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Paolino M, Choidas A, Wallner S, Pranjic B, Uribesalgo I, Loeser S, Jamieson AM, Langdon WY, Ikeda F, Fededa JP, Cronin SJ, Nitsch R, Schultz-Fademrecht C, Eickhoff J, Menninger S, Unger A, Torka R, Gruber T, Hinterleitner R, Baier G, Wolf D, Ullrich A, Klebl BM, Penninger JM. The E3 ligase Cbl-b and TAM receptors regulate cancer metastasis via natural killer cells. Nature 2014; 507:508-12. [PMID: 24553136 DOI: 10.1038/nature12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumour metastasis is the primary cause of mortality in cancer patients and remains the key challenge for cancer therapy. New therapeutic approaches to block inhibitory pathways of the immune system have renewed hopes for the utility of such therapies. Here we show that genetic deletion of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b (casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b) or targeted inactivation of its E3 ligase activity licenses natural killer (NK) cells to spontaneously reject metastatic tumours. The TAM tyrosine kinase receptors Tyro3, Axl and Mer (also known as Mertk) were identified as ubiquitylation substrates for Cbl-b. Treatment of wild-type NK cells with a newly developed small molecule TAM kinase inhibitor conferred therapeutic potential, efficiently enhancing anti-metastatic NK cell activity in vivo. Oral or intraperitoneal administration using this TAM inhibitor markedly reduced murine mammary cancer and melanoma metastases dependent on NK cells. We further report that the anticoagulant warfarin exerts anti-metastatic activity in mice via Cbl-b/TAM receptors in NK cells, providing a molecular explanation for a 50-year-old puzzle in cancer biology. This novel TAM/Cbl-b inhibitory pathway shows that it might be possible to develop a 'pill' that awakens the innate immune system to kill cancer metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Paolino
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Choidas
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Blanka Pranjic
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Iris Uribesalgo
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Loeser
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Amanda M Jamieson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Wallace Y Langdon
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Perth, Australia
| | - Fumiyo Ikeda
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juan Pablo Fededa
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Shane J Cronin
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roberto Nitsch
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jan Eickhoff
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Anke Unger
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Robert Torka
- Max-Planck, Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Gruber
- Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Dominik Wolf
- 1] Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria [2] Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Axel Ullrich
- Max-Planck, Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bert M Klebl
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Wilson NS, Yang B, Yang A, Loeser S, Marsters S, Lawrence D, Li Y, Pitti R, Totpal K, Yee S, Ross S, Vernes JM, Lu Y, Adams C, Offringa R, Kelley B, Hymowitz S, Daniel D, Meng G, Ashkenazi A. An Fcγ receptor-dependent mechanism drives antibody-mediated target-receptor signaling in cancer cells. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:101-13. [PMID: 21251615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies to cell-surface antigens trigger activatory Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated retrograde signals in leukocytes to control immune effector functions. Here, we uncover an FcγR mechanism that drives antibody-dependent forward signaling in target cells. Agonistic antibodies to death receptor 5 (DR5) induce cancer-cell apoptosis and are in clinical trials; however, their mechanism of action in vivo is not fully defined. Interaction of the DR5-agonistic antibody drozitumab with leukocyte FcγRs promoted DR5-mediated tumor-cell apoptosis. Whereas the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab required activatory FcγRs for tumoricidal function, drozitumab was effective in the context of either activatory or inhibitory FcγRs. A CD40-agonistic antibody required similar FcγR interactions to stimulate nuclear factor-κB activity in B cells. Thus, FcγRs can drive antibody-mediated receptor signaling in target cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Apoptosis/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/agonists
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- HCT116 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation/genetics
- Mutation/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/immunology
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptor Aggregation/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/agonists
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/immunology
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Wilson
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Abstract
The implication of the immune system in tumor surveillance is proven and widely accepted. However, anti-cancer immunotherapy is still difficult due to insufficient activation, immune suppression and tolerance induction. The ubiquitin E3 ligase Cbl-b, is a member of the Cbl (casitas B-lineage lymphoma) protein family and was identified as a key dominant "tolerogenic" factor in T cells that directly regulates T-cell activation by controlling activation thresholds and the requirement for co-stimulation. Intriguingly, Cbl-b deficient mice spontaneously reject a variety of cancers including spontaneous solid tumors and hematopoietic malignancies. Mechanistically, modulation of Cbl-b in T cells controls activation of tumor-reactive cytotoxic T cells in vivo and might circumvent several limitations of T cell immunotherapy. Therefore manipulation of Cbl-b might provide us with a unique opportunity for future immune treatment of human disorders such as autoimmunity, chronic viral infections, or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Loeser
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
The family of the Casitas B-lineage Lymphoma (Cbl) proteins, c-Cbl, Cbl-b, and Cbl-3, function as E3 ubiquitin ligases and molecular adaptors. In particular, Cbl-b acts as a gatekeeper in T cell activation that controls activation thresholds and the requirement for co-stimulation. Loss of Cbl-b expression renders animals susceptible to antigen-triggered autoimmunity suggesting that Cbl-b is a key autoimmunity gene. In addition, Cbl-b plays a critical role in T cell anergy and escape from regulatory T cells (Treg) suppression. Modulation of Cbl-b might provide us with a unique opportunity for future immune treatment of human disorders such as autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Loeser
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohrgasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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Loeser S, Loser K, Bijker MS, Rangachari M, van der Burg SH, Wada T, Beissert S, Melief CJM, Penninger JM. Spontaneous tumor rejection by cbl-b-deficient CD8+ T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:879-91. [PMID: 17403934 PMCID: PMC2118550 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The concept of tumor surveillance implies that specific and nonspecific components of the immune system eliminate tumors in the early phase of malignancy. Understanding the biochemical mechanisms of tumor immunosurveillance is of paramount significance because it might allow one to specifically modulate spontaneous antitumor activity. We report that inactivation of the E3 ligase Casitas B cell lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) confers spontaneous in vivo rejection of tumor cells that express human papilloma virus antigens. Moreover, cbl-b−/− mice develop significantly fewer ultraviolet B (UVB)–induced skin malignancies and reject UVB-induced skin tumors. CD8+ T cells were identified as key players in the spontaneous tumor rejection response. Loss of Cbl-b not only enhances antitumor reactivity of CD8+ T cells but also occurs in the absence of CD4+ T cells. Mechanistically, cbl-b−/− CD8+ T cells are resistant to T regulatory cell–mediated suppression and exhibit enhanced activation and rapid tumor infiltration. Importantly, therapeutic transfer of naive cbl-b−/− CD8+ T cells is sufficient to mediate rejection of established tumors. Even up to 1 yr after the first encounter with the tumor cells, cbl-b−/− mice carry an “anticancer memory.” These data identify Cbl-b as a key signaling molecule that controls spontaneous antitumor activity of cytotoxic T cells in different cancer models. Inhibition of Cbl-b is a novel approach to stimulate long-lasting immunity against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Loeser
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Science, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Loser K, Mehling A, Loeser S, Apelt J, Kuhn A, Grabbe S, Schwarz T, Penninger JM, Beissert S. Epidermal RANKL controls regulatory T-cell numbers via activation of dendritic cells. Nat Med 2006; 12:1372-9. [PMID: 17143276 DOI: 10.1038/nm1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells are important in suppressing immune responses. The requirements for the maintenance of peripheral CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells remain incompletely understood. Receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) and its ligand (RANKL; also known as CD254, OPGL and TRANCE) are key regulators of bone remodeling, mammary gland formation, lymph node development and T-cell/dendritic cell communication. Here we report that RANKL is expressed in keratinocytes of the inflamed skin. RANKL overexpression in keratinocytes resulted in functional alterations of epidermal dendritic cells and systemic increases of regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells. Thus, epidermal RANKL expression can change dendritic cell functions to maintain the number of peripheral CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. Epidermal RANKL mediated ultraviolet-induced immunosuppression and overexpression of epidermal RANKL suppressed allergic contact hypersensitivity responses and the development of systemic autoimmunity. Therefore, environmental stimuli at the skin can rewire the local and systemic immune system by means of RANKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Loser
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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