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Hussain K, Liu R, Smith RCG, Müller KTJ, Ghorbani M, Macari S, Cleary KLS, Oldham RJ, Foxall RB, James S, Booth SG, Murray T, Dahal LN, Hargreaves CE, Kemp RS, Longley J, Douglas J, Markham H, Chee SJ, Stopforth RJ, Roghanian A, Carter MJ, Ottensmeier CH, Frendéus B, Cutress RI, French RR, Glennie MJ, Strefford JC, Thirdborough SM, Beers SA, Cragg MS. HIF activation enhances FcγRIIb expression on mononuclear phagocytes impeding tumor targeting antibody immunotherapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:131. [PMID: 35392965 PMCID: PMC8988350 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia is a hallmark of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and in addition to altering metabolism in cancer cells, it transforms tumor-associated stromal cells. Within the tumor stromal cell compartment, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) provide potent pro-tumoral support. However, TAMs can also be harnessed to destroy tumor cells by monoclonal antibody (mAb) immunotherapy, through antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). This is mediated via antibody-binding activating Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) and impaired by the single inhibitory FcγR, FcγRIIb. METHODS We applied a multi-OMIC approach coupled with in vitro functional assays and murine tumor models to assess the effects of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) activation on mAb mediated depletion of human and murine cancer cells. For mechanistic assessments, siRNA-mediated gene silencing, Western blotting and chromatin immune precipitation were utilized to assess the impact of identified regulators on FCGR2B gene transcription. RESULTS We report that TAMs are FcγRIIbbright relative to healthy tissue counterparts and under hypoxic conditions, mononuclear phagocytes markedly upregulate FcγRIIb. This enhanced FcγRIIb expression is transcriptionally driven through HIFs and Activator protein 1 (AP-1). Importantly, this phenotype reduces the ability of macrophages to eliminate anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) opsonized human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro and EL4 lymphoma cells in vivo in human FcγRIIb+/+ transgenic mice. Furthermore, post-HIF activation, mAb mediated blockade of FcγRIIb can partially restore phagocytic function in human monocytes. CONCLUSION Our findings provide a detailed molecular and cellular basis for hypoxia driven resistance to antitumor mAb immunotherapy, unveiling a hitherto unexplored aspect of the TME. These findings provide a mechanistic rationale for the modulation of FcγRIIb expression or its blockade as a promising strategy to enhance approved and novel mAb immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Rena Liu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Rosanna C G Smith
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kri T J Müller
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mohammadmersad Ghorbani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Cancer Genomics Group, Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sofia Macari
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kirstie L S Cleary
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Russell B Foxall
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Steven G Booth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Tom Murray
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Chantal E Hargreaves
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Robert S Kemp
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jemma Longley
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - James Douglas
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, Hampshire, UK
| | - Hannah Markham
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, Hampshire, UK
| | - Serena J Chee
- CRUK Southampton Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Richard J Stopforth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matthew J Carter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christian H Ottensmeier
- CRUK Southampton Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Bjorn Frendéus
- Preclinical Research, BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ramsey I Cutress
- CRUK Southampton Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jonathan C Strefford
- Cancer Genomics Group, Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen M Thirdborough
- CRUK Southampton Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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Sopp JM, Peters SJ, Rowley TF, Oldham RJ, James S, Mockridge I, French RR, Turner A, Beers SA, Humphreys DP, Cragg MS. On-target IgG hexamerisation driven by a C-terminal IgM tail-piece fusion variant confers augmented complement activation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1031. [PMID: 34475514 PMCID: PMC8413284 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of depleting monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs elicit responses via Fc-FcγR and Fc-C1q interactions. Optimal C1q interaction is achieved through hexameric Fc:Fc interactions at the target cell surface. Herein is described an approach to exploit the tailpiece of the naturally multimeric IgM to augment hexamerisation of IgG. Fusion of the C-terminal tailpiece of IgM promoted spontaneous hIgG hexamer formation, resulting in enhanced C1q recruitment and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) but with off-target complement activation and reduced in-vivo efficacy. Mutation of the penultimate tailpiece cysteine to serine (C575S) ablated spontaneous hexamer formation, but facilitated reversible hexamer formation after concentration in solution. C575S mutant tailpiece antibodies displayed increased complement activity only after target binding, in-line with the concept of 'on-target hexamerisation', whilst retaining efficient in-vivo efficacy and augmented target cell killing in the lymph node. Hence, C575S-tailpiece technology represents an alternative format for promoting on-target hexamerisation and enhanced CDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Sopp
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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3
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Yu X, James S, Felce JH, Kellermayer B, Johnston DA, Chan HTC, Penfold CA, Kim J, Inzhelevskaya T, Mockridge CI, Watanabe Y, Crispin M, French RR, Duriez PJ, Douglas LR, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS. TNF receptor agonists induce distinct receptor clusters to mediate differential agonistic activity. Commun Biol 2021; 4:772. [PMID: 34162985 PMCID: PMC8222242 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and natural ligands targeting costimulatory tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR) exhibit a wide range of agonistic activities and antitumor responses. The mechanisms underlying these differential agonistic activities remain poorly understood. Here, we employ a panel of experimental and clinically-relevant molecules targeting human CD40, 4-1BB and OX40 to examine this issue. Confocal and STORM microscopy reveal that strongly agonistic reagents induce clusters characterized by small area and high receptor density. Using antibody pairs differing only in isotype we show that hIgG2 confers significantly more receptor clustering than hIgG1 across all three receptors, explaining its greater agonistic activity, with receptor clustering shielding the receptor-agonist complex from further molecular access. Nevertheless, discrete receptor clustering patterns are observed with different hIgG2 mAb, with a unique rod-shaped assembly observed with the most agonistic mAb. These findings dispel the notion that larger receptor clusters elicit greater agonism, and instead point to receptor density and subsequent super-structure as key determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - David A Johnston
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Jinny Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Tatyana Inzhelevskaya
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Patrick J Duriez
- CRUK Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Leon R Douglas
- CRUK Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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4
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Yu X, Chan HTC, Fisher H, Penfold CA, Kim J, Inzhelevskaya T, Mockridge CI, French RR, Duriez PJ, Douglas LR, English V, Verbeek JS, White AL, Tews I, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS. Isotype Switching Converts Anti-CD40 Antagonism to Agonism to Elicit Potent Antitumor Activity. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:850-866.e7. [PMID: 32442402 PMCID: PMC7280789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) comprise agonists and antagonists, which display promising therapeutic activities in cancer and autoimmunity, respectively. We previously showed that epitope and isotype interact to deliver optimal agonistic anti-CD40 mAbs. The impact of Fc engineering on antagonists, however, remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that clinically relevant antagonists used for treating autoimmune conditions can be converted into potent FcγR-independent agonists with remarkable antitumor activity by isotype switching to hIgG2. One antagonist is converted to a super-agonist with greater potency than previously reported highly agonistic anti-CD40 mAbs. Such conversion is dependent on the unique disulfide bonding properties of the hIgG2 hinge. This investigation highlights the transformative capacity of the hIgG2 isotype for converting antagonists to agonists to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Hayden Fisher
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Jinny Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Tatyana Inzhelevskaya
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Patrick J Duriez
- CRUK Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Leon R Douglas
- CRUK Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Vikki English
- Pre-clinical Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ann L White
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Ivo Tews
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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5
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Carter MJ, Dahal LN, Cleary KLS, Marshall MJE, French RR, Beers SA, Cragg MS. Immunological Methods to Study Monoclonal Antibody Activity in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1881:173-184. [PMID: 30350206 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8876-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Over recent decades it has become increasingly apparent that malignant cells, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, do not exist in isolation. Rather they coalesce with numerous "normal" cells of the body and, in the case of CLL, inhabit key immunological niches within secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), where a plethora of stromal and immune cells mediate their growth and survival. With the advent and approval of targeted immune therapies such as monoclonal antibodies (mAb), which elicit their efficacy by engaging immune-mediated effector mechanisms, it is important to develop accurate methods to measure their activities. Here, we describe a series of reliable assays capable of measuring important antibody-mediated effector functions: antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) that measure these immune activities.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/instrumentation
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/instrumentation
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/methods
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Macrophages
- Mice
- Monocytes
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- Primary Cell Culture/instrumentation
- Primary Cell Culture/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Carter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - L N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - K L S Cleary
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - M J E Marshall
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - R R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - S A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - M S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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6
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Lohse S, Loew S, Kretschmer A, Jansen JHM, Meyer S, Ten Broeke T, Rösner T, Dechant M, Derer S, Klausz K, Kellner C, Schwanbeck R, French RR, Tipton TRW, Cragg MS, Schewe DM, Peipp M, Leusen JHW, Valerius T. Effector mechanisms of IgA antibodies against CD20 include recruitment of myeloid cells for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Br J Haematol 2018; 181:413-417. [PMID: 28449349 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lohse
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Loew
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Kretschmer
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - J H Marco Jansen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia Meyer
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Toine Ten Broeke
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thies Rösner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Dechant
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Elblandklinikum Riesa, Riesa, Germany
| | - Stefanie Derer
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Kellner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf Schwanbeck
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton, UK
| | - Thomas R W Tipton
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton, UK
| | - Denis M Schewe
- Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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7
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Yu X, Chan HTC, Orr CM, Dadas O, Booth SG, Dahal LN, Penfold CA, O'Brien L, Mockridge CI, French RR, Duriez P, Douglas LR, Pearson AR, Cragg MS, Tews I, Glennie MJ, White AL. Complex Interplay between Epitope Specificity and Isotype Dictates the Biological Activity of Anti-human CD40 Antibodies. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:664-675.e4. [PMID: 29576376 PMCID: PMC5896247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that promote or inhibit receptor function hold promise as therapeutics for cancer and autoimmunity. Rules governing their diverse range of functions, however, are lacking. Here we determined characteristics of nine hCD40 mAbs engaging epitopes throughout the CD40 extracellular region expressed as varying isotypes. All mAb formats were strong agonists when hyper-crosslinked; however, only those binding the membrane-distal cysteine-rich domain 1 (CRD1) retained agonistic activity with physiological Fc gamma receptor crosslinking or as human immunoglobulin G2 isotype; agonistic activity decreased as epitopes drew closer to the membrane. In addition, all CRD2-4 binding mAbs blocked CD40 ligand interaction and were potent antagonists. Thus, the membrane distal CRD1 provides a region of choice for selecting CD40 agonists while CRD2-4 provides antagonistic epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christian M Orr
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Osman Dadas
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Steven G Booth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lyn O'Brien
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Patrick Duriez
- Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Leon R Douglas
- Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Arwen R Pearson
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging & Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ivo Tews
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ann L White
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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8
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Turaj AH, Cox KL, Penfold CA, French RR, Mockridge CI, Willoughby JE, Tutt AL, Griffiths J, Johnson PWM, Glennie MJ, Levy R, Cragg MS, Lim SH. Augmentation of CD134 (OX40)-dependent NK anti-tumour activity is dependent on antibody cross-linking. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2278. [PMID: 29396470 PMCID: PMC5797108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD134 (OX40) is a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF). It acts as a costimulatory receptor on T cells, but its role on NK cells is poorly understood. CD137, another TNFRSF member has been shown to enhance the anti-tumour activity of NK cells in various malignancies. Here, we examine the expression and function of CD134 on human and mouse NK cells in B-cell lymphoma. CD134 was transiently upregulated upon activation of NK cells in both species. In contrast to CD137, induction of CD134 on human NK cells was dependent on close proximity to, or cell-to-cell contact with, monocytes or T cells. Stimulation with an agonistic anti-CD134 mAb but not CD134 ligand, increased IFNγ production and cytotoxicity of human NK cells, but this was dependent on simultaneous antibody:Fcγ receptor binding. In complementary murine studies, intravenous inoculation with BCL1 lymphoma into immunocompetent syngeneic mice resulted in transient upregulation of CD134 on NK cells. Combination treatment with anti-CD20 and anti-CD134 mAb produced a synergistic effect with durable remissions. This therapeutic benefit was abrogated by NK cell depletion and in Fcγ chain -/- mice. Hence, anti-CD134 agonists may enhance NK-mediated anti-tumour activity in an Fcγ receptor dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Turaj
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jane E Willoughby
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Alison L Tutt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jordana Griffiths
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ronald Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sean H Lim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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9
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Lai C, August S, Albibas A, Behar R, Cho SY, Polak ME, Theaker J, MacLeod AS, French RR, Glennie MJ, Al-Shamkhani A, Healy E. OX40+ Regulatory T Cells in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Suppress Effector T-Cell Responses and Associate with Metastatic Potential. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4236-48. [PMID: 27034329 PMCID: PMC4987192 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common human cancer with metastatic potential. Despite T cells accumulating around cSCCs, these tumors continue to grow and persist. To investigate reasons for failure of T cells to mount a protective response in cSCC, we focused on regulatory T cells (Tregs) as this suppressive population is well represented among the infiltrating lymphocytes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Flow cytometry was conducted on cSCC lymphocytes and in vitro functional assays were performed using sorted tumoral T cells. Lymphocyte subsets in primary cSCCs were quantified immunohistochemically. RESULTS FOXP3(+) Tregs were more frequent in cSCCs than in peripheral blood (P < 0.0001, n = 86 tumors). Tumoral Tregs suppressed proliferation of tumoral effector CD4(+) (P = 0.005, n = 10 tumors) and CD8(+) T cells (P = 0.043, n = 9 tumors) and inhibited IFNγ secretion by tumoral effector T cells (P = 0.0186, n = 11 tumors). The costimulatory molecule OX40 was expressed predominantly on tumoral Tregs (P < 0.0001, n = 15 tumors) and triggering OX40 with an agonist anti-OX40 antibody overcame the suppression exerted by Tregs, leading to increased tumoral effector CD4(+) lymphocyte proliferation (P = 0.0098, n = 10 tumors). Tregs and OX40(+) lymphocytes were more abundant in primary cSCCs that metastasized than in primary cSCCs that had not metastasized (n = 48 and n = 49 tumors, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Tregs in cSCCs suppress effector T-cell responses and are associated with subsequent metastasis, suggesting a key role for Tregs in cSCC development and progression. OX40 agonism reversed the suppressive effects of Tregs in vitro, suggesting that targeting OX40 could benefit the subset of cSCC patients at high risk of metastasis. Clin Cancer Res; 22(16); 4236-48. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester Lai
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom. Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Suzannah August
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom. Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Amel Albibas
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ramnik Behar
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Shin-Young Cho
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marta E Polak
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Theaker
- Histopathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ruth R French
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Healy
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom. Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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10
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Tutt AL, James S, Laversin SA, Tipton TRW, Ashton-Key M, French RR, Hussain K, Vaughan AT, Dou L, Earley A, Dahal LN, Lu C, Dunscombe M, Chan HTC, Penfold CA, Kim JH, Potter EA, Mockridge CI, Roghanian A, Oldham RJ, Cox KL, Lim SH, Teige I, Frendéus B, Glennie MJ, Beers SA, Cragg MS. Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Mouse and Human Fcγ Receptors. J Immunol 2015; 195:5503-16. [PMID: 26512139 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
FcγRs are key regulators of the immune response, capable of binding to the Fc portion of IgG Abs and manipulating the behavior of numerous cell types. Through a variety of receptors, isoforms, and cellular expression patterns, they are able to fine-tune and direct appropriate responses. Furthermore, they are key determinants of mAb immunotherapy, with mAb isotype and FcγR interaction governing therapeutic efficacy. Critical to understanding the biology of this complex family of receptors are reagents that are robust and highly specific for each receptor. In this study, we describe the development and characterization of mAb panels specific for both mouse and human FcγR for use in flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and immunocytochemistry. We highlight key differences in expression between the two species and also patterns of expression that will likely impact on immunotherapeutic efficacy and translation of therapeutic agents from mouse to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Tutt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stéphanie A Laversin
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas R W Tipton
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Margaret Ashton-Key
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew T Vaughan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lang Dou
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alexander Earley
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Chen Lu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Melanie Dunscombe
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jinny H Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elizabeth A Potter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sean H Lim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
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11
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Glennie MJ, Al-Shamkhani A, Beers SA, White AL, Johnson PW, French RR, Cragg MS. Abstract IA06: Designing immunostimulatory antibodies for cancer treatment. Cancer Immunol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.tumimm14-ia06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Immunomodulatory mAb, led by the checkpoint blockers against CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1, are changing the outlook for a number of difficult to manage cancers, such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer, and look set to become blockbuster drugs in the near future. While there is still some uncertainty concerning how these reagents work, it is generally agreed that they target exhausted effector T cells and Tregs within the tumour tissue. An alternative way to regulate anti-cancer T cells is using immunostimulatory mAb which trigger activatory T-cell co-receptors, often of the TNF receptor superfamily. Interestingly, most preclinical models show that immunostimulatory mAb are as good if not better than checkpoint blockers in terms of therapeutic potency. However, other than some limited success with anti-CD40 mAb in pancreatic cancer, immunostimulatory mAb have yet to display the level of clinical success seen with the checkpoint blockers. In this lecture we will discuss the mechanisms of action of these two groups of reagents and explore how differences in the rodent and human antibody effector functions might explain why immunostimulatory mAb have not performed as well in patients. We will show how the mouse inhibitory Fc gamma Receptor (FcγR), FcγRIIB, plays a critical role in hyper-crosslinking agonistic anti-TNFR mAb, yet in humans the equivalent receptor is less available to perform this function. We will also discuss how this knowledge is being used to engineer new immunostimulatory mAb which can exploit human FcγR effectively, or even mAb which can operate independently of FcγR with the opportunity of potent agonistic function regardless of bio-availability of FcγR.
Citation Format: Martin J. Glennie, Aymen Al-Shamkhani, Stephen A. Beers, Ann L. White, Peter W. Johnson, Ruth R. French, Mark S. Cragg. Designing immunostimulatory antibodies for cancer treatment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy: A New Chapter; December 1-4, 2014; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2015;3(10 Suppl):Abstract nr IA06.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ann L. White
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mark S. Cragg
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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12
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White AL, Chan HTC, French RR, Willoughby J, Mockridge CI, Roghanian A, Penfold CA, Booth SG, Dodhy A, Polak ME, Potter EA, Ardern-Jones MR, Verbeek JS, Johnson PWM, Al-Shamkhani A, Cragg MS, Beers SA, Glennie MJ. Conformation of the human immunoglobulin G2 hinge imparts superagonistic properties to immunostimulatory anticancer antibodies. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:138-48. [PMID: 25500122 PMCID: PMC4297290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs that stimulate antitumor immunity are transforming cancer treatment but require optimization for maximum clinical impact. Here, we show that, unlike other immunoglobulin isotypes, human IgG2 (h2) imparts FcγR-independent agonistic activity to immune-stimulatory mAbs such as anti-CD40, -4-1BB, and -CD28. Activity is provided by a subfraction of h2, h2B, that is structurally constrained due its unique arrangement of hinge region disulfide bonds. Agonistic activity can be transferred from h2 to h1 by swapping their hinge and CH1 domains, and substitution of key hinge and CH1 cysteines generates homogenous h2 variants with distinct agonistic properties. This provides the exciting opportunity to engineer clinical reagents with defined therapeutic activity regardless of FcγR expression levels in the local microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L White
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jane Willoughby
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Steven G Booth
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ali Dodhy
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Marta E Polak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Potter
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Michael R Ardern-Jones
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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13
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Hussain K, Hargreaves CE, Roghanian A, Oldham RJ, Chan HTC, Mockridge CI, Chowdhury F, Frendéus B, Harper KS, Strefford JC, Cragg MS, Glennie MJ, Williams AP, French RR. Upregulation of FcγRIIb on monocytes is necessary to promote the superagonist activity of TGN1412. Blood 2015; 125:102-10. [PMID: 25395427 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-593061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-CD28 superagonist antibody TGN1412 caused life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in healthy volunteers, which had not been predicted by preclinical testing. T cells in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) do not respond to soluble TGN1412 but do respond following high-density (HD) preculture. We show for the first time that this response is dependent on crystallizable fragment gamma receptor IIb (FcγRIIb) expression on monocytes. This was unexpected because, unlike B cells, circulating monocytes express little or no FcγRIIb. However, FcγRIIb expression is logarithmically increased on monocytes during HD preculture, and this upregulation is necessary and sufficient to explain TGN1412 potency after HD preculture. B-cell FcγRIIb expression is unchanged by HD preculture, but B cells can support TGN1412-mediated T-cell proliferation when added at a frequency higher than that in PBMCs. Although low-density (LD) precultured PBMCs do not respond to TGN1412, T cells from LD preculture are fully responsive when cocultured with FcγRIIb-expressing monocytes from HD preculture, which shows that they are fully able to respond to TGN1412-mediated activation. Our novel findings demonstrate that cross-linking by FcγRIIb is critical for the superagonist activity of TGN1412 after HD preculture, and this may contribute to CRS in humans because of the close association of FcγRIIb-bearing cells with T cells in lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Chantal E Hargreaves
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdousi Chowdhury
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bjorn Frendéus
- Preclinical Research, BioInvent International AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kirsty S Harper
- Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd, Woolley Road, Alconbury, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Williams
- Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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14
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White AL, Dou L, Chan HTC, Field VL, Mockridge CI, Moss K, Williams EL, Booth SG, French RR, Potter EA, Butts C, Al-Shamkhani A, Cragg MS, Verbeek JS, Johnson PWM, Glennie MJ, Beers SA. Fcγ receptor dependency of agonistic CD40 antibody in lymphoma therapy can be overcome through antibody multimerization. J Immunol 2014; 193:1828-35. [PMID: 25024386 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory mAbs, led by the anti-CTLA4 mAb ipilimumab, are an exciting new class of drugs capable of promoting anticancer immunity and providing durable control of some tumors. Close analysis of a number of agents has revealed a critical yet variable role for Fcγ receptors in their efficacy. In this article, we reveal that agonistic anti-CD40 mAbs have an absolute requirement for cross-linking by inhibitory FcγRIIB when used systemically to treat established BCL1 syngeneic lymphoma, and therapy is lost when using a mouse IgG2a mAb not cross-linked by FcγRIIB. Furthermore, in FcγRIIB-deficient mice the lymphoma itself can provide FcγRIIB to cross-link anti-CD40 on neighboring cells, and only when this is blocked does therapy fail. The dependence on FcγRIIB for immunostimulatory activity was not absolute, however, because when anti-CD40 mAbs were administered systemically with the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid or were given subcutaneously, activatory FcγR could also provide cross-linking. Using this mechanistic insight, we designed multimeric forms of anti-CD40 mAb with intrinsic FcγR-independent activity that were highly effective in the treatment of lymphoma-bearing mice. In conclusion, FcγR-independent anti-CD40 activation is a viable strategy in vivo. These findings have important translational implications, as humans, unlike mice, do not have IgG that binds strongly to FcγRIIB; therefore FcγR-independent derivatives represent an attractive therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L White
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Lang Dou
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Vikki L Field
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Kane Moss
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L Williams
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G Booth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Potter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Cherié Butts
- Immunology Research, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Southampton Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom;
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15
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Williams EL, Tutt AL, Beers SA, French RR, Chan CHT, Cox KL, Roghanian A, Penfold CA, Butts CL, Boross P, Verbeek JS, Cragg MS, Glennie MJ. Immunotherapy Targeting Inhibitory Fcγ Receptor IIB (CD32b) in the Mouse Is Limited by Monoclonal Antibody Consumption and Receptor Internalization. J I 2013; 191:4130-40. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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White AL, Chan HTC, French RR, Beers SA, Cragg MS, Johnson PWM, Glennie MJ. FcγRΙΙB controls the potency of agonistic anti-TNFR mAbs. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:941-8. [PMID: 23543215 PMCID: PMC11029075 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Isotype plays a crucial role in therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) function, mediated in large part through differences in Fcγ receptor (FcγR) interaction. Monoclonal Abs such as rituximab and alemtuzumab, which bind target cells directly, are designed for efficient recruitment of immune effector cells through their activatory FcγR engagement to mediate maximal target cell killing. In this setting, binding to inhibitory FcγRIIB is thought to inhibit function, making mAbs with high activatory/inhibitory (A/I) FcγR binding ratios, such as mouse IgG2a and human IgG1, the first choice for this role. In contrast, exciting new data show that agonistic mAbs directed against the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member CD40 require interaction with FcγRIIB for in vivo function. Such ligation activates antigen-presenting cells, promotes myeloid and CTL responses and potentially stimulates effective anti-cancer immunity. It appears that the role of FcγRIIB is to mediate mAb hyper-crosslinking to allow CD40 downstream intracellular signalling. Previous work has shown that mAbs directed against other TNFR family members, Fas and death receptor 5 and probably death receptor 4, also require FcγRIIB hyper-crosslinking to promote target cell apoptosis, suggesting a common mechanism of action. In mouse models, IgG1 is optimal for these agents as it binds to FcγRIIB with tenfold higher affinity than IgG2a and hence has a relatively low A:I FcγR binding ratio. In contrast, human IgG isotypes have a universally low affinity for FcγRIIB, but in the case of human IgG1, engineering the Fc to increase its affinity for FcγRIIB can potentially overcome this problem. Thus, modifying the A/I binding ratio of human IgG Fc can be used to optimise different types of therapeutic activity by enhancing cytotoxic or hyper-crosslinking function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L White
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, MP88, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton University Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 0XA, UK.
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17
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King BC, Hamblin AD, Savage PM, Douglas LR, Hansen TH, French RR, Johnson PWM, Glennie MJ. Antibody-peptide-MHC fusion conjugates target non-cognate T cells to kill tumour cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1093-105. [PMID: 23604105 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to generate robust anti-tumour cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses using immunotherapy are frequently thwarted by exhaustion and anergy of CTL recruited to tumour. One strategy to overcome this is to retarget a population of virus-specific CTL to kill tumour cells. Here, we describe a proof-of-principle study using a bispecific conjugate designed to retarget ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CTL to kill tumour cells via CD20. A single-chain trimer (SCT) consisting of MHCI H-2K(b)/SIINFEKL peptide/beta 2 microglobulin/BirA was expressed in bacteria, refolded and chemically conjugated to one (1:1; F2) or two (2:1; F3) anti-hCD20 Fab' fragments. In vitro, the [SCT × Fab'] (F2 and F3) redirected SIINFEKL-specific OT-I CTL to kill CD20(+) target cells, and in the presence of CD20(+) target cells to provide crosslinking, they were also able to induce proliferation of OT-I cells. In vivo, activated OT-I CTL could be retargeted to kill [SCT × Fab']-coated B cells from hCD20 transgenic (hCD20 Tg) mice and also EL4 and B16 mouse tumour cells expressing human CD20 (hCD20). Importantly, in a hCD20 Tg mouse model, [SCT × Fab'] administered systemically were able to retarget activated OT-I cells to deplete normal B cells, and their performance matched that of a bispecific antibody (BsAb) comprising anti-CD3 and anti-CD20. [SCT × Fab'] were also active therapeutically in an EL4 tumour model. Furthermore, measurement of serum cytokine levels suggests that [SCT × Fab'] are associated with a lower level of inflammatory cytokine release than the BsAb and so may be advantageous clinically in terms of reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben C King
- Antibody and Vaccine Group MP88, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, General Hospital, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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18
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Williams EL, Tutt AL, French RR, Chan HTC, Lau B, Penfold CA, Mockridge CI, Roghanian A, Cox KL, Verbeek JS, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS. Development and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific for the murine inhibitory FcγRIIB (CD32B). Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2109-20. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Williams
- Antibody and Vaccine Group; Cancer Sciences Unit; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; General Hospital; Southampton; UK
| | - Alison L. Tutt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group; Cancer Sciences Unit; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; General Hospital; Southampton; UK
| | - Ruth R. French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group; Cancer Sciences Unit; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; General Hospital; Southampton; UK
| | - H. T. Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group; Cancer Sciences Unit; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; General Hospital; Southampton; UK
| | - Betty Lau
- Antibody and Vaccine Group; Cancer Sciences Unit; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; General Hospital; Southampton; UK
| | - Christine A. Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group; Cancer Sciences Unit; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; General Hospital; Southampton; UK
| | - C. Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group; Cancer Sciences Unit; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; General Hospital; Southampton; UK
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group; Cancer Sciences Unit; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; General Hospital; Southampton; UK
| | - Kerry L. Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group; Cancer Sciences Unit; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; General Hospital; Southampton; UK
| | - J. Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics; Leiden University Medical Centre; Leiden; The Netherlands
| | - Martin J. Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group; Cancer Sciences Unit; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; General Hospital; Southampton; UK
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group; Cancer Sciences Unit; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; General Hospital; Southampton; UK
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19
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White AL, Chan HTC, Roghanian A, French RR, Mockridge CI, Tutt AL, Dixon SV, Ajona D, Verbeek JS, Al-Shamkhani A, Cragg MS, Beers SA, Glennie MJ. Interaction with FcγRIIB is critical for the agonistic activity of anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody. J Immunol 2011; 187:1754-63. [PMID: 21742972 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A high activatory/inhibitory FcγR binding ratio is critical for the activity of mAb such as rituximab and alemtuzumab that attack cancer cells directly and eliminate them by recruiting immune effectors. Optimal FcγR binding profiles of other anti-cancer mAb, such as immunostimulatory mAb that stimulate or block immune receptors, are less clear. In this study, we analyzed the importance of isotype and FcγR interactions in controlling the agonistic activity of the anti-mouse CD40 mAb 3/23. Mouse IgG1 (m1) and IgG2a (m2a) variants of the parental 3/23 (rat IgG2a) were engineered and used to promote humoral and cellular responses against OVA. The mouse IgG1 3/23 was highly agonistic and outperformed the parental Ab when promoting Ab (10-100-fold) and T cell (OTI and OTII) responses (2- to >10-fold). In contrast, m2a was almost completely inactive. Studies in FcγR knockout mice demonstrated a critical role for the inhibitory FcγRIIB in 3/23 activity, whereas activatory FcγR (FcγRI, -III, and -IV) was dispensable. In vitro experiments established that the stimulatory effect of FcγRIIB was mediated through Ab cross-linking delivered in trans between neighboring cells and did not require intracellular signaling. Intriguingly, activatory FcγR provided effective cross-linking of 3/23 m2a in vitro, suggesting the critical role of FcγRIIB in vivo reflects its cellular distribution and bioavailability as much as its affinity for a particular Ab isotype. In conclusion, we demonstrate an essential cross-linking role for the inhibitory FcγRIIB in anti-CD40 immunostimulatory activity and suggest that isotype will be an important issue when optimizing reagents for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L White
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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20
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Abstract
The last decade has seen the monoclonal antibody (mAb), rituximab, transform clinical management of many non-Hodgkin lymphomas and more recently provide new opportunities for controlling autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Although not yet fully determined, the explanation for this success appears to lie with the inherent properties of its target, CD20, which allow rituximab to recruit potent cytotoxic effectors with unusual efficiency. In this review we detail the properties of CD20 that make it such an effective therapeutic target and describe how different mAbs change the membrane distribution and internalization of CD20 and have distinct modes of cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Beers
- Tenovus Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton School of Medicine, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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21
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Abstract
Antibodies to CD20 have confirmed the hypothesis that monoclonal reagents can be given in vivo to alleviate human diseases. The targeting of CD20 on normal, malignant and auto-immune B-lymphocytes by rituximab has demonstrated substantial benefits for patients with a variety of B-cell lymphomas, as well as some with autoimmune disorders. There has been a notable increase in the survival rates from B-cell lymphoma in the decade since anti-CD20 therapy was introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean H Lim
- Tenovus Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division, Southampton University School of Medicine, General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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22
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Gray JC, French RR, James S, Al-Shamkhani A, Johnson PW, Glennie MJ. Optimising anti-tumour CD8 T-cell responses using combinations of immunomodulatory antibodies. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2499-511. [PMID: 18792403 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory mAb as vaccine adjuvants for the treatment of cancer hold considerable potential for boosting weak responses when used against immunogenic tumours, or in combination with various other vaccines. We now show that when administered with OVA, the combination of anti-4-1BB mAb with anti-CD40, anti-OX40 or anti-CD25 resulted in a fourfold enhancement in the antigen-specific T-cell response compared with anti-4-1BB mAb alone, with a similar enhancement in memory responses following rechallenge with OVA. Although the number of antigen-specific T-cells generated after treatment with each of the combinations was similar, marked functional differences were detected. In particular, anti-4-1BB/anti-CD25 resulted in excellent expansion of specific CD8+ T cells but produced fewer IFN-gamma-secreting effector cells than the other combinations. Anti-4-1BB/anti-OX40 proved to be the most potent, inducing the most effective T-cell responses in the RIPmOVA diabetes model with adoptively transferred OVA-specific T cells, and, when given with a peptide vaccine, protecting mice against the poorly immunogenic B16-F10 tumour. Overall the results suggest that although these combinations of mAb look promising in terms of their therapeutic potential, further functional assays are needed to compare their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet C Gray
- Tenovus Research Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division, Southampton University School of Medicine, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
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23
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Castro FVV, Tutt AL, White AL, Teeling JL, James S, French RR, Glennie MJ. CD11c provides an effective immunotarget for the generation of both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2263-73. [PMID: 18651710 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude and quality of T cell responses generated when Ag is targeted to receptors on DC is influenced by both the specific receptor targeted and its distribution among DC subsets. Here we examine the targeting of the model Ag OVA to potential DC targets, including CD11c, CD205, MHC class II, CD40, TLR2 and FcgammaRII/III, using a panel of (Fab' x OVA) conjugates. In vitro studies identified CD11c, CD205 and MHC class II as superior and comparably effective immunotargets for the delivery of OVA to APC for presentation to T cells. In vivo studies, however, showed a marked advantage of targeting Ag to CD11c for both CD4 (OT-II) and CD8 (OT-I) responses, with robust stimulation after a single, low dose (equivalent to 0.5 microg OVA); in contrast, (anti-CD205 x OVA) and (anti-MHC class II x OVA) resulted in markedly less proliferation of both OT-I and OT-II cells. Biodistribution and immunohistochemical studies suggest that the exceptional ability of CD11c to capture Ag in lymphoid tissues may, at least partially, explain its ability to promote T cell responses. These results suggest that targeting antigen via CD11c offers a previously unappreciated strategy for vaccine development which, unlike most targets, delivers robust responses of both CD4 and CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda V V Castro
- Tenovus Research Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division, Southampton University School of Medicine, Southampton, UK
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24
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Walshe CA, Beers SA, French RR, Chan CHT, Johnson PW, Packham GK, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS. Induction of cytosolic calcium flux by CD20 is dependent upon B Cell antigen receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:16971-84. [PMID: 18426802 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708459200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) rituximab is now routinely used for the treatment of non-Hodgkins lymphoma and is being examined in a wide range of other B-cell disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Despite intensive study, the mechanism of action still remains uncertain. In the current study, anti-CD20 mAb-induced calcium signaling was investigated. Previously, we grouped anti-CD20 mAbs into Type I (rituximab-like) and Type II (B1-like) based upon various characteristics such as their ability to induce complement activation and redistribute CD20 into detergent-insoluble membrane domains. Here we show that only Type I mAbs are capable of inducing a calcium flux in B cells and that this is tightly correlated with the expression of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR). Inhibitor analysis revealed that the signaling cascade employed by CD20 was strikingly similar to that utilized by the BCR, with inhibitors of Syk, Src, and PI3K, but not EGTA, p38, or ERK1/2, completely ablating calcium flux. Furthermore, binding of Type I but not Type II mAbs caused direct association of CD20 with the BCR as measured by FRET and resulted in the phosphorylation of BCR-specific adaptor proteins BLNK and SLP-76. Crucially, variant Ramos cells lacking BCR expression but with unchanged CD20 expression were completely unable to induce calcium flux following ligation of CD20. Collectively, these data indicate that CD20 induces cytosolic calcium flux through its ability to associate with and "hijack" the signaling potential of the BCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Walshe
- Cancer Sciences Division, General Hospital, Southampton University School of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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25
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Abstract
CD20 is a cell-surface marker expressed on mature B cells and most malignant B cells, but not stem or plasma cells. It is an ideal target for monoclonal antibodies (mAb), such as rituximab and ofatumumab, as it is expressed at high levels on most B-cell malignancies, but does not become internalized or shed from the plasma membrane following mAb treatment. This allows mAb to persist on the cell surface for extended periods and deliver sustained immunological attack from complement and FcR-expressing innate effectors, particularly macrophages. CD20 can also generate transmembrane signals when engaged by certain mAb which, although unproven, might provide an important element of the therapeutic success of anti-CD20 mAb. These favourable characteristics have led to anti-CD20 mAb being developed and exploited for use in immunotherapy, where they have proven remarkably efficacious in both the treatment of malignant disease and autoimmune disorders by deleting malignant or normal B cells, respectively. In this review, we discuss how these mAb have driven research in the immunotherapy field over the last decade, detail their likely modes of action and their limitations in terms of effector exhaustion, and explore ways in which they might be enhanced and further exploited in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Glennie
- Tenovus Research Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division, Southampton University School of Medicine, General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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26
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French RR, Taraban VY, Crowther GR, Rowley TF, Gray JC, Johnson PW, Tutt AL, Al-Shamkhani A, Glennie MJ. Eradication of lymphoma by CD8 T cells following anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody therapy is critically dependent on CD27 costimulation. Blood 2007; 109:4810-5. [PMID: 17311995 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-11-057216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence points to the potential of agonistic anti-CD40 mAbs as adjuvants for vaccination against cancer. These appear to act by maturing dendritic cells (DCs) and allowing them to prime CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Although it is well established that optimal T-cell priming requires costimulation via B7:CD28, recent studies emphasize the contribution of TNF receptors to this process. To understand how anti-CD40 mAbs trigger effective antitumor immunity, we investigated the role of TNFR superfamily members CD27 and 4-1BB in the generation of this immunity and showed that, although partially dependent on 4-1BB:4-1BBL engagement, it is completely reliant on CD27:CD70 interactions. Importantly, blocking CD70, and to some extent 4-1BBL, during anti-CD40 treatment prevented accumulation of tumor-reactive T cells and subsequent tumor protection. However, it did not influence changes in DC number, phenotype, nor the activity of CTLs once immunity was established. We conclude that CD27:CD70 and 4-1BB:4-1BBL interactions are needed for DC-driven accumulation of antitumor CTLs following anti-CD40 mAb treatment. Finally, in support of the critical role for CD70:CD27, we show for the first time that agonistic anti-CD27 mAbs given without a DC maturation signal completely protect tumor-bearing mice and provide a highly potent reagent for boosting antitumor T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth R French
- Cancer Sciences Division, School of Medicine, Tenovus Research Laboratory, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
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27
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Savage P, Dyson J, Milrain M, Mathews D, King B, Chan HTC, Barber L, Epenetos A, Ogg G, McMichael A, Glennie MJ, French RR. Immunotherapy with Antibody-Targeted HLA Class I Complexes: Results of in vivo Tumour Cell Killing and Therapeutic Vaccination. Tumour Biol 2007; 28:205-11. [PMID: 17709989 DOI: 10.1159/000107416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The delivery of antibody-targeted major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I complexes containing immunogenic peptides to the surface of tumour cells allows cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) of non-tumour specificity to recognise and kill the tumour cell. Previous studies have demonstrated the activity of this system in vitro and in a simple pre-clinical model. This system has also been shown to be an effective method of expanding antigen-specific CTLs in vitro when used to target MHC class I complexes to the surface of B cells. METHODS Mice were immunised with ovalbumin and the survival of EL4Hu20 lymphoma cells targeted with H2-D(b)/Ova complexes and control MHC complexes was compared by FACS analysis. A tumour protection assay was performed where immunised mice were injected B16Hu20 melanoma cells targeted with H2-K(b)/Ova or control complexes. T cell expansion in vivo was examined by administering B cells targeted with MHC class I/peptide complexes and assessing T cell expansion by tetramer analysis. RESULTS In vivo killing of H2-D(b)/Ova-targeted lymphoma cells in the immunised mice was demonstrated with these cells present at only 12% of the level of the control cells. In contrast, in non-immunised mice the survival of H2-D(b)/Ova-targeted and control cells was comparable. In the tumour protection assay, injection of melanoma cells targeted with H2-K(b)/Ova complexes resulted in the development of only a solitary metastasis in each mouse. This compared to an average of 130 metastases in the control mice injected with B16Hu20 cells targeted with a control MHC peptide complex. In vivo CTL expansion was demonstrated after a single intravenous administration of Daudi B cells coated with H2-D(b)/Uty complexes produced an increase in the proportion of Uty-reactive CTLs from 3.3 to 21.5%. CONCLUSION This study supports the development of antibody-delivered MHC complexes as a method of producing CTL-mediated lysis of cancer cells in vivo. As a therapeutic vaccine, the system may provide an effective approach for expanding oligoclonal T cell responses in vivo in the treatment of malignancy and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Savage
- Department of Medical Oncology, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.
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28
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Teeling JL, Mackus WJM, Wiegman LJJM, van den Brakel JHN, Beers SA, French RR, van Meerten T, Ebeling S, Vink T, Slootstra JW, Parren PWHI, Glennie MJ, van de Winkel JGJ. The biological activity of human CD20 monoclonal antibodies is linked to unique epitopes on CD20. J Immunol 2006; 177:362-71. [PMID: 16785532 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously defined a panel of fully human CD20 mAb. Most of these were unexpectedly efficient in their ability to recruit C1q to the surface of CD20-positive cells and mediate tumor lysis via activation of the classical pathway of complement. This complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) potency appeared to relate to the unusually slow off-rate of these human Abs. However, we now present epitope-mapping data, which indicates that all human mAb bind a novel region of CD20 that may influence CDC potency. Epitope mapping, using both mutagenesis studies and overlapping 15-mer peptides of the extracellular loops of CD20, defined the amino acids required for binding by an extensive panel of mouse and human mAb. Binding by rituximab and mouse CD20 mAb, had an absolute requirement for alanine and proline at positions 170 and 172, respectively, within the large extracellular loop of CD20. Surprisingly, however, all of the human CD20 mAb recognize a completely novel epitope located N-terminally of this motif, also including the small extracellular loop of CD20. Thus, although off-rate may influence biological activity of mAb, another critical factor for determining CDC potency by CD20 mAb appears to be the region of the target molecule they recognize. We conclude that recognition of the novel epitope cooperates with slow off-rate in determining the activity of CD20 Ab in activation of complement and induction of tumor cell lysis.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, CD20/genetics
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Antigens, CD20/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Binding Sites, Antibody/genetics
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Complement Pathway, Classical/genetics
- Complement Pathway, Classical/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Lymphoma/pathology
- Lymphoma/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Peptide Fragments/chemical synthesis
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
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29
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Cragg MS, Bayne MB, Tutt AL, French RR, Beers S, Glennie MJ, Illidge TM. A new anti-idiotype antibody capable of binding rituximab on the surface of lymphoma cells. Blood 2004; 104:2540-2. [PMID: 15213098 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-05-1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb), rituximab, is an established part of the management of many non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The in vivo action of rituximab remains elusive, and this partially reflects a lack of highly specific reagents to detect rituximab binding at the cell surface. Here we report a new high-affinity mAb (MB2A4) with fine specificity for the idiotype of rituximab. It is able to detect rituximab in vitro, in the presence of high levels of human immunoglobulin G (IgG), in the serum of patients receiving rituximab therapy, and, surprisingly, when rituximab is bound to CD20 on the cell surface. We propose that the anti–idiotype (Id) binds to rituximab molecules bound univalently at the cell surface, facilitated by the relatively high off-rate of rituximab. This reagent provides new insights into the binding of rituximab at the cell surface and demonstrates a mode of binding that could be exploited for the surface detection of other mAbs with clinical and biologic applications.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Rats
- Rituximab
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Cragg
- Tenovus Research Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division, School of Medicine, University General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD United Kingdom.
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30
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Teeling JL, French RR, Cragg MS, van den Brakel J, Pluyter M, Huang H, Chan C, Parren PWHI, Hack CE, Dechant M, Valerius T, van de Winkel JGJ, Glennie MJ. Characterization of new human CD20 monoclonal antibodies with potent cytolytic activity against non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Blood 2004; 104:1793-800. [PMID: 15172969 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-01-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the rapid and widespread integration of chimeric CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb), rituximab, into the management of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, its efficacy remains variable and often modest when used as a single agent. To develop more potent reagents, human immunoglobulin transgenic mice were used to generate a panel of immunoglobulin G1kappa (IgG1kappa) CD20 mAbs. All reagents bound strongly to CD20(+) cells and recruited mononuclear cells for the lysis of malignant B cells. However, 2 mAbs, 2F2 and 7D8, were exceptionally active in complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), being able to lyse a range of rituximab-resistant targets, such as CD20-low chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), in the presence of human plasma or unfractionated blood. Further analysis showed that 2F2 and 7D8, like rituximab, redistributed CD20 into Triton X-100-insoluble regions of the plasma membrane, but that they had markedly slower off-rates. To determine whether off-rate influenced CDC, a non-complement activating F(ab')(2) antihuman kappa reagent was used. This reagent markedly slowed the off-rate of rituximab and increased its CDC activity to that of 2F2 and 7D8. Thus, with increasing evidence that mAb therapeutic activity in vivo depends on complement activation, these new CD20 reagents with their slow off-rates and increased potency in CDC hold considerable promise for improved clinical activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Binding Sites, Antibody/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Complement Fixation Tests
- Complement System Proteins/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Kinetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/immunology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
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Chan HTC, Hughes D, French RR, Tutt AL, Walshe CA, Teeling JL, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS. CD20-induced lymphoma cell death is independent of both caspases and its redistribution into triton X-100 insoluble membrane rafts. Cancer Res 2003; 63:5480-9. [PMID: 14500384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Rituximab is routinely used for the treatment of neoplasia, although the mechanism of action remains uncertain. In the current study, CD20-induced apoptosis was investigated with a panel of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in a wide range of cell lines. A hierarchy of mAb activity was apparent, with the B1 mAb generally the most potent. Apoptosis through CD20 was dependent on the nature of mAb binding and correlated with the extent of homotypic cell adhesion induced. However, using anti-CD20 mAb, which vary in the extent to which they redistribute wild-type and mutant CD20 molecules to membrane rafts, we showed that CD20-induced apoptosis was independent of translocation to TX-100 insoluble rafts. Using crmA-transfected cells and caspase inhibitors, we showed that phosphatidylserine translocation and mitochondrial permeability transition evoked during CD20-induced apoptosis appeared caspase independent. Furthermore, in cytoplasts which lack mitochondria and in Bcl(2)-transfected cells, phosphatidylserine was still translocated to the cell surface after CD20 stimulation. Together, these data imply that CD20 can evoke apoptosis without the involvement of mitochondria and caspases and irrespective of redistribution into TX-100 insoluble membrane rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Claude Chan
- Tenovus Research Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division, School of Medicine, General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD United Kingdom
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32
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Cragg MS, Morgan SM, Chan HTC, Morgan BP, Filatov AV, Johnson PWM, French RR, Glennie MJ. Complement-mediated lysis by anti-CD20 mAb correlates with segregation into lipid rafts. Blood 2003; 101:1045-52. [PMID: 12393541 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-06-1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the clinical success of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in the treatment of lymphoma, there remains considerable uncertainty about its mechanism of action. Here we show that the ability of mAbs to translocate CD20 into low-density, detergent-insoluble membrane rafts appears to control how effectively they mediate complement lysis of lymphoma cells. In vitro studies using a panel of anti-B-cell mAbs revealed that the anti-CD20 mAbs, with one exception (B1), are unusually effective at recruiting human complement. Differences in complement recruitment could not be explained by the level of mAb binding or isotype but did correlate with the redistribution of CD20 in the cell membrane following mAb ligation. Membrane fractionation confirmed that B1, unlike 1F5 and rituximab, was unable to translocate CD20 into lipid rafts. In addition, we were able to drive B1 and a range of other anti-B-cell mAbs into a detergent-insoluble fraction of the cell by hyper-cross-linking with an F(ab')(2) anti-Ig Ab, a treatment that also conferred the ability to activate lytic complement. Thus, we have shown that an important mAb effector function appears to be controlled by movement of the target molecule into membrane rafts, either because a raft location favors complement activation by mAbs or because rafts are more sensitive to complement penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Cragg
- Tenovus Research Laboratory and Medical Oncology, Cancer Sciences Division, School of Medicine, General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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33
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Tutt AL, O'Brien L, Hussain A, Crowther GR, French RR, Glennie MJ. T cell immunity to lymphoma following treatment with anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody. J Immunol 2002; 168:2720-8. [PMID: 11884438 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.6.2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study we demonstrate that treatment with anti-CD40 mAb eradicates a range of mouse lymphomas (BCL(1), A31, A20, and EL4), but only when used against i.v. tumor doses in excess of 10(7) cells. Only partial protection was seen against smaller tumor loads. We saw no evidence that anti-CD40 mAb changed the phenotype of the lymphomas or inhibited their growth in the initial period following treatment, but it did result in a rapid expansion of cytotoxic CD8(+) cells that was able to clear the neoplastic disease and provide long-term protection against tumor rechallenge. The CTL responses were blocked by mAb against a range of coreceptors and cytokines, including CD8, B7-1, B7-2, LFA-1, and IFN-gamma, but not CD4 or CTLA-4, indicating the presence of a conventional cellular Th1 response. Furthermore, we found evidence of cross-recognition between lymphomas (BCL(1) and A20) as measured by cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma responses in vitro and using tumor rechallenge experiments, suggesting common target Ags. Finally, although anti-CD40 was shown to stimulate NK cell killing, we could find no role for these cells in controlling tumor growth. These data underline the ability of anti-CD40 mAb to potentiate CTL responses and the potency of cellular immunity in eradicating large quantities of syngeneic tumor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Immunity, Innate
- Injections, Intravenous
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymoma/immunology
- Thymoma/pathology
- Thymoma/prevention & control
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Tutt
- Tenovus Research Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division, University School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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34
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French RR, Holzer P, Leuenberger MG, Woggon WD. A Supramolecular Enzyme Mimic That Catalyzes the 15,15' Double Bond Scission of beta,beta-Carotene This research was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, Novartis International AG, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG. We are grateful to F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG for the generous gift of carotenoids, and we also thank Prof. Dr. Jakob Wirz, Insitut für Physikalische Chemie der Universität Basel, for the calculation of the binding constant K(a) of 1 to the receptor 3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:1267-1269. [PMID: 10767027 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(20000403)39:7<1267::aid-anie1267>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RR French
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel (Switzerland)
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Abstract
Over the past 10-15 years, genetic engineering of monoclonal antibodies has greatly improved their utility in humans and in particular their ability to recruit immunological effectors such as natural killer cells and macrophages. Clinical results now confirm that these new reagents, when directed at the appropriate tumor markers (e.g. CD20 or Her-2), can control disease without untoward side effects. However, despite such success it is still unclear exactly how monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) destroy tumors in vivo. The ability of mAbs to crosslink membrane receptors and generate intracellular signals is part of the mechanism by which they control tumor growth. New data show that such 'signaling' mAbs can be used to sensitize tumors to the action of conventional DNA-damaging drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Cragg
- Cancer Sciences Division, Tenovus Research Laboratory, General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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36
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Illidge TM, Cragg MS, McBride HM, French RR, Glennie MJ. The importance of antibody-specificity in determining successful radioimmunotherapy of B-cell lymphoma. Blood 1999; 94:233-43. [PMID: 10381518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the radioimmunotherapy of mouse B-cell lymphoma, BCL1, using a panel of anti-B-cell monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) (anti-CD19, anti-CD22, anti-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II, and anti-idiotype (Id) radiolabeled with 131-iodine. When administered early in disease (day 4), the 131I-anti-MHCII MoAb cured tumors as a result of targeted irradiation alone, the unlabeled MoAb being nontherapeutic. In contrast, 131I-anti-Id, despite targeting irradiation and having therapeutic activity as an unconjugated antibody, protected mice for only 30 days; 131I-anti-CD19 and anti-CD22 were therapeutically inactive. Binding and biodistribution studies showed that the anti-Id, unlike anti-MHCII, MoAb was cleared from target cells in vivo and delivered 4 times less irradiation to splenic tumor. Treating later in the disease (day 14) increased tumor load and produced the expected reduction in therapeutic activity with the anti-MHCII, but surprisingly, allowed 131I-anti-Id to cure most mice. This unexpected potency of 131I-anti-Id late in the disease appeared to result from the direct cytotoxicity of the anti-Id MoAb, which was more active in established disease, in combination with targeted irradiation. We believe the ability of targeted irradiation and certain cytotoxic MoAb to work cooperatively against tumor in this way has important implications for the selection of reagents in radioimmunotherapy of B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Illidge
- Tenovus Research Laboratory, Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton, UK
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37
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Abstract
CD40 is essential in enabling antigen-presenting cells to process and present antigen effectively to T cells. We demonstrate here that when antibody against CD40 is used to treat mice with syngeneic lymphoma, a rapid cytotoxic T-cell response independent of T-helper cells occurs, with tenfold expansion of CD8+ T cells over a period of 5 days. This response eradicates the lymphoma and provides protection against tumor rechallenge without further antibody treatment. Thus, it seems that by treating mice with monoclonal antibody against CD40, we are immunizing against syngeneic tumors. The phenomenon proved reproducible with two antibodies against CD40 (3/23 and FGK-45) in three CD40+ lymphomas (A20, A31 and BCL1) and gave partial protection in one of two CD40- lymphomas (EL4 and Ten1). Although the nature of the target antigens on these lymphomas is unknown, CD8+ T cells recovered from responding mice showed powerful cytotoxic activity against the target B-cell lymphoma in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R French
- Lymphoma Research Unit, Tenovus Laboratory, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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38
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Abstract
In vitro studies identified three Burkitts lymphoma cell lines, Ramos, MUTU-I and Daudi, that were growth inhibited by anti-IgM antibody. However, only Ramos and MUTU-I were sensitive to monoclonal antibodies (mAb) recognizing the Fc region of surface IgM (anti-Fc mu). Experiments using anti-Fc mu mAb (single or non-crossblocking pairs), polyclonal anti-mu Ab, and hyper-crosslinking with a secondary layer of Ab, showed that growth inhibition of B-cell lines was highly dependent on the extent of IgM crosslinking. This was confirmed by using Fab', F(ab')2 and F(ab')3 derivatives from anti-Fc mu mAb, where increasing valency caused corresponding increases in growth arrest and apoptosis, presumably as a result of more efficient BCR-crosslinking on the cell surface. The ability of a single mAb to induce growth arrest was highly dependent on epitope specificity, with mAb specific for the Fc region (C mu2-C mu4 domains) being much more effective than those recognizing the Fab region (anti-L chain, anti-Id and anti-Fd mu, or C mu1). Only when hyper-crosslinked with polyclonal anti-mouse IgG did the latter result in appreciable growth inhibition. Binding studies showed that these differences in function were not related to differences in the affinity, but probably related to intrinsic crosslinking capacity of mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Cragg
- Tenovus Research Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, UK
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39
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Chan CH, Wang J, French RR, Glennie MJ. Internalization of the lymphocytic surface protein CD22 is controlled by a novel membrane proximal cytoplasmic motif. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:27809-15. [PMID: 9774390 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.43.27809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CD22 is a key receptor on B-lymphocytes that modulates signaling during antigenic stimulation. We have defined a novel cytoplasmic motif in human CD22 that controls its unusually rapid turnover at the plasma membrane. Chimeric and mutated CD22alpha cDNA vectors were constructed and stably transfected in CD22-negative Jurkat T-lymphocytic cells. Two assays were employed to measure CD22alpha internalization: first, cytoplasmic uptake of radioiodinated anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody; and second, lethal targeting of a toxin, saporin, into cells via CD22 using bispecific F(ab')2 ([anti-CD22 x anti-saporin]) antibody. Results showed that CD22alpha lacking a cytoplasmic tail was not internalized and that replacement of the cytoplasmic tail of CD19 with that of CD22alpha resulted in a chimeric molecule that behaved like CD22alpha and internalized rapidly. Step-wise deletion of the cytoplasmic tail of CD22alpha located the internalization motif to a polar region of 11 residues (QRRWKRTQSQQ) proximal to the plasma membrane, a part of the molecule predicted to form a coil or turn structure. Interestingly, additional CD22 mutants showed that the two glutamine residues sandwiching the serine are critical to internalization but that the serine itself is not.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Biological Transport
- Cell Adhesion Molecules
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Endocytosis
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Lectins
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Mutation
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Conformation
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Chan
- Lymphoma Research Unit, Tenovus Cancer Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Rd., Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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40
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Tutt AL, French RR, Illidge TM, Honeychurch J, McBride HM, Penfold CA, Fearon DT, Parkhouse RM, Klaus GG, Glennie MJ. Monoclonal antibody therapy of B cell lymphoma: signaling activity on tumor cells appears more important than recruitment of effectors. J Immunol 1998; 161:3176-85. [PMID: 9743386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent success of mAb in the treatment of certain malignancies, there is still considerable uncertainty about the mechanism of action of anti-cancer Abs. Here, a panel of rat anti-mouse B cell mAb, including Ab directed at surface IgM Id, CD19, CD22, CD40, CD74, and MHC class II, has been investigated in the treatment of two syngeneic mouse B cell lymphomas, BCL1 and A31. Only three mAb were therapeutically active in vivo, anti-Id, anti-CD19, and anti-CD40. mAb to the other Ags showed little or no therapeutic activity in either model despite giving good levels of surface binding and activity in Ag-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement assays, and in some cases inhibiting cell growth in vitro. We conclude that the activity of mAb in vitro does not predict therapeutic performance in vivo. Furthermore, in vivo tracking experiments using fluorescently tagged cells showed that anti-Id and anti-CD40 mAb probably operate via different mechanisms: the anti-Id mAb cause growth arrest that is almost immediate and does not eliminate cells over a period of 5 or 6 days, and the anti-CD40 mAb have a delayed effect that allows tumor to grow normally for 3 days, but then abruptly eradicates lymphoma cells. This work supports the belief that mAb specificity is critical to therapeutic success in lymphoma and that, in addition to any effector-recruiting activity they may possess, in vivo mAb operate via mechanisms that involve cross-linking and signaling of key cellular receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Cell Division/immunology
- Complement System Proteins/physiology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fluoresceins/pharmacokinetics
- Fluorescent Dyes/pharmacokinetics
- Immunization, Passive
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Succinimides/pharmacokinetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Tutt
- Lymphoma Research Unit, Tenovus Laboratory, General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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41
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Tutt AL, French RR, Illidge TM, Honeychurch J, McBride HM, Penfold CA, Fearon DT, Parkhouse RME, Klaus GGB, Glennie MJ. Monoclonal Antibody Therapy of B Cell Lymphoma: Signaling Activity on Tumor Cells Appears More Important Than Recruitment of Effectors. The Journal of Immunology 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.6.3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Despite the recent success of mAb in the treatment of certain malignancies, there is still considerable uncertainty about the mechanism of action of anti-cancer Abs. Here, a panel of rat anti-mouse B cell mAb, including Ab directed at surface IgM Id, CD19, CD22, CD40, CD74, and MHC class II, has been investigated in the treatment of two syngeneic mouse B cell lymphomas, BCL1 and A31. Only three mAb were therapeutically active in vivo, anti-Id, anti-CD19, and anti-CD40. mAb to the other Ags showed little or no therapeutic activity in either model despite giving good levels of surface binding and activity in Ag-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement assays, and in some cases inhibiting cell growth in vitro. We conclude that the activity of mAb in vitro does not predict therapeutic performance in vivo. Furthermore, in vivo tracking experiments using fluorescently tagged cells showed that anti-Id and anti-CD40 mAb probably operate via different mechanisms: the anti-Id mAb cause growth arrest that is almost immediate and does not eliminate cells over a period of 5 or 6 days, and the anti-CD40 mAb have a delayed effect that allows tumor to grow normally for 3 days, but then abruptly eradicates lymphoma cells. This work supports the belief that mAb specificity is critical to therapeutic success in lymphoma and that, in addition to any effector-recruiting activity they may possess, in vivo mAb operate via mechanisms that involve cross-linking and signaling of key cellular receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L. Tutt
- *Lymphoma Research Unit, Tenovus Laboratory, General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth R. French
- *Lymphoma Research Unit, Tenovus Laboratory, General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M. Illidge
- *Lymphoma Research Unit, Tenovus Laboratory, General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Honeychurch
- *Lymphoma Research Unit, Tenovus Laboratory, General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Harry M. McBride
- *Lymphoma Research Unit, Tenovus Laboratory, General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christine A. Penfold
- *Lymphoma Research Unit, Tenovus Laboratory, General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas T. Fearon
- †Wellcome Trust Immunology Center, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Martin J. Glennie
- *Lymphoma Research Unit, Tenovus Laboratory, General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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42
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French RR. Production of bispecific and trispecific F(ab)2 and F(ab)3 antibody derivatives. Methods Mol Biol 1998; 80:121-134. [PMID: 9664369 DOI: 10.1385/0-89603-493-3:121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R R French
- Lymphoma Research Unit, Tenovus Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, UK
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43
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Abstract
Observations are described using a combination of two bispecific F(ab')2 antibodies (BsAb) to deliver the ribosome-inactivating protein, saporin, in the treatment of low-grade, end-stage, B-cell lymphoma. Two BsAb were used, each having one arm directed at saporin and one at the CD22 on target B cells. The BsAb, however, recognized different, non-overlapping epitopes on each molecule, a strategy which permits high-avidity double attachment of saporin to the target. The BsAb and saporin were pre-mixed at a molar ratio of 3:1 24 h before treatment and infused intravenously over a period of 1 h. Five patients have been treated, mostly with weekly doses of between 2 and 4 mg of saporin for a period of up to 6 weeks. Toxicity was minimal. Three complained of weakness and myalgia for 1 to 2 days after treatment, without objective neurological deficit or rise in serum creatine kinase. One patient produced an anti-mouse Fab' and an anti-saporin response. All patients showed a rapid and beneficial response to treatment. When present, circulating tumor cells were cleared (4/4 patients), ascitic and pleural effusions were eliminated (2/2 patients) and one patient with splenomegaly showed a marked reduction in tumor bulk. Malignant lymph nodes showed significant, but partial, shrinkage in all patients and finally marrow responded well with tumor clearance in biopsy material and impressive resolution of pancytopenia in some patients. While these responses were mainly short-lived, with tumor progression once the treatment was stopped, their speed and magnitude, and the relative lack of associated toxicity warrants further study of this treatment to determine maximum tolerated doses and therapeutic utility.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antibodies, Bispecific/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Cell Adhesion Molecules
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/adverse effects
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/therapeutic use
- Immunophenotyping
- Immunotoxins/adverse effects
- Immunotoxins/pharmacokinetics
- Immunotoxins/therapeutic use
- Lectins
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Metabolic Clearance Rate
- Middle Aged
- N-Glycosyl Hydrolases
- Plant Proteins/adverse effects
- Plant Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Plant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1
- Saporins
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2
- Spleen/diagnostic imaging
- Spleen/immunology
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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Affiliation(s)
- R R French
- Lymphoma Research Unit, Tenovus Research Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, U.K
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Zhang L, French RR, Chan HT, O'Keefe TL, Cragg MS, Power MJ, Glennie MJ. The development of anti-CD79 monoclonal antibodies for treatment of B-cell neoplastic disease. Ther Immunol 1995; 2:191-202. [PMID: 9358611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) consists of cell surface IgM associated with the CD79 alpha/beta heterodimer. In this paper we describe a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognising the extracellular regions of human CD79 alpha and beta. FACS analysis demonstrated that the mAbs bind to a range of Burkitt's lymphoma lines, a mouse B-cell line (JO-72) transfected with human CD79 alpha and beta, and tumour biopsies from NHL patients. The specificity of the mAbs was confirmed by immunoprecipitation. The Ka for the binding of IgG from the anti-CD79 alpha mAbs to cell surface CD79 alpha on Ramos cells was 3 x 10(8) M-1, and their maximum level of binding, 1.7-2 x 10(5) molecules/cell, matched that obtained with anti-Fc mu and anti-Fd mu mAbs. All four anti-CD79 beta mAbs were of lower affinity. Interestingly, in growth arrest studies, we found that while all anti-Fc mu mAbs caused profound inhibition of proliferation of Ramos cells, a range of other anti-BCR mAbs, which included the anti-CD79, anti-Fab mu, anti-gamma and anti-idiotype reagents, all performed poorly giving a maximum of 25% inhibition. These differences in performance are believed to relate to the ability of anti-BCR mAbs to cross-link neighbouring surface BCR and suggest that, unlike anti-Fc mu which favours cross-linking, most of these mAbs are binding in a monogamous, non-cross-linking, union with the BCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Lymphoma Research Unit, Tenovus Laboratory, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Abstract
We report the use of a bispecific F(ab')2 antibody to target the ribosome-inactivating protein saporin to the surface antigen CD22 in the treatment of low-grade, end-stage, B-cell lymphoma. Four patients were treated. Toxic effects were minimal (grade I), with mild fever, weakness, and myalgia for 1-2 days after treatment. One patient showed an antibody response to mouse Fab' and saporin. All patients showed rapid and beneficial responses to treatment with improvements in most disease sites and in peripheral blood cytopenia. The responses were short-lived (less than 28 days) but further study of this targeting system is warranted.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Bispecific/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Cell Adhesion Molecules
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Immunotoxins
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Lectins
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- N-Glycosyl Hydrolases
- Plant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Plant Proteins/immunology
- Plant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1
- Saporins
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- R R French
- Tenovus Research Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, UK
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George AJ, French RR, Glennie MJ. Measurement of kinetic binding constants of a panel of anti-saporin antibodies using a resonant mirror biosensor. J Immunol Methods 1995; 183:51-63. [PMID: 7602139 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(95)00031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have used a resonant mirror biosensor to determine the kinetics of binding of four antibodies, and their Fab' fragments, to their antigen, the plant-derived ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) saporin. The analysis of the affinity of the antibodies was in reasonable agreement with values obtained by conventional techniques. However, the kinetic data showed that all four antibodies have a high dissociation rate constant (kdiss). These antibodies have been used in the construction of bispecific antibodies used to deliver saporin to tumour cells, and it is highly probable that the in vivo efficacy of the bispecific antibodies is limited by the high rate of dissociation of antibody-toxin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J George
- Department of Immunology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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French RR, Penney CA, Browning AC, Stirpe F, George AJ, Glennie MJ. Delivery of the ribosome-inactivating protein, gelonin, to lymphoma cells via CD22 and CD38 using bispecific antibodies. Br J Cancer 1995; 71:986-94. [PMID: 7734325 PMCID: PMC2033802 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1995.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) can be used effectively in targeting the ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP), saporin, against neoplastic B cells. We have now extended this delivery system for use with gelonin. By measuring antigen-binding characteristics and epitope mapping a panel of anti-gelonin MAbs using the IAsys resonant mirror bisensor, we were able to rapidly select the most suitable for making BaAbs. The Fab' fragments from these MAbs were chemically conjugated with Fab' from either anti-CD22 or anti-CD38. Cytotoxicity assays showed that BsAbs were highly efficient at delivering gelonin to cultured Daudi cells and achieved levels of toxicity which correlated closely with the affinity of the BsAbs. Using pairs of anti-CD22 BsAbs we were able to generate bivalent BsAb-gelonin complexes which achieved IC50 values of 2 x 10(-11) M gelonin, a potency which is equivalent to that reached by saporin in this targeting system. However, because gelonin is 5-10 times less toxic than saporin, the therapeutic ratio for gelonin is superior, making it potentially a more useful agent for human treatment. Cytotoxicity assays and kinetic analysis showed that targeting gelonin via CD38 was 2-5 times less effective than delivery through CD22. However, with a pair of BsAbs designed to co-target gelonin via CD22 and CD38, the cytotoxicity achieved equalled that obtained with a pair of anti-CD22 BsAbs (IC50 = 1 x 10(-11) M). This important result suggests that the anti-CD38 helps bind the gelonin to the cell and is then 'dragged' or 'piggy-backed' into the cell by the anti-CD22 BsAb. The implication of these findings for cancer therapy is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Burkitt Lymphoma/immunology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules
- Immunotoxins/metabolism
- Immunotoxins/pharmacokinetics
- Immunotoxins/pharmacology
- Iodine Radioisotopes
- Kinetics
- Lectins
- Leucine/pharmacokinetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- N-Glycosyl Hydrolases
- Plant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Plant Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Plant Proteins/toxicity
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/toxicity
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1
- Saporins
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2
- Tritium
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Affiliation(s)
- R R French
- Lymphoma Research Unit, Tanovus Laboratory, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Stevenson GT, Bell AJ, Evans TR, French RR, Glennie MJ, Hamblin TJ, Kan KS, Mead GM. Mechanisms in removal of tumor by antibody. Cell Biophys 1994; 24-25:45-50. [PMID: 7736539 DOI: 10.1007/bf02789214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report two preliminary trials of antibody treatment of B-cell lymphoma. Advanced lymphoma was treated with chimeric FabFc2, in which mouse Fab' gamma is linked to two human Fc gamma 1 fragments so as to recruit natural effectors to tumor targets. Terminal lymphoma was treated with bispecific antibody (BsAb) which recruits the ribosome-inactivating protein saporin. These different mechanisms led to interesting differences in patterns of tumor clearance. Eight patients were treated with chimeric antibody of two specificities, each at 12 mg/kg: anti-CD37, plus either anti-CD38 or anti-CD19 according to tumor phenotype. On completion of the 3-wk treatment, residual plasma antibody had a half-life exceeding 10 d. Tumor cells in blood disappeared rapidly. However significant reductions in solid masses occurred in only three patients, becoming apparent 3-4 wk after beginning treatment and then continuing slowly. Five patients were treated with preformed immune complexes of saporin and F(ab' gamma)2 BsAb. Although doses of saporin reached 10 mg weekly, contact with the tumor can only have been fleeting: plasma antibody was undetectable (< 0.5 micrograms/mL) 48 h after infusion, whereas the saporin disappeared even faster and was undetectable (< 4 ng/mL) at 24 h. Tumor cells disappeared from the blood more slowly than occurred with chimeric antibody. In contrast shrinkage of extravascular tumor was more rapid, and occurred in all patients, but proved less durable.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Stevenson
- Tenovus Research Laboratory, Southampton University Hospitals, UK
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Bonardi MA, French RR, Amlot P, Gromo G, Modena D, Glennie MJ. Delivery of saporin to human B-cell lymphoma using bispecific antibody: targeting via CD22 but not CD19, CD37, or immunoglobulin results in efficient killing. Cancer Res 1993; 53:3015-21. [PMID: 7686448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A panel of bispecific F(ab')2 antibodies (BsAb) have been constructed for delivering the ribosome-inactivating protein saporin to human B cell lymphoma. Each derivative was prepared with specificity for saporin and CD19, CD22, CD37, or immunoglobulin. In vitro studies measuring inhibition of [3H]leucine uptake by cultured Daudi and Raji cells demonstrated that, despite all BsAb capturing saporin on the cell surface, BsAb targeting through CD22 were far more cytotoxic than those functioning via CD19, CD37, or surface immunoglobulin. This exceptional activity of the CD22-specific BsAb appears to derive from its ability to deliver and accumulate saporin inside the target cells. Further studies showed that four CD22-specific BsAb all performed with equal potency and were able to increase saporin toxicity (50% inhibitory concentration) up to 1000-fold, from 2 x 10(-7) M to 2 x 10(-10) M. Pairs of anti-CD22 BsAb which recognized different nonblocking epitopes on the saporin molecule were able to bind saporin more avidly to the target cell and, as a consequence, increased cytotoxicity by at least an additional 10-fold, resulting in 50% inhibitory concentration for protein synthesis of 2 x 10(-11) M. These results suggest that selected combinations of BsAb which bind cooperatively to a toxin and the cell surface may provide an efficient way of delivering toxins to unwanted cells in patients.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD19
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Burkitt Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Burkitt Lymphoma/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fragments
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Immunotoxins/metabolism
- Immunotoxins/therapeutic use
- Iodine Radioisotopes
- Lectins
- Leucine/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- N-Glycosyl Hydrolases
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Plant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Plant Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Plant Proteins/pharmacology
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1
- Saporins
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2
- Tetraspanins
- Tritium
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bonardi
- Lymphoma Research Unit, Tenovus Laboratory, General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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French RR, Courtenay AE, Ingamells S, Stevenson GT, Glennie MJ. Cooperative mixtures of bispecific F(ab')2 antibodies for delivering saporin to lymphoma in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 1991; 51:2353-61. [PMID: 2015599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report that selected combinations of two or more monoclonal bispecific F(ab')2 antibodies (BsAbs) far outperform single derivatives in the delivery of the ribosome-inactivating protein, saporin, to guinea pig L2C leukemic cells. Throughout the work, BsAbs were constructed by thioether-linking the hinges of two Fab'gamma, one from monoclonal anti-L2C-idiotype antibody and the other from anti-saporin antibody. The latter was either affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal or one of a panel of five mouse monoclonal antibodies. In vitro cytotoxicity studies showed that, though all derivatives were effective, the BsAb made with the polyclonal antibody was always 10 to 20 times more potent than those made with a monoclonal antibody in yielding 50% inhibition of [3H]leucine uptake. This superior activity could be matched by selective mixtures of two or more of the monoclonal derivatives. Furthermore, in immunotherapeutic delivery of saporin to tumor, a pair of BsAbs performed significantly better than did either individually. Binding and uptake studies with radiolabeled saporin demonstrated a 20-fold increase in functional affinity when saporin was held at the cell surface by an appropriate BsAb mixture rather than by a single BsAb. In contrast, only small differences were recorded in the rate at which saporin was internalized as a result of the same maneuver. We conclude that the improved performance of combinations of BsAbs arises from their ability to provide multiple linkages between saporin molecules and cell surfaces, significantly increasing the functional affinity with which saporin is tethered to the cell, but, in this system at least, having only a minor effect on the rate at which it is internalized. Cocktails of two or more BsAbs, selected to bind to multiple epitopes on ribosome-inactivating proteins and perhaps also on unwanted cells, could provide an important new strategy in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R French
- Lymphoma Research Unit, Tenovus Laboratory, General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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