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Kohlmeyer JL, Lingo JJ, Kaemmer CA, Scherer A, Warrier A, Voigt E, Garay JAR, McGivney GR, Brockman QR, Tang A, Calizo A, Pollard K, Zhang X, Hirbe AC, Pratilas CA, Leidinger M, Breheny P, Chimenti MS, Sieren JC, Monga V, Tanas MR, Meyerholz DK, Darbro BW, Dodd RD, Quelle DE. CDK4/6- MEK Inhibition in MPNSTs Causes Plasma Cell Infiltration, Sensitization to PD-L1 Blockade, and Tumor Regression. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:3484-3497. [PMID: 37410426 PMCID: PMC10528807 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are lethal, Ras-driven sarcomas that lack effective therapies. We investigated effects of targeting cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), MEK, and/or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in preclinical MPNST models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patient-matched MPNSTs and precursor lesions were examined by FISH, RNA sequencing, IHC, and Connectivity-Map analyses. Antitumor activity of CDK4/6 and MEK inhibitors was measured in MPNST cell lines, patient-derived xenografts (PDX), and de novo mouse MPNSTs, with the latter used to determine anti-PD-L1 response. RESULTS Patient tumor analyses identified CDK4/6 and MEK as actionable targets for MPNST therapy. Low-dose combinations of CDK4/6 and MEK inhibitors synergistically reactivated the retinoblastoma (RB1) tumor suppressor, induced cell death, and decreased clonogenic survival of MPNST cells. In immune-deficient mice, dual CDK4/6-MEK inhibition slowed tumor growth in 4 of 5 MPNST PDXs. In immunocompetent mice, combination therapy of de novo MPNSTs caused tumor regression, delayed resistant tumor outgrowth, and improved survival relative to monotherapies. Drug-sensitive tumors that regressed contained plasma cells and increased cytotoxic T cells, whereas drug-resistant tumors adopted an immunosuppressive microenvironment with elevated MHC II-low macrophages and increased tumor cell PD-L1 expression. Excitingly, CDK4/6-MEK inhibition sensitized MPNSTs to anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with some mice showing complete tumor regression. CONCLUSIONS CDK4/6-MEK inhibition induces a novel plasma cell-associated immune response and extended antitumor activity in MPNSTs, which dramatically enhances anti-PD-L1 therapy. These preclinical findings provide strong rationale for clinical translation of CDK4/6-MEK-ICB targeted therapies in MPNST as they may yield sustained antitumor responses and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Kohlmeyer
- Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Joshua J Lingo
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Courtney A Kaemmer
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Amanda Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Akshaya Warrier
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ellen Voigt
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Gavin R McGivney
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Qierra R Brockman
- Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Amy Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Ana Calizo
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kai Pollard
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Angela C Hirbe
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Christine A Pratilas
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mariah Leidinger
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Patrick Breheny
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Michael S Chimenti
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jessica C. Sieren
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Radiation, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Varun Monga
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Munir R Tanas
- Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Benjamin W Darbro
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Rebecca D Dodd
- Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Dawn E Quelle
- Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Cai W, Nguyen MQ, Wilski NA, Purwin TJ, Vernon M, Tiago M, Aplin AE. A Genome-Wide Screen Identifies PDPK1 as a Target to Enhance the Efficacy of MEK1/2 Inhibitors in NRAS Mutant Melanoma. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2625-2639. [PMID: 35657206 PMCID: PMC9298960 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Melanomas frequently harbor activating NRAS mutations. However, limited advance has been made in developing targeted therapy options for patients with NRAS mutant melanoma. MEK inhibitors (MEKi) show modest efficacy in the clinic and their actions need to be optimized. In this study, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9-based screen and demonstrated that loss of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDPK1) enhances the efficacy of MEKi. The synergistic effects of PDPK1 loss and MEKi was validated in NRAS mutant melanoma cell lines using pharmacologic and molecular approaches. Combined PDPK1 inhibitors (PDPK1i) with MEKi suppressed NRAS mutant xenograft growth and induced gasdermin E-associated pyroptosis. In an immune-competent allograft model, PDPK1i+MEKi increased the ratio of intratumoral CD8+ T cells, delayed tumor growth, and prolonged survival; the combination treatment was less effective against tumors in immune-deficient mice. These data suggest PDPK1i+MEKi as an efficient immunostimulatory strategy against NRAS mutant melanoma. SIGNIFICANCE Targeting PDPK1 stimulates antitumor immunity and sensitizes NRAS mutant melanoma to MEK inhibition, providing rationale for the clinical development of a combinatorial approach for treating patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Cai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Mai Q. Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Nicole A. Wilski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Timothy J. Purwin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Megane Vernon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Manoela Tiago
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Andrew E. Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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Adamopoulos C, Ahmed TA, Tucker MR, Ung PMU, Xiao M, Karoulia Z, Amabile A, Wu X, Aaronson SA, Ang C, Rebecca VW, Brown BD, Schlessinger A, Herlyn M, Wang Q, Shaw DE, Poulikakos PI. Exploiting Allosteric Properties of RAF and MEK Inhibitors to Target Therapy-Resistant Tumors Driven by Oncogenic BRAF Signaling. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1716-1735. [PMID: 33568355 PMCID: PMC8295204 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Current clinical RAF inhibitors (RAFi) inhibit monomeric BRAF (mBRAF) but are less potent against dimeric BRAF (dBRAF). RAFi equipotent for mBRAF and dBRAF have been developed but are predicted to have lower therapeutic index. Here we identify a third class of RAFi that selectively inhibits dBRAF over mBRAF. Molecular dynamic simulations reveal restriction of the movement of the BRAF αC-helix as the basis of inhibitor selectivity. Combination of inhibitors based on their conformation selectivity (mBRAF- plus dBRAF-selective plus the most potent BRAF-MEK disruptor MEK inhibitor) promoted suppression of tumor growth in BRAFV600E therapy-resistant models. Strikingly, the triple combination showed no toxicities, whereas dBRAF-selective plus MEK inhibitor treatment caused weight loss in mice. Finally, the triple combination achieved durable response and improved clinical well-being in a patient with stage IV colorectal cancer. Thus, exploiting allosteric properties of RAF and MEK inhibitors enables the design of effective and well-tolerated therapies for BRAFV600E tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: This work identifies a new class of RAFi that are selective for dBRAF over mBRAF and determines the basis of their selectivity. A rationally designed combination of RAF and MEK inhibitors based on their conformation selectivity achieved increased efficacy and a high therapeutic index when used to target BRAFV600E tumors.See related commentary by Zhang and Bollag, p. 1620.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1601.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Adamopoulos
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Tamer A Ahmed
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Peter M U Ung
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Min Xiao
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zoi Karoulia
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Angelo Amabile
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Xuewei Wu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Stuart A Aaronson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Celina Ang
- Department of Medicine, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Brian D Brown
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Qi Wang
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, New York
| | - David E Shaw
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, New York.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Poulikos I Poulikakos
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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4
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Paradis JS, Acosta M, Saddawi-Konefka R, Kishore A, Gomes F, Arang N, Tiago M, Coma S, Lubrano S, Wu X, Ford K, Day CP, Merlino G, Mali P, Pachter JA, Sato T, Aplin AE, Gutkind JS. Synthetic Lethal Screens Reveal Cotargeting FAK and MEK as a Multimodal Precision Therapy for GNAQ-Driven Uveal Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3190-3200. [PMID: 33568347 PMCID: PMC8895627 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Uveal melanoma is the most common eye cancer in adults. Approximately 50% of patients with uveal melanoma develop metastatic uveal melanoma (mUM) in the liver, even after successful treatment of the primary lesions. mUM is refractory to current chemo- and immune-therapies, and most mUM patients die within a year. Uveal melanoma is characterized by gain-of-function mutations in GNAQ/GNA11, encoding Gαq proteins. We have recently shown that the Gαq-oncogenic signaling circuitry involves a noncanonical pathway distinct from the classical activation of PLCβ and MEK-ERK. GNAQ promotes the activation of YAP1, a key oncogenic driver, through focal adhesion kinase (FAK), thereby identifying FAK as a druggable signaling hub downstream from GNAQ. However, targeted therapies often activate compensatory resistance mechanisms leading to cancer relapse and treatment failure. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed a kinome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 sgRNA screen to identify synthetic lethal gene interactions that can be exploited therapeutically. Candidate adaptive resistance mechanisms were investigated by cotargeting strategies in uveal melanoma and mUM in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. RESULTS sgRNAs targeting the PKC and MEK-ERK signaling pathways were significantly depleted after FAK inhibition, with ERK activation representing a predominant resistance mechanism. Pharmacologic inhibition of MEK and FAK showed remarkable synergistic growth-inhibitory effects in uveal melanoma cells and exerted cytotoxic effects, leading to tumor collapse in uveal melanoma xenograft and liver mUM models in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Coupling the unique genetic landscape of uveal melanoma with the power of unbiased genetic screens, our studies reveal that FAK and MEK-ERK cotargeting may provide a new network-based precision therapeutic strategy for mUM treatment.See related commentary by Harbour, p. 2967.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine S Paradis
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Monica Acosta
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert Saddawi-Konefka
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ayush Kishore
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Frederico Gomes
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Nadia Arang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Manoela Tiago
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Simone Lubrano
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Xingyu Wu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kyle Ford
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Chi-Ping Day
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Maryland
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Maryland
| | - Prashant Mali
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | | | - Takami Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Konen JM, Rodriguez BL, Padhye A, Ochieng JK, Gibson L, Diao L, Fowlkes NW, Fradette JJ, Peng DH, Cardnell RJ, Kovacs JJ, Wang J, Byers LA, Gibbons DL. Dual Inhibition of MEK and AXL Targets Tumor Cell Heterogeneity and Prevents Resistant Outgrowth Mediated by the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in NSCLC. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1398-1412. [PMID: 33402388 PMCID: PMC8026531 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic epigenetic reprogramming event that occurs in a subset of tumor cells and is an initiating step toward invasion and distant metastasis. The process is reversible and gives plasticity to cancer cells to survive under variable conditions, with the acquisition of cancer stem cell-like characteristics and features such as drug resistance. Therefore, understanding survival dependencies of cells along the phenotypic spectrum of EMT will provide better strategies to target the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of tumors and prevent their ability to bypass single-inhibitor treatment strategies. To address this, we integrated the data from a selective drug screen in epithelial and mesenchymal KRAS/p53 (KP)-mutant lung tumor cells with separate datasets including reverse-phase protein array and an in vivo shRNA dropout screen. These orthogonal approaches identified AXL and MEK as potential mesenchymal and epithelial cell survival dependencies, respectively. To capture the dynamicity of EMT, incorporation of a dual fluorescence EMT sensor system into murine KP lung cancer models enabled real-time analysis of the epigenetic state of tumor cells and assessment of the efficacy of single agent or combination treatment with AXL and MEK inhibitors. Both two- and three-dimensional culture systems and in vivo models revealed that this combination treatment strategy of MEK plus AXL inhibition synergistically killed lung cancer cells by specifically targeting each phenotypic subpopulation. In conclusion, these results indicate that cotargeting the specific vulnerabilities of EMT subpopulations can prevent EMT-mediated drug resistance, effectively controlling tumor cell growth and metastasis. SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows that a novel combination of MEK and AXL inhibitors effectively bypasses EMT-mediated drug resistance in KRAS/p53-mutant non-small cell lung cancer by targeting EMT subpopulations, thereby preventing tumor cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Konen
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - B Leticia Rodriguez
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Aparna Padhye
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Joshua K Ochieng
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Laura Gibson
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lixia Diao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Natalie W Fowlkes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jared J Fradette
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David H Peng
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Oncology & Angiogenesis, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Robert J Cardnell
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey J Kovacs
- TRACTION, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lauren A Byers
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Don L Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Ruffinelli JC, Santos Vivas C, Sanz-Pamplona R, Moreno V. New advances in the clinical management of RAS and BRAF mutant colorectal cancer patients. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:65-79. [PMID: 32946312 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2021.1826305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In colorectal carcinogenesis, genetic alterations in RAS and BRAF oncogenes play an important role for cancer initiation and/or progression and represent a key focus in the search for targeted therapies. Despite many years of research and a great amount of studies, until very recently this pathway was considered extremely hard to downregulate to obtain a significant clinical impact in colorectal cancer patients. But better times are coming with the advent of new promising drugs and combinations strategies. AREAS COVERED In this review, we go over the biological characteristics of the MAPK pathway in colorectal tumors, while illustrating the clinical correlation of RAS and BRAF mutations, particularly its prognostic and predictive value. We also present newly data about recent improvements in the treatment strategy for patients harboring these types of tumors. EXPERT COMMENTARY With great advances in the knowledge of molecular basis of RAS and BRAF mutant colorectal cancer in conjunction with biotechnology development and the constant effort for improvement, in the near future many new therapeutic options would be available for the management of this group of patient with dismal prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Ruffinelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet De Llobregat , Barcelona, Spain.,Colorectal Cancer Group, ONCOBELL Program, Institut De Recerca Biomedica De Bellvitge (IDIBELL) , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Santos Vivas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet De Llobregat , Barcelona, Spain.,Colorectal Cancer Group, ONCOBELL Program, Institut De Recerca Biomedica De Bellvitge (IDIBELL) , Barcelona, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Oncology (CIBERONC) , Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rebeca Sanz-Pamplona
- Colorectal Cancer Group, ONCOBELL Program, Institut De Recerca Biomedica De Bellvitge (IDIBELL) , Barcelona, Spain.,Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Oncology Data Analytics Program (ODAP, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet De Llobregat , Barcelona, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno
- Colorectal Cancer Group, ONCOBELL Program, Institut De Recerca Biomedica De Bellvitge (IDIBELL) , Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain.,Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Oncology Data Analytics Program (ODAP, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet De Llobregat , Barcelona, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) , Barcelona, Spain
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Indini A, Mandalà M. Safety and efficacy evaluation of encorafenib plus binimetinib for the treatment of advanced BRAF-mutant melanoma patients. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2020; 19:1229-1236. [PMID: 32857940 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2020.1817376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 40-50% of patients with cutaneous melanoma harbor point mutations in BRAF. BRAF and MEK inhibitors in combination are now a standard therapy for advanced BRAF V600-mutated melanoma. Nevertheless, survival rates with the combination are limited, highlighting the need for further therapeutic improvement and strategies to overcome primary and acquired resistance. AREAS COVERED Encorafenib, a highly selective BRAF inhibitor, was developed in combination with binimetinib, a potent, selective allosteric MEK1/2 inhibitor, to improve efficacy and tolerability over other approved combo-targeted therapies. This novel combination shows peculiar pharmacodynamic properties which translate in a higher on-target potency and paradox index. Consistent survival improvements for encorafenib and binimetinib in BRAF V600-mutated melanoma have been confirmed in clinical trials, with over 4 years of median follow up. EXPERT OPINION the favorable survival results and the attractive toxicity profile suggest that encorafenib and binimetinib combination is an intriguing standard option when targeted therapies are considered as first line treatment in BRAF mutated melanoma patients. In the near future, results from ongoing clinical trials will provide information on the use of this novel combination in specific situation, including as adjuvant treatment or as a combination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Indini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Mandalà
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
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8
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Johnson DB, Zhao F, Noel M, Riely GJ, Mitchell EP, Wright JJ, Chen HX, Gray RJ, Li S, McShane LM, Rubinstein LV, Patton D, Williams PM, Hamilton SR, Conley BA, Arteaga CL, Harris LN, O'Dwyer PJ, Chen AP, Flaherty KT. Trametinib Activity in Patients with Solid Tumors and Lymphomas Harboring BRAF Non-V600 Mutations or Fusions: Results from NCI-MATCH (EAY131). Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:1812-1819. [PMID: 31924734 PMCID: PMC7165046 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Substantial preclinical evidence and case reports suggest that MEK inhibition is an active approach in tumors with BRAF mutations outside the V600 locus, and in BRAF fusions. Thus, Subprotocol R of the NCI-MATCH study tested the MEK inhibitor trametinib in this population. PATIENTS AND METHODS The NCI-MATCH study performed genomic profiling on tumor samples from patients with solid tumors and lymphomas progressing on standard therapies or with no standard treatments. Patients with prespecified fusions and non-V600 mutations in BRAF were assigned to Subprotocol R using the NCI-MATCHBOX algorithm. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). RESULTS Among 50 patients assigned, 32 were eligible and received therapy with trametinib. Of these, 1 had a BRAF fusion and 31 had BRAF mutations (13 and 19 with class 2 and 3 mutations, respectively). There were no complete responses; 1 patient (3%) had a confirmed partial response (patient with breast ductal adenocarcinoma with BRAF G469E mutation) and 10 patients had stable disease as best response (clinical benefit rate 34%). Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 1.8 months, and median overall survival was 5.7 months. Exploratory subgroup analyses showed that patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma (n = 8) had particularly poor PFS. No new toxicity signals were identified. CONCLUSIONS Trametinib did not show promising clinical activity in patients with tumors harboring non-V600 BRAF mutations, and the subprotocol did not meet its primary endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fengmin Zhao
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute-ECOG-ACRIN Biostatistics Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marcus Noel
- University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | | | - Edith P Mitchell
- Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Robert J Gray
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute-ECOG-ACRIN Biostatistics Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shuli Li
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute-ECOG-ACRIN Biostatistics Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - P Mickey Williams
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland
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9
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Erkes DA, Cai W, Sanchez IM, Purwin TJ, Rogers C, Field CO, Berger AC, Hartsough EJ, Rodeck U, Alnemri ES, Aplin AE. Mutant BRAF and MEK Inhibitors Regulate the Tumor Immune Microenvironment via Pyroptosis. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:254-269. [PMID: 31796433 PMCID: PMC7007378 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Combinations of BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors (BRAFi + MEKi) are FDA-approved to treat BRAF V600E/K-mutant melanoma. Efficacy of BRAFi + MEKi associates with cancer cell death and alterations in the tumor immune microenvironment; however, the links are poorly understood. We show that BRAFi + MEKi caused durable melanoma regression in an immune-mediated manner. BRAFi + MEKi treatment promoted cleavage of gasdermin E (GSDME) and release of HMGB1, markers of pyroptotic cell death. GSDME-deficient melanoma showed defective HMGB1 release, reduced tumor-associated T cell and activated dendritic cell infiltrates in response to BRAFi + MEKi, and more frequent tumor regrowth after drug removal. Importantly, BRAFi + MEKi-resistant disease lacked pyroptosis markers and showed decreased intratumoral T-cell infiltration but was sensitive to pyroptosis-inducing chemotherapy. These data implicate BRAFi + MEKi-induced pyroptosis in antitumor immune responses and highlight new therapeutic strategies for resistant melanoma. SIGNIFICANCE: Targeted inhibitors and immune checkpoint agents have advanced the care of patients with melanoma; however, detailed knowledge of the intersection between these two research areas is lacking. We describe a molecular mechanism of targeted inhibitor regulation of an immune-stimulatory form of cell death and provide a proof-of-principle salvage therapy concept for inhibitor-resistant melanoma.See related commentary by Smalley, p. 176.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A Erkes
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Weijia Cai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ileine M Sanchez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy J Purwin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Corey Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Conroy O Field
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam C Berger
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward J Hartsough
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ulrich Rodeck
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emad S Alnemri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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Sanchez IM, Purwin TJ, Chervoneva I, Erkes DA, Nguyen MQ, Davies MA, Nathanson KL, Kemper K, Peeper DS, Aplin AE. In Vivo ERK1/2 Reporter Predictively Models Response and Resistance to Combined BRAF and MEK Inhibitors in Melanoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1637-1648. [PMID: 31270153 PMCID: PMC6726573 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition is a standard of care in patients with advanced BRAF-mutant melanoma, but acquired resistance remains a challenge that limits response durability. Here, we quantitated in vivo ERK1/2 activity and tumor response associated with resistance to combined BRAF and MEK inhibition in mutant BRAF xenografts. We found that ERK1/2 pathway reactivation preceded the growth of resistant tumors. Moreover, we detected a subset of cells that not only persisted throughout long-term treatment but restored ERK1/2 signaling and grew upon drug removal. Cell lines derived from combination-resistant tumors (CRT) exhibited elevated ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which were sensitive to ERK1/2 inhibition. In some CRTs, we detected a tandem duplication of the BRAF kinase domain. Monitoring ERK1/2 activity in vivo was efficacious in predicting tumor response during intermittent treatment. We observed maintained expression of the mitotic regulator, polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), in melanoma resistant to BRAF and MEK inhibitors. Plk1 inhibition induced apoptosis in CRTs, leading to slowed growth of BRAF and MEK inhibitor-resistant tumors in vivo These data demonstrate the utility of in vivo ERK1/2 pathway reporting as a tool to optimize clinical dosing schemes and establish suppression of Plk1 as potential salvage therapy for BRAF inhibitor and MEK inhibitor-resistant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileine M Sanchez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy J Purwin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Inna Chervoneva
- Division of Biostatistics, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dan A Erkes
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mai Q Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristel Kemper
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel S Peeper
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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11
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Nti AA, Serrano LW, Sandhu HS, Uyhazi KE, Edelstein ID, Zhou EJ, Bowman S, Song D, Gangadhar TC, Schuchter LM, Mitnick S, Huang A, Nichols CW, Amaravadi RK, Kim BJ, Aleman TS. FREQUENT SUBCLINICAL MACULAR CHANGES IN COMBINED BRAF/ MEK INHIBITION WITH HIGH-DOSE HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE AS TREATMENT FOR ADVANCED METASTATIC BRAF MUTANT MELANOMA: Preliminary Results From a Phase I/II Clinical Treatment Trial. Retina 2019; 39:502-513. [PMID: 29324592 PMCID: PMC6039280 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the potential ocular toxicity of a combined BRAF inhibition (BRAFi) + MEK inhibition (MEKi) + hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) regime used to treat metastatic BRAF mutant melanoma. METHODS Patients with stage IV metastatic melanoma and BRAF V600E mutations (n = 11, 31-68 years of age) were included. Treatment was with oral dabrafenib, 150 mg bid, trametinib, 2 mg/day, and HCQ, 400 mg to 600 mg bid. An ophthalmic examination, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, near-infrared and short-wavelength fundus autofluorescence, and static perimetry were performed at baseline, 1 month, and q/6 months after treatment. RESULTS There were no clinically significant ocular events; there was no ocular inflammation. The only medication-related change was a separation of the photoreceptor outer segment tip from the apical retinal pigment epithelium that could be traced from the fovea to the perifoveal retina noted in 9/11 (82%) of the patients. There were no changes in retinal pigment epithelium melanization or lipofuscin content by near-infrared fundus autofluorescence and short-wavelength fundus autofluorescence, respectively. There were no inner retinal or outer nuclear layer changes. Visual acuities and sensitivities were unchanged. CONCLUSION BRAFi (trametinib) + MEKi (dabrafenib) + HCQ causes very frequent, subclinical separation of the photoreceptor outer segment from the apical retinal pigment epithelium without inner retinal changes or signs of inflammation. The changes suggest interference with the maintenance of the outer retinal barrier and/or phagocytic/pump functions of the retinal pigment epithelium by effective MEK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akosua A. Nti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Leona W. Serrano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Harpal S. Sandhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine E. Uyhazi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ilaina D. Edelstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine J. Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott Bowman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Delu Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tara C. Gangadhar
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lynn M. Schuchter
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sheryl Mitnick
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander Huang
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles W. Nichols
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ravi K. Amaravadi
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Benjamin J. Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tomas S. Aleman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Ophthalmology Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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12
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Abstract
The MAPK pathway is one of the most commonly mutated oncogenic pathways in cancer. Although RAS mutations are the most frequent MAPK alterations, less frequent alterations in downstream components of the pathway, including the RAF and MEK genes, offer promising therapeutic opportunities. In addition to BRAFV600 mutations, for which several approved therapeutic regimens exist, other alterations in the RAF and MEK genes may provide more rare, but tractable, targets. However, recent studies have illustrated the complexity of MAPK signaling and highlighted that distinct alterations in these genes may have strikingly different properties. Understanding the unique functional characteristics of specific RAF and MEK alterations, reviewed herein, will be critical for developing effective therapeutic approaches for these targets. SIGNIFICANCE: Alterations in the RAF and MEK genes represent promising therapeutic targets in multiple cancer types. However, given the unique and complex signaling biology of the MAPK pathway, the diverse array of RAF and MEK alterations observed in cancer can possess distinct functional characteristics. As outlined in this review, understanding the key functional properties of different RAF and MEK alterations is fundamental to selecting the optimal therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona Yaeger
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Ryan B Corcoran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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13
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Reiser V, Ammerer G, Ruis H. Nucleocytoplasmic traffic of MAP kinases. Gene Expr 2018; 7:247-54. [PMID: 10440225 PMCID: PMC6174670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
MAPK pathways represent a unique extracellular signal response system. An important feature of such a multicomponent system appears to be the spatial intracellular organization of individual components. Recent studies demonstrate that the MAP kinases of such pathways are the molecular link between the plasma membrane sensors and the nuclear transcription factors. Stimulation of several MAPK pathways induces rapid and transient nuclear accumulation of MAP kinases. Investigations on the mode of regulation of this process using higher eukaryotes Erk2 and lower eukaryotes Hog1 and Sty1/Spc1 have revealed that at least three events contribute to signal-induced nuclear localization of these MAP kinases: activation by phosphorylation, regulated nuclear import and export, and nuclear retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Reiser
- Vienna Biocenter, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University of Vienna and Ludwig Boltzmann-Forschungstelle für Biochemie, Austria
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14
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Morris SM, Mhyre AJ, Carmack SS, Myers CH, Burns C, Ye W, Ferrer M, Olson JM, Klinghoffer RA. A modified gene trap approach for improved high-throughput cancer drug discovery. Oncogene 2018; 37:4226-4238. [PMID: 29717260 PMCID: PMC6076322 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
While advances in laboratory automation has dramatically increased throughout of compound screening efforts, development of robust cell-based assays in relevant disease models remain resource-intensive and time-consuming, presenting a bottleneck to drug discovery campaigns. To address this issue, we present a modified gene trap approach to efficiently generate pathway-specific reporters that result in a robust "on" signal when the pathway of interest is inhibited. In this proof-of-concept study, we used vemurafenib and trametinib to identify traps that specifically detect inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in a model of BRAFV600E driven human malignant melanoma. We demonstrate that insertion of our trap into particular loci results in remarkably specific detection of MAPK pathway inhibitors over compounds targeting any other pathway or cellular function. The accuracy of our approach was highlighted in a pilot screen of ~6000 compounds where 40 actives were detected, including 18 MEK, 10 RAF, and 3 ERK inhibitors along with a few compounds representing previously under-characterized inhibitors of the MAPK pathway. One such compound, bafetinib, a second generation BCR/ABL inhibitor, reduced phosphorylation of ERK and when combined with trametinib, both in vitro and in vivo, reduced growth of vemurafenib resistant melanoma cells. While piloted in a model of BRAF-driven melanoma, our results set the stage for using this approach to rapidly generate reporters against any transcriptionally active pathway across a wide variety of disease-relevant cell-based models to expedite drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelli M Morris
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew J Mhyre
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Savanna S Carmack
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carrie H Myers
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.
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15
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Corcoran RB, André T, Atreya CE, Schellens JHM, Yoshino T, Bendell JC, Hollebecque A, McRee AJ, Siena S, Middleton G, Muro K, Gordon MS, Tabernero J, Yaeger R, O'Dwyer PJ, Humblet Y, De Vos F, Jung AS, Brase JC, Jaeger S, Bettinger S, Mookerjee B, Rangwala F, Van Cutsem E. Combined BRAF, EGFR, and MEK Inhibition in Patients with BRAFV600E-Mutant Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:428-443. [PMID: 29431699 PMCID: PMC5882509 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although BRAF inhibitor monotherapy yields response rates >50% in BRAFV600-mutant melanoma, only approximately 5% of patients with BRAFV600E colorectal cancer respond. Preclinical studies suggest that the lack of efficacy in BRAFV600E colorectal cancer is due to adaptive feedback reactivation of MAPK signaling, often mediated by EGFR. This clinical trial evaluated BRAF and EGFR inhibition with dabrafenib (D) + panitumumab (P) ± MEK inhibition with trametinib (T) to achieve greater MAPK suppression and improved efficacy in 142 patients with BRAFV600E colorectal cancer. Confirmed response rates for D+P, D+T+P, and T+P were 10%, 21%, and 0%, respectively. Pharmacodynamic analysis of paired pretreatment and on-treatment biopsies found that efficacy of D+T+P correlated with increased MAPK suppression. Serial cell-free DNA analysis revealed additional correlates of response and emergence of KRAS and NRAS mutations on disease progression. Thus, targeting adaptive feedback pathways in BRAFV600E colorectal cancer can improve efficacy, but MAPK reactivation remains an important primary and acquired resistance mechanism.Significance: This trial demonstrates that combined BRAF + EGFR + MEK inhibition is tolerable, with promising activity in patients with BRAFV600E colorectal cancer. Our findings highlight the MAPK pathway as a critical target in BRAFV600E colorectal cancer and the need to optimize strategies inhibiting this pathway to overcome both primary and acquired resistance. Cancer Discov; 8(4); 428-43. ©2018 AACR.See related commentary by Janku, p. 389See related article by Hazar-Rethinam et al., p. 417This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 371.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Corcoran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Thierry André
- Hôpital Saint-Antoine, and Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Johanna C Bendell
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Autumn J McRee
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Salvatore Siena
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Osopedale Metropolitano Niguarda and Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncollogy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gary Middleton
- University of Birmingham and University Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kei Muro
- Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | - Rona Yaeger
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Peter J O'Dwyer
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Filip De Vos
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Savina Jaeger
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Fatima Rangwala
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey
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16
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Ang JE, Pal A, Asad YJ, Henley AT, Valenti M, Box G, de Haven Brandon A, Revell VL, Skene DJ, Venturi M, Rueger R, Meresse V, Eccles SA, de Bono JS, Kaye SB, Workman P, Banerji U, Raynaud FI. Modulation of Plasma Metabolite Biomarkers of the MAPK Pathway with MEK Inhibitor RO4987655: Pharmacodynamic and Predictive Potential in Metastatic Melanoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2315-2323. [PMID: 28637716 PMCID: PMC6112418 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
MAPK pathway activation is frequently observed in human malignancies, including melanoma, and is associated with sensitivity to MEK inhibition and changes in cellular metabolism. Using quantitative mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, we identified in preclinical models 21 plasma metabolites including amino acids, propionylcarnitine, phosphatidylcholines, and sphingomyelins that were significantly altered in two B-RAF-mutant melanoma xenografts and that were reversed following a single dose of the potent and selective MEK inhibitor RO4987655. Treatment of non-tumor-bearing animals and mice bearing the PTEN-null U87MG human glioblastoma xenograft elicited plasma changes only in amino acids and propionylcarnitine. In patients with advanced melanoma treated with RO4987655, on-treatment changes of amino acids were observed in patients with disease progression and not in responders. In contrast, changes in phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins were observed in responders. Furthermore, pretreatment levels of seven lipids identified in the preclinical screen were statistically significantly able to predict objective responses to RO4987655. The RO4987655 treatment-related changes were greater than baseline physiological variability in nontreated individuals. This study provides evidence of a translational exo-metabolomic plasma readout predictive of clinical efficacy together with pharmacodynamic utility following treatment with a signal transduction inhibitor. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(10); 2315-23. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Ern Ang
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Akos Pal
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin J Asad
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan T Henley
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Valenti
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Box
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis de Haven Brandon
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria L Revell
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Debra J Skene
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Miro Venturi
- F. Hoffmann-LaRoche Ltd., Diagnostics Division, DIA Biomarker Group, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ruediger Rueger
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Translational Medicine Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Valerie Meresse
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Translational Medicine Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne A Eccles
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johann S de Bono
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley B Kaye
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Udai Banerji
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Florence I Raynaud
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
- Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
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17
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Rose AAN, Annis MG, Frederick DT, Biondini M, Dong Z, Kwong L, Chin L, Keler T, Hawthorne T, Watson IR, Flaherty KT, Siegel PM. MAPK Pathway Inhibitors Sensitize BRAF-Mutant Melanoma to an Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting GPNMB. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:6088-6098. [PMID: 27515299 PMCID: PMC6168941 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if BRAF and/or MEK inhibitor-induced GPNMB expression renders melanomas sensitive to CDX-011, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting GPNMB. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The Cancer Genome Atlas melanoma dataset was interrogated for a panel of MITF-regulated melanosomal differentiation antigens, including GPNMB. BRAF-mutant melanoma cell lines treated with BRAF or MEK inhibitors were assessed for GPNMB expression by RT-qPCR, immunoblot, and FACS analyses. Transient siRNA-mediated knockdown approaches were used to determine if MITF is requirement for treatment-induced GPNMB upregulation. GPNMB expression was analyzed in serial biopsies and serum samples from patients with melanoma taken before, during, and after disease progression on MAPK inhibitor treatment. Subcutaneous injections were performed to test the efficacy of MAPK inhibitors alone, CDX-011 alone, or their combination in suppressing melanoma growth. RESULTS A MITF-dependent melanosomal differentiation signature is associated with poor prognosis in patients with this disease. MITF is increased following BRAF and MEK inhibitor treatment and induces the expression of melanosomal differentiation genes, including GPNMB. GPNMB is expressed at the cell surface in MAPK inhibitor-treated melanoma cells and is also elevated in on-treatment versus pretreatment biopsies from melanoma patients receiving MAPK pathway inhibitors. Combining BRAF and/or MEK inhibitors with CDX-011, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting GPNMB, is effective in causing melanoma regression in preclinical animal models and delays the recurrent melanoma growth observed with MEK or BRAF/MEK inhibitor treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS The combination of MAPK pathway inhibitors with an antibody-drug conjugate targeting GPNMB is an effective therapeutic option for patients with melanoma. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24); 6088-98. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- April A N Rose
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Matthew G Annis
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Marco Biondini
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Dong
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lawrence Kwong
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lynda Chin
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Ian R Watson
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter M Siegel
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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18
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Menzies AM, Yeh I, Botton T, Bastian BC, Scolyer RA, Long GV. Clinical activity of the MEK inhibitor trametinib in metastatic melanoma containing BRAF kinase fusion. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:607-10. [PMID: 26072686 PMCID: PMC4539279 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Menzies
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Botton
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Boris C Bastian
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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19
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Carson R, Celtikci B, Fenning C, Javadi A, Crawford N, Carbonell LP, Lawler M, Longley DB, Johnston PG, Van Schaeybroeck S. HDAC Inhibition Overcomes Acute Resistance to MEK Inhibition in BRAF-Mutant Colorectal Cancer by Downregulation of c-FLIPL. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3230-3240. [PMID: 25813020 PMCID: PMC4504978 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Activating mutations in the BRAF oncogene are found in 8% to 15% of colorectal cancer patients and have been associated with poor survival. In contrast with BRAF-mutant (MT) melanoma, inhibition of the MAPK pathway is ineffective in the majority of BRAFMT colorectal cancer patients. Therefore, identification of novel therapies for BRAFMT colorectal cancer is urgently needed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN BRAFMT and wild-type (WT) colorectal cancer models were assessed in vitro and in vivo. Small-molecule inhibitors of MEK1/2, MET, and HDAC were used, overexpression and siRNA approaches were applied, and cell death was assessed by flow cytometry, Western blotting, cell viability, and caspase activity assays. RESULTS Increased c-MET-STAT3 signaling was identified as a novel adaptive resistance mechanism to MEK inhibitors (MEKi) in BRAFMT colorectal cancer models in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, MEKi treatment resulted in acute increases in transcription of the endogenous caspase-8 inhibitor c-FLIPL in BRAFMT cells, but not in BRAFWT cells, and inhibition of STAT3 activity abrogated MEKi-induced c-FLIPL expression. In addition, treatment with c-FLIP-specific siRNA or HDAC inhibitors abrogated MEKi-induced upregulation of c-FLIPL expression and resulted in significant increases in MEKi-induced cell death in BRAFMT colorectal cancer cells. Notably, combined HDAC inhibitor/MEKi treatment resulted in dramatically attenuated tumor growth in BRAFMT xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that c-MET/STAT3-dependent upregulation of c-FLIPL expression is an important escape mechanism following MEKi treatment in BRAFMT colorectal cancer. Thus, combinations of MEKi with inhibitors of c-MET or c-FLIP (e.g., HDAC inhibitors) could be potential novel treatment strategies for BRAFMT colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie Carson
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Basak Celtikci
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Cathy Fenning
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Arman Javadi
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Nyree Crawford
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Lucia Perez Carbonell
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Mark Lawler
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Daniel B. Longley
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Patrick G. Johnston
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Sandra Van Schaeybroeck
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
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20
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Tolcher AW, Khan K, Ong M, Banerji U, Papadimitrakopoulou V, Gandara DR, Patnaik A, Baird RD, Olmos D, Garrett CR, Skolnik JM, Rubin EH, Smith PD, Huang P, Learoyd M, Shannon KA, Morosky A, Tetteh E, Jou YM, Papadopoulos KP, Moreno V, Kaiser B, Yap TA, Yan L, de Bono JS. Antitumor activity in RAS-driven tumors by blocking AKT and MEK. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:739-48. [PMID: 25516890 PMCID: PMC4335074 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE KRAS is the most commonly mutated oncogene in human tumors. KRAS-mutant cells may exhibit resistance to the allosteric MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244; ARRY-142886) and allosteric AKT inhibitors (such as MK-2206), the combination of which may overcome resistance to both monotherapies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We conducted a dose/schedule-finding study evaluating MK-2206 and selumetinib in patients with advanced treatment-refractory solid tumors. Recommended dosing schedules were defined as MK-2206 at 135 mg weekly and selumetinib at 100 mg once daily. RESULTS Grade 3 rash was the most common dose-limiting toxicity (DLT); other DLTs included grade 4 lipase increase, grade 3 stomatitis, diarrhea, and fatigue, and grade 3 and grade 2 retinal pigment epithelium detachment. There were no meaningful pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. Clinical antitumor activity included RECIST 1.0-confirmed partial responses in non-small cell lung cancer and low-grade ovarian carcinoma. CONCLUSION Responses in KRAS-mutant cancers were generally durable. Clinical cotargeting of MEK and AKT signaling may be an important therapeutic strategy in KRAS-driven human malignancies (Trial NCT number NCT01021748).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Tolcher
- South Texas Accelerated Research Therapeutics, START Center for Cancer Care, San Antonio Texas
| | - Khurum Khan
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Ong
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Udai Banerji
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Amita Patnaik
- South Texas Accelerated Research Therapeutics, START Center for Cancer Care, San Antonio Texas
| | - Richard D Baird
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Olmos
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Eric H Rubin
- Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey
| | - Paul D Smith
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Pearl Huang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey
| | - Maria Learoyd
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anne Morosky
- Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Kyriakos P Papadopoulos
- South Texas Accelerated Research Therapeutics, START Center for Cancer Care, San Antonio Texas
| | - Victor Moreno
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brianne Kaiser
- South Texas Accelerated Research Therapeutics, START Center for Cancer Care, San Antonio Texas
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Li Yan
- Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey
| | - Johann S de Bono
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
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Dimou A, Papadimitrakopoulou V. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer beyond Biomarkers: The Evolving Landscape of Clinical Trial Design. J Pers Med 2014; 4:386-401. [PMID: 25563357 PMCID: PMC4263964 DOI: 10.3390/jpm4030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of EGFR and ALK directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors materialized the concept of tailoring therapy on the basis of specific biomarkers for treating patients with NSCLC. Research for other biologics, although demonstrating clinical benefit, has been less successful so far for producing biomarkers that predict response. Blocking angiogenesis is the prototype for the agents that belong in the latter group that target specific molecules, yet they are currently approved for relatively unselected groups of patients. In order to meet the goal of personalizing care in the various settings of NSCLC, a wealth of biologics and compounds are currently being tested in clinical trials in different phases of clinical development. In a subset of the relevant studies, a biomarker perspective is appreciated. This review summarizes the clinical rationale of the major ongoing phase II and III NSCLC studies that employ targeting specific molecules with novel agents, as well as innovative strategies, and includes a comparative discussion of the different designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Dimou
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center, 5501 Old York Street, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA.
| | - Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 432, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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22
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Carvajal RD, Sosman JA, Quevedo JF, Milhem MM, Joshua AM, Kudchadkar RR, Linette GP, Gajewski TF, Lutzky J, Lawson DH, Lao CD, Flynn PJ, Albertini MR, Sato T, Lewis K, Doyle A, Ancell K, Panageas KS, Bluth M, Hedvat C, Erinjeri J, Ambrosini G, Marr B, Abramson D, Dickson MA, Wolchok JD, Chapman PB, Schwartz GK. Effect of selumetinib vs chemotherapy on progression-free survival in uveal melanoma: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014; 311:2397-405. [PMID: 24938562 PMCID: PMC4249701 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.6096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Uveal melanoma is characterized by mutations in GNAQ and GNA11, resulting in mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of selumetinib, a selective, non-adenosine triphosphate competitive inhibitor of MEK1 and MEK2, in uveal melanoma. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized, open-label, phase 2 clinical trial comparing selumetinib vs chemotherapy conducted from August 2010 through December 2013 among 120 patients with metastatic uveal melanoma at 15 academic oncology centers in the United States and Canada. INTERVENTIONS One hundred one patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive selumetinib, 75 mg orally twice daily on a continual basis (n = 50), or chemotherapy (temozolomide, 150 mg/m2 orally daily for 5 of every 28 days, or dacarbazine, 1000 mg/m2 intravenously every 21 days [investigator choice]; n = 51) until disease progression, death, intolerable adverse effects, or withdrawal of consent. After primary outcome analysis, 19 patients were registered and 18 treated with selumetinib without randomization to complete the planned 120-patient enrollment. Patients in the chemotherapy group could receive selumetinib at the time of radiographic progression. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Progression-free survival, the primary end point, was assessed as of April 22, 2013. Additional end points, including overall survival, response rate, and safety/toxicity, were assessed as of December 31, 2013. RESULTS Median progression-free survival among patients randomized to chemotherapy was 7 weeks (95% CI, 4.3-8.4 weeks; median treatment duration, 8 weeks; interquartile range [IQR], 4.3-16 weeks) and among those randomized to selumetinib was 15.9 weeks (95% CI, 8.4-21.1 weeks; median treatment duration, 16.1 weeks; IQR, 8.1-25.3 weeks) (hazard ratio, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.30-0.71; P < .001). Median overall survival time was 9.1 months (95% CI, 6.1-11.1 months) with chemotherapy and 11.8 months (95% CI, 9.8-15.7 months) with selumetinib (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.41-1.06; P = .09). No objective responses were observed with chemotherapy. Forty-nine percent of patients treated with selumetinib achieved tumor regression, with 14% achieving an objective radiographic response to therapy. Treatment-related adverse events were observed in 97% of patients treated with selumetinib, with 37% requiring at least 1 dose reduction. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this hypothesis-generating study of patients with advanced uveal melanoma, selumetinib compared with chemotherapy resulted in a modestly improved progression-free survival and response rate; however, no improvement in overall survival was observed. Improvement in clinical outcomes was accompanied by a high rate of adverse events. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01143402.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Carvajal
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Jeffrey A. Sosman
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept of Hematology-Oncology, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jose Lutzky
- Mount Sinai Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami Beach, FL
| | | | | | - Patrick J. Flynn
- Metro Minnesota Community Clinical Oncology Program, St. Louis Park, MN
| | | | - Takami Sato
- Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Austin Doyle
- National Cancer Institute, Investigational Drug Branch, Rockville, MD
| | - Kristin Ancell
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept of Hematology-Oncology, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Mark Bluth
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Cyrus Hedvat
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Brian Marr
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - David Abramson
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Mark Andrew Dickson
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Jedd D. Wolchok
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Paul B. Chapman
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Gary K. Schwartz
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
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23
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Hata AN, Yeo A, Faber AC, Lifshits E, Chen Z, Cheng KA, Walton Z, Sarosiek KA, Letai A, Heist RS, Mino-Kenudson M, Wong KK, Engelman JA. Failure to induce apoptosis via BCL-2 family proteins underlies lack of efficacy of combined MEK and PI3K inhibitors for KRAS-mutant lung cancers. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3146-56. [PMID: 24675361 PMCID: PMC4046322 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although several groups have demonstrated that concomitant use of MEK and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors (MEKi/PI3Ki) can induce dramatic tumor regressions in mouse models of KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), ongoing clinical trials investigating this strategy have been underwhelming to date. While efficacy may be hampered by a narrow therapeutic index, the contribution of biologic heterogeneity in the response of KRAS-mutant NSCLCs to MEKi/PI3Ki has been largely unexplored. In this study, we find that most human KRAS-mutant NSCLC cell lines fail to undergo marked apoptosis in response to MEKi/PI3Ki, which is key for tumor responsiveness in vivo. This heterogeneity of apoptotic response occurs despite relatively uniform induction of growth arrest. Using a targeted short hairpin RNA screen of BCL-2 family members, we identify BIM, PUMA, and BCL-XL as key regulators of the apoptotic response induced by MEKi/PI3Ki, with decreased expression of BIM and PUMA relative to BCL-XL in cell lines with intrinsic resistance. In addition, by modeling adaptive resistance to MEKi/PI3Ki both in vitro and in vivo, we find that, upon the development of resistance, tumors have a diminished apoptotic response due to downregulation of BIM and PUMA. These results suggest that the inability to induce apoptosis may limit the effectiveness of MEKi/PI3Ki for KRAS-mutant NSCLCs by contributing to intrinsic and adaptive resistance to this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron N Hata
- Authors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MassachusettsAuthors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alan Yeo
- Authors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anthony C Faber
- Authors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eugene Lifshits
- Authors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhao Chen
- Authors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MassachusettsAuthors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine A Cheng
- Authors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zandra Walton
- Authors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristopher A Sarosiek
- Authors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anthony Letai
- Authors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca S Heist
- Authors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MassachusettsAuthors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Authors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Authors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MassachusettsAuthors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Authors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MassachusettsAuthors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
Melanoma is the third most common skin cancer but accounts for the majority of skin cancer-related mortality. The rapidly rising incidence and younger age at diagnosis has made melanoma a leading cause of lost productive years of life and has increased the urgency of finding improved adjuvant therapy for melanoma. Interferon-α was approved for the adjuvant treatment of resected high-risk melanoma following studies that demonstrated improvements in relapse-free survival and overall survival that were commenced nearly 30 years ago. The clinical benefits associated with this agent have been consistently observed across multiple studies and meta-analyses in terms of relapse rate, and to a smaller and less-consistent degree, mortality. However, significant toxicity and lack of prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers that would allow greater risk-benefit ratio have limited the more widespread adoption of this modality.Recent success with targeted agents directed against components of the MAP-kinase pathway and checkpoint inhibitors have transformed the treatment landscape in metastatic disease. Current research efforts are centered around discovering predictive/prognostic biomarkers and exploring the options for more effective regimens, either singly or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwakar Davar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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25
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Abstract
RATIONALE Hypersignaling of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) has been implicated in stress disorders; however, many of its downstream mechanisms of action remain unclear. In vitro, CRF1 receptor activation initiates multiple cell signaling cascades, including protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MEK1/2 signaling. It is unclear, however, which of these signaling cascades mediate CRF-induced behaviors during stress. OBJECTIVES We examined the role of PKA, PKC, and MEK1/2 signaling pathways in CRF-induced anxiety as measured by startle hyperreactivity. METHODS Mice treated with intracerbroventricular (ICV) ovine CRF (oCRF) were pretreated with the PKA inhibitor Rp-cAMPS, PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide (BIM), or MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 (ICV) and assessed for acoustic startle reactivity. RESULTS The PKC inhibitor BIM significantly attenuated CRF-induced increases in startle. BIM was also able to block startle increases induced by oCRF when both compounds were infused directly into the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST). PKA and MEK1/2 inhibition had no significant effects on CRF-induced changes in startle at the dose ranges tested. CRF-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition was not significantly reversed by any of the three pretreatments at the dose ranges tested. CONCLUSIONS PKC signaling is required for CRF-induced increases in startle, and this effect is mediated at least in part at the BNST. These findings suggest that PKC signaling cascades (1) may be important for the acute effects of CRF to induce startle hyperreactivity and (2) support further research of the role of PKC signaling in startle abnormalities relevant to disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toth M
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Hospital, La Jolla CA USA,Dept. of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA USA
| | - Gresack JE
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Hospital, La Jolla CA USA,Dept. of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA USA,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York NY USA
| | - Hauger RL
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Hospital, La Jolla CA USA,Dept. of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA USA
| | - Halberstadt AL
- Dept. of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA USA
| | - Risbrough VB
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Hospital, La Jolla CA USA,Dept. of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA USA,Corresponding author: Victoria Risbrough, Ph.D., University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0804, La Jolla CA 92093-0804, Tel: 16195433582; Fax: 16195432475:
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Beloueche-Babari M, Jamin Y, Arunan V, Walker-Samuel S, Revill M, Smith PD, Halliday J, Waterton JC, Barjat H, Workman P, Leach MO, Robinson SP. Acute tumour response to the MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244, ARRY-142886) evaluated by non-invasive diffusion-weighted MRI. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:1562-9. [PMID: 23942066 PMCID: PMC3776979 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-invasive imaging biomarkers underpin the development of molecularly targeted anti-cancer drugs. This study evaluates tumour apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), measured by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI), as a biomarker of response to the MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244, ARRY-142886) in human tumour xenografts. METHODS Nude mice bearing human BRAF(V600D) WM266.4 melanoma or BRAF(V600E) Colo205 colon carcinoma xenografts were treated for 4 days with vehicle or selumetinib. DW-MRI was performed before and 2 h after the last dose and excised tumours analysed for levels of phospho-ERK1/2, cleaved caspase 3 (CC3) and necrosis. RESULTS Selumetinib treatment induced tumour stasis and reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in both WM266.4 and Colo205 tumour xenografts. Relative to day 0, mean tumour ADC was unchanged in the control groups but was significantly increased by up to 1.6-fold in selumetinib-treated WM266.4 and Colo205 tumours. Histological analysis revealed a significant increase in necrosis in selumetinib-treated WM266.4 and Colo205 xenografts and CC3 staining in selumetinib-treated Colo205 tumours relative to controls. CONCLUSION Changes in ADC following treatment with the MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib in responsive human tumour xenografts were concomitant with induction of tumour cell death. ADC may provide a useful non-invasive pharmacodynamic biomarker for early clinical assessment of response to selumetinib and other MEK-ERK1/2 signalling-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beloueche-Babari
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Y Jamin
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - V Arunan
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - S Walker-Samuel
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - M Revill
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - P D Smith
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - J Halliday
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - J C Waterton
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - H Barjat
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - P Workman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - M O Leach
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - S P Robinson
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
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Bachegowda L, Gligich O, Mantzaris I, Schinke C, Wyville D, Carrillo T, Braunschweig I, Steidl U, Verma A. Signal transduction inhibitors in treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes. J Hematol Oncol 2013; 6:50. [PMID: 23841999 PMCID: PMC3716523 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of hematologic disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis that results in reduced blood counts. Although MDS can transform into leukemia, most of the morbidity experienced by these patients is due to chronically low blood counts. Conventional cytotoxic agents used to treat MDS have yielded some encouraging results but are characterized by many adverse effects in the predominantly elderly patient population. Targeted interventions aimed at reversing the bone marrow failure and increasing the peripheral blood counts would be advantageous in this cohort of patients. Studies have demonstrated over-activated signaling of myelo-suppressive cytokines such as TGF-β, TNF-α and Interferons in MDS hematopoietic stem cells. Targeting these signaling cascades could be potentially therapeutic in MDS. The p38 MAP kinase pathway, which is constitutively activated in MDS, is an example of cytokine stimulated kinase that promotes aberrant apoptosis of stem and progenitor cells in MDS. ARRY-614 and SCIO-469 are p38 MAPK inhibitors that have been used in clinical trials and have shown activity in a subset of MDS patients. TGF-β signaling has been therapeutically targeted by small molecule inhibitor of the TGF-β receptor kinase, LY-2157299, with encouraging preclinical results. Apart from TGF-β receptor kinase inhibition, members of TGF-β super family and BMP ligands have also been targeted by ligand trap compounds like Sotatercept (ACE-011) and ACE-536. The multikinase inhibitor, ON-01910.Na (Rigosertib) has demonstrated early signs of efficacy in reducing the percentage of leukemic blasts and is in advanced stages of clinical testing. Temsirolimus, Deforolimus and other mTOR inhibitors are being tested in clinical trials and have shown preclinical efficacy in CMML. EGF receptor inhibitors, Erlotinib and Gefitinib have shown efficacy in small trials that may be related to off target effects. Cell cycle regulator inhibitors such as Farnesyl transferase inhibitors (Tipifarnib, Lonafarnib) and MEK inhibitor (GSK1120212) have shown acceptable toxicity profiles in small studies and efforts are underway to select mutational subgroups of MDS and AML that may benefit from these inhibitors. Altogether, these studies show that targeting various signal transduction pathways that regulate hematopoiesis offers promising therapeutic potential in this disease. Future studies in combination with high resolution correlative studies will clarify the subgroup specific efficacies of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohith Bachegowda
- Division of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 110, E 210 Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Oleg Gligich
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
- Jacobi Medical Center, 1400 Pelham Pkwy S, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ionnis Mantzaris
- Division of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 110, E 210 Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Carolina Schinke
- Division of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 110, E 210 Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Dale Wyville
- Division of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 110, E 210 Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Tatiana Carrillo
- Division of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 110, E 210 Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Ira Braunschweig
- Division of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 110, E 210 Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Ulrich Steidl
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Amit Verma
- Division of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 110, E 210 Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
- Medicine/Oncology, Developmental & Molecular Biology, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Abstract
The Na(+)/I(-) symporter (NIS (SLC5A5)) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates active iodide uptake into thyroid follicular cells. NIS-mediated iodide uptake in thyroid cells is the basis for targeted radionuclide imaging and treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinomas and their metastases. Furthermore, NIS is expressed in many human breast tumors but not in normal non-lactating breast tissue, suggesting that NIS-mediated radionuclide uptake may also allow the imaging and targeted therapy of breast cancer. However, functional cell surface NIS expression is often low in breast cancer, making it important to uncover signaling pathways that modulate NIS expression at multiple levels, from gene transcription to posttranslational processing and cell surface trafficking. In this study, we investigated NIS regulation in breast cancer by MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) signaling, an important cell signaling pathway involved in oncogenic transformation. We found that MEK inhibition decreased NIS protein levels in all-trans retinoic acid/hydrocortisone-treated MCF-7 cells as well as human breast cancer cells expressing exogenous NIS. The decrease in NIS protein levels by MEK inhibition was not accompanied by a decrease in NIS mRNA or a decrease in NIS mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. NIS protein degradation upon MEK inhibition was prevented by lysosome inhibitors but not by proteasome inhibitors. Interestingly, NIS protein level was correlated with MEK/ERK activation in human breast tumors from a tissue microarray. Taken together, MEK activation appears to play an important role in maintaining NIS protein stability in human breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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29
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Ott PA, Henry T, Baranda SJ, Frleta D, Manches O, Bogunovic D, Bhardwaj N. Inhibition of both BRAF and MEK in BRAF(V600E) mutant melanoma restores compromised dendritic cell (DC) function while having differential direct effects on DC properties. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:811-22. [PMID: 23306863 PMCID: PMC11028975 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dendritic cells (DCs) can induce strong tumor-specific T-cell immune responses. Constitutive upregulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway by a BRAF(V600) mutation, which is present in about 50 % of metastatic melanomas, may be linked to compromised function of DCs in the tumor microenvironment. Targeting both MEK and BRAF has shown efficacy in BRAF(V600) mutant melanoma. METHODS We co-cultured monocyte-derived human DCs with melanoma cell lines pretreated with the MEK inhibitor U0126 or the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib. Cytokine production (IL-12 and TNF-α) and surface marker expression (CD80, CD83, and CD86) in DCs matured with the Toll-like receptor 3/Melanoma Differentiation-Associated protein 5 agonist polyI:C was examined. Additionally, DC function, viability, and T-cell priming capacity were assessed upon direct exposure to U0126 and vemurafenib. RESULTS Cytokine production and co-stimulation marker expression were suppressed in polyI:C-matured DCs exposed to melanoma cells in co-cultures. This suppression was reversed by MAPK blockade with U0126 and/or vemurafenib only in melanoma cell lines carrying a BRAF(V600E) mutation. Furthermore, when testing the effect of U0126 directly on DCs, marked inhibition of function, viability, and DC priming capacity was observed. In contrast, vemurafenib had no effect on DC function across a wide range of dose concentrations. CONCLUSIONS BRAF(V600E) mutant melanoma cells modulate DC through the MAPK pathway as its blockade can reverse suppression of DC function. MEK inhibition negatively impacts DC function and viability if applied directly. In contrast, vemurafenib does not have detrimental effects on important functions of DCs and may therefore be a superior candidate for combination immunotherapy approaches in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Ott
- New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1303, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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30
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Haagensen EJ, Kyle S, Beale GS, Maxwell RJ, Newell DR. The synergistic interaction of MEK and PI3K inhibitors is modulated by mTOR inhibition. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1386-94. [PMID: 22415236 PMCID: PMC3326670 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined targeting of MAPK and PI3K signalling pathways may be necessary for optimal therapeutic activity in cancer. This study evaluated the MEK inhibitors AZD6244 and PD0325901, alone and in combination with the dual mTOR/PI3K inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 or the PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941, in three colorectal cancer cell lines. METHODS Growth inhibition, survival and signal transduction were measured using the Sulforhodamine B assay, clonogenicity and western blotting, respectively, in HCT116, HT29 and DLD1 cell lines. RESULTS All MEK/PI3K inhibitor combinations exhibited marked synergistic growth inhibition; however, GDC-0941 displayed greater synergy in combination with either MEK inhibitor. NVP-BEZ235 exhibited stronger inhibition of 4EBP1 phosphorylation, and similar inhibition of S6 and AKT phosphorylation, compared with GDC-0941. Both PD0325901 and AZD6244 inhibited ERK phosphorylation, and with MEK/PI3K inhibitor combinations inhibition of S6 phosphorylation was increased. The reduced synergy exhibited by NVP-BEZ235 in combination with MEK inhibitors, compared with GDC-0941, may be due to inhibition of mTOR, and the addition of the mTORC1/2 inhibitor KU0063794 compromised the synergy of GDC-0941:PD0325901 combinations. CONCLUSION These studies confirm that dual targeting of PI3K and MEK can induce synergistic growth inhibition; however, the combination of specific PI3K inhibitors, rather than dual mTOR/PI3K inhibitors, with MEK inhibitors results in greater synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Haagensen
- Drug Discovery and Imaging, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O’Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - S Kyle
- Drug Discovery and Imaging, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O’Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - G S Beale
- Drug Discovery and Imaging, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O’Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - R J Maxwell
- Drug Discovery and Imaging, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O’Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - D R Newell
- Drug Discovery and Imaging, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O’Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Chapnick DA, Warner L, Bernet J, Rao T, Liu X. Partners in crime: the TGFβ and MAPK pathways in cancer progression. Cell Biosci 2011; 1:42. [PMID: 22204556 PMCID: PMC3275500 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-1-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGFβ and Ras-MAPK pathways play critical roles in cell development and cell cycle regulation, as well as in tumor formation and metastasis. In the absence of cellular transformation, these pathways operate in opposition to one another, where TGFβ maintains an undifferentiated cell state and suppresses proliferation, while Ras-MAPK pathways promote proliferation, survival and differentiation. However, in colorectal and pancreatic cancers, the opposing pathways' mechanisms are simultaneously activated in order to promote cancer progression and metastasis. Here, we highlight the roles of the TGFβ and Ras-MAPK pathways in normal and malignant states, and provide an explanation for how the concomitant activation of these pathways drives tumor biology. Finally, we survey potential therapeutic targets in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Chapnick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
| | - Lisa Warner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
| | | | - Timsi Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
| | - Xuedong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
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Tome ME, Jaramillo MC, Briehl MM. Hydrogen peroxide signaling is required for glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in lymphoma cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:2048-59. [PMID: 21964507 PMCID: PMC3208737 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis is exploited clinically for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Determining the required molecular events for glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis will identify resistance mechanisms and suggest strategies for overcoming resistance. In this study, we found that glucocorticoid treatment of WEHI7.2 murine thymic lymphoma cells increased the steady-state [H(2)O(2)] and oxidized the intracellular redox environment before cytochrome c release. Removal of glucocorticoids after the H(2)O(2) increase resulted in a 30% clonogenicity; treatment with PEG-CAT increased clonogenicity to 65%. Human leukemia cell lines also showed increased H(2)O(2) in response to glucocorticoids and attenuated apoptosis after PEG-CAT treatment. WEHI7.2 cells that overexpress catalase (CAT2, CAT38) or were selected for resistance to H(2)O(2) (200R) removed enough of the H(2)O(2) generated by glucocorticoids to prevent oxidation of the intracellular redox environment. CAT2, CAT38, and 200R cells showed a 90-100% clonogenicity. The resistant cells maintained pERK survival signaling in response to glucocorticoids, whereas the sensitive cells did not. Treating the resistant cells with a MEK inhibitor sensitized them to glucocorticoids. These data indicate that: (1) an increase in H(2)O(2) is necessary for glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in lymphoid cells, (2) increased H(2)O(2) removal causes glucocorticoid resistance, and (3) MEK inhibition can sensitize oxidative stress-resistant cells to glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Tome
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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An HJ, Lee H, Paik SG. Silencing of BNIP3 results from promoter methylation by DNA methyltransferase 1 induced by the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Mol Cells 2011; 31:579-83. [PMID: 21573703 PMCID: PMC3887614 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that Ras mediates NO-induced BNIP3 expression via the MEK-E RK-HIF-1 pathway i n mouse macrophages, and that NO-induced death results at least in part from the induction of BNIP3. In the present study, we describe another aspect of Ras regulation of BNIP3 expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Human BNIP3 promoter-driven luciferase activity was efficiently induced by activated Ras in AsPC-1, Miapaca-2, PK-1 and PANC-1 cells. However, expression of endogenous BNIP3 was not induced, and BNIP3 up-regulation by hypoxia was also inhibited. Treatment of the cells with the DNMT inhibitor, 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine, restored BNIP3 induction, indicating that DNA methylation of the BNIP3 promoter was responsible for the inhibition of BNIP3 induction. Furthermore, inhibition of the MEK pathway with U0126 reduced DNMT1 expression, but not that of DNMT3a and 3b, and restored the hypoxia-inducibility of BNIP3, suggesting that the DNA methylation of the BNIP3 promoter was mediated by DNMT1 via the MEK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung An
- Department of Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Daedeok R&D Innopolis Bio Brain Center, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Hayyoung Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Sang-Gi Paik
- Department of Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Daedeok R&D Innopolis Bio Brain Center, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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Robinson JP, VanBrocklin MW, Lastwika KJ, McKinney AJ, Brandner S, Holmen SL. Activated MEK cooperates with Ink4a/Arf loss or Akt activation to induce gliomas in vivo. Oncogene 2011; 30:1341-50. [PMID: 21057530 PMCID: PMC4109988 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The RAS/RAF mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK) is highly active in many tumor types including the majority of high-grade gliomas and expression of activated RAS or RAF in neural progenitor cells combined with either AKT activation or Ink4a/Arf loss leads to the development of high-grade gliomas in vivo. This strongly suggests that this pathway is necessary for glioma formation and maintenance. To further define the role of this pathway in the development of high-grade gliomas, we used the established RCAS/TVA glioma mouse model to test the ability of activated MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK), a RAF effector, to induce tumors in vivo in the context of activated AKT or Ink4a/Arf loss. Although expression of activated MEK alone in neural progenitor cells is not sufficient for tumorigenesis, the combination of activated MEK and AKT or MEK with Ink4a/Arf loss is transforming. The data reveal that activation of the classical RAS/MAPK pathway, which is mediated through MEK, leads to the development of high-grade gliomas in vivo and suggest that MEK may be a relevant target for glioma therapy. To test this, we treated both mouse and human glioma cells with the MEK inhibitor PD0325901. Although this treatment induced apoptosis in a significant percentage of the cells, the effect was enhanced by combined treatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235. Our results demonstrate that combined inhibition of MEK and PI3K/mTOR is a rational strategy for the treatment of high-grade gliomas and may be an effective adjuvant therapy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Robinson
- Drug Development Department, Nevada Cancer Institute, Las Vegas, NV, 89135, USA
| | | | - Kristin J. Lastwika
- Drug Development Department, Nevada Cancer Institute, Las Vegas, NV, 89135, USA
| | - Andrea J. McKinney
- Drug Development Department, Nevada Cancer Institute, Las Vegas, NV, 89135, USA
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sheri L. Holmen
- Drug Development Department, Nevada Cancer Institute, Las Vegas, NV, 89135, USA
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Villanueva J, Vultur A, Lee JT, Somasundaram R, Fukunaga-Kalabis M, Cipolla AK, Wubbenhorst B, Xu X, Gimotty PA, Kee D, Santiago-Walker AE, Letrero R, D’Andrea K, Pushparajan A, Hayden JE, Brown KD, Laquerre S, McArthur GA, Sosman JA, Nathanson KL, Herlyn M. Acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors mediated by a RAF kinase switch in melanoma can be overcome by cotargeting MEK and IGF-1R/PI3K. Cancer Cell 2010; 18:683-95. [PMID: 21156289 PMCID: PMC3026446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 993] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BRAF is an attractive target for melanoma drug development. However, resistance to BRAF inhibitors is a significant clinical challenge. We describe a model of resistance to BRAF inhibitors developed by chronic treatment of BRAF(V)⁶⁰⁰(E) melanoma cells with the BRAF inhibitor SB-590885; these cells are cross-resistant to other BRAF-selective inhibitors. Resistance involves flexible switching among the three RAF isoforms, underscoring the ability of melanoma cells to adapt to pharmacological challenges. IGF-1R/PI3K signaling was enhanced in resistant melanomas, and combined treatment with IGF-1R/PI3K and MEK inhibitors induced death of BRAF inhibitor-resistant cells. Increased IGF-1R and pAKT levels in a post-relapse human tumor sample are consistent with a role for IGF-1R/PI3K-dependent survival in the development of resistance to BRAF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Villanueva
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Adina Vultur
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - John T. Lee
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | - Angela K. Cipolla
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Bradley Wubbenhorst
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Phyllis A. Gimotty
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Damien Kee
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victoria 8006, Australia
| | | | - Richard Letrero
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kurt D’Andrea
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Anitha Pushparajan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - James E. Hayden
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | | | | | - Katherine L. Nathanson
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Correspondence: Tel: +1-215-898-3950. Fax: +1-215-898-0890
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Abstract
Over the past 5 years, the Raf kinase family has emerged as a promising target for protein-directed cancer therapy development. The goal of this review is to first provide a concise summary of the data validating Raf proteins as high-interest therapeutic targets. The authors then outline the mode of action of Raf kinases, emphasizing how Raf activities and protein interactions suggest specific approaches to inhibiting Raf. The authors then summarize the set of drugs, antisense reagents and antibodies available or in development for therapeutically targeting Raf or Raf-related proteins, as well as existing strategies combining these and other therapeutic agents. Finally, the authors discuss recent results from systems biology analyses that have the potential to increasingly guide the intelligent selection of combination therapies involving Raf-targeting agents and other therapeutics.
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Arredondo J, Chernyavsky AI, Jolkovsky DL, Pinkerton KE, Grando SA. Receptor-mediated tobacco toxicity: alterations of the NF-kappaB expression and activity downstream of alpha7 nicotinic receptor in oral keratinocytes. Life Sci 2007; 80:2191-4. [PMID: 17291542 PMCID: PMC1973165 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2006] [Revised: 11/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To gain a mechanistic insight into nicotinic receptor-dependent morbidity of tobacco products in the oral cavity, we studied effects of exposures of normal human oral keratinocytes (KCs) for 24 h to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) vs. equivalent concentration of pure nicotine. The exposed KCs showed a multifold increase of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) at the mRNA and protein levels, which could be significantly (p<0.05) diminished by alpha-bungarotoxin or transfection with anti-alpha7 small interfering RNA. An increased protein-binding activity of NF-kappaB also could be prevented by blocking alpha7 signaling. The use of pathway inhibitors demonstrated that the Ras/Raf-1/MEK1/ERK steps mediated alpha7-dependent upregulation of NF-kappaB. Thus, exposure of KCs to tobacco may lead to the pathobiologic effects via an intracellular signaling pathway downstream of alpha7 that proceeds through the Ras/Raf-1/MEK1/ERK steps leading to upregulated expression and transactivation of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Arredondo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis
| | | | - David L. Jolkovsky
- Section of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis
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38
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Atwal JK, Singh KK, Tessier-Lavigne M, Miller FD, Kaplan DR. Semaphorin 3F antagonizes neurotrophin-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase signaling: a mechanism for growth cone collapse. J Neurosci 2003; 23:7602-9. [PMID: 12930799 PMCID: PMC6740747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve growth is regulated by the coordinated action of numerous external stimuli, including positively acting neurotrophin-derived growth cues and restrictive semaphorin cues. Here, we show that Semaphorin 3F (Sema 3F) can antagonize nerve growth factor (NGF)-stimulated TrkA (tyrosine receptor kinase A) signaling in sympathetic neurons, thereby apparently contributing to growth cone collapse. Sema 3F suppressed NGF-induced activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase-Akt and MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase)-ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathways, both of which we show to be required to maintain growth cone structure. Sema 3F-induced growth cone collapse was partially reversed by sustained activation of the PI3-kinase and MEK pathways, which was achieved by overexpression of the Gab-1 (growth-associated binder 1) docking protein. These data indicate that a novel mechanism used by Sema 3F to collapse growth cones in sympathetic neurons is to dampen neurotrophin signaling, providing an intracellular mechanism for cross talk between positive and negative axon growth cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasvinder K Atwal
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
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39
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Kupryjańczyk J, Szymańska T, Madry R, Timorek A, Stelmachów J, Karpińska G, Rembiszewska A, Ziółkowska I, Kraszewska E, Debniak J, Emerich J, Ułańska M, Płuzańska A, Jedryka M, Goluda M, Chudecka-Głaz A, Rzepka-Górska I, Klimek M, Urbański K, Breborowicz J, Zieliński J, Markowska J. Evaluation of clinical significance of TP53, BCL-2, BAX and MEK1 expression in 229 ovarian carcinomas treated with platinum-based regimen. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:848-54. [PMID: 12644821 PMCID: PMC2377076 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In cell line studies, BCL-2, BAX, as well as novel MEK1 protein levels have strong influence on ovarian cancer response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. However, such associations have not been demonstrated clinically. We evaluated prognostic/predictive significance of these proteins with regard to TP53 status. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 229 ovarian carcinomas FIGO stage IIB-IV treated with platinum-based chemotherapy; the results were analysed by the Cox and logistic regression models. Clinical parameters (residual tumour size, patient age, FIGO stage) were the only indicators of overall survival (OS) and the strongest predictors of complete remission (CR). On the other hand, BAX expression was the strongest (P=0.005) or the only (in FIGO IIIC, P=0.02) prognostic indicator of disease-free survival (DFS) in the TP53(+) group. TP53(+) and TP53(-) ovarian carcinomas differed in clinical and molecular prognostic and predictive factors. Another novel finding is that CR was negatively influenced by high BAX expression in all patients group (P=0.047) and by BCL2 expression in the TP53(-) group (P=0.05). High MEK1 expression was associated with endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas (P=0.049); its loss was found with advancing FIGO stage (P=0.002). Our results suggest that binomial TP53 status divides ovarian carcinomas into two biologically distinct groups. BAX expression is an important factor of DFS in the TP53(+) group. BCL-2 and BAX, but not MEK1 expressions have predictive value in ovarian cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kupryjańczyk
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, Warsaw, Poland.
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40
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Wu CH, Chen YF, Wang JY, Hsieh MC, Yeh CS, Lian ST, Shin SJ, Lin SR. Mutant K-ras oncogene regulates steroidogenesis of normal human adrenocortical cells by the RAF- MEK-MAPK pathway. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:1000-5. [PMID: 12434292 PMCID: PMC2364317 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2002] [Accepted: 08/14/2002] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The result of our previous study has shown that the K-ras mutant (pK568MRSV) transfected human adrenocortical cells can significantly increase cortisol production and independently cause cell transformation. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the active K-ras oncogene on the cortisol production in normal human adrenocortical cells. First we used isopropyl thiogalactoside to induce the inducible mutant K-ras expression plasmid, pK568MRSV, in the stable transfected human adrenocortical cells. The result showed that the increase of RasGTP levels in transfected cells was time-dependent after isopropyl thiogalactoside induction. Additionally, results from Western blot analysis revealed significant elevation in phosphorylation of c-Raf-1 and Mitogen-activated protein kinase. We also detected the levels of mRNA encoding Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450(SCC)), 17alpha-Hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (P450(c17)) and 3beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3betaHSD) were increased in human adrenocortical cells transfected with mutant K-ras after IPTG treatment. The increase of mRNA amount in P450(scc) P450(c17) and 3betaHSD and the elevation of cortisol level were inhibited with a pretreatment of PD098059, a specific extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor. In our previous report, we proved that lovastatin, a pharmacological inhibitor of p21(ras) function, also reversed the increase of cortisol level in mutant K-ras stably transfected human adrenocortical cells. Taken together, these findings proved that the active mutant Ras enhanced not only cell proliferation but also steroidogenesis in steroidogenic phenotype cells by activating Raf-MEK-MAPK related signal transduction pathway. Therefore, we believe that K-ras mutants influence regulation of steroidogenesis in adrenocortical cells through RAF-MEK-MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung, 80317, Taiwan
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41
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Evans JH, Fergus DJ, Leslie CC. Inhibition of the MEK1/ERK pathway reduces arachidonic acid release independently of cPLA2 phosphorylation and translocation. BMC Biochem 2002; 3:30. [PMID: 12370087 PMCID: PMC130032 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-3-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2002] [Accepted: 10/08/2002] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 85-kDa cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) mediates arachidonic acid (AA) release in MDCK cells. Although calcium and mitogen-activated protein kinases regulate cPLA2, the correlation of cPLA2 translocation and phosphorylation with MAPK activation and AA release is unclear. RESULTS MEK1 inhibition by U0126 inhibited AA release in response to ATP and ionomycin. This directly correlated with inhibition of ERK activation but not with phosphorylation of cPLA2 on Ser505, which was only partially inhibited by ERK inhibition. Inhibition of AA release by U0126 was still observed when stoichiometric phosphorylation of cPLA2 on Ser505 was maintained by activating p38 with anisomycin. Translocation kinetics of wild-type cPLA2 and cPLA2 containing S505A or S727A mutations to Golgi were similar in response to ATP and ionomycin and were not affected by U0126. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the ability of cPLA2 to hydrolyze membrane phospholipid is reduced by inhibition of the MEK1/ERK pathway and that the reduction in activity is independent of cPLA2 phosphorylation and translocation to membrane. The results also demonstrate that cPLA2 mutated at the phosphorylation sites Ser505 and Ser727 translocated with similar kinetic as wild-type cPLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Evans
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado USA 80206
| | - Daniel J Fergus
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado USA 80206
| | - Christina C Leslie
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado USA 80206
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42
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Giardina SF, Beart PM. Kainate receptor-mediated apoptosis in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells is attenuated by mitogen-activated protein and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135:1733-42. [PMID: 11934814 PMCID: PMC1573301 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2001] [Revised: 01/16/2002] [Accepted: 01/25/2002] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Previous studies have suggested that neuronal apoptosis is the result of an abortive attempt to re-enter the cell cycle, and more recently the cyclin-dependent (CDKs) and the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, two superfamilies of kinases that influence and control cell cycle progression, have been implicated in neuronal apoptosis. 2. Here, to examine whether CDK/MAPK related pathways are involved in excitotoxicity, we studied the actions of various kinase inhibitors on apoptosis induced by the ionotropic glutamate (Glu) receptor agonist, kainate (KA), in primary cultures of murine cerebellar granule cells (CGCs). 3. KA-mediated neurotoxicity was concentration-dependent, as determined by a cell viability assay monitoring the reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and largely apoptotic in nature, as shown by morphological examination and labelling of DNA fragmentation in situ using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP digoxigenin nick-end labelling (TUNEL). 4. KA-mediated neurotoxicity and apoptosis was completely attenuated by the mixed CDK and MAP kinase inhibitor, olomoucine, in a concentration-dependent manner (50 - 600 microM), and partially by roscovitine (1 - 100 microM), a more selective CDK inihibitor. 5. The p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, SB203580 (1 - 100 microM), partially attenuated KA receptor-mediated apoptosis, as did the MAP kinase kinase inhibitors PD98509 (1 - 100 microM) and U0126 (1 - 100 microM). 6. These findings provide new evidence for a complex network of interacting pathways involving CDK/MAPK that control apoptosis downstream of KA receptor activation in excitotoxic neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Giardina
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Philip M Beart
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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43
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Abstract
Mechanisms that regulate signal propagation through the ERK/MAPK pathway are still poorly understood. Several proteins are suspected to play critical roles in this process. One of these is Kinase Suppressor of Ras (KSR), a component previously identified in RAS-dependent genetic screens in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we show that KSR functions upstream of MEK within the ERK/MAPK module. In agreement with this, we found that KSR facilitates the phosphorylation of MEK by RAF. We further show that KSR associates independently with RAF and MEK, and that these interactions lead to the formation of a RAF/MEK complex, thereby positioning RAF in close proximity to its substrate MEK. These findings suggest that KSR functions as a scaffold that assembles the RAF/MEK functional pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Roy
- Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling, Montreal, PQ Canada H2W 1R7
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44
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Abstract
p38, a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily, is activated in response to a variety of cellular stresses and ligands. Since the genome of the nematode C. elegans has been sequenced, we sought to identify and characterize the nematode homolog of mammalian p38. By sequence analysis and RT-PCR, we isolated cDNAs encoding three kinases, PMK-1, PMK-2, and PMK-3, which we call p38 map kinases due to their high sequence identity with p38. The three genes are contiguous on chromosome IV and comprise an operon. By use of a GFP reporter, we found that the promoter of the pmks is active throughout the intestine. An active form of MAPK/ERK kinase 6 (MEK6) phosphorylated and activated recombinant PMK-1 and PMK-2 in vitro. PMK-1 and PMK-2 phosphorylated activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2), indicating an activity similar to mammalian p38. When transfected into mammalian cells, these kinases, like p38, are stimulated by osmotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Berman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Jim McKay
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Leon Avery
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Melanie Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390
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45
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Yang CM, Chien CS, Hsiao LD, Pan SL, Wang CC, Chiu CT, Lin CC. Mitogenic effect of oxidized low-density lipoprotein on vascular smooth muscle cells mediated by activation of Ras/Raf/ MEK/MAPK pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 132:1531-41. [PMID: 11264247 PMCID: PMC1572708 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
1. It has been demonstrated that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OX-LDL) is a risk factor in atherosclerosis by stimulating vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. However, the mechanisms of OX-LDL-induced cell proliferation are not completely understood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of OX-LDL on cell proliferation associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in rat cultured VSMCs. 2. Both native-LDL (N-LDL) and OX-LDL induced a time- and concentration-dependent incorporation of [(3)H]-thymidine in VSMCs. 3. OX-LDL induced time- and concentration-dependent phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPK. Pretreatment of these cells with pertussis toxin or U73122 attenuated the OX-LDL-induced responses. 4. Pretreatment with PMA for 24 h, preincubation with a PKC inhibitor staurosporine or the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein and herbimycin A for 1 h, substantially reduced [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation and p42/p44 MAPK phosphorylation induced by OX-LDL. 5. Removal of Ca(2+) by BAPTA/AM or depletion of the internal Ca(2+) pool by thapsigargin significantly inhibited OX-LDL-induced [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation and p42/p44 MAPK phosphorylation. 6. OX-LDL-induced [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation and p42/p44 MAPK phosphorylation was inhibited by PD98059 (an inhibitor of MEK1/2) and SB203580 (an inhibitor of p38 MAPK) in a concentration-dependent manner. 7. Overexpression of dominant negative mutants of Ras (H-Ras-15A) and Raf (Raf-N4) significantly suppressed MEK1/2 and p42/p44 MAPK activation induced by OX-LDL and PDGF-BB, indicating that Ras and Raf may be required for activation of these kinases. 8. These results suggest that the mitogenic effect of OX-LDL is mediated through a PTX-sensitive G protein-coupled receptor that involves the activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPK pathway similar to that of PDGF-BB in rat cultured VSMCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzoquinones
- Calcium/pharmacology
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Estrenes/pharmacology
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Genistein/pharmacology
- Humans
- Lactams, Macrocyclic
- Lipoproteins, LDL/pharmacology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/drug effects
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/drug effects
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mitogens/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Pertussis Toxin
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf/metabolism
- Pyrrolidinones/pharmacology
- Quinones/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rifabutin/analogs & derivatives
- Staurosporine/pharmacology
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology
- ras Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Yang
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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46
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Wunderlich W, Fialka I, Teis D, Alpi A, Pfeifer A, Parton RG, Lottspeich F, Huber LA. A novel 14-kilodalton protein interacts with the mitogen-activated protein kinase scaffold mp1 on a late endosomal/lysosomal compartment. J Cell Biol 2001; 152:765-76. [PMID: 11266467 PMCID: PMC2195784 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.152.4.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a novel, highly conserved protein of 14 kD copurifying with late endosomes/lysosomes on density gradients. The protein, now termed p14, is peripherally associated with the cytoplasmic face of late endosomes/lysosomes in a variety of different cell types. In a two-hybrid screen with p14 as a bait, we identified the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) scaffolding protein MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) partner 1 (MP1) as an interacting protein. We confirmed the specificity of this interaction in vitro by glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays and by coimmunoprecipitation, cosedimentation on glycerol gradients, and colocalization. Moreover, expression of a plasma membrane-targeted p14 causes mislocalization of coexpressed MP1. In addition, we could reconstitute protein complexes containing the p14-MP1 complex associated with ERK and MEK in vitro.The interaction between p14 and MP1 suggests a MAPK scaffolding activity localized to the cytoplasmic surface of late endosomes/lysosomes, thereby combining catalytic scaffolding and subcellular compartmentalization as means to modulate MAPK signaling within a cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Fialka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Teis
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Arno Alpi
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Pfeifer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Lukas A. Huber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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47
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Levkovitz Y, O'Donovan KJ, Baraban JM. Blockade of NGF-induced neurite outgrowth by a dominant-negative inhibitor of the egr family of transcription regulatory factors. J Neurosci 2001; 21:45-52. [PMID: 11150318 PMCID: PMC6762448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that members of the Egr family of transcription regulatory factors are induced in many neuronal plasticity paradigms, it is still unclear what role, if any, they play in this process. Because NGF stimulation of pheochromocytoma 12 cells elicits a robust induction of Egr family members, we have investigated their role in mediating long-term effects elicited by NGF in these cells by using the Egr zinc finger DNA-binding domain as a selective antagonist of Egr family-mediated transcription. We report that expression of this Egr inhibitor construct suppresses neurite outgrowth elicited by NGF but not by dibutyryl cAMP. To check that this Egr inhibitor construct does not act by blocking the MEK/ERK pathway, which is known to mediate NGF-induced neurite outgrowth, we confirmed that the Egr inhibitor construct does not block NGF activation of Elk1-mediated transcription, a response that is dependent on this pathway. Conversely, inhibition of MEK does not impair Egr family-mediated transcription. Thus, we conclude (1) that induction of Egr family members and activation of the MEK/ERK pathway by NGF are mediated by separate signaling pathways and (2) that both are required to trigger neurite outgrowth induced by NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Levkovitz
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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48
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Makin G, Dive C. Modulating sensitivity to drug-induced apoptosis: the future for chemotherapy? Breast Cancer Res 2001; 3:150-3. [PMID: 11305949 PMCID: PMC138679 DOI: 10.1186/bcr289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2001] [Revised: 03/08/2001] [Accepted: 03/13/2001] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a fundamental problem in the treatment of most common human cancers. Our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying death and survival has allowed the development of rational approaches to overcoming drug resistance. The mitogen activated protein kinase family of protein serine/threonine kinases has been implicated in this complex web of signalling, with some members acting to enhance death and other members to prevent it. A recent publication by MacKeigan et al is the first to demonstrate an enhancement of drug-induced cell death by simultaneous blockade of MEK-mediated survival signalling, and offers the potential for targeted adjuvant therapy as a means of overcoming drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Makin
- CRC Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Group, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, UK.
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49
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Luo SF, Wang CC, Chiu CT, Chien CS, Hsiao LD, Lin CH, Yang CM. Lipopolysaccharide enhances bradykinin-induced signal transduction via activation of Ras/Raf/ MEK/MAPK in canine tracheal smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130:1799-808. [PMID: 10952668 PMCID: PMC1572256 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was found to induce inflammatory responses and to enhance bronchial hyperreactivity to several contractile agonists. However, the implication of LPS in the pathogenesis of bronchial hyperreactivity was not completely understood. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of LPS on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation associated with potentiation of bradykinin (BK)-induced inositol phosphates (IPs) accumulation and Ca(2+) mobilization in canine cultured tracheal smooth muscle cells (TSMCs). LPS stimulated phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPK in a time- and concentration-dependent manner using a Western blot analysis against a specific phosphorylated form of MAPK antibody. Maximal stimulation of the p42 and p44 MAPK isoforms occurred after 7 min-incubation and the maximal effect was achieved with 100 microg ml(-1) LPS. Pretreatment of TSMCs with LPS potentiated BK-induced IPs accumulation and Ca(2+) mobilization. However, there was no effect on the IPs response induced by endothelin-1, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and carbachol. In addition, pretreatment with PDGF-BB enhanced BK-induced IPs response. These enhancements by LPS and PDGF-BB might be due to an increase in BK B(2) receptor density (B(max)) in TSMCs, characterized by competitive inhibition of [(3)H]-BK binding using B(1) and B(2) receptor-selective reagents. The enhancing effects of LPS and PDGF-BB were attenuated by PD98059, an inhibitor of MAPK kinase (MEK), suggesting that the effect of LPS may share a common signalling pathway with PDGF-BB in TSMCs. Furthermore, overexpression of dominant negative mutants, H-Ras-15A and Raf-N4, significantly suppressed p42/p44 MAPK activation induced by LPS and PDGF-BB, indicating that Ras and Raf may be required for activation of these kinases. These results suggest that the augmentation of BK-induced responses produced by LPS might be, at least in part, mediated through activation of Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPK pathway in TSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shue-Fen Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chwan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tso Chiu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sung Chien
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Huang Lin
- Graduate Institutes of Biomedical Technology, Taipei Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Author for correspondence:
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Abstract
Hyper-activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) has recently been reported in several human cancers and activation of MAPK in those cancers may be associated with carcinogenesis through aberrant cell proliferation. To understand the roles of the MAPK pathway in colorectal tumorigenesis, we examined the status of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) in 21 colorectal tumour specimens and compared it with that of paired normals. The specific MAPK activities were two- to tenfold lower in 71% (15 out of 21 cases) of colorectal tumours compared to those in paired normals. The individual MAPK kinase (MEK) correlated with MAPK activities (P = 0.006). Reduction of the MAPK and MEK activities in colorectal tumours was also observed in adenomas. These results suggested that down-regulation of the MAPK cascade may be caused by early genetic event(s) and that it may be related to the loss of normal growth control. Although MAPK activities were down-regulated both in adenomas and carcinomas, activities of the MAPKs in carcinomas were higher than those of paired adenomas. These results suggested that MAPK activities may be increased in the adenoma-to-carcinoma sequence and that it may play a role in the tumour progression. Observation of the differential regulation of MAPK activities in colorectal tumorigeneis suggested roles for the MAPK pathway in both positive and negative controls of cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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