, Wolff RA, Tsimberidou AM. Phase I clinical trial of lenalidomide in combination with sorafenib in patients with advanced cancer. Invest New Drugs 2013; 32:279-86. [PMID: 23756764 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-9966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical data have shown that lenalidomide and sorafenib target endothelial cells, inhibiting growth of ocular melanoma cells in a xenograft model. We conducted a Phase I study of lenalidomide and sorafenib in patients with advanced cancer. METHODS During the escalation phase, lenalidomide (days 1-21) and sorafenib (days 1-28) were given orally once daily at the following respective doses: level 1 (10 mg, 200 mg); level 2 (10 mg, 400 mg); level 3 (20 mg, 400 mg); and level 4 (25 mg, 400 mg) (1 cycle = 28 days). A "3 + 3" study design was used. RESULTS Forty-one patients were treated (median age: 50 years). The most common diagnoses were adenoid cystic carcinoma (N = 9), ovarian adenocarcinoma (N = 7), and melanoma (N = 6); 142 cycles (median: 3) were administered. No dose-limiting toxicities were noted. The maximum tested dose (dose level 4) was used in the expansion phase. Grade 3-4 treatment-related toxicities were neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, skin rash, and thromboembolism. Of 38 patients who were evaluable for response, stable disease (SD) was noted in 53 % of patients (SD ≥6 months: 16 %). Tumor types with SD ≥ 6 months were as follows: ocular melanoma, 2/2 (100 %); other melanoma, 1/4 (25 %); adenoid cystic carcinoma, 2/9 (22 %); and ovarian cancer, 1/6 (17 %). The median progression-free survival duration was 3.5 months (95 % CI, 1.9-5.0), and the median overall survival duration was 12.3 months (95 % CI, 10.1-14.5). CONCLUSIONS Lenalidomide and sorafenib was well tolerated and associated with disease stabilization for ≥6 months in patients with melanoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and ovarian adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Ganesan
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 455, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Holderfield M, Merritt H, Chan J, Wallroth M, Tandeske L, Zhai H, Tellew J, Hardy S, Hekmat-Nejad M, Stuart DD, McCormick F, Nagel TE. RAF inhibitors activate the MAPK pathway by relieving inhibitory autophosphorylation. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:594-602. [PMID: 23680146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ATP competitive inhibitors of the BRAF(V600E) oncogene paradoxically activate downstream signaling in cells bearing wild-type BRAF (BRAF(WT)). In this study, we investigate the biochemical mechanism of wild-type RAF (RAF(WT)) activation by multiple catalytic inhibitors using kinetic analysis of purified BRAF(V600E) and RAF(WT) enzymes. We show that activation of RAF(WT) is ATP dependent and directly linked to RAF kinase activity. These data support a mechanism involving inhibitory autophosphorylation of RAF's phosphate-binding loop that, when disrupted either through pharmacologic or genetic alterations, results in activation of RAF and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This mechanism accounts not only for compound-mediated activation of the MAPK pathway in BRAF(WT) cells but also offers a biochemical mechanism for BRAF oncogenesis.
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Abstract
ERK pathway activation in cells expressing wild-type BRAF is a well-reported, clinically-relevant adverse effect of the otherwise impressive response of BRAF(V600E)-mutated melanomas to RAF inhibitors. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Holderfield and colleagues show that RAF autoinhibition underpins this paradox, further complicating therapeutic strategies centered around RAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Hey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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Abstract
The next few years may show that when the novel therapeutics reviewed in this article are used in thoughtful combinations, a new standard of care for the treatment of advanced melanoma will emerge. As more understanding is gained on the different signaling pathways for tumor cell growth and mechanisms of action of the different classes of drugs, the ability to identify different subsets of patients with differentially dysregulated oncogenic signaling pathways may allow for more individualized treatments of advanced melanoma in the near future, which will ultimately translate into improved survival.
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Sabourin G. [Zelboraf. Longer term survival for advanced stage melanoma]. Perspect Infirm 2012; 9:64-65. [PMID: 22978138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Lau KS, Zhang T, Kendall KR, Lauffenburger D, Gray NS, Haigis KM. BAY61-3606 affects the viability of colon cancer cells in a genotype-directed manner. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41343. [PMID: 22815993 PMCID: PMC3399817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background K-RAS mutation poses a particularly difficult problem for cancer therapy. Activating mutations in K-RAS are common in cancers of the lung, pancreas, and colon and are associated with poor response to therapy. As such, targeted therapies that abrogate K-RAS-induced oncogenicity would be of tremendous value. Methods We searched for small molecule kinase inhibitors that preferentially affect the growth of colorectal cancer cells expressing mutant K-RAS. The mechanism of action of one inhibitor was explored using chemical and genetic approaches. Results We identified BAY61-3606 as an inhibitor of proliferation in colorectal cancer cells expressing mutant forms of K-RAS, but not in isogenic cells expressing wild-type K-RAS. In addition to its anti-proliferative effects in mutant cells, BAY61-3606 exhibited a distinct biological property in wild-type cells in that it conferred sensitivity to inhibition of RAF. In this context, BAY61-3606 acted by inhibiting MAP4K2 (GCK), which normally activates NFκβ signaling in wild-type cells in response to inhibition of RAF. As a result of MAP4K2 inhibition, wild-type cells became sensitive to AZ-628, a RAF inhibitor, when also treated with BAY61-3606. Conclusions These studies indicate that BAY61-3606 exerts distinct biological activities in different genetic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken S. Lau
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Cancer Research and Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tinghu Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Krystle R. Kendall
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Cancer Research and Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Haigis
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Cancer Research and Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bao XH, Takaoka M, Hao HF, Wang ZG, Fukazawa T, Yamatsuji T, Sakurama K, Sun DS, Nagasaka T, Fujiwara T, Naomoto Y. Esophageal cancer exhibits resistance to a novel IGF-1R inhibitor NVP-AEW541 with maintained RAS-MAPK activity. Anticancer Res 2012; 32:2827-2834. [PMID: 22753744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the effects of a novel type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor, NVP-AEW541, on cell proliferation and signal transduction of esophageal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell proliferation assay and western blot were conducted to assess the antitumor effects of NVP-AEW541. Genetic modification of RAS by expression vector was applied for overexpression of mutant RAS. RESULTS More than 2 μmol/l of NVP-AEW541 was required to effectively inhibit the proliferation of esophageal cancer. NVP-AEW541 potently blocked the activation of IGF-1R and protein kinase B (PKB, also known as AKT), but not of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK). Active RAS was not reduced by NVP-AEW541 in esophageal cancer cells TE-1, suggesting that insensitivity of esophageal cancer to NVP-AEW541 is due to the maintained RAS-MAPK activity, which did not arise from RAS mutation. Moreover, the transduction of mutant RAS reduced the sensitivity of TE-1 cells to NVP-AEW541. CONCLUSION Stimulation of RAS-MAPK pathway is associated with resistance to NVP-AEW541 in esophageal cancer. Combining NVP-AEW541 with inhibitors/antibodies against RAS-MAPK signaling molecules might be more effective for use against esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Bao
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Ramakrishnan V, Timm M, Haug JL, Kimlinger TK, Halling T, Wellik LE, Witzig TE, Rajkumar SV, Adjei AA, Kumar S. Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, is effective in vitro against non-Hodgkin lymphoma and synergizes with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Am J Hematol 2012; 87:277-83. [PMID: 22190165 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.22263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) represents a heterogenous group of neoplasias originating from lymphoid cells. Increased angiogenesis and expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and its receptors (VEGFR) have been found to be associated with NHL disease progression. Increase in VEGF and other cytokines stimulate signaling cascades, including the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway, resulting in increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis. Here, we report the in vitro antilymphoma activity of sorafenib, an inhibitor of VEGFR and Raf kinase. Sorafenib induced potent cytotoxicity in NHL cell lines and patient samples. This induction of cytotoxicity was associated with a corresponding increase in apoptotic cell death. Mechanism of action of sorafenib was investigated in follicular (DoHH2) and Burkitt lymphoma (Raji) cell lines. pStat3, pAkt, Mcl1, and Xiap were downregulated in both cell lines, whereas pErk decreased in Raji but not in DoHH2 cells following sorafenib treatment. IL6 was unable to prevent sorafenib induced repression of pStat3, pAkt, Mcl1, and Bcl-Xl. Sorafenib in combination with an mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin demonstrated synergy in inducing cytotoxicity in NHL cells. Sorafenib/rapamycin combination resulted in downregulation of pAkt, pmTOR, p-p70S6K, p4EBP1, pGSK3β, Mcl1, and Bcl-Xl. On the basis of our results, a clinical trial is underway using sorafenib with everolimus in NHL patients.
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Vemurafenib (Zelboraf) for metastatic melanoma. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2011; 53:77-8. [PMID: 21959356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Hong DS, Cabanillas ME, Wheler J, Naing A, Tsimberidou AM, Ye L, Busaidy NL, Waguespack SG, Hernandez M, El Naggar AK, Bidyasar S, Wright J, Sherman SI, Kurzrock R. Inhibition of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and RET kinase pathways with the combination of the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib and the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in medullary and differentiated thyroid malignancies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:997-1005. [PMID: 21289252 PMCID: PMC3070247 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ras/Raf/MAPK kinase/ERK and rearranged in transformation (RET) kinase pathways are important in thyroid cancer. We tested sorafenib, a B-Raf, RET, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor kinase inhibitor, combined with tipifarnib, a farnesyltransferase inhibitor that inactivates Ras and other farnesylated proteins. PATIENTS AND METHODS We treated 35 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) in a phase I trial. Sorafenib and tipifarnib were given for 21 d with 7 d rest in each 28-d cycle. RESULTS We enrolled 22 patients with metastatic DTC (16 papillary, five follicular, and one poorly differentiated) and 13 patients with MTC, of whom 15 with DTC and 10 with MTC reached first restaging. When tissue was available, eight of 15 DTC patients (53%) had B-Raf mutations; eight of 13 MTC (61.5%) patients had RET mutations. MTC partial response rate was 38% (five of 13) (duration = 9+, 12, 13, 16+, and 34+ months), stable disease of at least 6 months was 31% (four of 13). The DTC partial response rate was 4.5% (one of 22), and stable disease of at least 6 months was 36% (eight of 22). Median progression-free survival for all 35 patients was 18 months (95% confidence interval, 14.6 to not reached months). Median overall survival has not been reached, with a median follow-up of 24 months with 80% overall survival. Grade 1-2 toxicities were mainly rash, fatigue, and diarrhea. The most common grade 3-4 toxicities were rash, rise in amylase/lipase, and fatigue. CONCLUSIONS Inhibiting the Ras/Raf/MAPK kinase/ERK and RET kinase pathways with sorafenib and tipifarnib is well tolerated and active against thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Vitale M. Targeted therapy for thyroid cancer: striking the survival signaling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:936-8. [PMID: 21474689 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hashimoto K, Ishima T. Neurite outgrowth mediated by translation elongation factor eEF1A1: a target for antiplatelet agent cilostazol. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17431. [PMID: 21390260 PMCID: PMC3046984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilostazol, a type-3 phosphodiesterase (PDE3) inhibitor, has become widely used as an antiplatelet drug worldwide. A recent second Cilostazol Stroke Prevention Study demonstrated that cilostazol is superior to aspirin for prevention of stroke after an ischemic stroke. However, its precise mechanisms of action remain to be determined. Here, we report that cilostazol, but not the PDE3 inhibitors cilostamide and milrinone, significantly potentiated nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Furthermore, specific inhibitors for the endoplasmic reticulum protein inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP(3)) receptors and several common signaling pathways (PLC-γ, PI3K, Akt, p38 MAPK, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and the Ras/Raf/ERK/MAPK) significantly blocked the potentiation of NGF-induced neurite outgrowth by cilostazol. Using a proteomics analysis, we identified that levels of eukaryotic translation elongation factor eEF1A1 protein were significantly increased by treatment with cilostazol, but not cilostamide, in PC12 cells. Moreover, the potentiating effects of cilostazol on NGF-induced neurite outgrowth were significantly antagonized by treatment with eEF1A1 RNAi, but not the negative control of eEF1A1. These findings suggest that eEF1A1 and several common cellular signaling pathways might play a role in the mechanism of cilostazol-induced neurite outgrowth. Therefore, agents that can increase the eEF1A1 protein may have therapeutic relevance in diverse conditions with altered neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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Yap JL, Worlikar S, MacKerell AD, Shapiro P, Fletcher S. Small-molecule inhibitors of the ERK signaling pathway: Towards novel anticancer therapeutics. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:38-48. [PMID: 21110380 PMCID: PMC3477473 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander D. MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, Fax: (+) 1 410 706 5017
| | - Paul Shapiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, Fax: (+) 1 410 706 5017
| | - Steven Fletcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, Fax: (+) 1 410 706 5017
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Gedaly R, Angulo P, Hundley J, Daily MF, Chen C, Koch A, Evers BM. PI-103 and sorafenib inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation by blocking Ras/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. Anticancer Res 2010; 30:4951-4958. [PMID: 21187475 PMCID: PMC3141822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant Ras/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways are found in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study reports how sorafenib (a multi-kinase inhibitor) and PI-103 (a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor) alone and in combination inhibit the proliferation of the HCC cell line, Huh7. MATERIALS AND METHODS Huh7 proliferation was assayed by 3H-thymidine incorporation and by MTT assay. Western blot was used to detect phosphorylation of the key enzymes in the Ras/Raf and PI3K pathways. RESULTS Sorafenib and PI-103, as single agents inhibited Huh7 proliferation and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated Huh7 proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion; the combination of sorafenib and PI-103 produced synergistic effects. EGF increased phosphorylation of MEK and ERK, key Ras/Raf downstream signaling proteins; this activation was inhibited by sorafenib. However, sorafenib as a single agent increased AKT(Ser473) and mTOR phosphorylation. EGF-stimulated activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway components was inhibited by PI-103. PI-103 is a potent inhibitor of AKT(Ser473) phosphorylation; in contrast, rapamycin stimulated AKT(Ser473) phosphorylation. It was found that PI-103, as a single agent, stimulated MEK and ERK phosphorylation. However, the combination of sorafenib and PI-103 caused inhibition of all the tested kinases in the Ras/Raf and PI3K pathways. CONCLUSION The combination of sorafenib and PI-103 can significantly inhibit EGF-stimulated Huh7 proliferation by blocking both Ras/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gedaly
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Reig M, Matilla A, Bustamante J, Castells L, de La Mata M, Delgado M, Moreno JM, Forner A, Varela M. [Recommendations for the management of Sorafenib in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma]. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 33:741-52. [PMID: 20851505 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Reig
- Unidad de Oncología Hepática (BCLC), Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), IDIBAPS, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
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Molhoek KR, McSkimming CC, Olson WC, Brautigan DL, Slingluff CL. Apoptosis of CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells in response to Sirolimus requires activation of T cell receptor and is modulated by IL-2. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:867-76. [PMID: 18841360 PMCID: PMC2688807 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeted molecular therapies inhibit proliferation and survival of cancer cells but may also affect immune cells. We have evaluated the effects of Sirolimus and Sorafenib on proliferation and survival of lymphoid cell subsets. Both drugs were cytotoxic to CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells, and were growth inhibitory for CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Cytotoxicity depended on CD3/CD28 stimulation and was detectable within 12 h, with 80-90% of CD4(+)CD25(high) cells killed by 72 h. Cell death was due to apoptosis, based on Annexin V and 7AAD staining. Addition of IL-2 prevented the apoptotic response to Sirolimus, potentially accounting for reports that Sirolimus can enhance proliferation of CD4(+)CD25(high) cells. These results predict that Sirolimus or Sorafenib would reduce CD4(+)CD25(high) cells if administered prior to antigenic stimulation in an immunotherapy protocol. However, administration of IL-2 protects CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells from cytotoxic effects of Sirolimus, a response that may be considered in design of therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrington R. Molhoek
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 801457, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA
| | - Chantel C. McSkimming
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 801457, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA
| | - Walter C. Olson
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 801457, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA
| | - David L. Brautigan
- Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA
| | - Craig L. Slingluff
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 801457, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA
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