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Wang X, Liu LL, Li Q, Xia QY, Li R, Ye SB, Zhang RS, Fang R, Chen H, Wu N, Rao Q. Loss of YAP1 C-terminus expression as an ancillary marker for metaplastic thymoma: a potential pitfall in detecting YAP1::MAML2 gene rearrangement. Histopathology 2023; 83:798-809. [PMID: 37565303 DOI: 10.1111/his.15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Metaplastic thymoma is a rare thymic tumour characterized by Yes Associated Protein 1 (YAP1) and Mastermind Like Transcriptional Coactivator 2 (MAML2) gene fusions resulting from an intrachromosomal inversion of chromosome 11. Immunohistochemistry with an antibody directed against the C-terminus of YAP1 has shown loss of expression in YAP1-rearranged vascular neoplasms, poromas, and porocarcinomas. This study aimed to validate an anti-YAP1 C-terminal antibody as an ancillary immunohistochemical marker for the diagnosis of metaplastic thymoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten metaplastic thymomas were selected for the current study. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), next-generation sequencing (NGS), and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses were performed to detect YAP1::MAML2 fusions. We then performed immunohistochemistry to detect YAP1 C-terminus expression in 10 metaplastic thymomas, 50 conventional thymomas (10 each of type A thymoma, type AB thymoma, type B1 thymoma, type B2 thymoma, and type B3 thymoma) and seven thymic carcinomas. RESULTS All 10 cases showed narrow split signals with a distance of nearly two signal diameters and sometimes had false-negative results in YAP1 and MAML2 break-apart FISH (BA-FISH). Abnormal colocalized signals of the YAP1::MAML2 fusion were observed in all 10 cases using fusion FISH (F-FISH) assays. Eight of 10 cases with adequate nucleic acids were successfully sequenced and all showed YAP1::MAML2 fusions; in two cases the fusions were detected by both DNA and RNA sequencing and in six cases by RNA sequencing only. YAP1::MAML2 fusion transcripts were identified in four cases by RT-PCR. Metaplastic thymoma showed loss of YAP1 C-terminus expression in all 10 (100%) cases. All other thymic neoplasms showed retained YAP1 C-terminus expression. CONCLUSION YAP1 C-terminus immunohistochemistry is a highly sensitive and specific ancillary marker that distinguishes metaplastic thymoma from its mimics. BA-FISH assays could not effectively detect YAP1::MAML2 fusions due to the proximity of the two genes. Loss of YAP1 C-terminus expression is a reliable surrogate for the detection of YAP1::MAML2 fusions in metaplastic thymoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei-Lei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Yuan Xia
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Bing Ye
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ru-Song Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ru Fang
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiu Rao
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Hasapis S, Caraballo I, Sears TJ, Brock KD, Cart JB, Moding EJ, Lee CL. Characterizing the role of Phlda3 in the development of acute toxicity and malignant transformation of hematopoietic cells induced by total-body irradiation in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12916. [PMID: 37558703 PMCID: PMC10412554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is a transcriptional factor that plays a crucial role in controlling acute toxicity and long-term malignant transformation of hematopoietic cells induced by genotoxic stress such as ionizing radiation. Among all transcriptional targets of p53, one gene that is robustly induced by radiation is the pleckstrin homology domain-only protein Phlda3. However, the role that Phlda3 plays in regulating the response of hematopoietic cells to radiation is unknown. Here, using isogenic cell lines and genetically engineered mouse models, we showed that radiation induces Phlda3 in human leukemia cells and mouse normal hematopoietic cells in a p53-dependent manner. However, deletion of the Phlda3 gene did not ameliorate radiation-induced acute hematologic toxicity. In addition, distinct from mice that lose p53, loss of Phlda3 did not alter the latency and incidence of radiation-induced thymic lymphoma in mice. Remarkably, whole-exome sequencing data showed that lymphomas in irradiated Phlda3+/+ mice harbor a significantly higher number of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and indels compared to lymphomas in irradiated Phlda3+/- and Phlda3-/- littermates. Together, our results indicate that although deletion of Phlda3 does not accelerate the development of radiation-induced thymic lymphoma, fewer SNVs and indels are necessary to initiate lymphomagenesis after radiation exposure when Phlda3 is silenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hasapis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Isibel Caraballo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Timothy J Sears
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5847, USA
| | - Kennedy D Brock
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - John B Cart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Everett J Moding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5847, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Chang-Lung Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Zhou Z, Lu Y, Gu Z, Sun Q, Fang W, Yan W, Ku X, Liang Z, Hu G. HNRNPA2B1 as a potential therapeutic target for thymic epithelial tumor recurrence: An integrative network analysis. Comput Biol Med 2023; 155:106665. [PMID: 36791552 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are rare malignant tumors, and the molecular mechanisms of both primary and recurrent TETs are poorly understood. Here we established comprehensive proteomic signatures of 15 tumors (5 recurrent and 10 non-recurrent) and 15 pair wised tumor adjacent normal tissues. We then proposed an integrative network approach for studying the proteomics data by constructing protein-protein interaction networks based on differentially expressed proteins and a machine learning-based score, followed by network modular analysis, functional enrichment annotation and shortest path inference analysis. Network modular analysis revealed that primary and recurrent TETs shared certain common molecular mechanisms, including a spliceosome module consisting of RNA splicing and RNA processing, but the recurrent TET was specifically related to the ribosome pathway. Applying the shortest path inference to the collected seed gene module identified that the ribonucleoprotein hnRNPA2B1 probably serves as a potential target for recurrent TET therapy. The drug repositioning combined molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the compound ergotamine could potentially act as a repurposing drug to treat recurrent TETs by targeting hnRNPA2B1. Our study demonstrates the value of integrative network analysis to understand proteotype robustness and its relationships with genotype, and provides hits for further research on cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Zhou
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhitao Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Qiangling Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Thoracic Cancer Institute, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Wentao Fang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xin Ku
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Zhongjie Liang
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Suzhou, 215123, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Guang Hu
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Song Y, Xing C, Lu T, Liu C, Wang W, Wang S, Feng X, Bi J, Wang Q, Lai C. Aberrant Dendritic Cell Subsets in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis and Related Clinical Features. Neuroimmunomodulation 2023; 30:69-80. [PMID: 36780882 DOI: 10.1159/000529626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dendritic cells (DCs) play critical roles in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis (MG), and a series of DC-based experimental strategies for MG have recently been developed. However, the definite roles of different DC subsets in the mechanism of MG have scarcely been covered by previous studies. The present study aimed to investigate the levels of three main DC subsets, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) (CD303 positive) and two distinct subsets of conventional DCs (cDCs), namely CD1c+ cDCs and CD141+ cDCs, in MG patients and analyze related clinical features. METHODS From January 2016 to December 2020, 160 newly diagnosed MG patients and matched healthy controls (n = 160) were included in the study, and their clinical data were collected. The blood samples from MG patients before treatment and controls were collected for flow cytometry analysis. A total of 14 MG thymoma, 24 control thymoma, and 3 thymic cysts were used to immunostain the DC subsets. RESULTS The flow cytometry analysis showed a significantly higher frequency of circulating pDCs, CD1c+ cDCs, and CD141+ cDCs in MG patients than in healthy controls (p < 0.001 for all). Patients with early-onset MG (<50 years old) had a lower frequency of circulating pDCs but a higher frequency of circulating CD1c+ cDCs than those with late-onset MG (≥50 years old) (p = 0.014 and p = 0.025, respectively). The frequency of circulating pDCs was positively associated with the clinical severity of late-onset MG patients (r = 0.613, p < 0.001). 64.3% (9/14) of MG thymoma is of type B2 under the World Health Organization classification, which is higher than that in control thymoma (33.3%, 8/24) (p = 0.019). For type B2 thymoma, there were significantly more pDCs but fewer CD1c+ cDCs in MG thymoma than in the controls. CONCLUSION The distribution of aberrant pDCs, CD1c+ cDCs, and CD141+ cDCs in MG patients displayed age- and thymoma-related differences, which may contribute to the impaired immune tolerance and lead to the onset of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chunye Xing
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Tianyang Lu
- Department of Public Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Shaoqiang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xungang Feng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jianzhong Bi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Lai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Hwang S, Ha Y, Koo G, Noh H, Lee A, Kim B, Hong SM, Morgan MJ, Eyun S, Lee D, Roe J, Lee Y, Kim Y. LCK-Mediated RIPK3 Activation Controls Double-Positive Thymocyte Proliferation and Restrains Thymic Lymphoma by Regulating the PP2A-ERK Axis. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2204522. [PMID: 36161785 PMCID: PMC9661840 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) is the primary regulator of necroptotic cell death. RIPK3 expression is often silenced in various cancer cells, which suggests that it may have tumor suppressor properties. However, the exact mechanism by which RIPK3 negatively regulates cancer development and progression remains unclear. This report indicates that RIPK3 acts as a potent regulator of the homeostatic proliferation of CD4+ CD8+ double-positive (DP) thymocytes. Abnormal proliferation of RIPK3-deficient DP thymocytes occurs independently of the well-known role for RIPK3 in necroptosis (upstream of MLKL activation), and is associated with an incidental thymic mass, likely thymic hyperplasia. In addition, Ripk3-null mice develop increased thymic tumor formation accompanied by reduced host survival in the context of an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced tumor model. Moreover, RIPK3 deficiency in p53-null mice promotes thymic lymphoma development via upregulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling, which correlates with markedly reduced survival rates. Mechanistically, lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) activates RIPK3, which in turn leads to increases in the phosphatase activity of protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A), thereby suppressing hyper-activation of ERK in DP thymocytes. Overall, these findings suggest that a RIPK3-PP2A-ERK signaling axis regulates DP thymocyte homeostasis and may provide a potential therapeutic target to improve thymic lymphoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung‐Min Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyAjou University School of Medicine164 Worldcup‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu, SuwonGyeonggi‐do16499Republic of Korea
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNY10065USA
| | - Yu‐Jin Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyAjou University School of Medicine164 Worldcup‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu, SuwonGyeonggi‐do16499Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Ajou University164 Worldcup‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu, SuwonGyeonggi‐do16499Republic of Korea
| | - Gi‐Bang Koo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyAjou University School of Medicine164 Worldcup‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu, SuwonGyeonggi‐do16499Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Ajou University164 Worldcup‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu, SuwonGyeonggi‐do16499Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun‐Jin Noh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyAjou University School of Medicine164 Worldcup‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu, SuwonGyeonggi‐do16499Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Ajou University164 Worldcup‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu, SuwonGyeonggi‐do16499Republic of Korea
| | - A‐Yeon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyAjou University School of Medicine164 Worldcup‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu, SuwonGyeonggi‐do16499Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Ajou University164 Worldcup‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu, SuwonGyeonggi‐do16499Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong‐Ju Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyAjou University School of Medicine164 Worldcup‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu, SuwonGyeonggi‐do16499Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Ajou University164 Worldcup‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu, SuwonGyeonggi‐do16499Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Mi Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyAjou University School of Medicine164 Worldcup‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu, SuwonGyeonggi‐do16499Republic of Korea
| | - Michael J. Morgan
- Department of Natural SciencesNortheastern State UniversityTahlequahOK74464USA
| | - Seong‐il Eyun
- Department of Life ScienceChung‐Ang UniversitySeoul06973Republic of Korea
| | - Dakeun Lee
- Department of PathologyAjou University School of Medicine164 Worldcup‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu, SuwonGyeonggi‐do16499Republic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Seok Roe
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoo Lee
- Institute of Medical ScienceAjou University School of Medicine164 Worldcup‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu, SuwonGyeonggi‐do16499Republic of Korea
| | - You‐Sun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyAjou University School of Medicine164 Worldcup‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu, SuwonGyeonggi‐do16499Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Ajou University164 Worldcup‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu, SuwonGyeonggi‐do16499Republic of Korea
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Meng FJ, Guo F, Sun ZN, Wang SJ, Yang CR, Wang CY, Zhang WC, Gao ZY, Ji LL, Feng FK, Guan ZY, Wang GS. Downregulation of DNMT3a expression by RNAi and its effect on NF-κBs expression of thymic epithelial cells. Immunol Lett 2021; 237:17-26. [PMID: 34192561 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the characteristics of DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a) in thymoma associated Myasthenia Gravis reveal its transcriptional regulator network as while as analyze the effect of DNMT3a on Rel/ nuclear factor-kappaB family (RelA/RelB) and its downstream autoimmune regulatory factor (Aire). METHODS Tissues of 30 patients with thymoma, with or without myasthenia gravis (MG), were collected and the DNMT3a protein expression were evaluated through immunohistochemistry. We performed mRNA expression profiling microarray detection and analysis, and integrated the analysis by constructing protein-protein interaction networks and the integration with other database. We identified molecular difference between low and high DNMT3a in the thymoma by heatmap. We also performed PCR validation in thymoma tissues. The DNMT3a-shRNA plasmid was transfected into TEC cells, and these cells were treated with 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine, a blocker of DNMT3a. After the down-regulation of DNMT3a in TEC cells, the transcript and protein levels of RelA, RelB, Aire, and CHRNA3 were evaluated by western blotting. In addition, changes in gene expression profiles were screened through microarray technology. We performed differential gene analysis in the thymoma cohort by heatmap with R (v.4.3.0) software. RESULTS In 30 matched tissue specimens, the expression of DNMT3a protein in thymoma with MG was lower than that in thymoma. Through mRNA expression profiling analysis, we constructed a co-expression network of DNMT3a and found direct interaction between IKZF1 and DNMT3a, and this co-expression relationship was overlappted with Cistrome DB database. We found up-regulation of 149 mRNAs and repression of 177 mRNAs in thymoma with MG compared with thymoma. Gene ontology and pathway analysis show the involvement of a multitude of genes in the mis-regulation of MG-related pathways. RNA interference significantly reduced the level of mRNA of DNMT3a, which proved that plasmid DNMT3a was effective. In comparison to the control group, the levels of DNMT3a, Aire, and CHRNA3 mRNA and protein in TEC cells transfected with DNMT3a-shRNA interference plasmid were significantly decreased, while the expression level of RelA and RelA/RelB was significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals the DNMT3a-NF-κB pathway has a major effect on MG, and can be used as a marker for diagnosis as well as a target for MG treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Jie Meng
- Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin 301800, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Endoscopy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhao-Nan Sun
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | | | - Chun-Rui Yang
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Chun-Yang Wang
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Zhang
- Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin 301800, China
| | - Zhou-Yong Gao
- Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin 301800, China
| | - Lin-Lin Ji
- Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin 301800, China
| | - Fu-Kai Feng
- Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin 301800, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Guan
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China.
| | - Guang-Shun Wang
- Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin 301800, China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymoma is the most common tumor of the anterior mediastinum, and can be caused by infrequent malignancies arising from the epithelial cells of the thymus. Unfortunately, blood-based diagnostic markers are not currently available. High-throughput sequencing technologies, such as RNA-seq with next-generation sequencing, have facilitated the detection and characterization of both coding and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which play significant roles in genomic regulation, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, and imprinting and epigenetic modification. The knowledge about fusion genes and ncRNAs in thymomas is scarce. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this study, we gathered large-scale RNA-seq data belonging to samples from 25 thymomas and 25 healthy thymus specimens and analyzed them to identify fusion genes, lncRNAs, and miRNAs. RESULTS We found 21 fusion genes, including KMT2A-MAML2, HADHB-REEP1, COQ3-CGA, MCM4-SNTB1, and IFT140-ACTN4, as the most frequent and significant in thymomas. We also detected 65 differentially-expressed lncRNAs in thymomas, including AFAP1-AS1, LINC00324, ADAMTS9-AS1, VLDLR-AS1, LINC00968, and NEAT1, that have been validated with the TCGA database. Moreover, we identified 1695 miRNAs from small RNA-seq data that were overexpressed in thymomas. Our network analysis of the lncRNA-mRNA-miRNA regulation axes identified a cluster of miRNAs upregulated in thymomas, that can trigger the expression of target protein-coding genes, and lead to the disruption of several biological pathways, including the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, and HIF-1 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that overexpression of this miRNA cluster activates PI3K-Akt, FoxO, HIF-1, and Rap-1 signaling pathways, suggesting pathway inhibitors may be therapeutic candidates against thymoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Ji
- First Department of Thoracic Surgery, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, PR China
| | - Rongrong Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xichao Fang
- Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, PR China
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8
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Duecker RP, Gronau L, Baer PC, Zielen S, Schubert R. Survival and Functional Immune Reconstitution After Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation in Atm-Deficient Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:693897. [PMID: 34267759 PMCID: PMC8276263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been proposed as a promising therapeutic opportunity to improve immunity and prevent hematologic malignancies in Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). However, experience in the transplantation strategy for A-T patients is still scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate whether different approaches of HSCT are feasible in regard to graft versus host response and sufficient concerning functional immune reconstitution. Atm-deficient mice were treated with a clinically relevant non-myeloablative host-conditioning regimen and transplanted with CD90.2-depleted, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing, and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-competent bone marrow donor cells in a syngeneic, haploidentical or allogeneic setting. Like syngeneic HSCT, haploidentical HSCT, but not allogeneic HSCT extended the lifespan of Atm-deficient mice through the reduction of thymic tumors and normalized T-cell numbers. Donor-derived splenocytes isolated from transplanted Atm-deficient mice filled the gap of cell loss in the naïve T-cell population and raised CD4 cell functionality up to wild-type level. Interestingly, HSCT using heterozygous donor cells let to a significantly improved survival of Atm-deficient mice and increased CD4 cell numbers as well as CD4 cell functionality equivalent to HSCT using with wild-type donor cells. Our data provided evidence that haploidentical HSCT could be a feasible strategy for A-T, possibly even if the donor is heterozygous for ATM. However, this basic research cannot substitute any research in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Pia Duecker
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescence, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lucia Gronau
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescence, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick C. Baer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielen
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescence, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf Schubert
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescence, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Abstract
ABSTRACT A 68-year-old man with a history of prostate cancer post-primary treatment presented with rising prostate-specific antigen levels and was referred for 18F-fluciclovine PET/MRI to localize recurrent disease. PET/MRI revealed a solitary focus of uptake in a soft tissue nodule in the anterior mediastinum, which was resected and found to be a type B2 thymoma. 18F-fluciclovine uptake is mediated by amino acid transporters, primarily alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 2 and l-type amino acid transporter 1, previously demonstrated to be expressed on thymic carcinomas. This case highlights the possibility of overexpression of amino acid transporters in thymomas as well, rarely described before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Tsikitas
- From the Department of Radiology, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola
| | - Shawn Karls
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Anca-Oana Kranz
- From the Department of Radiology, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola
| | - Kent P Friedman
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Sonia Mahajan
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
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10
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Du H, Xie S, Guo W, Zhang W, Che J, Zhu L, Hang J. The Prognostic Value of Tumor Mutation Burden and Immune Cell Infiltration in Thymic Epithelial Tumors. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2021; 51:44-54. [PMID: 33653780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The question of whether the tumor mutation burden (TMB) is associated with either improved survival outcomes or improvement of immunotherapies remains controversial in various malignancies. The aim of this study is to investigate the genomic landscape of the relationship between TMB and immune cell infiltration in thymic epithelial tumors (TETs). METHODS We downloaded somatic mutation data, transcriptome sequencing data, and clinical information of TETs from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. We assessed the abundance of 22 immune fractions between low-TMB (TMB-L) and high-TMB (TMB-H) groups using the "CIBERSORT" package. RESULTS Missense mutation had the highest frequency of mutation among the nine variant classifications in TETs. Higher TMB levels were associated with poor survival outcomes (P<0.05), and higher Masaoka stages (P<0.05). More importantly, TMB levels were much higher in the thymic cancer than in thymoma (P<0.01). The infiltration levers of naive CD4(+) T cells and regulatory T cells were significantly higher in the TMB-L group than in the TMB-H group, and this was further associated with better overall survival (OS) in patients with TETs. CONCLUSION The present study indicates that the prognosis of TMB-H patients with TETs is significantly poorer than is that of TMB-L patients, which might result from the different levels of infiltration of naive CD4(+) T cells and regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailei Du
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaming Che
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianggang Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbiao Hang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Marx A, Belharazem D, Lee DH, Popovic ZV, Reißfelder C, Schalke B, Schölch S, Ströbel P, Weis CA, Yamada Y. Molecular pathology of thymomas: implications for diagnosis and therapy. Virchows Arch 2021; 478:101-110. [PMID: 33674910 PMCID: PMC7966134 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Thymomas exhibit a unique genomic landscape, comprising the lowest on average total mutational burden among adult human cancers; a unique point mutation in the GTF2I gene in WHO type A and AB thymomas (and rarely others); almost unique KMT2A-MAML2 translocations in rare WHO type B2 and B3 thymomas; a unique YAP1-MAML2 translocation in almost all metaplastic thymomas; and unique miRNA profiles in relation to GTF2I mutational status and WHO histotypes. While most thymomas can be diagnosed solely on the basis of morphological features, mutational analyses can solve challenging differential diagnostic problems. No molecular biomarkers have been identified that predict the response of unresectable thymomas to chemotherapy or agents with known molecular targets. Despite the common and strong expression of PDL1 in thymomas, immune checkpoint inhibitors are rarely applicable due to the poor predictability of common, life-threatening autoimmune side effects that are related to the unrivaled propensity of thymomas towards autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Djeda Belharazem
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - De-Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Zoran V Popovic
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Reißfelder
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Berthold Schalke
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schölch
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Junior Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Surgical Oncology (A430), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cleo-Aron Weis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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12
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Yoshida M, Kondo K, Matsui N, Izumi Y, Bando Y, Yokoishi M, Kajiura K, Tangoku A. Prediction of improvement after extended thymectomy in non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239756. [PMID: 33017427 PMCID: PMC7535042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is popularly believed that myasthenia gravis (MG) patients show acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChRAb) production associated with the thymus (germinal centers, approximately 80%). It has been suggested that thymectomy can remove the area of autoantibody production. This study aimed to determine whether the solid volume of the thymus calculated using three-dimensional (3D) imaging could be used to predict the efficacy of thymectomy. Additionally, the study assessed the relationships of the solid volume with germinal centers, change in the serum AChRAb level, postoperative MG improvement, and prednisolone (PSL) dose reduction extent. METHODS This retrospective study included 12 consecutive non-thymomatous MG patients (9 female and 3 male patients), who underwent extended thymectomy at our institution over the last 10 years. The mean patient age was 43.3 ± 14.2 years (range, 12-59 years). The study assessed the number of germinal centers per unit area, change in the serum AChRAb level, postoperative MG improvement, PSL dose reduction extent, and solid volume of the thymus. RESULTS The number of germinal centers per unit area was significantly correlated with the solid volume of the thymus. The PSL dose reduction extent tended to be correlated with the solid volume. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the solid volume of the thymus can possibly predict steroid dose reduction. Additionally, the solid volume of the thymus in 3D images is the most important indicator for predicting the efficacy of extended thymectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuteru Yoshida
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Health, Bioscience, Graduate School, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kazuya Kondo
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Health, Bioscience, Graduate School, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naoko Matsui
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Health Bioscience, Graduate School, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuishinn Izumi
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Health Bioscience, Graduate School, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Bando
- Tokushima University Hospital Division of Pathology, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Kouichirou Kajiura
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Health, Bioscience, Graduate School, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akira Tangoku
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Health, Bioscience, Graduate School, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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13
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Yu X, Chan HTC, Fisher H, Penfold CA, Kim J, Inzhelevskaya T, Mockridge CI, French RR, Duriez PJ, Douglas LR, English V, Verbeek JS, White AL, Tews I, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS. Isotype Switching Converts Anti-CD40 Antagonism to Agonism to Elicit Potent Antitumor Activity. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:850-866.e7. [PMID: 32442402 PMCID: PMC7280789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) comprise agonists and antagonists, which display promising therapeutic activities in cancer and autoimmunity, respectively. We previously showed that epitope and isotype interact to deliver optimal agonistic anti-CD40 mAbs. The impact of Fc engineering on antagonists, however, remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that clinically relevant antagonists used for treating autoimmune conditions can be converted into potent FcγR-independent agonists with remarkable antitumor activity by isotype switching to hIgG2. One antagonist is converted to a super-agonist with greater potency than previously reported highly agonistic anti-CD40 mAbs. Such conversion is dependent on the unique disulfide bonding properties of the hIgG2 hinge. This investigation highlights the transformative capacity of the hIgG2 isotype for converting antagonists to agonists to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Hayden Fisher
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Jinny Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Tatyana Inzhelevskaya
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Patrick J Duriez
- CRUK Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Leon R Douglas
- CRUK Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Vikki English
- Pre-clinical Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ann L White
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Ivo Tews
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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14
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Wang L, Ruan M, Yan H, Lei B, Sun X, Chang C, Liu L, Xie W. Pretreatment serum neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratios: Two tumor-related systemic inflammatory markers in patients with thymic epithelial tumors. Cytokine 2020; 133:155149. [PMID: 32512341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To understand underlying changes in pretreatment serum inflammatory markers associated with thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) development. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 113 TETs patients who underwent 18-fluorine fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography combined computed tomography (PET/CT) one to two weeks before tumor resection or biopsy was performed. Pretreatment serum neutrophil, monocyte, platelet, and lymphocyte counts, and fibrinogen and C-reaction protein (CRP) concentrations were measured one day before surgery or biopsy. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were calculated by dividing corresponding cells counts by lymphocyte counts, respectively. The maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) of 18F-FDG of primary TETs was applied to reflect tumor glycolytic activity. The student's t-test, one-way ANOVA analysis, Chi-square test, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, and Logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The serum NLR and MLR were significantly higher in TETs patients than in healthy volunteers (P both ≤ 0.001). High serum NLR and MLR were related to the thymic carcinomas (TCs) subtype, elevated Masaoka-Koga (M-K) tumor stage, and metastasis of TETs (P all < 0.005). High serum NLR and MLR were also associated with high SUVmax values of TETs (P all < 0.005), with increasingly differences between groups as the cut-off values defining low-SUVmax and high-SUVmax groups increased. With the medium cutoff of NLR, MLR, and SUVmax of 3.07, 0.25, and 8.00 respectively, the high NLR and MLR levels were significantly associated with high SUVmax level of TETs (P both < 0.005). Moreover, the incidences of co-high SUVmax/NLR and co-high SUVmax/MLR were higher in TETs patients older than 55 years, with TCs, in M-K stage IV, and with metastasis (P all < 0.05). Both the co-high SUVmax/NLR and co-high SUVmax/MLR increased the risk of TETs metastasis (P both < 0.001), while the co-high SUVmax/MLR was also an independent risk factor for TETs metastasis (odds ratio: 3.92, 95% confidence interval: 1.02-15.12, P = 0.047). CONCLUSION Pretreatment serum NLR and MLR of TETs patients are two tumor-progression- and tumor-glycolysis-related inflammatory markers. Enhanced tumor glycolytic activity and associated systemic inflammatory reaction may play a synergistic role in TETs metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, China; Clinical and Translational Center in Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Maomei Ruan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, China; Clinical and Translational Center in Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, China; Clinical and Translational Center in Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Bei Lei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, China; Clinical and Translational Center in Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, China; Clinical and Translational Center in Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, China; Clinical and Translational Center in Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, China; Clinical and Translational Center in Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Wenhui Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, China; Clinical and Translational Center in Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, China.
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15
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Wijewarnasuriya D, Bebernitz C, Lopez AV, Rafiq S, Brentjens RJ. Excessive Costimulation Leads to Dysfunction of Adoptively Transferred T Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:732-742. [PMID: 32213625 PMCID: PMC7269815 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although clinical responses with CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell treatment have been observed in patients with certain hematologic malignancies, high rates of disease relapse highlight the necessity to understand and improve mechanisms of CAR T-cell failure. Because T-cell dysfunction is thought to contribute to CAR T-cell treatment failure, understanding what mechanisms drive T cells into this dysfunctional state may aid optimal design of efficacious CAR T cells. Dysfunctional CAR T cells have been characterized as having upregulated inhibitory receptors and decreased cytolytic capabilities. Previous studies have identified a role for sustained CAR CD3ζ signaling in CAR T-cell dysfunction. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism that drives dysfunction in CAR T cells through excessive costimulation. Fully activated CD19-targeted CAR T cells were rendered dysfunctional upon stimulation with both endogenous CD28 stimulation and CAR-mediated CD28 costimulation. Costimulation-driven dysfunction of CAR T cells was demonstrated in a syngeneic immunocompetent mouse model, in which CAR T cells were activated with signals 1 (CD3ζ), 2 (CD28), and 3 (IL12). Thus, we show that CAR T-cell dysfunction can be driven through excessive CD28 and 4-1BB costimulation.See related article by Drakes et al., p. 743.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinali Wijewarnasuriya
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Christina Bebernitz
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Andrea V Lopez
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sarwish Rafiq
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Renier J Brentjens
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
- Cellular Therapeutics Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York
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16
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Vlaming H, McLean CM, Korthout T, Alemdehy MF, Hendriks S, Lancini C, Palit S, Klarenbeek S, Kwesi‐Maliepaard EM, Molenaar TM, Hoekman L, Schmidlin TT, Altelaar AFM, van Welsem T, Dannenberg J, Jacobs H, van Leeuwen F. Conserved crosstalk between histone deacetylation and H3K79 methylation generates DOT1L-dose dependency in HDAC1-deficient thymic lymphoma. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101564. [PMID: 31304633 PMCID: PMC6627229 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DOT1L methylates histone H3K79 and is aberrantly regulated in MLL-rearranged leukemia. Inhibitors have been developed to target DOT1L activity in leukemia, but cellular mechanisms that regulate DOT1L are still poorly understood. We have identified the histone deacetylase Rpd3 as a negative regulator of budding yeast Dot1. At its target genes, the transcriptional repressor Rpd3 restricts H3K79 methylation, explaining the absence of H3K79me3 at a subset of genes in the yeast genome. Similar to the crosstalk in yeast, inactivation of the murine Rpd3 homolog HDAC1 in thymocytes led to an increase in H3K79 methylation. Thymic lymphomas that arise upon genetic deletion of Hdac1 retained the increased H3K79 methylation and were sensitive to reduced DOT1L dosage. Furthermore, cell lines derived from Hdac1Δ/Δ thymic lymphomas were sensitive to a DOT1L inhibitor, which induced apoptosis. In summary, we identified an evolutionarily conserved crosstalk between HDAC1 and DOT1L with impact in murine thymic lymphoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Vlaming
- Division of Gene RegulationNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Chelsea M McLean
- Division of Gene RegulationNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Tessy Korthout
- Division of Gene RegulationNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mir Farshid Alemdehy
- Division of Tumor Biology & ImmunologyNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Hendriks
- Division of Gene RegulationNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Cesare Lancini
- Division of Gene RegulationNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sander Palit
- Division of Gene RegulationNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Klarenbeek
- Experimental Animal PathologyNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Thom M Molenaar
- Division of Gene RegulationNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Hoekman
- Experimental Animal PathologyNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Thierry T Schmidlin
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht University and Netherlands Proteomics CentreUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - AF Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht University and Netherlands Proteomics CentreUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Proteomics FacilityNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Tibor van Welsem
- Division of Gene RegulationNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jan‐Hermen Dannenberg
- Division of Gene RegulationNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Genmab B.V.Antibody SciencesUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Heinz Jacobs
- Division of Tumor Biology & ImmunologyNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Fred van Leeuwen
- Division of Gene RegulationNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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17
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Maury JM, Merveilleux du Vignaux C, Drevet G, Zarza V, Chalabreysse L, Maisse C, Gineys B, Dolmazon C, Tronc F, Girard N, Leroux C. Activation of the mTOR/ Akt pathway in thymic epithelial cells derived from thymomas. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0197655. [PMID: 30897085 PMCID: PMC6428316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of thymic epithelial tumors remains poorly elucidated. The PIK3/Akt/mTOR pathway plays a key role in various cancers; interestingly, several phase I/II studies have reported a positive effect of mTOR inhibitors in disease control in thymoma patients. A major limit for deciphering cellular and molecular events leading to the transformation of thymic epithelial cells or for testing drug candidates is the lack of reliable in vitro cell system. We analyzed protein expression and activation of key players of the Akt/ mTOR pathway namely Akt, mTOR, and P70S6K in eleven A, B and AB thymomas as well as in normal thymuses. While only Akt and phospho-Akt were expressed in normal thymuses, both Akt and mTOR were activated in thymomas. Phospho-P70S6K was expressed in all thymic tumors whatever their subtypes, and absent in normal thymus. Interestingly, we report the activation of Akt, mTOR and P70S6 proteins in primary thymic epithelial cells maintained for short period of time after their derivation from seven AB and B thymomas. Finally, we showed that rapamycin (100 nM) significantly reduced proliferation of thymoma- derived epithelial cells without inducing cell death. Our results suggest that the activation of the Akt/ mTOR pathway might participate to the cell proliferation associated with tumor growth. Ultimately, our data enhance the potential role of thymic epithelial cells derived from tissue specimens for in vitro exploration of molecular abnormalities in rare thymic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Maury
- IVPC UMR754 INRA, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, Lyon, France
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lung and Heart-lung Transplantation, Groupement Hospitalier Est, HCL, Lyon, France
- National Expert Center for Thymic Malignancies, Réseau Tumeurs THYMiques et Cancer (RYTHMIC), Lyon, France
| | - Claire Merveilleux du Vignaux
- IVPC UMR754 INRA, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, Lyon, France
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Groupement Hospitalier Est, HCL Lyon, France
| | - Gabrielle Drevet
- IVPC UMR754 INRA, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, Lyon, France
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lung and Heart-lung Transplantation, Groupement Hospitalier Est, HCL, Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Zarza
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Groupement Hospitalier Est, HCL Lyon, France
| | - Lara Chalabreysse
- National Expert Center for Thymic Malignancies, Réseau Tumeurs THYMiques et Cancer (RYTHMIC), Lyon, France
- Department of Pathology, Groupement Hospitalier Est, HCL, Lyon, France
| | - Carine Maisse
- IVPC UMR754 INRA, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, Lyon, France
| | - Barbara Gineys
- IVPC UMR754 INRA, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, Lyon, France
| | - Christine Dolmazon
- IVPC UMR754 INRA, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, Lyon, France
| | - François Tronc
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lung and Heart-lung Transplantation, Groupement Hospitalier Est, HCL, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Girard
- IVPC UMR754 INRA, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, Lyon, France
- National Expert Center for Thymic Malignancies, Réseau Tumeurs THYMiques et Cancer (RYTHMIC), Lyon, France
- Institut du Thorax Curie Montsouris, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Leroux
- IVPC UMR754 INRA, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Huang J, Li H, Zhou R, Huang W, Lin W, Chen T, Long Y. Clinical Heterogeneity in Patients with Glutamate Decarboxylase Antibody. Neuroimmunomodulation 2019; 26:234-238. [PMID: 31661704 DOI: 10.1159/000502695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the diversity and clinical features of anti-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) antibody-associated neurological diseases. METHODS Clinical data of a series of 5 patients positive for anti-GAD antibodies were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS All 5 patients were female, with a median age of 41.5 years (range 19-60 years). Their neurological symptoms included stiff-person syndrome (SPS), encephalitis, myelitis, cramp, visual loss, and paresthesia. Three patients (60%) were diagnosed with tumors, 2 cases of thymic tumor and 1 of breast cancer. On immunohistochemistry for tumor pathology, expression of GAD65 was found only in 1 patient. Four patients (80%) had abnormal brain MRI findings. All patients received immunotherapy and improved significantly after treatment, but 4 (80%) then experienced a relapse. CONCLUSIONS Neurological manifestations in anti-GAD-positive patients are diverse and include SPS, encephalitis, myelitis, cramp, visual loss, and paresthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Huang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Guangzhou, China
- Second Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huilu Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Guangzhou, China
- Second Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruisi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Guangzhou, China
- Second Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyao Huang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Guangzhou, China
- Second Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Lin
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Guangzhou, China
- Second Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Guangzhou, China
- Second Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youming Long
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Guangzhou, China,
- Second Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, China,
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Lozano C C, Molina P M. [Beta-hCG-producing thymic teratoma: an uncommon cause of peripheral precocious puberty]. Rev Chil Pediatr 2018; 89:373-379. [PMID: 29999144 DOI: 10.4067/s0370-41062018005000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among the causes of peripheral precocious puberty in men are the beta-human cho rionic gonadotropin (Β-HCG)-secreting tumors, such as hepatoblastomas, dysgerminomas, chorio carcinomas, and immature teratomas. In pediatrics, the mediastinal teratomas are rare, representing the 7-10% of extragonadal teratomas. OBJECTIVE To describe the case of a patient with peripheral precocious puberty due to a Β-HCG -secreting thymic teratoma. CLINICAL CASE A seven-years-old schoolboy presents a three-months history of voice changes, gynecomastia, pubic hair appearance, and increased genital volume. In the exams, bone age of nine years, total testosterone 9.33ng/ml (< 0.4ng/ml), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), and normal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) test stand out; luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) with low basal levels, Β-HCG 39.5mU/ml (< 2.5 mUI/ml), alpha feto protein (α-FP) 11,2ng/ml (0.6-2.0 ng/ml). Imaging study to determine the origin of Β-HCG secretion shows normal testicular ultrasound and thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic computerized axial tomo graphy (CAT); brain and sellar resonance without significant findings. The positron emission tomography/computed scan (PET SCAN) shows a tumor image in the anterosuperior mediastinum. The tumor is resected, and the biopsy shows an immature cystic teratoma in the thymus. Post-operatory evolution was satisfactory, with normalization of hormonal levels. CONCLUSION The appearance of a teratoma in a pediatric patient is rare, even more if it is immature, with thymic location and P-HCG- secretor. It is important to consider it within the differential diagnosis facing precocious puberty, as a better way to handle appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcela Molina P
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Owen D, Chu B, Lehman AM, Annamalai L, Yearley JH, Shilo K, Otterson GA. Expression Patterns, Prognostic Value, and Intratumoral Heterogeneity of PD-L1 and PD-1 in Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma. J Thorac Oncol 2018; 13:1204-1212. [PMID: 29702286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) including thymoma and thymic carcinoma are rare tumors with little data available to guide treatment. Immunotherapy with checkpoint blockade has shown promising activity, but data regarding the expression patterns and prognostic implications of programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) in TETs have yielded conflicting results. Intratumoral heterogeneity of PD-1/L1 expression has been shown in other cancers, but has not been described in the TET literature. METHODS We performed a retrospective single-center review of 35 patients with resected TET. PD-1/L1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry using PD-1 clone: NAT105 and PD-L1 clone: 22C3. Tumor samples from 35 patients were evaluated including 32 patients with thymoma and 3 patients with thymic carcinoma. RESULTS PD-L1 expression was detected in 83% (29 of 35) tumor samples, including 100% (3 of 3) of thymic carcinoma patients and 81% (26 of 32) of thymoma patients. PD-1 expression was detected in 77% (27 of 35), including 33% (1 of 3) of thymic carcinoma patients and 81% (26 of 32) thymoma patients. High PD-1 expression was associated with lower grade tumors. Unlike prior studies, PD-L1 expression was not associated with higher grade tumors or higher stage. Neither PD-L1 nor PD-1 expression was significantly associated with survival. Three patients with thymoma had multiple tumor sections evaluated for expression of PD-1/L1, with differing expression patterns of both PD-L1 and PD-1 observed in two patients. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms high expression of PD-L1 and PD-1 in TET and shows for the first time intratumoral heterogeneity of PD-L1 and PD-1 in thymoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight Owen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Benjamin Chu
- Helen and Gary Gray Cancer Center, Hartford Hospital, and University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Amy M Lehman
- Center for Biostatistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | | - Konstantin Shilo
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gregory A Otterson
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio.
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Guleria P, Husain N, Shukla S, Kumar S, Parshad R, Jain D. PD-L1 immuno-expression assay in thymomas: Study of 84 cases and review of literature. Ann Diagn Pathol 2018; 34:135-141. [PMID: 29661720 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), an immune check point inhibitor, is known to be expressed in several malignancies and is being considered as a prognostic factor and a potential immunotherapeutic target. The aim of this study was to characterize PD-L1 expression in thymomas and to determine correlation with clinicopathological features and previously published studies in the literature. METHODS Tissue microarrays were prepared from selected blocks of thymomas and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for PD-L1 was performed. Cases were considered as PD-L1 positive or negative depending on whether the percentage of stained thymic epithelial cells were <25 or >25%. Results were compared clinically and with previously published studies using Google and Pubmed search engines. RESULTS Of 84 cases of thymoma, 69 (82.1%) revealed PD-L1 positivity in >25% cells. 94.23% of type B thymoma subtypes (B1/B2/B3) were PD-L1 positive (P < 0.001). There was no correlation of PD-L1 with age, gender, myasthenia gravis, the tumor size or stage of disease. Nine studies were available in the literature; most of which showed PD-L1 expression in higher stage and B subtype however percentage positivity varied from 53.7% to over 90%. CONCLUSIONS PD-L1 expression is frequent in type B (B1/B2/B3) thymomas. It can be easily evaluated by IHC even on small biopsies in unresectable cases, thereby enabling improved clinical evaluation as well as prognostic stratification of patients. It will serve as a potential indicator for benefit from anti-PD-L1 antibody immunotherapy in thymomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Guleria
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Nuzhat Husain
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Saumya Shukla
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Rajinder Parshad
- Department of Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Deepali Jain
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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Abstract
RATIONALE Sclerosing thymoma is an extremely rare mediastinal neoplasm; it was recognized for the first time in 1994 and to date only 15 cases have been reported. PATIENT CONCERNS The present study report a case of a 65-year-old man who was incidentally found to have an anterior mediastinal nodule, without clinical symptoms including fever, chest pain, and myasthenia gravis. DIAGNOSES The chest computed tomography (CT) revealed the nodule was 4.9 × 4.2 × 3.0 cm in size. And the microscopic and immunohistochemical findings indicated that the final diagnosis was sclerosing thymoma. INTERVENTIONS The anterior mediastinal nodule was completely removed. OUTCOMES No evidence of recurrence or complication was found in the second year after surgery. LESSONS The biologic behavior of the rare sclerosing thymoma is still largely mysterious; it is utmost importance to classify the sclerosing thymoma from other mediastinal tumors. Its prognosis is favorable and thymectomy is currently the mainstay of treatment.
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Conforti F, Zhang X, Rao G, De Pas T, Yonemori Y, Rodriguez JA, McCutcheon JN, Rahhal R, Alberobello AT, Wang Y, Zhang YW, Guha U, Giaccone G. Therapeutic Effects of XPO1 Inhibition in Thymic Epithelial Tumors. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5614-5627. [PMID: 28819023 PMCID: PMC8170838 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exportin 1 (XPO1) mediates nuclear export of many cellular factors known to play critical roles in malignant processes, and selinexor (KPT-330) is the first XPO1-selective inhibitor of nuclear export compound in advanced clinical development phase for cancer treatment. We demonstrated here that inhibition of XPO1 drives nuclear accumulation of important cargo tumor suppressor proteins, including transcription factor FOXO3a and p53 in thymic epithelial tumor (TET) cells, and induces p53-dependent and -independent antitumor activity in vitro Selinexor suppressed the growth of TET xenograft tumors in athymic nude mice via inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Loss of p53 activity or amplification of XPO1 may contribute to resistance to XPO1 inhibitor in TET. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics analysis, we identified a number of proteins whose abundances in the nucleus and cytoplasm shifted significantly following selinexor treatment in the TET cells. Furthermore, we found that XPO1 was highly expressed in aggressive histotypes and advanced stages of human TET, and high XPO1 expression was associated with poorer patient survival. These results underscore an important role of XPO1 in the pathogenesis of TET and support clinical development of the XPO1 inhibitor for the treatment of patients with this type of tumors. Cancer Res; 77(20); 5614-27. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Conforti
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Oncology Unit of Thymic Cancer, Rare Tumors and Sarcomas, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Xu Zhang
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Guanhua Rao
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Tommaso De Pas
- Oncology Unit of Thymic Cancer, Rare Tumors and Sarcomas, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Yoko Yonemori
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jose Antonio Rodriguez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Spain
| | - Justine N McCutcheon
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Raneen Rahhal
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Anna T Alberobello
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Yisong Wang
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Yu-Wen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Udayan Guha
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Giuseppe Giaccone
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia.
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Zhao H, Cheng Y, Dong S, Du J, Gao F, Sun D, Cui J, Ni J, Cai J. Down regulation of miR-143 promotes radiation - Induced thymic lymphoma by targeting B7H1. Toxicol Lett 2017; 280:116-124. [PMID: 28736328 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA-143 has been implicated in tumor metastasis by directly targeting Bcl-2, and microRNA-143 expression is decreased in several human tumors. However, the expression and targets of miR-143 in radiation carcinogenesis remain unclear. We found that the expression of miR-143 is down-regulated and the expression of B7H1 (Pdcd1) is up-regulated in radiation-induced thymic lymphoma model in BALB/c mice. Additionally, overexpression of miR-143 strongly inhibited cell proliferation and increased cell apoptosis and its down-regulation promoted cell proliferation and reduced cell apoptosis. We also determined that there is an inverse correlation between miR-143 expression and B7H1 protein expression in radiation-induced thymic lymphoma samples, and miR-143 targets B7H1 in a 3'UTR-dependent manner. In addition, we found that adenovirus over-expression of pre-miR-143 reduced tumorigenesis in vivo. Finally, we conclude that down-regulated expression of miR-143 and up-regulation of its direct target B7H1 may indicate a novel therapeutic method for radiation-induced thymic lymphoma by increased expression of miR-143 or inhibition of B7H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hainan Zhao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Suhe Dong
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Jicong Du
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Fu Gao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Ding Sun
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Jianguo Cui
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Jin Ni
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
| | - Jianming Cai
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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Abstract
Whereas transformation events in hematopoietic malignancies may occur at different developmental stages, the initial mutation originates in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), creating a preleukemic stem cell (PLSC). Subsequent mutations at either stem cell or progenitor cell levels transform the PLSC into lymphoma/leukemia initiating cells (LIC). Thymic lymphomas have been thought to develop from developing thymocytes. T cell progenitors are generated from HSCs in the bone marrow (BM), but maturation and proliferation of T cells as well as T-lymphomagenesis depends on both regulatory mechanisms and microenvironment within the thymus. We studied PLSC linked to thymic lymphomas. In this study, we use MSH2-/- mice as a model to investigate the existence of PLSC and the evolution of PLSC to LIC. Following BM transplantation, we found that MSH2-/- BM cells from young mice are able to fully reconstitute multiple hematopoietic lineages of lethally irradiated wild-type recipients. However, all recipients developed thymic lymphomas within three and four months post transplantation. Transplantation of different fractions of BM cells or thymocytes from young health MSH2-/- mice showed that an HSC enriched fraction always reconstituted hematopoiesis followed by lymphoma development. In addition, lymphomas did not occur in thymectomized recipients of MSH2-/- BM. These results suggest that HSCs with DNA repair defects such as MSH2-/- are PLSCs because they retain hematopoietic function, but also carry an obligate lymphomagenic potential within their T-cell progeny that is dependent on the thymic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Qing
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stanton L. Gerson
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bando H, Iguchi G, Okimura Y, Odake Y, Yoshida K, Matsumoto R, Suda K, Nishizawa H, Fukuoka H, Mokubo A, Tojo K, Maniwa Y, Ogawa W, Takahashi Y. A novel thymoma-associated autoimmune disease: Anti-PIT-1 antibody syndrome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43060. [PMID: 28216655 PMCID: PMC5316939 DOI: 10.1038/srep43060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-PIT-1 antibody syndrome has recently been reported and characterized by acquired growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiencies associated with autoimmunity to a pituitary specific transcription factor PIT-1, which plays an essential role in GH-, PRL-, and TSH-producing cells. Although circulating anti-PIT-1 antibody and PIT-1-reactive cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) were detected in the patients, the pathophysiology and precise mechanisms for the autoimmunity remain unclarified. During the follow up, thymoma was diagnosed in all 3 cases with anti-PIT-1 antibody syndrome. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that PIT-1 was strongly expressed in neoplastic cortical thymic epithelial cells. Importantly, after thymectomy, the titer of anti-PIT-1 antibody decreased and reactivity of CTLs toward PIT-1 diminished. These data strongly suggest that the aberrant expression of PIT-1 in the thymoma plays a causal role in the development of this syndrome. Thus, we define that this syndrome is a novel thymoma-associated autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Bando
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Genzo Iguchi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Okimura
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Kobe Women’s University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yukiko Odake
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryusaku Matsumoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suda
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nishizawa
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hidenori Fukuoka
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Katsuyoshi Tojo
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Maniwa
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Wataru Ogawa
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Comin CE, Messerini L, Novelli L, Boddi V, Dini S. KI-67 Antigen Expression Predicts Survival and Correlates with Histologic Subtype in the WHO Classification of Thymic Epithelial Tumors. Int J Surg Pathol 2016; 12:395-400. [PMID: 15494865 DOI: 10.1177/106689690401200412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We performed an immunohistochemical study with monoclonal antibodies to Ki-67 antigen and p53 protein on 45 cases of thymic epithelial tumors classified according to the recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification system to evaluate whether there is correlation between the expression of these markers and prognosis, histologic subtype, and myasthenia gravis (MG). We also correlated histologic subtype with sex, age, MG, and survival. Ki-67 and p53 labeling indices (LIs) were expressed as a percentage of positive nuclear immunostaining by counting 1,000 epithelial tumor cells. Statistically significant differences were found between Ki-67 LI and survival (p = 0.007), whereas the prognostic implication of p53 could not be demonstrated, although there appeared a trend that patients with tumors of higher LIs had worse survival. Significant correlations were also found between Ki-67 (p < 0.0005) and p53 (p < 0.0005) LIs and histologic subtypes. No correlation was found between these parameters and MG. Histologic subtypes of the WHO classification also correlated with survival (p = 0.01), whereas no correlation was found with sex, age, and MG. In conclusion, our results indicate that the proliferative activity, assessed by Ki-67 LI, and the histologic pattern, according to WHO classification system, seems to represent reliable parameters in the prognosis of thymic epithelial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla E Comin
- Dipartimento di Patologia Umana ed Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy
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Abstract
Twenty-five cases of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the thymus associated with Cushing's syndrome have been reported since 1972. 1 We report two new cases of thymic carcinoid, one of which presented with Cushing's disease. These patients were successfully treated and were asymptomatic at the time of first follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh B Kale
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, New Marine Lines, Mumbai 400 020, India
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Ghosh R, Roy S, Kamyab J, Danzter F, Franco S. Common and unique genetic interactions of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases PARP1 and PARP2 with DNA double-strand break repair pathways. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 45:56-62. [PMID: 27373144 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, chromatin poly(ADP-ribos)ylation (PARylation) at sites of DNA Double-Strand Breaks (DSBs) is mediated by two highly related enzymes, PARP1 and PARP2. However, enzyme-specific genetic interactions with other DSB repair factors remain largely undefined. In this context, it was previously shown that mice lacking PARP1 and H2AX, a histone variant that promotes DSB repair throughout the cell cycle, or the core nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) factor Ku80 are not viable, while mice lacking PARP1 and the noncore NHEJ factor DNA-PKcs are severely growth retarded and markedly lymphoma-prone. Here, we have examined the requirement for PARP2 in these backgrounds. We find that, like PARP1, PARP2 is essential for viability in mice lacking H2AX. Moreover, treatment of H2AX-deficient primary fibroblasts or B lymphocytes with PARP inhibitors leads to activation of the G2/M checkpoint and accumulation of chromatid-type breaks in a lineage- and gene-dose dependent manner. In marked contrast to PARP1, loss of PARP2 does not result in additional phenotypes in growth, development or tumorigenesis in mice lacking either Ku80 or DNA-PKcs. Altogether these findings highlight specific nonoverlapping functions of PARP1 and PARP2 at H2AX-deficient chromatin during replicative phases of the cell cycle and uncover a unique requirement for PARP1 in NHEJ-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Ghosh
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Sanchita Roy
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Johan Kamyab
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Francoise Danzter
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling Unit, University of Strasbourg, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Sonia Franco
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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Okuma Y, Hosomi Y, Miyamoto S, Shibuya M, Okamura T, Hishima T. Correlation between S-1 treatment outcome and expression of biomarkers for refractory thymic carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:156. [PMID: 26915359 PMCID: PMC4766615 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic carcinoma is a rare cancer with minimal evidence of a survival benefit following chemotherapy. An oral fluoropyrimidine of S-1, however, is the recommended active cytotoxic chemotherapy agent for refractory thymic carcinoma based on a case series, whereas sunitinib or everolimus are recommended as molecular-targeted agents based on Phase II trials. We retrospectively investigated the efficacy of S-1 for refractory thymic carcinoma and performed a biomarker analysis. METHODS We assessed the clinicopathological variables of 14 consecutive patients who underwent S-1 for refractory thymic carcinoma and correlated the clinical outcomes with potential biomarkers using paraffin-embedded cancer tissues of eight patients in the cohort. RESULTS A total of 178 thymic malignancies were identified, of whom 14 patients included 12 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, one lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, and one undifferentiated carcinoma. Six patients exhibited a partial response (42.9 %: 95 % confidence interval [CI], 21.4-67.4) and the disease control rate was 85.7 % (60.0-96.0 %). After a median follow-up of 24.2 months, the median progression-free survival was 8.1 months (range, 2.6-12.2 months), and median overall survival was 30.0 months (range, 6.2-41.9 months). No significant correlation between biomarker expression and response was noted. However, thymidine synthase (TS)/dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and TS/orotate phosphoribosyltransferase were observed. CONCLUSIONS S-1 for refractory thymic carcinoma offered clinical activity and achieved an 85 % disease control rate. Although the biomarkers did not correlate with clinical outcome, the study results showed efficacy of S-1 as a cytotoxic chemotherapy for refractory thymic carcinoma, which warrants future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Okuma
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious diseases Center Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8677, Japan.
- Division of Oncology, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yukio Hosomi
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious diseases Center Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8677, Japan.
| | - Shingo Miyamoto
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Japan Red Cross Medical Center, Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Shibuya
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious diseases Center Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8677, Japan.
| | - Tatsuru Okamura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious diseases Center Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8677, Japan.
| | - Tsunekazu Hishima
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The diagnosis of T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL) involving the thymus can be difficult to establish since neoplastic T lymphoblasts show significant phenotypic overlap with both normal thymocytes and thymocytes from epithelial thymic neoplasms (thymomas). LIM Domain Only 2 (LMO2) gene translocations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a small subset of T-ALLs, and LMO2 protein has recently been reported to be expressed in a large proportion of T-ALLs. METHODS In this study, we tested specificity of LMO2 for distinction between neoplastic and nonneoplastic T-precursor cells in thymus and bone marrow. RESULTS Our findings show that LMO2 is expressed in neoplastic lymphoblasts of T-ALL and is absent in thymocytes of normal thymuses or thymomas. CONCLUSIONS LMO2 is therefore a useful marker for immunophenotypic assessment of thymic neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Jevremovic
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN.
| | - Anja C Roden
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - Rhett P Ketterling
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - Paul J Kurtin
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - Ellen D McPhail
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
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Jaramillo MC, Briehl MM, Batinic-Haberle I, Tome ME. Manganese (III) meso-tetrakis N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl porphyrin acts as a pro-oxidant to inhibit electron transport chain proteins, modulate bioenergetics, and enhance the response to chemotherapy in lymphoma cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:89-100. [PMID: 25725417 PMCID: PMC4441837 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The manganese porphyrin, manganese (III) meso-tetrakis N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl porphyrin (MnTE-2-PyP(5+)), acts as a pro-oxidant in the presence of intracellular H2O2. Mitochondria are the most prominent source of intracellular ROS and important regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Due to the increased oxidants near and within the mitochondria, we hypothesized that the mitochondria are a target of the pro-oxidative activity of MnTE-2-PyP(5+) and that we could exploit this effect to enhance the chemotherapeutic response in lymphoma. In this study, we demonstrate that MnTE-2-PyP(5+) modulates the mitochondrial redox environment and sensitizes lymphoma cells to antilymphoma chemotherapeutics. MnTE-2-PyP(5+) increased dexamethasone-induced mitochondrial ROS and oxidation of the mitochondrial glutathione pool in lymphoma cells. The combination treatment induced glutathionylation of Complexes I, III, and IV in the electron transport chain, and decreased the activity of Complexes I and III, but not the activity of Complex IV. Treatment with the porphyrin and dexamethasone also decreased cellular ATP levels. Rho(0) malignant T-cells with impaired mitochondrial electron transport chain function were less sensitive to the combination treatment than wild-type cells. These findings suggest that mitochondria are important for the porphyrin's ability to enhance cell death. MnTE-2-PyP(5+) also augmented the effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), an antiglycolytic agent. In combination with 2DG, MnTE-2-PyP(5+) increased protein glutathionylation, decreased ATP levels more than 2DG treatment alone, and enhanced 2DG-induced cell death in primary B-ALL cells. MnTE-2-PyP(5+) did not enhance dexamethasone- or 2DG-induced cell death in normal cells. Our findings suggest that MnTE-2-PyP(5+) has potential as an adjuvant for the treatment of hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melba C Jaramillo
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Margaret M Briehl
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Margaret E Tome
- Medical Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Maehara T, Moriyama M, Kawano S, Hayashida JN, Furukawa S, Ohta M, Tanaka A, Yamauchi M, Ohyama Y, Kiyoshima T, Nakamura S. Cytokine profiles contribute to understanding the pathogenic difference between Good syndrome and oral lichen planus: two case reports and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e704. [PMID: 25860215 PMCID: PMC4554038 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We described and analyzed the pathogenic difference between Good syndrome (GS) and oral lichen planus (OLP) in oral mucosa. Good syndrome (GS) is a rare disease characterized by B and T cell immunodeficiency associated with hypogammaglobulinemia and thymoma. GS patients frequently develop oral lichenoid lesions with lymphocytic infiltration beneath the basal layer. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa characterized by destruction of basal cells by Langerhans cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes. Although the histological features of the lesions of both diseases are very similar, the pathogenesis of GS in the oral mucosa remains unknown. In this study, we thus investigated the expression of infiltrating lymphocyte subsets (CD3, CD20, CD4, and CD8) and T helper (Th) cytokines including interferon (IFN)-γ (Th1 type), interleukin (IL)-4 (Th2 type), IL-17 (Th17 type), and IL-10 (regulatory T cell type) by immunohistochemistry in buccal mucosa specimens from 2 GS patients compared with 15 OLP patients. All patients showed a predominance of CD3 T cells over CD20 B cells, and CD4 Th cells over CD8 cytotoxic T cells. This polarization was especially prominent in GS. IFN-γ and IL-10 were strongly detected in the infiltrating lymphocytes of all patients. However, IL-4 and IL-17 were detected in OLP patients only. These results suggest that the pathogenesis of GS is different from that of OLP. GS is a unique inflammatory disorder characterized by dysfunction of Th2 and Th17 immune reactions via abnormal T-B cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Maehara
- From the Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology (TM, MM, SK, J-NH, SF, MO, AT, MY, SN); Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (YO); and Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (YK)
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Riess JW, West R, Dean M, Klimowicz AC, Neal JW, Hoang C, Wakelee HA. GLI1, CTNNB1 and NOTCH1 protein expression in a thymic epithelial malignancy tissue microarray. Anticancer Res 2015; 35:669-676. [PMID: 25667444 PMCID: PMC5973531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Thymic epithelial tumors (TET) are rare. Wingless and INT (WNT), NOTCH and sonic hedgehog pathway interactions between thymocytes and thymic stroma are important to thymus and T-cell development. We analyzed a thymoma tissue microarray (TMA) for glioma associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1), NOTCH1 and catenin (cadherin-associated protein, beta 1) (CTNNB1) expression as surrogate markers of sonic hedgehog, NOTCH and WNT pathway activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS GLI1, NOTCH1 and CTNNB1 expression were assayed in a tissue microarray of 68 TET and eight benign thymus by fluorescent immunohistochemistry (AQUA) as surrogates for activity of the sonic hedgehog, NOTCH and WNT pathways respectively. RESULTS No difference in tumor GLI1 (mean 201 vs. 211, p=0.31), CTNNB1 (mean 222 vs. 306, p=0.66) or NOTCH1 expression (mean 317 vs. 325, p=0.82) was noted between thymic tumor and benign thymus. CONCLUSION No evidence for preferential expression of GLI1, NOTCH1 or CTNNB1 was noted. High-throughput immunofluorescence using AQUA technology can help overcome limitations of small sample size and tissue heterogeneity when analyzing protein expression in thymic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Riess
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, U.S.A. Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A.
| | - Robert West
- Department of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
| | - Michelle Dean
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Translational Research Laboratories, Alberta Health Services and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alex C Klimowicz
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Translational Research Laboratories, Alberta Health Services and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joel W Neal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
| | - Chuong Hoang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
| | - Heather A Wakelee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
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Karageorgiadis AS, Papadakis GZ, Biro J, Keil MF, Lyssikatos C, Quezado MM, Merino M, Schrump DS, Kebebew E, Patronas NJ, Hunter MK, Alwazeer MR, Karaviti LP, Balazs AE, Lodish MB, Stratakis CA. Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticotropin-releasing hormone co-secreting tumors in children and adolescents causing cushing syndrome: a diagnostic dilemma and how to solve it. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:141-8. [PMID: 25291050 PMCID: PMC4283025 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ectopic ACTH/CRH syndrome is a rare cause of Cushing syndrome (CS), especially in children. The localization, work-up, and management of ACTH/CRH-secreting tumors are discussed. SETTING A retrospective study was conducted of patients under 21 years of age evaluated at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for CS and diagnosed with ectopic ACTH/CRH-secreting tumors during the period 2009-2014. PATIENTS Seven patients with ectopic ACTH/CRH CS are included in this study with a median age 13.6 years (range 1-21), and 3 are female. MEASUREMENTS Clinical, biochemical, radiological features, treatment, and histological findings are described. RESULTS Seven patients were found to have ACTH/CRH-secreting tumors, all with neuroendocrine features. The site of the primary lesion varied: pancreas (3), thymus (2), liver (1), right lower pulmonary lobe (1). PATIENTS underwent biochemical evaluation for CS, including diurnal serum cortisol and ACTH levels, urinary free cortisol levels (UFC), and CRH stimulation tests. All patients underwent radiological investigations including MRI, CT, and PET scan; imaging with octreotide and 68 gallium DOTATATE scans were performed in individual cases. Five patients underwent inferior petrosal sinus sampling; 4 patients had sampling for ACTH and CRH levels from additional sites. Three patients underwent trans-sphenoidal surgery (TSS), and 3 patients required bilateral adrenalectomy. Three patients (43%) died due to metastatic disease, demonstrating the high mortality rate. One of the unique findings in these seven patients is that in each case, their neuroendocrine tumors were ultimately proven to be co-secreting ACTH and CRH. This explains the enigmatic presentation, in which 3 patients initially thought to have Cushing's disease (CD) with corresponding pituitary hyperplasia underwent TSS prior to the correct localization of the causative tumor. CONCLUSIONS Ectopic ACTH/CRH co-secreting tumors are extremely rare in children and adolescents. The diagnosis of this condition is frequently missed and is sometimes confused with CD due to the effect of CRH on the pituitary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Karageorgiadis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics (A.S.K., J.B., M.F.K., C.L., M.B.L., C.A.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Section of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (G.Z.P., N.J.P.), Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Laboratory of Pathology (M.M.Q., M.M.), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch (D.S.S.), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Endocrine Oncology Branch (E.K.), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Randall Children's Hospital at Legacy Emanuel (M.K.H.), Children's Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Portland, Oregon 97227; Department of Pediatrics (M.R.A., L.P.K., A.E.B.), Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Thomas A, Rajan A, Szabo E, Tomita Y, Carter CA, Scepura B, Lopez-Chavez A, Lee MJ, Redon CE, Frosch A, Peer CJ, Chen Y, Piekarz R, Steinberg SM, Trepel JB, Figg WD, Schrump DS, Giaccone G. A phase I/II trial of belinostat in combination with cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide in thymic epithelial tumors: a clinical and translational study. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5392-402. [PMID: 25189481 PMCID: PMC4216756 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase I/II study sought to determine the safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of a novel schedule of belinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC) administered before and in combination with cisplatin (P), doxorubicin (A), and cyclophosphamide (C) in thymic epithelial tumors (TET). Antitumor activity, pharmacokinetics, and biomarkers of response were also assessed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with advanced, unresectable TET received increasing doses of belinostat as a continuous intravenous infusion over 48 hours with chemotherapy in 3-week cycles. In phase II, belinostat at the MTD was used. RESULTS Twenty-six patients were enrolled (thymoma, 12; thymic carcinoma, 14). Dose-limiting toxicities at 2,000 mg/m(2) belinostat were grade 3 nausea and diarrhea and grade 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, respectively, in two patients. Twenty-four patients were treated at the MTD of 1,000 mg/m(2) with chemotherapy (P, 50 mg/m(2) on day 2; A, 25 mg/m(2) on days 2 and 3; C, 500 mg/m(2) on day 3). Objective response rates in thymoma and thymic carcinoma were 64% (95% confidence interval, 30.8%-89.1%) and 21% (4.7%-50.8%), respectively. Modulation of pharmacodynamic markers of HDAC inhibition and declines in regulatory T cell (Treg) and exhausted CD8(+) T-cell populations were observed. Decline in Tregs was associated with response (P = 0.0041) and progression-free survival (P = 0.021). Declines in TIM3(+) CD8(+) T cells were larger in responders than nonresponders (P = 0.049). CONCLUSION This study identified the MTD of belinostat in combination with PAC and indicates that the combination is active and feasible in TETs. Immunomodulatory effects on Tregs and TIM3(+) CD8(+) T cells warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Thomas
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Arun Rajan
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eva Szabo
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yusuke Tomita
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Corey A Carter
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Barbara Scepura
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ariel Lopez-Chavez
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christophe E Redon
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ari Frosch
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cody J Peer
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yuanbin Chen
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Richard Piekarz
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Seth M Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jane B Trepel
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William D Figg
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David S Schrump
- Thoracic Surgery Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Giuseppe Giaccone
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Tsubochi H, Endo T, Sogabe M, Endo S, Morinaga S, Dobashi Y. Solitary fibrous tumor of the thymus with variegated epithelial components. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7:7477-7484. [PMID: 25550783 PMCID: PMC4270521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Solitary fibrous tumor is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm, characterized by peculiar histological features composed by the proliferation of spindle cells in "patternless pattern". Although it has been known to sometimes be accompanied by epithelioid cells, the presence of a well-formed epithelial structure is far more rare. We describe herein the case of a 60-year-old female with the radiological finding of a single nodular lesion in the anterior mediastinum. Histopathological examination of the surgically resected specimen led to the diagnosis of solitary fibrous tumor of the thymus with a spectrum of well-formed epithelial components: i) glandular structure, reminiscent of breast or eccrine gland, ii) neural tube-like structure, and iii) clusters of endocrine-like cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the spindle cells expressed CD34, vimentin, bcl-2 and Stat-6, but not keratin (cytokeratin-AE1/AE3) or epithelial membrane antigen. In contrast, the epithelial components lost expression of most of these marker proteins, including Stat-6, but continued to express vimentin and strongly expressed keratin. Since no relevant past literature was found, the current case could be interpreted as a unique and previously undescribed variant of solitary fibrous tumor comprising conventional spindle cells with a spectrum of well-formed epithelial components. Pathogenesis that may have given rise to these variegated mixtures of spindle cells and epithelial components in a single tumor is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Tsubochi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical UniversitySaitama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Endo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical UniversitySaitama, Japan
| | - Masaya Sogabe
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical UniversitySaitama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Endo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical UniversitySaitama, Japan
| | - Shojiroh Morinaga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kitasato Institute HospitalTokyo, Japan
| | - Yoh Dobashi
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical UniversitySaitama, Japan
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Li X, Su J, Zhao L, Wu J, Ding X, Fang F, Wu Y, Sun H, Peng Y. Familial Cushing syndrome due to thymic carcinoids in a multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 kindred. Endocrine 2014; 47:183-90. [PMID: 24452869 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to present a familial Cushing syndrome (CS) caused by multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1)-associated thymic carcinoid. Immunohistochemistry, gene sequencing, loss of heterozygosity analysis, and Western blot were used to determine the expression of ACTH in MEN-1-related thymic tumors, MEN1 gene mutation, the pattern and extent of allelic deletion, and the expression of Menin in MEN-1-associated tumors, respectively. Tumor cells from thymus ectopic-secreted ACTH. A deletion involving the MEN1 gene locus was confirmed. The expression of Menin in MEN-1-associated tumors declined. To conclude, we presented an unusual kindred of MEN-1, which pointed out the significance of making screening of MEN-1 for both male and female patients with CS and thymic carcinoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Haining Road 100, Shanghai, 200080, China
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Miki Y, Hamada K, Yoshino T, Miyatani K, Takahashi K. Type AB thymoma is not a mixed tumor of type A and type B thymomas, but a distinct type of thymoma. Virchows Arch 2014; 464:725-34. [PMID: 24802113 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Type AB thymoma is generally regarded to be a mixture of type A and type B thymomas, but has not been studied extensively. In this study, we precisely investigated the characteristics of type AB thymoma immunohistochemically and compared it with other types of thymoma, including type A, metaplastic, and type B1 thymoma. In type A thymoma, the tumor cells were composed solely of pan-cytokeratin (CK-AE1/AE3)(+) claudin-1(+) vimentin(-) epithelial membrane antigen (EMA)(-) short spindle cells. Metaplastic thymoma exhibited biphasic architecture of epithelial islands of short spindle cells, which were phenotypically almost identical to the tumor cells in type A thymoma, and anastomosing bundles of CK-AE1/AE3(-) claudin-1(-) vimentin(+) EMA(+) fibroblast-like long spindle-shaped epithelial cells. Interestingly, we found that there were two distinctive subtypes of cell in type AB thymoma: the conventional subtype and the metaplastic subtype. The conventional subtype is characterized by type A-like components resembling type A thymoma. The metaplastic subtype is characterized by type A-like components extensively resembling the anastomosing bundles of fibroblast-like long spindle epithelial cells. Interestingly, the metaplastic subtype was a major subtype (14/19 cases), while the conventional subtype was a minor one (5/19 cases). In contrast to the rarity of metaplastic thymoma, the metaplastic subtype of type AB thymoma appears to be a major subtype of type AB thymoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Miki
- Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Science, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
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40
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Al-Ejeh F, Staudacher AH, Smyth DR, Darby JM, Denoyer D, Tsopelas C, Hicks RJ, Brown MP. Postchemotherapy and tumor-selective targeting with the La-specific DAB4 monoclonal antibody relates to apoptotic cell clearance. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:772-9. [PMID: 24676755 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.130559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Early identification of tumor responses to treatment is crucial for devising more effective and safer cancer treatments. No widely applicable, noninvasive method currently exists for specifically detecting tumor cell death after cytotoxic treatment and thus for predicting treatment outcomes. METHODS We have further characterized the targeting of the murine monoclonal antibody DAB4 specifically to dead tumor cells in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical samples. We found that sustained DAB4 binding to treated cells was closely associated with markers of intrinsic apoptosis and DNA double-strand break formation. In a competition binding assay, DAB4 bound EL4 murine thymic lymphoma cells in preference to the normal counterpart of murine thymocytes. Defective in vivo clearance of apoptotic cells augmented in vivo accumulation of DAB4 in tumors particularly after chemotherapy but was unchanged in normal tissues. Tumor targeting of DAB4 was selective for syngeneic murine tumors and for human tumor xenografts of prostate cancer (PC-3) and pancreatic cancer (Panc-1) before and more so after chemotherapy. Furthermore, DAB4 was shown to bind to dead primary acute lymphoblastic leukemic blasts cultured with cytotoxic drugs and dead epithelial cancer cells isolated from peripheral blood of small cell lung carcinoma patients given chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results further demonstrate the selectivity of DAB4 for chemotherapy-induced dead tumor cells. This postchemotherapy selectivity is related to a relative increase in the availability of DAB4-binding targets in tumor tissue rather than in normal tissues. The in vitro findings were translated in vivo to human xenograft models and to ex vivo analyses of clinical samples, providing further evidence of the potential of DAB4 as a marker of tumor cell death after DNA-damaging cytotoxic treatment that could be harnessed as a predictive marker of treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Al-Ejeh
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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41
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Moser B, Janik S, Schiefer AI, Müllauer L, Bekos C, Scharrer A, Mildner M, Rényi-Vámos F, Klepetko W, Ankersmit HJ. Expression of RAGE and HMGB1 in thymic epithelial tumors, thymic hyperplasia and regular thymic morphology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94118. [PMID: 24705787 PMCID: PMC3976415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a role of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) in myasthenia gravis was described. RAGE and its ligand high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) play key roles in autoimmunity and cancer. To test whether these molecules are involved in patients with thymic abnormalities we applied immunohistochemical analysis in 33 cases of thymic epithelial tumors, comprising 27 thymomas and 6 thymic carcinomas, and 21 nonneoplastic thymuses. Both molecules were detected in neoplastic epithelial cells: RAGE staining was most intense in WHO type B2 thymomas and thymic carcinomas (p<0.001). HMGB1 nuclear staining was strongest in A and AB, and gradually less in B1 = B2>B3>thymic carcinoma (p<0.001). Conversely, HMGB1 cytoplasmic staining intensities were as follows: A and AB (none), B1 (strong), B2 (moderate), B3 and thymic carcinoma (weak); (p<0.001). Fetal thymic tissue showed a distinct expression of RAGE and HMGB1 in subcapsular cortical epithelial cells which was found in 50% of myasthenic patients. Furthermore RAGE and HMGB1 were expressed in thymocytes, macrophages, Hassall's corpuscles, thymic medulla, and germinal center cells in myasthenic patients. Immunohistochemistry results were complemented by systemic measurements (immunosorbent assay): serum levels of soluble RAGE were significantly reduced in patients with epithelial tumors (p = 0.008); and in invasive tumors (p = 0.008). Whereas RAGE was equally reduced in thymic hyperplasia and epithelial tumors (p = 0.003), HMGB1 was only elevated in malignancies (p = 0.036). Results were most pronounced in thymic carcinomas. Thus, RAGE and HMGB1 are involved in the (patho-)physiology of thymus, as evidenced by differentiated thymic and systemic expression patterns that may act as diagnostic or therapeutic targets in autoimmune disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Moser
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefan Janik
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Christine Bekos
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Regeneration of Cardiac and Thoracic Diseases, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anke Scharrer
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ferenc Rényi-Vámos
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik Jan Ankersmit
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Regeneration of Cardiac and Thoracic Diseases, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Ströbel P, Hartmann E, Rosenwald A, Kalla J, Ott G, Friedel G, Schalke B, Kasahara M, Tomaru U, Marx A. Corticomedullary differentiation and maturational arrest in thymomas. Histopathology 2014; 64:557-66. [PMID: 24236644 DOI: 10.1111/his.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Morphological complexity hampers the histological classification of thymomas. Our aim was to determine whether the use of novel differentiation and maturation markers of cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cells (cTECs and mTECs) might provide an approach to understanding the underlying biology of these tumours. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty-seven thymomas were studied by immunohistochemistry. The cortical markers used were B5T, PRSS16, and cathepsin V. The medullary markers used were CD40, claudin-4, AIRE, and desmin. Involucrin and cytokeratin 10 were used to study terminal mTEC maturation. Irrespective of histological subtype, most thymomas contained distinct areas with cortical and medullary differentiation. Type B1, type B2 and type AB thymomas showed marked bi-lineage differentiation, with lack of terminal mTEC maturation in type AB. Type AB thymomas were unique in showing areas where cells with either cortical or medullary differentiation were intimately 'mixed' at the single-cell level. Type B3 and type A thymomas showed only abortive lineage differentiation and maturation. CONCLUSIONS Thymomas show highly characteristic patterns of bi-lineage TEC differentiation that reflect the histological subtypes recognized by the WHO classification. We hypothesize that thymomas arise from thymic precursor cells with different cortical and/or medullary maturation defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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43
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Tsuji H, Ishii-Ohba H, Shiomi T, Shiomi N, Katsube T, Mori M, Nenoi M, Ohno M, Yoshimura D, Oka S, Nakabeppu Y, Tatsumi K, Muto M, Sado T. Nature of nontargeted radiation effects observed during fractionated irradiation-induced thymic lymphomagenesis in mice. J Radiat Res 2013; 54:453-466. [PMID: 23297316 PMCID: PMC3650753 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrs128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the thymic microenvironment lead to radiation-induced thymic lymphomagenesis, but the phenomena are not fully understood. Here we show that radiation-induced chromosomal instability and bystander effects occur in thymocytes and are involved in lymphomagenesis in C57BL/6 mice that have been irradiated four times with 1.8-Gy γ-rays. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated in descendants of irradiated thymocytes during recovery from radiation-induced thymic atrophy. Concomitantly, descendants of irradiated thymocytes manifested DNA lesions as revealed by γ-H2AX foci, chromosomal instability, aneuploidy with trisomy 15 and bystander effects on chromosomal aberration induction in co-cultured ROS-sensitive mutant cells, suggesting that the delayed generation of ROS is a primary cause of these phenomena. Abolishing the bystander effect of post-irradiation thymocytes by superoxide dismutase and catalase supports ROS involvement. Chromosomal instability in thymocytes resulted in the generation of abnormal cell clones bearing trisomy 15 and aberrant karyotypes in the thymus. The emergence of thymic lymphomas from the thymocyte population containing abnormal cell clones indicated that clones with trisomy 15 and altered karyotypes were prelymphoma cells with the potential to develop into thymic lymphomas. The oncogene Notch1 was rearranged after the prelymphoma cells were established. Thus, delayed nontargeted radiation effects drive thymic lymphomagenesis through the induction of characteristic changes in intrathymic immature T cells and the generation of prelymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Tsuji
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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Somasundaram NP, Garusinghe C, Berney D, Grossman AB. A thymic carcinoid tumour causing Zollinger-Ellison and Cushing's syndromes due to ectopic ACTH and gastrin secretion. Hormones (Athens) 2013; 12:305-8. [PMID: 23933700 DOI: 10.14310/horm.2002.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Schalin-Jäntti C, Asa SL, Arola J, Sane T. Recurrent acute-onset Cushing's syndrome 6 years after removal of a thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma: from ectopic ACTH to CRH. Endocr Pathol 2013; 24:25-9. [PMID: 23233312 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-012-9228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe a rare case of ectopic Cushing's syndrome that recurred 6 years after resection of a thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma. We discuss reasons for the differing clinical presentations, management, hormone profiles, as well as immunopathology. A 41-year-old male developed acute-onset Cushing's syndrome. Clinical presentation and laboratory results were compatible with ectopic adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) production. Computerized tomography (CT) showed a 3.6 cm thymic tumor which was successfully resected. Plasma ACTH (P-ACTH) normalized the first postoperative day. Histopathology demonstrated a well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma with diffuse positivity for ACTH and focal corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) reactivity in a few scattered cells. The patient was in remission for 6 years. He then again presented with acute-onset Cushing's syndrome. Fluorine-labeled dihydroxyphenylalanine ((18)F-DOPA) PET/CT showed local uptake in the mediastinum and he underwent repeat resection. However, P-ACTH remained increased (613 ng/l) and 24-h urinary cortisol was 36,720 nmol, suggesting incomplete tumor removal or metastatic spread. Metyrapone treatment was initiated but then withdrawn because the patient spontaneously recovered and cortisol metabolism gradually normalized within 3 weeks. Histopathology demonstrated a recurrent neuroendocrine carcinoma with the same features as the previous lesion but this time CRH was strongly positive in more numerous cells. Normalization of P-ACTH after primary surgery was compatible with ectopic ACTH production. However, the delayed fall in P-ACTH and serum cortisol is compatible with ectopic CRH production and stimulation of pituitary ACTH secretion, which gradually resolved. Although ectopic CRH production is very rare, the unusual dynamics illustrated here should raise the possibility of CRH production by a neuroendocrine tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Schalin-Jäntti
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
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46
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Howard M, Farrar J, Hilfiker M, Johnson B, Takatsu K, Hamaoka T, Paul WE. Pillars article: Identification of a T cell-derived B cell growth factor distinct from interleukin 2. J. Exp. Med. 1982. 155: 914-923. J Immunol 2013; 190:864-873. [PMID: 23335802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Siew EL, Chan KM, Williams GT, Ross D, Inayat-Hussain SH. Protection of hydroquinone-induced apoptosis by downregulation of Fau is mediated by NQO1. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1616-24. [PMID: 22687461 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The Fau gene (Finkel-Biskis-Reilly murine sarcoma virus (FBR-MuSV)-associated ubiquitously expressed gene) was identified as a potential tumor suppressor gene using a forward genetics approach. Downregulation of Fau by overexpression of its reverse sequence has been shown to inhibit apoptosis induced by DNA-damaging agents. To address a potential role of Fau in benzene toxicity, we investigated the apoptotic effects of hydroquinone (HQ), a major benzene metabolite, in W7.2 mouse thymoma cells transfected with either a plasmid construct expressing the antisense sequence of Fau (rfau) or the empty vector (pcDNA3.1) as a control. HQ induced apoptosis via increased production of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage, measured using dihydroethidine (HE) staining and alkaline Comet assay, respectively, in W7.2 pcDNA3.1 cells. In contrast, when Fau was downregulated by the antisense sequence in W7.2 rfau cells, HQ treatment did not cause DNA damage and oxidative stress and these cells were markedly more resistant to HQ-induced apoptosis. Further investigation revealed that there was an upregulation of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), a detoxification enzyme for benzene-derived quinones, in W7.2 rfau cells. Compromising cellular NQO1 by use of a specific mechanism-based inhibitor (MAC 220) and NQO1 siRNA resensitized W7.2 rfau cells to HQ-induced apoptosis. Silencing of Fau in W7.2 wild-type cells resulted in increased levels of NQO1, confirming that downregulation of Fau results in NQO1 upregulation which protects against HQ-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Siew
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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48
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Schirosi L, Nannini N, Nicoli D, Cavazza A, Valli R, Buti S, Garagnani L, Sartori G, Calabrese F, Marchetti A, Buttitta F, Felicioni L, Migaldi M, Rea F, Di Chiara F, Mengoli MC, Rossi G. Activating c-KIT mutations in a subset of thymic carcinoma and response to different c-KIT inhibitors. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2409-2414. [PMID: 22357254 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To analyze a multi-institutional series of type C thymic carcinomas (TCs) (including neuroendocrine tumors), focusing on the expression and mutations of c-KIT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemical expression of c-KIT/CD117, p63, CD5 and neuroendocrine markers, as well as mutational analysis of c-KIT exons 9, 11, 13, 14, 17 by direct sequencing of 48 cases of TCs. Immunohistochemical and molecular data were statistically crossed with clinicopathological features. RESULTS Overall, 29 tumors (60%) expressed CD117, 69% were positive for CD5 and 85% (41 cases) for p63. Neuroendocrine markers stained all six atypical carcinoids and five poorly-differentiated thymic squamous cell carcinomas. Overall, six CD117-positive cases (12.5%) showed c-KIT mutation. No mutation was detected in CD117-negative tumors and carcinoids. All the mutations were found in poorly-differentiated thymic squamous cell carcinomas expressing CD117, CD5, p63 and lacking neuroendocrine markers (6 of 12 cases with these features). Mutations involved exon 11 (four cases: V559A, L576P, Y553N, W557R), exon 9 (E490K) and exon 17 (D820E). CONCLUSIONS All TCs need an immunohistochemical screening with CD117, while c-KIT mutation analysis is mandatory only in CD117-positive cases, particularly when coexpressing CD5 and p63, lacking neuroendocrine differentiation. The finding of c-KIT mutation can predict efficacy with different c-KIT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Schirosi
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, University Clinic Policlinico of Modena, Modena
| | - N Nannini
- Department of Diagnostic Medical Sciences and Special Therapies, Special Pathological Anatomy Section, University of Padua Medical School, Padova
| | - D Nicoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hospital St. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia
| | - A Cavazza
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, Hospital St. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia
| | - R Valli
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, Hospital St. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia
| | - S Buti
- Oncology Division, Hospital of Cremona, Cremona
| | - L Garagnani
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, University Clinic Policlinico of Modena, Modena
| | - G Sartori
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, University Clinic Policlinico of Modena, Modena
| | - F Calabrese
- Department of Diagnostic Medical Sciences and Special Therapies, Special Pathological Anatomy Section, University of Padua Medical School, Padova
| | - A Marchetti
- Center of Predictive Molecular Medicine, Center of Excellence on Aging, University of Chieti, Chieti
| | - F Buttitta
- Center of Predictive Molecular Medicine, Center of Excellence on Aging, University of Chieti, Chieti
| | - L Felicioni
- Center of Predictive Molecular Medicine, Center of Excellence on Aging, University of Chieti, Chieti
| | - M Migaldi
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, University Clinic Policlinico of Modena, Modena
| | - F Rea
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Padova, Italy
| | - F Di Chiara
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Padova, Italy
| | - M C Mengoli
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, University Clinic Policlinico of Modena, Modena
| | - G Rossi
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, University Clinic Policlinico of Modena, Modena.
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Wilkinson ST, Tome ME, Briehl MM. Mitochondrial adaptations to oxidative stress confer resistance to apoptosis in lymphoma cells. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:10212-10228. [PMID: 22949856 PMCID: PMC3431854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130810212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired resistance to drugs commonly used for lymphoma treatment poses a significant barrier to improving lymphoma patient survival. Previous work with a lymphoma tissue culture model indicates that selection for resistance to oxidative stress confers resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. This suggests that adaptation to chronic oxidative stress can contribute to chemoresistance seen in lymphoma patients. Oxidative stress-resistant WEHI7.2 cell variants in a lymphoma tissue culture model exhibit a range of apoptosis sensitivities. We exploited this phenotype to test for mitochondrial changes affecting sensitivity to apoptosis in cells made resistant to oxidative stress. We identified impaired release of cytochrome c, and the intermembrane proteins adenylate kinase 2 and Smac/DIABLO, indicating inhibition of the pathway leading to permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane. Blunting of a glucocorticoid-induced signal and intrinsic mitochondrial resistance to cytochrome c release contributed to both points of resistance. The level of Bcl-2 family members or a difference in Bim induction were not contributing factors. The extent of cardiolipin oxidation following dexamethasone treatment, however, did correlate with apoptosis resistance. The differences found in the variants were all proportionate to the degree of resistance to glucocorticoid treatment. We conclude that tolerance to oxidative stress leads to mitochondrial changes that confer resistance to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Margaret M. Briehl
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-520-626-6827; Fax: +1-520-626-1027
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Abstract
The Deleted in liver cancer one (Dlc1) tumor suppressor gene encodes a RhoGTPase activating protein (RhoGAP). The Dlc1 gene has multiple transcriptional isoforms and we have previously established a mouse strain containing a gene trap (gt) insertion, which specifically reduces the expression of the 6.1 kb isoform (isoform 2). This gene trapped allele when homozygous results in embryonic lethality and the heterozygous gene trapped mice do not show an increased incidence of cancers, suggesting that cooperating oncogenic changes may be required for transformation. In the present work, we have studied the in vivo cooperation between oncogenic K-Ras2 and Dlc1 genes in tumourigenesis. We have observed an increase in invasive thymic cancers, including both thymomas and lymphomas, resulting in significantly shortened life spans in mice heterozygous for the gt Dlc1 allele and an inducible LSL-K-Ras2G12D allele compared with the LSL-K-Ras2G12D only mice. The heterozygous mice showed a high degree of metastasis in the lung. We have found tumour specific selective hypermethylation of the Dlc1 isoform 2 promoter and reduction of the corresponding protein expression in thymic lymphoma (TL) and thymic epithelial carcinoma (TEC) derived from the thymic tumours. The Dlc1 deficient thymic lymphoma cell lines exhibited increased trans-endothelial cell migration. TEC cell lines also exhibited increased stress fiber formation and Rho activity. Introduction of the three Dlc1 isoforms tagged with GFP into these cells resulted in different morphological changes. These results suggest that loss of expression of only isoform 2 may be sufficient for the development of thymic tumors and metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Shape
- Cell Surface Extensions
- Chromosome Mapping
- CpG Islands
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- DNA Methylation
- GTPase-Activating Proteins/genetics
- GTPase-Activating Proteins/metabolism
- GTPase-Activating Proteins/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation, Missense
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- Stress Fibers/metabolism
- Thymoma/genetics
- Thymoma/metabolism
- Thymoma/secondary
- Thymus Neoplasms/genetics
- Thymus Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thymus Neoplasms/pathology
- Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/physiology
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Golam Sabbir
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Heather Prieditis
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Esther Ravinsky
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael R. A. Mowat
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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