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Mai J(M, Caldwell K, DeVorkin L, Leung GP, Herve K, Hwang Y, Faralla C, Wei W, Lathouwers E, Puyraimond VD, Clifford L, Chappell RS, Hannie S, Lam KJ, Dhupar H, Tran TN, Cid M, Bolten LM, Pinsky T, Xiang P, Lai C, Lee A, Li VZ, Chan P, Chin J, Booth S, Lee AC, Masterman S, Duncan S, Yamniuk A, Dalal K, Jacobs TM, Tonikian R, Barnhart BC. Abstract 1886: Identifying T-cell engagers with optimal potency and cytokine-release profiles with a diverse panel of CD3-binding antibodies. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, we describe the characterization and validation of a diverse panel of fully human CD3-binding antibodies, including hundreds of human and cyno cross-reactive binders. We used two proof-of-concept TCE targets to demonstrate that this panel streamlines CD3 T-cell engager (TCE) development, enabling identification of optimal tumor cell-killing and cytokine-release profiles. CD3 TCEs have potential to be powerful cancer treatments, but the small number of available CD3-binding antibodies and limited multispecific engineering technologies have been barriers to development. Identifying TCEs that balance anti-tumor potency with potential toxicities, such as cytokine release syndrome, requires simultaneous tuning of both the CD3- and tumor-binding arms. Pairs of antibodies that achieve this balance are rare, creating a need for diverse panels of developable antibodies that can be combined and tested to identify optimal clinical candidates. To streamline TCE development, we discovered a diverse panel of CD3-binding antibodies. We screened over 5 million single cells from humanized mice and identified 585 unique CD3-specific antibody sequences. Of these, over 170 were identified as cross-reactive to human and cyno CD3 in primary screening. We then used high-throughput characterization to curate a panel of diverse and developable antibodies. We found a wide range of CD3εδ and CD3εγ binding specificities, affinities, and kinetics. Epitope binning analysis revealed multiple bins containing human and cyno cross-reactive binders, some of which are distinct from previously described cross-reactive antibodies, such as SP34-2. We assessed their biophysical properties and identified antibodies with good developability properties, including high thermal stability and low hydrophobicity, self-association, polyspecificity, and aggregation. To validate these antibodies, we used OrthoMab™ to generate proof-of-concept TCE panels with fixed tumor-binding arms. We identified CD3 x EGFR TCEs with high potency, low cytokine release, functional cross-reactivity in a cyno T cell-mediated tumor killing assay, and good pharmacokinetic properties in Tg32 mice. A second proof-of-concept CD3 x PSMA panel further validated our antibodies in bispecific formats. Together, these studies demonstrate that starting with diverse CD3-binding antibodies streamlines identification of developable TCEs with optimal potency and cytokine release. We leveraged data from our extensive characterization of CD3-binding antibodies in mono- and bispecific formats to develop a strategy for down-selection and pairing of CD3- and tumor-binding antibodies, and a high-throughput method for analysis of resulting TCEs. By categorizing antibodies based on functional properties, we are able to rapidly pinpoint optimal potential clinical candidates for specific tumor targets.
Citation Format: Juntao (Matt) Mai, Kate Caldwell, Lindsay DeVorkin, Grace P. Leung, Karine Herve, Yuri Hwang, Cristina Faralla, Wei Wei, Emma Lathouwers, Valentine de Puyraimond, Lauren Clifford, Rhys S. Chappell, Stefan Hannie, Katherine J. Lam, Harveer Dhupar, Tran N. Tran, Melissa Cid, Lena M. Bolten, Tova Pinsky, Ping Xiang, Courteney Lai, Ahn Lee, Vivian Z. Li, Patrick Chan, Jasmine Chin, Steve Booth, Amy C. Lee, Stephanie Masterman, Sherie Duncan, Aaron Yamniuk, Kush Dalal, Tim M. Jacobs, Raffi Tonikian, Bryan C. Barnhart. Identifying T-cell engagers with optimal potency and cytokine-release profiles with a diverse panel of CD3-binding antibodies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1886.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate Caldwell
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Grace P. Leung
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karine Herve
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yuri Hwang
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Wei Wei
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emma Lathouwers
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Lauren Clifford
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Stefan Hannie
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Harveer Dhupar
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tran N. Tran
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melissa Cid
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lena M. Bolten
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tova Pinsky
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ping Xiang
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Courteney Lai
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ahn Lee
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vivian Z. Li
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrick Chan
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jasmine Chin
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steve Booth
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy C. Lee
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Sherie Duncan
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aaron Yamniuk
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kush Dalal
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tim M. Jacobs
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Raffi Tonikian
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Tortora D, Bergqvist P, Leung GP, Vigano E, Samiotakis A, Dhupar H, Wei W, Zhi SR, Sato Y, Goodman A, Crichlow CL, Cid M, Scortecci JF, Xiang P, Lee A, Li V, Masterman S, Duncan S, Yamniuk A, Dalal K, Jacobs T, Tonikian R, Barnhart BC. Abstract 1891: Breaking barriers to access intracellular targets with T-cell engagers: Discovery of diverse, developable, and ultra-specific antibodies against a MAGE-A4 pMHC. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, we describe the discovery of antibodies against a MAGE-A4 peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC). These antibodies will form the basis for the tumor-binding arm of T-cell engagers (TCEs) against this target.
Bispecific CD3 TCEs have the potential to transform cancer treatment by redirecting T cells to tumor targets, but technological barriers have limited their development for solid tumors. Targets for TCEs have generally been limited to surface-expressed proteins, however, access to intracellular proteins that are mutated and/or differentially expressed in cancer cells would expand the target pool. Peptides of these intracellular proteins presented on MHC class I (MHC-I) provide opportunities for TCE development. Technologies powering discovery of rare antibodies that are ultra-specific, high-affinity pMHC binders are needed to expand this promising class of tumor targets.
We have developed a technology platform for the discovery of optimal TCEs, including a diverse panel of CD3-binding antibodies and an antibody discovery and development engine that includes multispecific engineering capabilities, powered by OrthoMabTM. We are applying this platform to develop TCEs against MAGE-A4, an intracellular tumor target expressed by many solid tumors, but not by healthy tissues.
Using proprietary immunization technologies, we triggered robust, diverse antibody responses against a complex of a human MAGE-A4 peptide presented on MHC-I. We used high-throughput microfluidic technology to screen single B cells using a multiplexed bead-binding assay to identify antibodies specific to the target, but not closely-related pMHCs. We then expressed and purified antibodies for downstream validation and characterization. Antibody specificity was initially validated using a panel of related pMHC complexes, and developability properties were assessed, including hydrophobicity, self-association, polyspecificity, stability, and aggregation.
With complex data integration and analysis, we identified a panel of diverse and developable antibodies that bind with high affinity to a human MAGE-A4 peptide sequence of 10 amino acids presented on MHC-I (HLA:02*01). Strategic selection and pairing of these target-binding antibodies with our large and diverse panel of fully human CD3-binders will power the discovery of ultra-specific MAGE-A4 TCEs with optimal potency and cytokine release.
Citation Format: Davide Tortora, Peter Bergqvist, Grace P. Leung, Elena Vigano, Antonios Samiotakis, Harveer Dhupar, Wei Wei, Shirley R. Zhi, Yukiko Sato, Allison Goodman, Cindy-Lee Crichlow, Melissa Cid, Jessica Fernandes Scortecci, Ping Xiang, Ahn Lee, Vivian Li, Stephanie Masterman, Sherie Duncan, Aaron Yamniuk, Kush Dalal, Tim Jacobs, Raffi Tonikian, Bryan C. Barnhart. Breaking barriers to access intracellular targets with T-cell engagers: Discovery of diverse, developable, and ultra-specific antibodies against a MAGE-A4 pMHC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1891.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Tortora
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter Bergqvist
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Grace P. Leung
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elena Vigano
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Harveer Dhupar
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wei Wei
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shirley R. Zhi
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yukiko Sato
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Allison Goodman
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Melissa Cid
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Ping Xiang
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ahn Lee
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vivian Li
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Sherie Duncan
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aaron Yamniuk
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kush Dalal
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tim Jacobs
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Raffi Tonikian
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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DeVorkin L, Jacobs TM, Tonikian R, Hervé K, Caldwell K, Hwang Y, Faralla C, Wei W, Lam KJ, Dhupar H, Tran TNT, Cid M, Bolten LM, Pinsky T, Dalal K, Heyries KA, Barnhart BC. Abstract 312: Redirecting T cells to tumor targets with functionally diverse CD3-binding antibodies. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies that redirect cancer-killing T cells towards tumors are promising next-generation cancer therapies. While there are hundreds of T cell engagers (TCEs) in development, there is only one approved and marketed CD3-binding TCE. The high rate of attrition is largely attributable to dose-limiting toxicities, including cytokine release syndrome, due in part to the small pool of high affinity CD3-binding antibodies that are commonly used. The discovery of safe and effective TCEs is limited because diverse panels of parental CD3 antibodies are hard to produce, the pairing of parentals is hard to perfect, and the sheer complexity and volume of data is hard to action. In this study, we will present a panel of functionally diverse, fully human CD3-binding parental antibodies. We will present data characterizing the diversity of our panel across multiple parameters, including sequence diversity, CD3 affinity, epitope binding, T cell activation, cytokine release, and tumor cell killing. Using OrthoMab࣪, our clinically-validated bispecific engineering platform, allows this panel to be tested with a series of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in a matrix format. Results from high-throughput production and characterization of bispecific antibodies will be presented. These multidimensional datasets of TCE composition and function allow for the identification of pairs that are optimal candidates for clinical development. This work will show how the diversity of our CD3-binding panel, combined with a robust bispecific protein engineering technology, can be used to quickly assess large and diverse TAA-binding panels discovered through our technology stack. An integrated workflow that doubles the data with diverse panels of parentals, assembles stable, safe, and manufacturable TCEs, and visualizes multidimensional datasets are critical to successfully identifying lead therapeutic candidates to bring the next generation of cancer therapies to patients sooner.
Citation Format: Lindsay DeVorkin, Tim M. Jacobs, Raffi Tonikian, Karine Hervé, Kate Caldwell, Yuri Hwang, Cristina Faralla, Wei Wei, Katherine J. Lam, Harveer Dhupar, Tran NT Tran, Melissa Cid, Lena M. Bolten, Tova Pinsky, Kush Dalal, Kevin A. Heyries, Bryan C. Barnhart. Redirecting T cells to tumor targets with functionally diverse CD3-binding antibodies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 312.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim M. Jacobs
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Raffi Tonikian
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karine Hervé
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kate Caldwell
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yuri Hwang
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Wei Wei
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Harveer Dhupar
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tran NT Tran
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melissa Cid
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lena M. Bolten
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tova Pinsky
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kush Dalal
- 1AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Westendorf K, Žentelis S, Wang L, Foster D, Vaillancourt P, Wiggin M, Lovett E, van der Lee R, Hendle J, Pustilnik A, Sauder JM, Kraft L, Hwang Y, Siegel RW, Chen J, Heinz BA, Higgs RE, Kallewaard NL, Jepson K, Goya R, Smith MA, Collins DW, Pellacani D, Xiang P, de Puyraimond V, Ricicova M, Devorkin L, Pritchard C, O'Neill A, Dalal K, Panwar P, Dhupar H, Garces FA, Cohen CA, Dye JM, Huie KE, Badger CV, Kobasa D, Audet J, Freitas JJ, Hassanali S, Hughes I, Munoz L, Palma HC, Ramamurthy B, Cross RW, Geisbert TW, Menachery V, Lokugamage K, Borisevich V, Lanz I, Anderson L, Sipahimalani P, Corbett KS, Yang ES, Zhang Y, Shi W, Zhou T, Choe M, Misasi J, Kwong PD, Sullivan NJ, Graham BS, Fernandez TL, Hansen CL, Falconer E, Mascola JR, Jones BE, Barnhart BC. LY-CoV1404 (bebtelovimab) potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110812. [PMID: 35568025 PMCID: PMC9035363 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can reduce the risk of hospitalization from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) when administered early. However, SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) have negatively affected therapeutic use of some authorized mAbs. Using a high-throughput B cell screening pipeline, we isolated LY-CoV1404 (bebtelovimab), a highly potent SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific antibody. LY-CoV1404 potently neutralizes authentic SARS-CoV-2, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.617.2. In pseudovirus neutralization studies, LY-CoV1404 potently neutralizes variants, including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.617.2, B.1.427/B.1.429, P.1, B.1.526, B.1.1.529, and the BA.2 subvariant. Structural analysis reveals that the contact residues of the LY-CoV1404 epitope are highly conserved, except for N439 and N501. The binding and neutralizing activity of LY-CoV1404 is unaffected by the most common mutations at these positions (N439K and N501Y). The broad and potent neutralization activity and the relatively conserved epitope suggest that LY-CoV1404 has the potential to be an effective therapeutic agent to treat all known variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Denisa Foster
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Peter Vaillancourt
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Erica Lovett
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | | | - Jörg Hendle
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Anna Pustilnik
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - J Michael Sauder
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Lucas Kraft
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Yuri Hwang
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | | | - Jinbiao Chen
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Jepson
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Goya
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Maia A Smith
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | | | | | - Ping Xiang
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Aoise O'Neill
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Kush Dalal
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Pankaj Panwar
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | | | | | - Courtney A Cohen
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - John M Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kathleen E Huie
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Catherine V Badger
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3L5, Canada; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jonathan Audet
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3L5, Canada; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Joshua J Freitas
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Saleema Hassanali
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ina Hughes
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Luis Munoz
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Holly C Palma
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Robert W Cross
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Vineet Menachery
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Kumari Lokugamage
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Iliana Lanz
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Lisa Anderson
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | | | - Kizzmekia S Corbett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Misook Choe
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John Misasi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Carl L Hansen
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | | | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bryan E Jones
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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5
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Cantera J, Cate DM, Golden A, Peck RB, Lillis LL, Domingo GJ, Murphy E, Barnhart BC, Anderson CA, Alonzo LF, Glukhova V, Hermansky G, Barrios-Lopez B, Spencer E, Kuhn S, Islam Z, Grant BD, Kraft L, Herve K, de Puyraimond V, Hwang Y, Dewan PK, Weigl BH, Nichols KP, Boyle DS. Screening Antibodies Raised against the Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 to Support the Development of Rapid Antigen Assays. ACS Omega 2021; 6:20139-20148. [PMID: 34373846 PMCID: PMC8340086 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel viral pathogen and therefore a challenge to accurately diagnose infection. Asymptomatic cases are common and so it is difficult to accurately identify infected cases to support surveillance and case detection. Diagnostic test developers are working to meet the global demand for accurate and rapid diagnostic tests to support disease management. However, the focus of many of these has been on molecular diagnostic tests, and more recently serologic tests, for use in primarily high-income countries. Low- and middle-income countries typically have very limited access to molecular diagnostic testing due to fewer resources. Serologic testing is an inappropriate surrogate as the early stages of infection are not detected and misdiagnosis will promote continued transmission. Detection of infection via direct antigen testing may allow for earlier diagnosis provided such a method is sensitive. Leading SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers include spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, envelope protein, and membrane protein. This research focuses on antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein due to the number of monoclonal antibodies that have been developed for therapeutic research but also have potential diagnostic value. In this study, we assessed the performance of antibodies to the spike glycoprotein, acquired from both commercial and private groups in multiplexed liquid immunoassays, with concurrent testing via a half-strip lateral flow assays (LFA) to indicate antibodies with potential in LFA development. These processes allow for the selection of pairs of high-affinity antispike antibodies that are suitable for liquid immunoassays and LFA, some of which with sensitivity into the low picogram range with the liquid immunoassay formats with no cross-reactivity to other coronavirus S antigens. Discrepancies in optimal ranking were observed with the top pairs used in the liquid and LFA formats. These findings can support the development of SARS-CoV-2 LFAs and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason
L. Cantera
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - David M. Cate
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Allison Golden
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Roger B. Peck
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Lorraine L. Lillis
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Gonzalo J. Domingo
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Eileen Murphy
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Bryan C. Barnhart
- AbCellera
Biologics Inc., 2215
Yukon Street, Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Caitlin A. Anderson
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Luis F. Alonzo
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Veronika Glukhova
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Gleda Hermansky
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Brianda Barrios-Lopez
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Ethan Spencer
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Samantha Kuhn
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Zeba Islam
- Intellectual
Ventures Lab, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Grant
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Lucas Kraft
- AbCellera
Biologics Inc., 2215
Yukon Street, Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Karine Herve
- AbCellera
Biologics Inc., 2215
Yukon Street, Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | | | - Yuri Hwang
- AbCellera
Biologics Inc., 2215
Yukon Street, Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Puneet K. Dewan
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Bernhard H. Weigl
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Kevin P. Nichols
- Global
Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - David S. Boyle
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
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6
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Cantera JL, Cate DM, Golden A, Peck RB, Lillis LL, Domingo GJ, Murphy E, Barnhart BC, Anderson CA, Alonzo LF, Glukhova V, Hermansky G, Barrios-Lopez B, Spencer E, Kuhn S, Islam Z, Grant BD, Kraft L, Herve K, de Puyraimond V, Hwang Y, Dewan PK, Weigl BH, Nichols KP, Boyle DS. Screening Antibodies Raised against the Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 to Support the Development of Rapid Antigen Assays. ACS Omega 2021; 6:20139-20148. [PMID: 34373846 DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv.12899672.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel viral pathogen and therefore a challenge to accurately diagnose infection. Asymptomatic cases are common and so it is difficult to accurately identify infected cases to support surveillance and case detection. Diagnostic test developers are working to meet the global demand for accurate and rapid diagnostic tests to support disease management. However, the focus of many of these has been on molecular diagnostic tests, and more recently serologic tests, for use in primarily high-income countries. Low- and middle-income countries typically have very limited access to molecular diagnostic testing due to fewer resources. Serologic testing is an inappropriate surrogate as the early stages of infection are not detected and misdiagnosis will promote continued transmission. Detection of infection via direct antigen testing may allow for earlier diagnosis provided such a method is sensitive. Leading SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers include spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, envelope protein, and membrane protein. This research focuses on antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein due to the number of monoclonal antibodies that have been developed for therapeutic research but also have potential diagnostic value. In this study, we assessed the performance of antibodies to the spike glycoprotein, acquired from both commercial and private groups in multiplexed liquid immunoassays, with concurrent testing via a half-strip lateral flow assays (LFA) to indicate antibodies with potential in LFA development. These processes allow for the selection of pairs of high-affinity antispike antibodies that are suitable for liquid immunoassays and LFA, some of which with sensitivity into the low picogram range with the liquid immunoassay formats with no cross-reactivity to other coronavirus S antigens. Discrepancies in optimal ranking were observed with the top pairs used in the liquid and LFA formats. These findings can support the development of SARS-CoV-2 LFAs and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Cantera
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - David M Cate
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Allison Golden
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Roger B Peck
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Lorraine L Lillis
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Gonzalo J Domingo
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Eileen Murphy
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
| | - Bryan C Barnhart
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., 2215 Yukon Street, Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Caitlin A Anderson
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Luis F Alonzo
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Veronika Glukhova
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Gleda Hermansky
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Brianda Barrios-Lopez
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Ethan Spencer
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Samantha Kuhn
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Zeba Islam
- Intellectual Ventures Lab, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Benjamin D Grant
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Lucas Kraft
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., 2215 Yukon Street, Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Karine Herve
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., 2215 Yukon Street, Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | | | - Yuri Hwang
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., 2215 Yukon Street, Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Puneet K Dewan
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Bernhard H Weigl
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - Kevin P Nichols
- Global Health Laboratories, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, Washington 98007, United States
| | - David S Boyle
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, Washington 98121, United States
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7
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Jones BE, Brown-Augsburger PL, Corbett KS, Westendorf K, Davies J, Cujec TP, Wiethoff CM, Blackbourne JL, Heinz BA, Foster D, Higgs RE, Balasubramaniam D, Wang L, Zhang Y, Yang ES, Bidshahri R, Kraft L, Hwang Y, Žentelis S, Jepson KR, Goya R, Smith MA, Collins DW, Hinshaw SJ, Tycho SA, Pellacani D, Xiang P, Muthuraman K, Sobhanifar S, Piper MH, Triana FJ, Hendle J, Pustilnik A, Adams AC, Berens SJ, Baric RS, Martinez DR, Cross RW, Geisbert TW, Borisevich V, Abiona O, Belli HM, de Vries M, Mohamed A, Dittmann M, Samanovic MI, Mulligan MJ, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Johnson NV, Wrapp D, McLellan JS, Barnhart BC, Graham BS, Mascola JR, Hansen CL, Falconer E. The neutralizing antibody, LY-CoV555, protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabf1906. [PMID: 33820835 PMCID: PMC8284311 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a public health threat for which preventive and therapeutic agents are urgently needed. Neutralizing antibodies are a key class of therapeutics that may bridge widespread vaccination campaigns and offer a treatment solution in populations less responsive to vaccination. Here, we report that high-throughput microfluidic screening of antigen-specific B cells led to the identification of LY-CoV555 (also known as bamlanivimab), a potent anti-spike neutralizing antibody from a hospitalized, convalescent patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Biochemical, structural, and functional characterization of LY-CoV555 revealed high-affinity binding to the receptor-binding domain, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 binding inhibition, and potent neutralizing activity. A pharmacokinetic study of LY-CoV555 conducted in cynomolgus monkeys demonstrated a mean half-life of 13 days and a clearance of 0.22 ml hour-1 kg-1, consistent with a typical human therapeutic antibody. In a rhesus macaque challenge model, prophylactic doses as low as 2.5 mg/kg reduced viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract in samples collected through study day 6 after viral inoculation. This antibody has entered clinical testing and is being evaluated across a spectrum of COVID-19 indications, including prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Jones
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | | | - Kizzmekia S Corbett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Julian Davies
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Thomas P Cujec
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | - Denisa Foster
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Lucas Kraft
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y0A1, Canada
| | - Yuri Hwang
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y0A1, Canada
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Goya
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y0A1, Canada
| | - Maia A Smith
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y0A1, Canada
| | | | | | - Sean A Tycho
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y0A1, Canada
| | | | - Ping Xiang
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y0A1, Canada
| | | | | | - Marissa H Piper
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Franz J Triana
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jorg Hendle
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Anna Pustilnik
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Ralph S Baric
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Olubukola Abiona
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hayley M Belli
- Department of Population Health, Division of Biostatistics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Maren de Vries
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adil Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Meike Dittmann
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marie I Samanovic
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jory A Goldsmith
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nicole V Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carl L Hansen
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y0A1, Canada
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8
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Westendorf K, Žentelis S, Foster D, Vaillancourt P, Wiggin M, Lovett E, Hendle J, Pustilnik A, Sauder JM, Kraft L, Hwang Y, Siegel RW, Chen J, Heinz BA, Higgs RE, Kalleward N, Jepson K, Goya R, Smith MA, Collins DW, Pellacani D, Xiang P, de Puyraimond V, Ricicova M, Devorkin L, Pritchard C, O'Neill A, Cohen C, Dye J, Huie KI, Badger CV, Kobasa D, Audet J, Freitas JJ, Hassanali S, Hughes I, Munoz L, Palma HC, Ramamurthy B, Cross RW, Geisbert TW, Borisevich V, Lanz I, Anderson L, Sipahimalani P, Corbett KS, Wang L, Yang ES, Zhang Y, Shi W, Graham BS, Mascola JR, Fernandez TL, Hansen CL, Falconer E, Jones BE, Barnhart BC. LY-CoV1404 potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 33972947 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.30.442182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
LY-CoV1404 is a highly potent, neutralizing, SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific antibody identified from a convalescent COVID-19 patient approximately 60 days after symptom onset. In pseudovirus studies, LY-CoV1404 retains potent neutralizing activity against numerous variants including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.427/B.1.429, P.1, and B.1.526 and binds to these variants in the presence of their underlying RBD mutations (which include K417N, L452R, E484K, and N501Y). LY-CoV1404 also neutralizes authentic SARS-CoV-2 in two different assays against multiple isolates. The RBD positions comprising the LY-CoV1404 epitope are highly conserved, with the exception of N439 and N501; notably the binding and neutralizing activity of LY-CoV1404 is unaffected by the most common mutations at these positions (N439K and N501Y). The breadth of variant binding, potent neutralizing activity and the relatively conserved epitope suggest that LY-CoV1404 is one in a panel of well-characterized, clinically developable antibodies that could be deployed rapidly to address current and emerging variants. New variant-resistant treatments such as LY-CoV1404 are desperately needed, given that some of the existing therapeutic antibodies are less effective or ineffective against certain variants and the impact of variants on vaccine efficacy is still poorly understood. In Brief LY-CoV1404 is a potent SARS-CoV-2-binding antibody that neutralizes all known variants of concern and whose epitope is rarely mutated. Highlights LY-CoV1404 potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 authentic virus and all known variants of concernNo loss of potency against current variantsBinding epitope on RBD of SARS-CoV-2 is rarely mutated in GISAID databaseBreadth of neutralizing activity and potency supports clinical development.
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9
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Jones BE, Brown-Augsburger PL, Corbett KS, Westendorf K, Davies J, Cujec TP, Wiethoff CM, Blackbourne JL, Heinz BA, Foster D, Higgs RE, Balasubramaniam D, Wang L, Bidshahri R, Kraft L, Hwang Y, Žentelis S, Jepson KR, Goya R, Smith MA, Collins DW, Hinshaw SJ, Tycho SA, Pellacani D, Xiang P, Muthuraman K, Sobhanifar S, Piper MH, Triana FJ, Hendle J, Pustilnik A, Adams AC, Berens SJ, Baric RS, Martinez DR, Cross RW, Geisbert TW, Borisevich V, Abiona O, Belli HM, de Vries M, Mohamed A, Dittmann M, Samanovic M, Mulligan MJ, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Johnson NV, Wrapp D, McLellan JS, Barnhart BC, Graham BS, Mascola JR, Hansen CL, Falconer E. LY-CoV555, a rapidly isolated potent neutralizing antibody, provides protection in a non-human primate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. bioRxiv 2020. [PMID: 33024963 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.30.318972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 poses a public health threat for which therapeutic agents are urgently needed. Herein, we report that high-throughput microfluidic screening of antigen-specific B-cells led to the identification of LY-CoV555, a potent anti-spike neutralizing antibody from a convalescent COVID-19 patient. Biochemical, structural, and functional characterization revealed high-affinity binding to the receptor-binding domain, ACE2 binding inhibition, and potent neutralizing activity. In a rhesus macaque challenge model, prophylaxis doses as low as 2.5 mg/kg reduced viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract. These data demonstrate that high-throughput screening can lead to the identification of a potent antiviral antibody that protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection. One Sentence Summary LY-CoV555, an anti-spike antibody derived from a convalescent COVID-19 patient, potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and protects the upper and lower airways of non-human primates against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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10
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Barnhart BC, Quigley M. Role of Fc-FcγR interactions in the antitumor activity of therapeutic antibodies. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:340-346. [PMID: 27974746 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of antibody therapy for cancer has steadily increased in recent years and has become standard treatment for numerous tumor types. It is now appreciated that the clinical activity of these antibodies relies upon their specific interactions with Fc receptors in addition to the well-studied target-binding region. The interactions mediated by antibody Fc domains can strongly affect the functional outcome of antibody therapy. The Fc portion of an antibody defines its interaction with numerous immune cells and has become an intense area of research as selecting the optimal Fc can greatly enhance the activity as well as mechanism of action of therapeutic antibodies. Recent advances in antibody engineering have enabled the development of antibodies that have altered Fc receptor interactions to take advantage of these findings. Engineering the Fc can fulfill diverse functions such as enhancing effector function for killing of tumor cells or depletion of unwanted immune subsets, enhancing agonist receptor signaling on particular immune cells or eliminating interaction with Fc receptors to avoid cellular depletion or toxicity in normal tissues. This review highlights important data and studies examining the role of Fc-Fc receptor interactions in therapeutic antibodies with a considerations for the future of engineered antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Quigley
- Immuno-Oncology Discovery Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
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11
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Barnhart BC, Sega E, Yamniuk A, Hatcher S, Lei M, Ghermazien H, Lewin A, Wang XT, Huang H, Zhang P, Korman A. Abstract 1476: A therapeutic antibody that inhibits CD73 activity by dual mechanisms. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
CD73 has a central role in dictating the adenosine concentration within the tumor as it is the final step in converting extracellular ATP to adenosine. Thus, substantial reduction of CD73 enzymatic activity has the potential to reduce immunosuppression of effector immune cells within the tumor. We present data describing an anti-human CD73 antibody that suppresses CD73 by two mechanisms: 1. direct inhibition of enzymatic activity upon binding to CD73 and 2. rapid, near-complete internalization of the enzyme. Durable reduction of cell-surface CD73 was observed in multiple tumor cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. The unique properties of this antibody are a result of the use of a human IgG2-IgG1 hybrid antibody with effector function eliminated by specific mutations of the Fc. The IgG2 sequence of this antibody drives superior internalization of CD73 and enhanced CD73 inhibition. Syngeneic tumor models demonstrate that CD73 contributes to resistance to anti-tumor therapy. Combination therapy with PD-1 blockade and a surrogate anti-mouse-CD73 antibody resulted in a better anti-tumor efficacy than either treatment alone. Finally, we demonstrate a novel technique for assessing CD73 enzymatic activity in situ that has potential for clinical application. These data support antibody-based anti-CD73 therapy in cancer and highlight a novel mechanism for inhibition of CD73 enzymatic activity.
Citation Format: Bryan C. Barnhart, Emanuela Sega, Aaron Yamniuk, Sandra Hatcher, Ming Lei, Haben Ghermazien, Anne Lewin, Xi-Tao Wang, Haichun Huang, Pingping Zhang, Alan Korman. A therapeutic antibody that inhibits CD73 activity by dual mechanisms. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1476.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ming Lei
- 2Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
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12
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Dahan R, Barnhart BC, Li F, Yamniuk AP, Korman AJ, Ravetch JV. Therapeutic Activity of Agonistic, Human Anti-CD40 Monoclonal Antibodies Requires Selective FcγR Engagement. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:820-831. [PMID: 27265505 PMCID: PMC4975533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While engagement of the inhibitory Fcγ-receptor (FcγR) IIB is an absolute requirement for in vivo antitumor activity of agonistic mouse anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), a similar requirement for human mAbs has been disputed. By using a mouse model humanized for its FcγRs and CD40, we revealed that FcγRIIB engagement is essential for the activity of human CD40 mAbs, while engagement of the activating FcγRIIA inhibits this activity. By engineering Fc variants with selective enhanced binding to FcγRIIB, but not to FcγRIIA, significantly improved antitumor immunity was observed. These findings highlight the necessity of optimizing the Fc domain for this class of therapeutic antibodies by using appropriate preclinical models that accurately reflect the unique affinities and cellular expression of human FcγR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Dahan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA
| | - Bryan C Barnhart
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Biologics Discovery California, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Fubin Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA
| | - Aaron P Yamniuk
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Alan J Korman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Biologics Discovery California, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA.
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13
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Barnhart BC, Lam JC, Young RM, Houghton PJ, Keith B, Simon MC. Effects of 4E-BP1 expression on hypoxic cell cycle inhibition and tumor cell proliferation and survival. Cancer Biol Ther 2008; 7:1441-9. [PMID: 18708753 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.7.9.6426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated activity of the eIF4F complex, which controls initiation of cap-dependent mRNA translation, has been linked to cancer progression. eIF4E recruitment to eIF4F is the rate limiting step of complex assembly and is regulated by eIF4E-Binding Proteins (4E-BPs). When stimulated, the mammalian Target of Rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) phosphorylates 4E-BP1, which then releases eIF4E. Hypoxia inhibits mTORC1 activity and therefore cap-dependent protein synthesis. To establish a novel genetic test of the role of eIF4F activity in regulating cell division and viability within hypoxic tumor microenvironments, we generated shRNA mediated 4E-BP1 knock-down in Rh30 rhabdomyosarcoma cells. 4E-BP1 knock-down relieved hypoxia-mediated inhibition of cycle progression in vitro and was correlated with increased expression of cyclin D1 and c-Myc. Xenograft tumors derived from these cells also displayed enhanced expression of cyclin D1 and c-Myc along with antiapoptotic genes encoding Bcl-x(L), and XIAP, and failed to develop the extensive necrotic zones and edema observed in control tumors. Surprisingly, 4E-BP1 knock-down also leads to a dramatic increase in aberrant mitoses in vivo and enhanced expression of Mad2 and securin. Thus, reduced expression of the negative regulator of eIF4E has significant effects on tumor development, and is associated with enhanced cell proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Barnhart
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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14
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Abstract
Low oxygen (O2) levels are a naturally occurring feature of embryonic development, adult physiology, and diseases such as those of the cardiovascular system. Although many responses to O2 deprivation are mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), researchers are finding a growing number of HIF-independent pathways that promote O2 conformance and hypoxia tolerance. Here, we describe HIF-independent responses and how they impact cardiovascular tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Increased cap-dependent mRNA translation rates are frequently observed in human cancers. Mechanistically, many human tumors often overexpress the cap binding protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), leading to enhanced translation of numerous tumor-promoting genes. In this issue of the JCI, Graff and colleagues describe potent antitumor effects using second-generation antisense oligonucleotides for eIF4E (see the related article beginning on page 2638). If their results are recapitulated in a clinical setting, this strategy will provide a promising antitumor therapy with broad-reaching applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C. Barnhart
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center,
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and
Department of Cancer Biology and
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - M. Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center,
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and
Department of Cancer Biology and
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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Abstract
Recent studies have described a small population of self-renewing and multipotent cells within tumors termed "cancer stem cells." These cells share many traits with somatic and embryonic stem cells and are thought to be responsible for driving tumor progression in a growing list of neoplastic diseases. Cells within solid tumors encounter hypoxia due to poor vascular function. Both long-standing and emerging data describe hypoxic effects on somatic and embryonic stem cells, and it is likely that hypoxia also has profound effects on cancer stem cells. These effects include the activation of pathways that induce the dedifferentiation of cancer cells, the maintenance of stem cell identity, and increased metastatic potential. Hypoxia may contribute to tumor progression by specifically impacting these pathways in cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C. Barnhart
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 453 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 453 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - M. Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 453 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 453 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 453 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104
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17
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Legembre P, Barnhart BC, Zheng L, Vijayan S, Straus SE, Puck J, Dale JK, Lenardo M, Peter ME. Induction of apoptosis and activation of NF-kappaB by CD95 require different signalling thresholds. EMBO Rep 2005; 5:1084-9. [PMID: 15514680 PMCID: PMC1299175 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the death domain of the death receptor CD95 (APO-1/Fas) cause lymphoproliferation and autoimmune disease in both lpr(cg) mice and in patients with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) type Ia. By testing lymphocytes from ALPS type Ia patients, comparing heterozygous with homozygous lpr(cg) mice and coexpressing wild-type and mutant CD95 receptors, we demonstrate that induction of apoptosis requires two wild-type alleles of CD95. By contrast, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) can be fully activated in cells expressing both a mutant and a wild-type CD95 allele, suggesting different thresholds to activate the two signalling pathways. This was confirmed by testing lymphocytes from heterozygous lpr mice, which showed reduced sensitivity to CD95-mediated apoptosis but normal activation of NF-kappaB when compared with wild-type mice. Mutations in CD95 may eliminate the tumour-suppressive function of CD95, at the same time allowing induction of survival or proliferative pathways, which could contribute to the increased risk for lymphoma seen in ALPS type Ia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Legembre
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 924 E 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Bryan C Barnhart
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 924 E 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Shrijay Vijayan
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 924 E 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Stephen E Straus
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer Puck
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Janet K Dale
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Michael Lenardo
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Marcus E Peter
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 924 E 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Tel: +1 773 702 4728; Fax: +1 773 702 3701; E-mail:
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18
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Peter ME, Legembre P, Barnhart BC. Does CD95 have tumor promoting activities? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2005; 1755:25-36. [PMID: 15907590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 11/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CD95 (APO-1/Fas) is an important inducer of the extrinsic apoptosis signaling pathway and therapy induced apoptosis of many tumor cells has been linked to the activity of CD95. Changes in the expression of CD95 and/or its ligand CD95L are frequently found in human cancer. The downregulation or mutation of CD95 has been proposed as a mechanism by which cancer cells avoid destruction by the immune system through reduced apoptosis sensitivity. CD95 has therefore been viewed as a tumor suppressor. Furthermore, increased CD95L concentration in tumor patients has been linked to tumor cells killing infiltrating lymphocytes in a process called "the tumor counter-attack". Recent data have illuminated unknown activities of CD95 in tumor cells with downregulated or mutated CD95 in the presence of increased CD95L. Under these conditions the stimulation of CD95 signals nonapoptotic pathways, activating NF-kappaB and MAP kinases for example, which may result in the induction of tumorigenic or prosurvival genes. A new model of CD95 functions is proposed in which CD95 is converted from a tumor suppressor to a tumor promotor by a single point mutation in one of the CD95 alleles, a situation frequently found in advanced human cancer, resulting in apoptosis resistance and activation of tumorigenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus E Peter
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Most members of the death receptor family including CD95 (APO-1/Fas) have been shown to induce both apoptosis as well as non-apoptotic pathways depending on the tissue and the circumstances. One of the non-apoptotic pathways emanating from CD95, activation of NF-kappaB, has recently been demonstrated to regulate invasiveness of apoptosis resistant tumor cells. In contrast, activation of NF-kappaB in apoptosing cells is believed to be suppressed due to cleavage of various NF-kappaB pathway components by active caspases that execute apoptosis. We now present data demonstrating that in certain highly CD95 apoptosis sensitive cells NF-kappaB is robustly activated. In fact overexpression of apoptosis inhibitors such as Bcl-2 or c-FLIPL in these cells results in decreased activation of NF-kappaB through CD95. We propose a model in which NF-kappaB is generally activated in certain cells but may have different functions depending on whether cells are programmed to die or to survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Legembre
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, Committees on Immunology and Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinios 60637, USA
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20
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Barnhart BC, Pietras EM, Algeciras-Schimnich A, Salmena L, Sayama K, Hakem R, Peter ME. CD95 apoptosis resistance in certain cells can be overcome by noncanonical activation of caspase-8. Cell Death Differ 2004; 12:25-37. [PMID: 15499374 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD95 apoptosis resistance of tumor cells is often acquired through mutations in the death domain (DD) of one of the CD95 alleles. Furthermore, Type I cancer cells are resistant to induction of apoptosis by soluble CD95 ligand (CD95L), which does not induce efficient formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Here, we report that tumor cells expressing a CD95 allele that lacks a functional DD, splenocytes from heterozygous lpr(cg) mice, which express one mutated CD95 allele, and Type I tumor cells stimulated with soluble CD95L can all die through CD95 when protein synthesis or nuclear factor kappa B is inhibited. This noncanonical form of CD95-mediated apoptosis is dependent on the enzymatic activity of procaspase-8 but does not involve fully processed active caspase-8 subunits. Our data suggest that it is possible to overcome the CD95 apoptosis resistance of many tumor cells that do not efficiently form a DISC through noncanonical activation of the caspase-8 proenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Barnhart
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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21
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Legembre P, Schickel R, Barnhart BC, Peter ME. Identification of SNF1/AMP kinase-related kinase as an NF-kappaB-regulated anti-apoptotic kinase involved in CD95-induced motility and invasiveness. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:46742-7. [PMID: 15345718 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404334200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The death receptor CD95 (APO-1/Fas) induces apoptosis in many tissues. However, in apoptosis-resistant tumor cells, stimulation of CD95 induces up-regulation of a defined number of mostly anti-apoptotic genes, resulting in increased motility and invasiveness of tumor cells. The majority of these genes are known NF-kappaB target genes. We have identified one of the CD95-regulated genes as the serine/threonine kinase (SNF1/AMP kinase-related kinase (SNARK)), which is induced in response to various forms of metabolic stress. We demonstrate that up-regulation of SNARK in response to CD95 ligand and tumor necrosis factor alpha depends on activation of NF-kappaB. Overexpression of SNARK rendered tumor cells more resistant, whereas a kinase-inactive mutant of SNARK sensitized cells to CD95-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of SNARK increased the sensitivity of tumor cells to CD95 ligand- and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Importantly, cells with reduced expression of SNARK also showed reduced motility and invasiveness in response to CD95 engagement. SNARK therefore represents an NF-kappaB-regulated anti-apoptotic gene that contributes to the tumor-promoting activity of CD95 in apoptosis-resistant tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Legembre
- Committees on Immunology and Cancer Biology, Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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22
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Barnhart BC, Legembre P, Pietras E, Bubici C, Franzoso G, Peter ME. CD95 ligand induces motility and invasiveness of apoptosis-resistant tumor cells. EMBO J 2004; 23:3175-85. [PMID: 15272306 PMCID: PMC514938 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptosis-inducing death receptor CD95 (APO-1/Fas) controls the homeostasis of many tissues. Despite its apoptotic potential, most human tumors are refractory to the cytotoxic effects of CD95 ligand. We now show that CD95 stimulation of multiple apoptosis-resistant tumor cells by CD95 ligand induces increased motility and invasiveness, a response much less efficiently triggered by TNFalpha or TRAIL. Three signaling pathways resulting in activation of NF-kappaB, Erk1/2 and caspase-8 were found to be important to this novel activity of CD95. Gene chip analyses of a CD95-stimulated tumor cell line identified a number of potential survival genes and genes that are known to regulate increased motility and invasiveness of tumor cells to be induced. Among these genes, urokinase plasminogen activator was found to be required for the CD95 ligand-induced motility and invasiveness. Our data suggest that CD95L, which is found elevated in many human cancer patients, has tumorigenic activities on human cancer cells. This could become highly relevant during chemotherapy, which can cause upregulation of CD95 ligand by both tumor and nontumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Barnhart
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, Committees on Immunology and Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrick Legembre
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, Committees on Immunology and Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eric Pietras
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, Committees on Immunology and Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Concetta Bubici
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, Committees on Immunology and Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guido Franzoso
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, Committees on Immunology and Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marcus E Peter
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, Committees on Immunology and Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Ben May Cancer Institute, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, R112, Chicago, IL 60637-5420, USA. Tel.: +1 773 702 4728; Fax: +1 773 702 3701; E-mail:
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23
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Abstract
CD95 (APO-1/Fas) has become the prototype of a death domain containing receptor and is the best studied member of the death receptors that activate the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. This pathway is initiated by recruitment and activation of caspase-8, an initiator caspase, in the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) followed by direct cleavage of downstream effector caspases. In contrast, the intrinsic apoptosis pathway starts from within the cell either by direct activation of caspases or through intracellular changes such as DNA damage resulting in the release of a number of pro-apoptotic factors from the intermembrane space of mitochondria. The release of these factors results in the activation of another initiator caspase, caspase-9, and ultimately in the activation of effector caspases in a protein complex called the apoptosome. In recent years, it has become apparent that there is cross talk between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway. In the death receptor pathway of apoptosis induction, the best characterized connection between the two pathways is the Bcl-2 family member Bid which translocates to mitochondria after cleavage by caspase-8 causing pro-apoptotic changes. Cells that die through CD95 without help from mitochondria are called Type I cells, whereas cells in which CD95-mediated death relies mostly on the intrinsic pathway are called Type II. This review focuses on recent developments in the delineation of the biochemistry and the physiological function of the two CD95 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Barnhart
- The Ben May Institutefor Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 924 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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24
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Abstract
Apoptosis signaling is regulated and executed by specialized proteins that often carry protein/protein interaction domains. One of these domains is the death effector domain (DED) that is predominantly found in components of the death-inducing signaling complex, which forms at the members of the death receptor family following their ligation. Both proapoptotic- and antiapoptotic-DED-containing proteins have been identified, which makes these proteins exquisitely suited to the regulation of apoptosis. Aside from their pivotal role in the control of the apoptotic program, DED-containing proteins have recently been demonstrated to exert their influence on other cellular processes as well, including cell proliferation. These data highlight the multiple roles for the members of this family, suggesting that they are suited to control both life and death decisions of cells. Additionally, because they can act proapoptotically, antiapoptotically, or in the regulation of the cell cycle, this family of proteins may be excellent candidates for cancer therapy targets. Oncogene (2003) 22, 8634-8644. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207103
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Barnhart
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 924 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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25
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Algeciras-Schimnich A, Pietras EM, Barnhart BC, Legembre P, Vijayan S, Holbeck SL, Peter ME. Two CD95 tumor classes with different sensitivities to antitumor drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:11445-50. [PMID: 14504390 PMCID: PMC208777 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2034995100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD95 type I and II cells differ in their dependence on mitochondria to execute apoptosis, because antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family render only type II cells resistant to death receptor-induced apoptosis. They can also be distinguished by a more efficient formation of the death-inducing signaling complex in type I cells. We have identified a soluble form of CD95 ligand (S2) that is cytotoxic to type II cells but does not kill type I cells. By testing 58 tumor cell lines of the National Cancer Institute's anticancer drug-screening panel for apoptosis sensitivity to S2 and performing death-inducing signaling complex analyses, we determined that half of the CD95-sensitive cells are type I and half are type II. Most of the type I cell lines fall into a distinct class of tumor cells expressing mesenchymal-like genes, whereas the type II cell lines preferentially express epithelium-like markers. This suggests that type I and II tumor cells represent different stages of carcinogenesis that resemble the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We then screened the National Cancer Institute database of >42,000 compounds for reagents with patterns of growth inhibition that correlated with either type I or type II cell lines and found that actin-binding compounds selectively inhibited growth of type I cells, whereas tubulin-interacting compounds inhibited growth of type II cells. Our analysis reveals fundamental differences in programs of gene expression between type I and type II cells and could impact the way actin- and microtubule-disrupting antitumor agents are used in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Algeciras-Schimnich
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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26
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Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), a prototypic member of the death receptor family signals both cell survival and apoptosis. In this issue of Cell, report that apoptotic TNFR1 signaling proceeds via the sequential formation of two distinct complexes. Since the first complex can activate survival signals and influence the activity of the second complex, this mechanism provides a checkpoint to control the execution of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Barnhart
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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27
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Abstract
Caspases are well known for their role in the execution of the apoptotic program by cleaving specific target proteins, leading to the dismantling of the cell, as well as for mediating cytokine maturation. Recent work has highlighted novel non-apoptotic activities of apoptotic caspases. These reports indicate that caspases are much more versatile enzymes than we originally expected. In addition to regulating cell survival and cytokine maturation, caspases may be involved in regulating cell differentiation, cell proliferation, spreading and receptor internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Algeciras-Schimnich
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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28
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29
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Chang DW, Xing Z, Pan Y, Algeciras-Schimnich A, Barnhart BC, Yaish-Ohad S, Peter ME, Yang X. c-FLIP(L) is a dual function regulator for caspase-8 activation and CD95-mediated apoptosis. EMBO J 2002; 21:3704-14. [PMID: 12110583 PMCID: PMC125398 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the caspase cascade is a pivotal step in apoptosis and can occur via death adaptor-mediated homo-oligomerization of initiator procaspases. Here we show that c-FLIP(L), a protease-deficient caspase homolog widely regarded as an apoptosis inhibitor, is enriched in the CD95 death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and potently promotes procaspase-8 activation through hetero-dimerization. c-FLIP(L) exerts its effect through its protease-like domain, which associates efficiently with the procaspase-8 protease domain and induces the enzymatic activity of the zymogen. Ectopic expression of c-FLIP(L) at physiologically relevant levels enhances procaspase-8 processing in the CD95 DISC and promotes apoptosis, while a decrease of c-FLIP(L) expression results in inhibition of apoptosis. c-FLIP(L) acts as an apoptosis inhibitor only at high ectopic expression levels. Thus, c-FLIP(L) defines a novel type of caspase regulator, distinct from the death adaptors, that can either promote or inhibit apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Chang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 and The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Present address: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkley, Berkley, CA 94720, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.W.Chang, Z.Xing and Y.Pan contributed equally to this work
| | - Zheng Xing
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 and The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Present address: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkley, Berkley, CA 94720, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.W.Chang, Z.Xing and Y.Pan contributed equally to this work
| | - Yi Pan
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 and The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Present address: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkley, Berkley, CA 94720, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.W.Chang, Z.Xing and Y.Pan contributed equally to this work
| | - Alicia Algeciras-Schimnich
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 and The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Present address: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkley, Berkley, CA 94720, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.W.Chang, Z.Xing and Y.Pan contributed equally to this work
| | - Bryan C. Barnhart
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 and The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Present address: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkley, Berkley, CA 94720, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.W.Chang, Z.Xing and Y.Pan contributed equally to this work
| | - Shoshanit Yaish-Ohad
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 and The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Present address: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkley, Berkley, CA 94720, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.W.Chang, Z.Xing and Y.Pan contributed equally to this work
| | - Marcus E. Peter
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 and The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Present address: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkley, Berkley, CA 94720, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.W.Chang, Z.Xing and Y.Pan contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiaolu Yang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 and The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Present address: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkley, Berkley, CA 94720, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.W.Chang, Z.Xing and Y.Pan contributed equally to this work
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30
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Stegh AH, Barnhart BC, Volkland J, Algeciras-Schimnich A, Ke N, Reed JC, Peter ME. Inactivation of caspase-8 on mitochondria of Bcl-xL-expressing MCF7-Fas cells: role for the bifunctional apoptosis regulator protein. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:4351-60. [PMID: 11733517 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108947200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis induction through CD95 (APO-1/Fas) critically depends on generation of active caspase-8 at the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Depending on the cell type, active caspase-8 either directly activates caspase-3 (type I cells) or relies on mitochondrial signal amplification (type II cells). In MCF7-Fas cells that are deficient for pro-caspase-3, even high amounts of caspase-8 produced at the DISC cannot directly activate downstream effector caspases without mitochondrial help. Overexpression of Bcl-x(L) in these cells renders them resistant to CD95-mediated apoptosis. However, activation of caspase-8 in control (vector) and Bcl-x(L) transfectants of MCF7-Fas cells proceeds with similar kinetics, resulting in a complete processing of cellular caspase-8. Most of the cytosolic caspase-8 substrates are not cleaved in the Bcl-x(L) protected cells, raising the question of how Bcl-x(L)-expressing MCF7-Fas cells survive large amounts of potentially cytotoxic caspase-8. We now demonstrate that active caspase-8 is initially generated at the DISC of both MCF7-Fas-Vec and MCF7-Fas-Bcl-x(L) cells and that the early steps of CD95 signaling such as caspase-8-dependent cleavage of DISC bound c-FLIP(L), caspase-8-dependent clustering, and internalization of CD95, as well as processing of pro-caspase-8 bound to mitochondria are very similar in both transfectants. However, events downstream of mitochondria, such as release of cytochrome c, only occur in the vector-transfected MCF7-Fas cells, and no in vivo caspase-8 activity can be detected in the Bcl-x(L)-expressing cells. Our data suggest that, in Bcl-x(L)-expressing MCF7-Fas cells, active caspase-8 is sequestered on the outer mitochondrial surface presumably by association with the protein "bifunctional apoptosis regulator" in a way that does not allow substrates to be cleaved, identifying a novel mechanism of regulation of apoptosis sensitivity by mitochondrial Bcl-x(L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Stegh
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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31
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Abstract
Binding of either ligand or agonistic antibodies to the death receptor CD95 (APO-1/Fas) induces the formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). We now show that signal initiation of CD95 in type I cells can be further separated into at least four distinct steps. (i) The first step is ligand-induced formation of CD95 microaggregates at the cell surface. (ii) The second step is recruitment of FADD to form a DISC. This step is dependent on actin filaments. (iii) The third step involves formation of large CD95 surface clusters. This event is positively regulated by DISC-generated caspase 8. (iv) The fourth step is internalization of activated CD95 through an endosomal pathway. The latter step is again dependent on the presence of actin filaments. The data indicate that the signal initiation by CD95 is a complex process actively regulated at various levels, providing a number of new drug targets to specifically modulate CD95 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Algeciras-Schimnich
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research. Department of Medicine. Department of Pathology University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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