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Yu X, James S, Felce JH, Kellermayer B, Johnston DA, Chan HTC, Penfold CA, Kim J, Inzhelevskaya T, Mockridge CI, Watanabe Y, Crispin M, French RR, Duriez PJ, Douglas LR, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS. TNF receptor agonists induce distinct receptor clusters to mediate differential agonistic activity. Commun Biol 2021; 4:772. [PMID: 34162985 PMCID: PMC8222242 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and natural ligands targeting costimulatory tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR) exhibit a wide range of agonistic activities and antitumor responses. The mechanisms underlying these differential agonistic activities remain poorly understood. Here, we employ a panel of experimental and clinically-relevant molecules targeting human CD40, 4-1BB and OX40 to examine this issue. Confocal and STORM microscopy reveal that strongly agonistic reagents induce clusters characterized by small area and high receptor density. Using antibody pairs differing only in isotype we show that hIgG2 confers significantly more receptor clustering than hIgG1 across all three receptors, explaining its greater agonistic activity, with receptor clustering shielding the receptor-agonist complex from further molecular access. Nevertheless, discrete receptor clustering patterns are observed with different hIgG2 mAb, with a unique rod-shaped assembly observed with the most agonistic mAb. These findings dispel the notion that larger receptor clusters elicit greater agonism, and instead point to receptor density and subsequent super-structure as key determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - David A Johnston
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Jinny Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Tatyana Inzhelevskaya
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Patrick J Duriez
- CRUK Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Leon R Douglas
- CRUK Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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2
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Vitale LA, Thomas LJ, He LZ, O'Neill T, Widger J, Crocker A, Sundarapandiyan K, Storey JR, Forsberg EM, Weidlick J, Baronas AR, Gergel LE, Boyer JM, Sisson C, Goldstein J, Marsh HC, Keler T. Development of CDX-1140, an agonist CD40 antibody for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:233-245. [PMID: 30382327 PMCID: PMC11028348 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Limitations of immunotherapy include poorly functioning events early in the immune response cycle, such as efficient antigen presentation and T cell priming. CD40 signaling in dendritic cells leads to upregulation of cell surface costimulatory and MHC molecules and the generation of cytokines, which promotes effective priming of CD8+ effector T cells while minimizing T cell anergy and the generation of regulatory T cells. This naturally occurs through interaction with CD40 ligand (CD40L) expressed on CD4+ T-helper cells. CD40 signaling can also be achieved using specific antibodies, leading to several agonist CD40 antibodies entering clinical development. Our approach to select a CD40 agonist antibody was to define a balanced profile between sufficiently strong immune stimulation and the untoward effects of systemic immune activation. CDX-1140 is a human IgG2 antibody that activates DCs and B cells and drives NFkB stimulation in a CD40-expressing reporter cell line. These activities are Fc-independent and are maintained using an F(ab')2 fragment of the antibody. CDX-1140 binds outside of the CD40L binding site, and addition of recombinant CD40L greatly enhances DC and B activation by CDX-1140, suggesting that CDX-1140 may act synergistically with naturally expressed CD40L. CDX-1140 also has both direct and immune-mediated anti-tumor activity in xenograft models. CDX-1140 does not promote cytokine production in whole blood assays and has good pharmacodynamic and safety profiles in cynomolgus macaques. These data support the potential of CDX-1140 as part of a cancer therapy regimen, and a phase 1 trial has recently commenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Vitale
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | | | - Li-Zhen He
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | - Thomas O'Neill
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | - Jenifer Widger
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | - Andrea Crocker
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Weidlick
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | | | | | | | - Crystal Sisson
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | - Joel Goldstein
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | | | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA.
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3
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Yu X, Chan HTC, Orr CM, Dadas O, Booth SG, Dahal LN, Penfold CA, O'Brien L, Mockridge CI, French RR, Duriez P, Douglas LR, Pearson AR, Cragg MS, Tews I, Glennie MJ, White AL. Complex Interplay between Epitope Specificity and Isotype Dictates the Biological Activity of Anti-human CD40 Antibodies. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:664-675.e4. [PMID: 29576376 PMCID: PMC5896247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that promote or inhibit receptor function hold promise as therapeutics for cancer and autoimmunity. Rules governing their diverse range of functions, however, are lacking. Here we determined characteristics of nine hCD40 mAbs engaging epitopes throughout the CD40 extracellular region expressed as varying isotypes. All mAb formats were strong agonists when hyper-crosslinked; however, only those binding the membrane-distal cysteine-rich domain 1 (CRD1) retained agonistic activity with physiological Fc gamma receptor crosslinking or as human immunoglobulin G2 isotype; agonistic activity decreased as epitopes drew closer to the membrane. In addition, all CRD2-4 binding mAbs blocked CD40 ligand interaction and were potent antagonists. Thus, the membrane distal CRD1 provides a region of choice for selecting CD40 agonists while CRD2-4 provides antagonistic epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christian M Orr
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Osman Dadas
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Steven G Booth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lyn O'Brien
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Patrick Duriez
- Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Leon R Douglas
- Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Arwen R Pearson
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging & Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ivo Tews
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ann L White
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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4
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Nimanong S, Ostroumov D, Wingerath J, Knocke S, Woller N, Gürlevik E, Falk CS, Manns MP, Kühnel F, Wirth TC. CD40 Signaling Drives Potent Cellular Immune Responses in Heterologous Cancer Vaccinations. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1918-1926. [PMID: 28202532 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antagonistic antibodies targeting coinhibitory receptors have revolutionized the treatment of cancer by inducing durable immune responses and clinical remissions in patients. In contrast, success of agonistic costimulatory antibodies has thus far been limited because of the insufficient induction of adaptive immune responses. Here, we describe a novel vaccination method consisting of a primary dendritic cell (DC) immunization followed by a composite vaccination, including an agonistic CD40 antibody, soluble antigen, and a TLR3 agonist, referred to as CoAT. In mice, DC/CoAT prime-boost vaccinations targeting either MHC class I or II neoantigens or tumor-associated antigens rendered up to 60% of the total T-cell population specific for a single tumor epitope. DC/CoAT induced durable and complete remissions of large subcutaneous tumors without detectable side effects. Thus, booster vaccinations with agonistic costimulatory antibodies represent an ideal means to amplify DC vaccinations and induce robust T-cell immune responses while providing maximum flexibility regarding the choice of antigen. Cancer Res; 77(8); 1918-26. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supot Nimanong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dmitrij Ostroumov
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Wingerath
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sarah Knocke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Norman Woller
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Engin Gürlevik
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine S Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- DZIF, German Center for Infectious Diseases, Hannover/Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Kühnel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas C Wirth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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5
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Dahan R, Barnhart BC, Li F, Yamniuk AP, Korman AJ, Ravetch JV. Therapeutic Activity of Agonistic, Human Anti-CD40 Monoclonal Antibodies Requires Selective FcγR Engagement. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:820-831. [PMID: 27265505 PMCID: PMC4975533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While engagement of the inhibitory Fcγ-receptor (FcγR) IIB is an absolute requirement for in vivo antitumor activity of agonistic mouse anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), a similar requirement for human mAbs has been disputed. By using a mouse model humanized for its FcγRs and CD40, we revealed that FcγRIIB engagement is essential for the activity of human CD40 mAbs, while engagement of the activating FcγRIIA inhibits this activity. By engineering Fc variants with selective enhanced binding to FcγRIIB, but not to FcγRIIA, significantly improved antitumor immunity was observed. These findings highlight the necessity of optimizing the Fc domain for this class of therapeutic antibodies by using appropriate preclinical models that accurately reflect the unique affinities and cellular expression of human FcγR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Dahan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA
| | - Bryan C Barnhart
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Biologics Discovery California, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Fubin Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA
| | - Aaron P Yamniuk
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Alan J Korman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Biologics Discovery California, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA.
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6
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Long KB, Gladney WL, Tooker GM, Graham K, Fraietta JA, Beatty GL. IFNγ and CCL2 Cooperate to Redirect Tumor-Infiltrating Monocytes to Degrade Fibrosis and Enhance Chemotherapy Efficacy in Pancreatic Carcinoma. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:400-413. [PMID: 26896096 PMCID: PMC4843521 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dense fibrosis and a robust macrophage infiltrate are key therapeutic barriers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). CD40 activation can circumvent these barriers by inducing macrophages, originating from peripheral blood monocytes, to deplete fibrosis. The precise mechanism and therapeutic implications of this antifibrotic activity, though, remain unclear. Here, we report that IFNγ and CCL2 released systemically in response to a CD40 agonist cooperate to redirect a subset of Ly6C(+)CCR2(+)monocytes/macrophages to infiltrate tumors and deplete fibrosis. Whereas CCL2 is required for Ly6C(+)monocyte/macrophage infiltration, IFNγ is necessary for tumor-infiltrating monocytes/macrophages to shift the profile of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in tumors, leading to MMP-dependent fibrosis degradation. In addition, MMP13-dependent loss of extracellular matrix components induced by a CD40 agonist increased PDAC sensitivity to chemotherapy. Our findings demonstrate that fibrosis in PDAC is a bidirectional process that can be rapidly altered by manipulating a subset of tumor-infiltrating monocytes, leading to enhanced chemotherapy efficacy. SIGNIFICANCE We report that CD40 agonists improve chemotherapy efficacy in pancreatic carcinoma by redirecting tumor-infiltrating monocytes/macrophages to induce fibrosis degradation that is dependent on MMPs. These findings provide novel insight into the plasticity of monocytes/macrophages in cancer and their capacity to regulate fibrosis and modulate chemotherapy efficacy in pancreatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen B. Long
- Abramson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Whitney L. Gladney
- Abramson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Graham M. Tooker
- Abramson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kathleen Graham
- Abramson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Gregory L. Beatty
- Abramson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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7
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Beatty GL, Winograd R, Evans RA, Long KB, Luque SL, Lee JW, Clendenin C, Gladney WL, Knoblock DM, Guirnalda PD, Vonderheide RH. Exclusion of T Cells From Pancreatic Carcinomas in Mice Is Regulated by Ly6C(low) F4/80(+) Extratumoral Macrophages. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:201-10. [PMID: 25888329 PMCID: PMC4478138 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Immunotherapies that induce T-cell responses have shown efficacy against some solid malignancies in patients and mice, but these have little effect on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We investigated whether the ability of PDAC to evade T-cell responses induced by immunotherapies results from the low level of immunogenicity of tumor cells, the tumor's immunosuppressive mechanisms, or both. METHODS Kras(G12D/+);Trp53(R172H/+);Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) mice, which develop spontaneous PDAC, or their littermates (controls) were given subcutaneous injections of a syngeneic KPC-derived PDAC cell line. Mice were then given gemcitabine and an agonist of CD40 to induce tumor-specific immunity mediated by T cells. Some mice were also given clodronate-encapsulated liposomes to deplete macrophages. Tumor growth was monitored. Tumor and spleen tissues were collected and analyzed by histology, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Gemcitabine in combination with a CD40 agonist induced T-cell-dependent regression of subcutaneous PDAC in KPC and control mice. In KPC mice given gemcitabine and a CD40 agonist, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells infiltrated subcutaneous tumors, but only CD4(+) T cells infiltrated spontaneous pancreatic tumors (not CD8(+) T cells). In mice depleted of Ly6C(low) F4/80(+) extratumoral macrophages, the combination of gemcitabine and a CD40 agonist stimulated infiltration of spontaneous tumors by CD8(+) T cells and induced tumor regression, mediated by CD8(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS Ly6C(low) F4/80(+) macrophages that reside outside of the tumor microenvironment regulate infiltration of T cells into PDAC and establish a site of immune privilege. Strategies to reverse the immune privilege of PDAC, which is regulated by extratumoral macrophages, might increase the efficacy of T-cell immunotherapy for patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Beatty
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Rafael Winograd
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca A Evans
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristen B Long
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Santiago L Luque
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jae W Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cynthia Clendenin
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Whitney L Gladney
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dawson M Knoblock
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick D Guirnalda
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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8
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Abstract
CD40 stimulation on antigen-presenting cells (APC) allows direct activation of CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells, independent of CD4⁺ T-cell help. Agonistic anti-CD40 antibodies have been demonstrated to induce beneficial antitumor T-cell responses in mouse models of cancer and early clinical trials. We report here that anti-CD40 treatment induces programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) upregulation on tumor-infiltrating monocytes and macrophages, which was strictly dependent on T cells and IFNγ. PD-L1 expression could be counteracted by coadministration of antibodies blocking the PD-1 (programmed death-1)/PD-L1 axis as shown for T cells from tumor models and human donors. The combined treatment was highly synergistic and induced complete tumor rejection in about 50% of mice bearing MC-38 colon and EMT-6 breast tumors. Mechanistically, this was reflected by a strong increase of IFNγ and granzyme-B production in intratumoral CD8⁺ T cells. Concomitant CTLA-4 blockade further improved rejection of established tumors in mice. This study uncovers a novel mechanism of acquired resistance upon agonistic CD40 stimulation and proposes that the concomitant blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis is a viable therapeutic strategy to optimize clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Zippelius
- Cancer Immunology and Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland. Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jens Schreiner
- Cancer Immunology and Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petra Herzig
- Cancer Immunology and Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Müller
- Cancer Immunology and Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland.
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9
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Zickovich JM, Meyer SI, Yagita H, Obar JJ. Agonistic anti-CD40 enhances the CD8+ T cell response during vesicular stomatitis virus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106060. [PMID: 25166494 PMCID: PMC4148391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens are capable of inducing vigorous CD8+ T cell responses. However, we do not entirely understand the factors driving the generation of large pools of highly protective memory CD8+ T cells. Here, we studied the generation of endogenous ovalbumin-specific memory CD8+ T cells following infection with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Listeria monocytogenes (LM). VSV infection resulted in the generation of a large ovalbumin-specific memory CD8+ T cell population, which provided minimal protective immunity that waned with time. In contrast, the CD8+ T cell population of LM-ova provided protective immunity and remained stable with time. Agonistic CD40 stimulation during CD8+ T cell priming in response to VSV infection enabled the resultant memory CD8+ T cell population to provide strong protective immunity against secondary infection. Enhanced protective immunity by agonistic anti-CD40 was dependent on CD70. Agonistic anti-CD40 not only enhanced the size of the resultant memory CD8+ T cell population, but enhanced their polyfunctionality and sensitivity to antigen. Our data suggest that immunomodulation of CD40 signaling may be a key adjuvant to enhance CD8+ T cell response during development of VSV vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne M. Zickovich
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Susan I. Meyer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Toyko, Japan
| | - Joshua J. Obar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Sandin LC, Orlova A, Gustafsson E, Ellmark P, Tolmachev V, Tötterman TH, Mangsbo SM. Locally delivered CD40 agonist antibody accumulates in secondary lymphoid organs and eradicates experimental disseminated bladder cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2013; 2:80-90. [PMID: 24778163 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy with intratumoral injection of adenoviral vectors expressing CD40L has yielded positive results in experimental and clinical bladder cancer. We therefore hypothesized that anti-CD40 antibody would be effective in this setting. Agonistic CD40 antibodies were developed as vaccine adjuvants but have later been used as treatment of advanced solid tumors and hematologic cancers. Systemic anti-CD40 therapy has been associated with immune-related adverse events, such as cytokine release syndrome and liver toxicity, and local delivery is an attractive approach that could reduce toxicity. Herein, we compared local and systemic anti-CD40 antibody delivery to evaluate efficacy, toxicity, and biodistribution in the experimental MB49 bladder cancer model. Antitumor effects were confirmed in the B16 model. In terms of antitumor efficacy, local anti-CD40 antibody stimulation was superior to systemic therapy at an equivalent dose and CD8 T cells were crucial for tumor growth inhibition. Both administration routes were dependent on host CD40 expression for therapeutic efficacy. In vivo biodistribution studies revealed CD40-specific antibody accumulation in the tumor-draining lymph nodes and the spleen, most likely reflecting organs with frequent target antigen-expressing immune cells. Systemic administration led to higher antibody concentrations in the liver and blood compared with local delivery, and was associated with elevated levels of serum haptoglobin. Despite the lack of a slow-release system, local anti-CD40 therapy was dependent on tumor antigen at the injection site for clearance of distant tumors. To summarize, local low-dose administration of anti-CD40 antibody mediates antitumor effects in murine models with reduced toxicity and may represent an attractive treatment alternative in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C Sandin
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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11
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Isogawa M, Chung J, Murata Y, Kakimi K, Chisari FV. CD40 activation rescues antiviral CD8⁺ T cells from PD-1-mediated exhaustion. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003490. [PMID: 23853599 PMCID: PMC3708877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrahepatic immune environment is normally biased towards tolerance. Nonetheless, effective antiviral immune responses can be induced against hepatotropic pathogens. To examine the immunological basis of this paradox we studied the ability of hepatocellularly expressed hepatitis B virus (HBV) to activate immunologically naïve HBV-specific CD8+ T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T cells after adoptive transfer to HBV transgenic mice. Intrahepatic priming triggered vigorous in situ T cell proliferation but failed to induce interferon gamma production or cytolytic effector function. In contrast, the same T cells differentiated into cytolytic effector T cells in HBV transgenic mice if Programmed Death 1 (PD-1) expression was genetically ablated, suggesting that intrahepatic antigen presentation per se triggers negative regulatory signals that prevent the functional differentiation of naïve CD8+ T cells. Surprisingly, coadministration of an agonistic anti-CD40 antibody (αCD40) inhibited PD-1 induction and restored T cell effector function, thereby inhibiting viral gene expression and causing a necroinflammatory liver disease. Importantly, the depletion of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) strongly diminished the αCD40 mediated functional differentiation of HBV-specific CD8+ T cells, suggesting that activation of mDCs was responsible for the functional differentiation of HBV-specific CD8+ T cells in αCD40 treated animals. These results demonstrate that antigen-specific, PD-1-mediated CD8+ T cell exhaustion can be rescued by CD40-mediated mDC-activation. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is responsible for more than 500,000 deaths annually as a result of the immune-mediated chronic liver damage it induces. The HBV specific CD8+ T cell response contributes to the pathogenesis of liver disease and viral clearance, and the failure to induce and/or sustain a vigorous CD8+ T cell response results in viral persistence and causes chronic necroinflammatory liver disease. To understand how the HBV-specific CD8+ T cell response is generated in response to intrahepatically expressed HBV, we generated T cell receptor transgenic mice whose CD8+ T cells are specific for HBV core or HBV envelope antigens. We find that these T cells are primed in the liver when they are adoptively transferred into HBV transgenic mouse recipients whose livers produce infectious virus particles, and that they proliferate vigorously in situ but do not differentiate into functional effector T cells after antigen recognition. Functional differentiation is suppressed by dominant negative regulatory signals, including PD-1, unless they are suppressed by anti-CD40 activation of myeloid dendritic cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/agonists
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- CD40 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Hepatitis B/immunology
- Hepatitis B/metabolism
- Hepatitis B/pathology
- Hepatitis B/virology
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/physiology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Isogawa
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
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12
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Abstract
Recent success in cancer immunotherapy has reinvigorated the hypothesis that the immune system can control many if not most cancers, in some cases producing durable responses in a way not seen with many small-molecule drugs. Agonistic CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) offer a new therapeutic option which has the potential to generate anticancer immunity by various mechanisms. CD40 is a TNF receptor superfamily member expressed broadly on antigen-presenting cells (APC) such as dendritic cells, B cells, and monocytes as well as many nonimmune cells and a range of tumors. Agonistic CD40 mAb have been shown to activate APC and promote antitumor T-cell responses and to foster cytotoxic myeloid cells with the potential to control cancer in the absence of T-cell immunity. Thus, agonistic CD40 mAb are fundamentally different from mAb which block negative immune checkpoint such as anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1. Initial clinical trials of agonistic CD40 mAb have shown highly promising results in the absence of disabling toxicity, both in single-agent studies and in combination with chemotherapy; however, numerous questions remain about dose, schedule, route of administration, and formulation. Recent findings about the role played by the IgG isotype and the Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) in mAb cross-linking, together with insights into mechanisms of action, particularly with regard to the role of myeloid cells, are predicted to help design next-generation CD40 agonistic reagents with greater efficacy. Here, we will review the preclinical and clinical data and discuss the major issues facing the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Vonderheide
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104 USA
| | - Martin J. Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton University Hospitals, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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13
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Zhou Y, He J, Gou LT, Mu B, Liao WC, Ma C, Tang P, Zhou SJ, Zhou YJ, Yang JL. Expression of CD40 and growth-inhibitory activity of CD40 agonist in ovarian carcinoma cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1735-43. [PMID: 22406982 PMCID: PMC11029153 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The CD40 receptor is a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor family and is widely expressed on various cell types. The antitumour activity of CD40 agonist antibody has been observed in B-cell-derived malignancies, but its activity on ovarian cancer remains unclear. However, in this paper, we first confirmed that the anti-CD40 agonist antibody could inhibit the growth of ovarian cancer cells and induce apoptosis. This study investigated the expression of CD40 by ovarian carcinoma tissues and cell lines, at the same time, we evaluated the effect of a recombinant soluble human CD40L (rshCD40L) and an anti-CD40 agonist antibody on cell growth and apoptosis. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry assay demonstrated that CD40 was expressed on ovarian carcinoma cell lines and primary ovarian carcinoma cells derived from ascites, as well as on ovarian carcinoma tissues. The growth inhibition of rshCD40L and the anti-CD40 agonist antibody on ovarian carcinoma cells was examined by MTT assay, and the proportion of apoptotic tumour cells was analysed by flow cytometry and Hoechst staining. Our study showed that CD40 was expressed on all ovarian carcinoma cell lines and was examined in 86.2% (162/188) of ovarian cancer tissue samples, but not in normal ovarian tissues (n = 20). Treatment with rshCD40L or anti-CD40 agonist antibody significantly inhibited ovarian carcinoma cell growth and induced apoptosis. Theses results suggest that CD40 is expressed on ovarian carcinoma cells, moreover, that rshCD40L and anti-CD40 agonist antibody have therapeutic potential to inhibit human ovarian cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Lan-tu Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Bo Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Wei-chan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Ping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Shi-jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Yong-jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Jin-liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
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14
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Gu L, Ruff LE, Qin Z, Corr MP, Hedrick SM, Sailor MJ. Multivalent porous silicon nanoparticles enhance the immune activation potency of agonistic CD40 antibody. Adv Mater 2012; 24:3981-7. [PMID: 22689074 PMCID: PMC3517000 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201200776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
One of the fundamental paradigms in the use of nanoparticles to treat disease is to evade or suppress the immune system in order to minimize systemic side effects and deliver sufficient nanoparticle quantities to the intended tissues. However, the immune system is the body's most important and effective defense against diseases. It protects the host by identifying and eliminating foreign pathogens as well as self-malignancies. Here we report a nanoparticle engineered to work with the immune system, enhancing the intended activation of antigen presenting cells (APCs). We show that luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles (LPSiNPs), each containing multiple copies of an agonistic antibody (FGK45) to the APC receptor CD40, greatly enhance activation of B cells. The cellular response to the nanoparticle-based stimulators is equivalent to a 30-40 fold larger concentration of free FGK45. The intrinsic near-infrared photoluminescence of LPSiNPs is used to monitor degradation and track the nanoparticles inside APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Laura E. Ruff
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Zhengtao Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Maripat P. Corr
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Stephen M. Hedrick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Michael J. Sailor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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15
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Jackaman C, Nelson DJ. Intratumoral interleukin-2/agonist CD40 antibody drives CD4+ -independent resolution of treated-tumors and CD4+ -dependent systemic and memory responses. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:549-60. [PMID: 22002241 PMCID: PMC11029634 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeting interleukin-2 (IL-2) and/or agonist anti-CD40 antibody (Ab) into tumors represents an effective vaccination strategy that avoids systemic toxicity and resolves treated-site tumors. Here, we examined IL-2 and/or anti-CD40 Ab-driven local versus systemic T cell function and the installation of T cell memory. Single tumor studies showed that IL-2 induced a potent CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response that was limited to the draining lymph node and treated-site tumor, and lymph node tumor-specific CD8+ T cells did not upregulate CD44. A two-tumor model showed that while IL-2-treated-site tumors resolved, distal tumors continued to grow, implying limited systemic immunity. In contrast, anti-CD40 Ab treatment with or without IL-2 expanded the systemic T cell response to non-draining lymph nodes, and distal tumors resolved. Tumor-specific T cells in lymph nodes of anti-CD40 Ab ± IL-2-treated mice upregulated CD44, demonstrating activation and transition to effector/memory migratory cells. While CD40-activated CD4+ T cells were not required for eradicating treated-site tumors, they, plus CD8+ T cells, were crucial for removing distal tumors. Rechallenge/depletion experiments showed that the effector/memory phase required the presence of previously CD40/IL-2-activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to prevent recurrence. These novel findings show that different T cell effector mechanisms can operate for the eradication of local treated-site tumors versus untreated distal tumors and that signaling through CD40 generates a whole of body, effector/memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response that is amplified and prolonged via IL-2. Thus, successful immunotherapy needs to generate collaborating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for a complete long-term protective cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Jackaman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Immunology and Cancer Group, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Western Australia Biomedical Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
| | - Delia J. Nelson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Immunology and Cancer Group, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Western Australia Biomedical Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
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16
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Wilson NS, Yang B, Yang A, Loeser S, Marsters S, Lawrence D, Li Y, Pitti R, Totpal K, Yee S, Ross S, Vernes JM, Lu Y, Adams C, Offringa R, Kelley B, Hymowitz S, Daniel D, Meng G, Ashkenazi A. An Fcγ receptor-dependent mechanism drives antibody-mediated target-receptor signaling in cancer cells. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:101-13. [PMID: 21251615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies to cell-surface antigens trigger activatory Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated retrograde signals in leukocytes to control immune effector functions. Here, we uncover an FcγR mechanism that drives antibody-dependent forward signaling in target cells. Agonistic antibodies to death receptor 5 (DR5) induce cancer-cell apoptosis and are in clinical trials; however, their mechanism of action in vivo is not fully defined. Interaction of the DR5-agonistic antibody drozitumab with leukocyte FcγRs promoted DR5-mediated tumor-cell apoptosis. Whereas the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab required activatory FcγRs for tumoricidal function, drozitumab was effective in the context of either activatory or inhibitory FcγRs. A CD40-agonistic antibody required similar FcγR interactions to stimulate nuclear factor-κB activity in B cells. Thus, FcγRs can drive antibody-mediated receptor signaling in target cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Apoptosis/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/agonists
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- HCT116 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation/genetics
- Mutation/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/immunology
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptor Aggregation/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/agonists
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/immunology
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Wilson
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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17
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Chen CH, Abi-Ghanem D, Njongmeta L, Bray J, Mwangi W, Waghela SD, McReynolds JL, Ing NH, Berghman LR. Production and characterization of agonistic monoclonal antibodies against chicken CD40. Dev Comp Immunol 2010; 34:1139-1143. [PMID: 20599554 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
CD40 is mainly expressed by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Its ligand, CD40L, is transiently expressed on activated CD4(+) T-cells. CD40-CD40L interactions mediate T-cell help to APCs and provide crucial signals for affinity maturation and B-cell class switching. In mammals, agonistic monoclonal anti-CD40 antibodies (mAbs) mimic the effects of CD40L on APCs, leading to enhanced T-cell priming and expansion, increased antibody production and class switching. In this study, we describe agonistic anti-chicken CD40 mAb 2C5. This mAb detected CD40 on primary chicken B-cells and macrophages, DT40 B-cells, and HD11 macrophages, induced NO synthesis in HD11 macrophages, and stimulated DT40 B-cell proliferation. These observations demonstrated at least partial functional equivalence of 2C5 to chicken CD154. This mAb may therefore constitute a new tool to study the role of CD40 in the chicken immune system, and its agonistic effects suggest that it could also be used as an adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hsin Chen
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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18
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Choudhury A, Cohen PL, Eisenberg RA. B cells require "nurturing" by CD4 T cells during development in order to respond in chronic graft-versus-host model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2010; 136:105-15. [PMID: 20381429 PMCID: PMC2891082 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The murine chronic GVH (cGVH) model of SLE is induced by allo-recognition of foreign major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II determinants. Previous studies have shown that syngeneic CD4(+) T cells are needed during B cell development in order to induce cGVH response in CD4KO mice. Our present studies show that B cells require "nurturing" by CD4 T cells through much of their ontogeny in order to respond to allo-signaling and become autoreactive. The nurturing process does not require antigen-specific cognate interactions between CD4 T cells and B cells. It is mediated by IL-4, but not IL-10, IL-6 and IFN-gamma. The CD4 T cell nurturing may be supplanted by large doses of IL-4 and/or by agonistic anti-CD40 mAb. Understanding the mechanism of this "nurturing" process may yield clues to the role of CD4 T cells in lupus and in host defense in general.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Autoantibodies/blood
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- CD40 Antigens/agonists
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cytokines/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/pathology
- Graft vs Host Disease/urine
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/urine
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Proteinuria/diagnosis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Skin/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Choudhury
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, 19104
| | - Philip L. Cohen
- Section of Rheumatology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Robert A. Eisenberg
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, 19104
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19
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Scarlett UK, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Nesbeth YC, Martinez DG, Engle X, Gewirtz AT, Ahonen CL, Conejo-Garcia JR. In situ stimulation of CD40 and Toll-like receptor 3 transforms ovarian cancer-infiltrating dendritic cells from immunosuppressive to immunostimulatory cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:7329-37. [PMID: 19738057 PMCID: PMC2754806 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Boosting therapeutically relevant immunity against lethal epithelial tumors may require targeting tumor-induced immunosuppression on an individualized basis. Here, we show that, in the ovarian carcinoma microenvironment, CD11c(+)MHC-II(+) dendritic cells spontaneously engulf tumor materials but, rather than enhancing antitumor immunity, suppress T-cell function. In situ costimulation of CD40 and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 on tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells decreased their L-arginase activity, enhanced their production of type I IFN and interleukin-12 (p70), augmented their capacity to process antigens, and up-regulated costimulatory molecules in vivo in mice and in vitro in human dissociated tumors. Synergistic CD40/TLR activation also induced the migration of activated dendritic cells to lymphatic locations and promoted their capacity to present antigens. Correspondingly, without exogenous antigen, combined CD40/TLR agonists boosted measurable T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity and induced the rejection of otherwise lethal i.p. ovarian carcinomas. Our results highlight the potential of transforming tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (the most abundant leukocyte subset in the solid ovarian carcinoma microenvironment) from an immunosuppressive to an immunostimulatory cell type. Combined administration of synergistic CD40 and TLR3 agonists could enhance their individual therapeutic effects against ovarian and other lethal epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uciane K Scarlett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Yolanda C Nesbeth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Diana G Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Xavier Engle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cory L Ahonen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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20
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Krimmer DI, Loseli M, Hughes JM, Oliver BGG, Moir LM, Hunt NH, Black JL, Burgess JK. CD40 and OX40 ligand are differentially regulated on asthmatic airway smooth muscle. Allergy 2009; 64:1074-82. [PMID: 19220210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.01959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD40 and OX40 Ligand (OX40L) are cell-surface molecules expressed on airway smooth muscle (ASM) that can enhance inflammatory cell activation and survival. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on ASM CD40 and OX40L expression. METHODS CD40 and OX40L expression on human ASM cells from asthmatic and nonasthmatic donors following stimulation with TNF-alpha and/or IFN-gamma was measured using cell-surface enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry. Involvement of signalling pathway was investigated with pharmacological inhibitors. Soluble TNF receptor levels were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS Interferon-gamma and TNF-alpha synergistically increased CD40 expression to a greater extent on asthmatic than on nonasthmatic ASM. In contrast, IFN-gamma reduced TNF-alpha-induced OX40L expression to a similar extent in both cell types. TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma induced CD40 via nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 in both cell types and modulated OX40L via NF-kappaB and c-Jun N terminal kinase in nonasthmatic cells. Similar effects on the induction of OX40L in asthmatic cells were seen with NF-kappaB, but these were not statistically significant. The reduced OX40L expression with TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma involved extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 activation. CONCLUSION Asthmatic ASM may modulate airway inflammation locally by increasing CD40 and OX40L expression in response to cytokines. IFN-gamma may regulate ASM pro-inflammatory actions by differentially modulating ASM CD40 and OX40L expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Krimmer
- Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Puliaev R, Puliaeva I, Welniak L, Ryan A, Haas M, Murphy W, Via CS. CTL-promoting effects of CD40 stimulation outweigh B cell-stimulatory effects resulting in B cell elimination and disease improvement in a murine model of lupus. J Immunol 2008; 181:47-61. [PMID: 18566369 PMCID: PMC2613003 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD40/CD40L signaling promotes both B cell and CTL responses in vivo, the latter being beneficial in tumor models. Because CTL may also limit autoreactive B cell expansion in lupus, we asked whether an agonist CD40 mAb would exacerbate lupus due to B cell stimulation or would improve lupus due to CTL promotion. These studies used an induced model of lupus, the parent-into-F1 model in which transfer of DBA/2 splenocytes into B6D2F1 mice induces chronic lupus-like graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). Although agonist CD40 mAb treatment of DBA-->F1 mice initially exacerbated B cell expansion, it also strongly promoted donor CD8 T cell engraftment and cytolytic activity such that by 10 days host B cells were eliminated consistent with an accelerated acute GVHD. CD40 stimulation bypassed the requirement for CD4 T cell help for CD8 CTL possibly by licensing dendritic cells (DC) as shown by the following: 1) greater initial activation of donor CD8 T cells, but not CD4 T cells; 2) earlier activation of host DC; 3) host DC expansion that was CD8 dependent and CD4 independent; and 4) induction of acute GVHD using CD4-depleted purified DBA CD8+ T cells. A single dose of CD40 mAb improved lupus-like renal disease at 12 wk, but may not suffice for longer periods consistent with a need for continuing CD8 CTL surveillance. These results demonstrate that in the setting of lupus-like CD4 T cell-driven B cell hyperactivity, CTL promotion is both feasible and beneficial and the CTL-promoting properties of CD40 stimulation outweigh the B cell-stimulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Puliaev
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, and Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, and Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21201
| | - Irina Puliaeva
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, and Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, and Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21201
| | - Lisbeth Welniak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557
| | - Abigail Ryan
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, and Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, and Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21201
| | - Mark Haas
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - William Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557
| | - Charles S. Via
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, and Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, and Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21201
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Abstract
The cell surface molecule CD40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is broadly expressed by immune, hematopoietic, vascular, epithelial, and other cells, including a wide range of tumor cells. CD40 itself lacks intrinsic kinase or other signal transduction activity but rather mediates its diverse effects via an intricate series of downstream adapter molecules that differentially alter gene expression depending on cell type and microenvironment. As a potential target for novel cancer therapy, CD40 may mediate tumor regression through both an indirect effect of immune activation and a direct cytotoxic effect on the tumor, resulting in a "two-for-one" mechanism of action of CD40 agonists. Several drug formulations that target the CD40 pathway have undergone phase 1 clinical evaluation in advanced-stage cancer patients, and initial findings show objective clinical responses and immune modulation in the absence of major toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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Abstract
Ligation of CD40 induces maturation of dendritic cells (DC) and could be a useful target for vaccines. In this study, we have constructed two types of Ab-based vaccine constructs that target mouse CD40. One type is a recombinant Ab with V regions specific for CD40 and has defined T cell epitopes inserted into its C region. The other type is a homodimer, each chain of which is composed of a targeting unit (single-chain fragment variable targeting CD40), a dimerization motif, and an antigenic unit. Such proteins bound CD40, stimulated maturation of DC, and enhanced primary and memory T cell responses. When delivered i.m. as naked DNA followed by electroporation, the vaccines induced T cell responses against MHC class II-restricted epitopes, Ab responses, and protection in two tumor models (myeloma and lymphoma). Two factors apparently contributed to these results: 1) agonistic ligation of CD40 and induction of DC maturation, and 2) delivery of Ag to APC and presentation on MHC class II molecules. These results highlight the importance of agonistic targeting of Ag to CD40 for induction of long-lasting and protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline W Schjetne
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
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Hunter TB, Alsarraj M, Gladue RP, Bedian V, Antonia SJ. An Agonist Antibody Specific for CD40 Induces Dendritic Cell Maturation and Promotes Autologous Anti-tumour T-cell Responses in an In vitro Mixed Autologous Tumour Cell/Lymph Node Cell Model. Scand J Immunol 2007; 65:479-86. [PMID: 17444959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CD40-mediated interactions play an important role in the response to a variety of diseases, including cancer. Engagement of CD40 on antigen-presenting cells, namely dendritic cells (DC), by CD40L leads to maturation and up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules B7.1 and B7.2 (CD80 and CD86). These molecules are requisite to subsequent antigen-specific activation of T cells. T-cell activation is a critical aspect of specific anti-tumour immune responses that have become the focus of a variety of cancer immunotherapy approaches. Clinical trials involving immunologic interventions have shown clinical responses confirming that the immune system can be harnessed for the treatment of cancer. However, the clinical response rate has been low, signifying the need for new immunotherapeutic strategies. To this end, an agonist antibody specific for CD40, CP-870,893, has been developed. A fully autologous mixed tumour cell/lymph node cell model was utilized to demonstrate that CP-870,893 promotes the responsiveness of lymph node-derived T cells to autologous tumour. Specifically, T cells from the tumour-draining lymph nodes are not responsive to autologous tumour cells; however, in the presence of CP-870,893, this unresponsiveness is reversed, as indicated by lymph node cell proliferation and cytokine secretion. Monocyte-derived DC treated with CP-870,893 consistently display a mature phenotype: up-regulation of CD80, CD83, CD86 and HLA-DR expression, increased Mip1alpha and IL-12 secretion, and the loss of exogenous antigen-presenting capability subsequent to treatment with the antibody. These data indicate that CP-870,893 binds to and activates DC, ultimately driving a specific anti-tumour T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Hunter
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Sanchez PJ, McWilliams JA, Haluszczak C, Yagita H, Kedl RM. Combined TLR/CD40 stimulation mediates potent cellular immunity by regulating dendritic cell expression of CD70 in vivo. J Immunol 2007; 178:1564-72. [PMID: 17237405 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that immunization with a combination of TLR and CD40 agonists (combined TLR/CD40 agonist immunization) resulted in an expansion of Ag-specific CD8 T cells exponentially greater than the expansion observed to immunization with either agonist alone. We now show that the mechanism behind this expansion of T cells is the regulated expression of CD70 on dendritic cells. In contrast to previous results in vitro, the expression of CD70 on dendritic cells in vivo requires combined TLR/CD40 stimulation and is not significantly induced by stimulation of either pathway alone. Moreover, the exponential expansion of CD8(+) T cells following combined TLR/CD40 agonist immunization is CD70 dependent. Thus, the transition from innate stimuli (TLRs) to adaptive immunity is controlled by the regulated expression of CD70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Sanchez
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Vonderheide RH, Flaherty KT, Khalil M, Stumacher MS, Bajor DL, Hutnick NA, Sullivan P, Mahany JJ, Gallagher M, Kramer A, Green SJ, O'Dwyer PJ, Running KL, Huhn RD, Antonia SJ. Clinical activity and immune modulation in cancer patients treated with CP-870,893, a novel CD40 agonist monoclonal antibody. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:876-83. [PMID: 17327609 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.08.3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The cell-surface molecule CD40 activates antigen-presenting cells and enhances immune responses. CD40 is also expressed by solid tumors, but its engagement results in apoptosis. CP-870,893, a fully human and selective CD40 agonist monoclonal antibody (mAb), was tested for safety in a phase I dose-escalation study. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with advanced solid tumors received single doses of CP-870,893 intravenously. The primary objective was to determine safety and the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD). Secondary objectives included assessment of immune modulation and tumor response. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients received CP-870,893 in doses from 0.01 to 0.3 mg/kg. Dose-limiting toxicity was observed in two of seven patients at the 0.3 mg/kg dose level (venous thromboembolism and grade 3 headache). MTD was estimated as 0.2 mg/kg. The most common adverse event was cytokine release syndrome (grade 1 to 2) which included chills, rigors, and fever. Transient laboratory abnormalities affecting lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets, D-dimer and liver function tests were observed 24 to 48 hours after infusion. Four patients with melanoma (14% of all patients and 27% of melanoma patients) had objective partial responses at restaging (day 43). CP-870,893 infusion resulted in transient depletion of CD19+ B cells in blood (93% depletion at the MTD for < 1 week). Among B cells remaining in blood, we found a dose-related upregulation of costimulatory molecules after treatment. CONCLUSION The CD40 agonist mAb CP-870,893 was well tolerated and biologically active, and was associated with antitumor activity. Further studies of repeated doses of CP-870,893 alone and in combination with other antineoplastic agents are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Abramson Cancer Center, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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