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Lim SH, Beers SA, Al-Shamkhani A, Cragg MS. Agonist Antibodies for Cancer Immunotherapy: History, Hopes, and Challenges. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:1712-1723. [PMID: 38153346 PMCID: PMC7615925 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is among the most promising new treatment modalities to arise over the last two decades; antibody drugs are delivering immunotherapy to millions of patients with many different types of cancer. Initial success with antibody therapeutics came in the form of direct targeting or cytotoxic antibodies, such as rituximab and trastuzumab, which bind directly to tumor cells to elicit their destruction. These were followed by immunomodulatory antibodies that elicit antitumor responses by either stimulating immune cells or relieving tumor-mediated suppression. By far the most successful approach in the clinic to date has been relieving immune suppression, with immune checkpoint blockade now a standard approach in the treatment of many cancer types. Despite equivalent and sometimes even more impressive effects in preclinical models, agonist antibodies designed to stimulate the immune system have lagged behind in their clinical translation. In this review, we document the main receptors that have been targeted by agonist antibodies, consider the various approaches that have been evaluated to date, detail what we have learned, and consider how their anticancer potential can be unlocked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean H. Lim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen A. Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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Dadas O, Allen JD, Buchan SL, Kim J, Chan HTC, Mockridge CI, Duriez PJ, Rogel A, Crispin M, Al-Shamkhani A. Fcγ receptor binding is required for maximal immunostimulation by CD70-Fc. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1252274. [PMID: 37965342 PMCID: PMC10641686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1252274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction T cell expressed CD27 provides costimulation upon binding to inducible membrane expressed trimeric CD70 and is required for protective CD8 T cell responses. CD27 agonists could therefore be used to bolster cellular vaccines and anti-tumour immune responses. To date, clinical development of CD27 agonists has focussed on anti-CD27 antibodies with little attention given to alternative approaches. Methods Here, we describe the generation and activity of soluble variants of CD70 that form either trimeric (t) or dimer-of-trimer proteins and conduct side-by-side comparisons with an agonist anti-CD27 antibody. To generate a dimer-of-trimer protein (dt), we fused three extracellular domains of CD70 to the Fc domain of mouse IgG1 in a 'string of beads' configuration (dtCD70-Fc). Results Whereas tCD70 failed to costimulate CD8 T cells, both dtCD70-Fc and an agonist anti-CD27 antibody were capable of enhancing T cell proliferation in vitro. Initial studies demonstrated that dtCD70-Fc was less efficacious than anti-CD27 in boosting a CD8 T cell vaccine response in vivo, concomitant with rapid clearance of dtCD70-Fc from the circulation. The accelerated plasma clearance of dtCD70-Fc was not due to the lack of neonatal Fc receptor binding but was dependent on the large population of oligomannose type glycosylation. Enzymatic treatment to reduce the oligomannose-type glycans in dtCD70-Fc improved its half-life and significantly enhanced its T cell stimulatory activity in vivo surpassing that of anti-CD27 antibody. We also show that whereas the ability of the anti-CD27 to boost a vaccine response was abolished in Fc gamma receptor (FcγR)-deficient mice, dtCD70-Fc remained active. By comparing the activity of dtCD70-Fc with a variant (dtCD70-Fc(D265A)) that lacks binding to FcγRs, we unexpectedly found that FcγR binding to dtCD70-Fc was required for maximal boosting of a CD8 T cell response in vivo. Interestingly, both dtCD70-Fc and dtCD70-Fc(D265A) were effective in prolonging the survival of mice harbouring BCL1 B cell lymphoma, demonstrating that a substantial part of the stimulatory activity of dtCD70-Fc in this setting is retained in the absence of FcγR interaction. Discussion These data reveal that TNFRSF ligands can be generated with a tunable activity profile and suggest that this class of immune agonists could have broad applications in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Dadas
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, European University of Lefke, Lefke, Cyprus
| | - Joel D. Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Buchan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jinny Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - H. T. Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - C. Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J. Duriez
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Rogel
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Lai C, Chundangayil R, Shapanis A, Sommerlad M, Al-Shamkhani A, Healy E. 449 Identification of tertiary lymphoid structures in primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.09.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Rogel A, Ibrahim FM, Thirdborough SM, Renart-Depontieu F, Birts CN, Buchan SL, Preville X, King EV, Al-Shamkhani A. Fcγ receptor-mediated cross-linking codefines the immunostimulatory activity of anti-human CD96 antibodies. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e158444. [PMID: 35998045 PMCID: PMC9675451 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies that augment T cell responses are required to broaden the therapeutic arsenal against cancer. CD96, TIGIT, and CD226 are receptors that bind to a communal ligand, CD155, and transduce either inhibitory or activating signals. The function of TIGIT and CD226 is established, whereas the role of CD96 remains ambiguous. Using a panel of engineered antibodies, we discovered that the T cell stimulatory activity of anti-CD96 antibodies requires antibody cross-linking and is potentiated by Fcγ receptors. Thus, soluble "Fc silent" anti-CD96 antibodies failed to stimulate human T cells, whereas the same antibodies were stimulatory after coating onto plastic surfaces. Remarkably, the activity of soluble anti-CD96 antibodies was reinstated by engineering the Fc domain to a human IgG1 isotype, and it was dependent on antibody trans-cross-linking by FcγRI. In contrast, neither human IgG2 nor variants with increased Fcγ receptor IIB binding possessed stimulatory activity. Anti-CD96 antibodies acted directly on T cells and augmented gene expression networks associated with T cell activation, leading to proliferation, cytokine secretion, and resistance to Treg suppression. Furthermore, CD96 expression correlated with survival in HPV+ head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and its cross-linking activated tumor-infiltrating T cells, thus highlighting the potential of anti-CD96 antibodies in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rogel
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Fathima M. Ibrahim
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. Thirdborough
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charles N. Birts
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Buchan
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma V. King
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Rettman P, Blunt MD, Fulton RJ, Vallejo AF, Bastidas-Legarda LY, España-Serrano L, Polak ME, Al-Shamkhani A, Retiere C, Khakoo SI. Peptide: MHC-based DNA vaccination strategy to activate natural killer cells by targeting killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001912. [PMID: 34016721 PMCID: PMC8141441 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells are increasingly being recognized as agents for cancer immunotherapy. The killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are expressed by NK cells and are immunogenetic determinants of the outcome of cancer. In particular, KIR2DS2 is associated with protective responses to several cancers and also direct recognition of cancer targets in vitro. Due to the high homology between activating and inhibitory KIR genes to date, it has been challenging to target individual KIR for therapeutic benefit. METHODS A novel KIR2DS2-targeting therapeutic peptide:MHC DNA vaccine was designed and used to immunize mice transgenic for KIR genes (KIR-Tg). NK cells were isolated from the livers and spleens of vaccinated mice and then analyzed for activation by flow cytometry, RNA profiling and cytotoxicity assays. In vivo assays of NK cell function using a syngeneic cancer model (B16 melanoma) and an adoptive transfer model for human hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh7) were performed. RESULTS Injecting KIR-Tg mice with the vaccine construct activated NK cells in both liver and spleens of mice, with preferential activation of KIR2DS2-positive NK cells. KIR-specific activation was most marked on the CD11b+CD27+ mature subset of NK cells. RNA profiling indicated that the DNA vaccine upregulated genes associated with cellular metabolism and downregulated genes related to histone H3 methylation, which are associated with immune cell maturation and NK cell function. Vaccination led to canonical and cross-reactive peptide:MHC-specific NK cell responses. In vivo, DNA vaccination led to enhanced antitumor responses against B16F10 melanoma cells and also enhanced responses against a tumor model expressing the KIR2DS2 ligand HLA-C*0102. CONCLUSION We show the feasibility of a peptide-based KIR-targeting vaccine strategy to activate NK cells and hence generate functional antitumor responses. This approach does not require detailed knowledge of the tumor peptidomes nor HLA matching with the patient. It therefore offers a novel opportunity for targeting NK cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- HLA-C Antigens/administration & dosage
- HLA-C Antigens/genetics
- HLA-C Antigens/immunology
- Haplotypes
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptides/administration & dosage
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, KIR/genetics
- Receptors, KIR/immunology
- Receptors, KIR/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Rettman
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew D Blunt
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rebecca J Fulton
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andres F Vallejo
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Leidy Y Bastidas-Legarda
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Laura España-Serrano
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Marta E Polak
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Salim I Khakoo
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Lai C, Coltart G, Shapanis A, Healy C, Alabdulkareem A, Selvendran S, Theaker J, Sommerlad M, Rose-Zerilli M, Al-Shamkhani A, Healy E. CD8+CD103+ tissue-resident memory T cells convey reduced protective immunity in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001807. [PMID: 33479027 PMCID: PMC7825273 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes play a key role in antitumor responses; however, while several memory T-cell subtypes have been reported in inflammatory and neoplastic conditions, the proportional representation of the different subsets of memory T cells and their functional significance in cancer is unclear. Keratinocyte skin cancer is one of the most common cancers globally, with cutaneous squamous cell cancer (cSCC) among the most frequent malignancies capable of metastasis. METHODS Memory T-cell subsets were delineated in human cSCCs and, for comparison, in non-lesional skin and blood using flow cytometry. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to quantify CD103+ cells in primary human cSCCs which had metastasized (P-M) and primary cSCCs which had not metastasized (P-NM). TIMER2.0 (timer.cistrome.org) was used to analyze TCGA cancer survival data based on ITGAE expression. Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed to determine frequencies of CD8+CD103+ cells in P-M and P-NM cSCCs. RESULTS Despite intertumoral heterogeneity, most cSCC T cells were CCR7-/CD45RA- effector/resident memory (TRM) lymphocytes, with naive, CD45RA+/CCR7- effector memory re-expressing CD45RA, CCR7+/L-selectin+ central memory and CCR7+/L-selectin- migratory memory lymphocytes accounting for smaller T-cell subsets. The cSCC CD8+ T-cell population contained a higher proportion of CD69+/CD103+ TRMs than that in non-lesional skin and blood. These cSCC CD69+/CD103+ TRMs exhibited increased IL-10 production, and higher CD39, CTLA-4 and PD-1 expression compared with CD103- TRMs in the tumor. CD103+ cells were more frequent in P-M than P-NM cSCCs. Analysis of TCGA data demonstrated that high expression of ITGAE (encoding CD103) was associated with reduced survival in primary cutaneous melanoma, breast carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, kidney chromophobe cancer, adrenocortical carcinoma and lower grade glioma. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that the majority of CD103 was present on CD8+ T cells and that CD8+CD103+ cells were significantly more frequent in P-M than P-NM cSCCs. CONCLUSION These results highlight CD8+CD103+ TRMs as an important functional T-cell subset associated with poorer clinical outcome in this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester Lai
- Dermatopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - George Coltart
- Dermatopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew Shapanis
- Dermatopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Conor Healy
- Dermatopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ahmad Alabdulkareem
- Dermatopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sara Selvendran
- Dermatopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jeffrey Theaker
- Histopathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew Sommerlad
- Histopathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Eugene Healy
- Dermatopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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7
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Griffiths J, Hussain K, Smith HL, Sanders T, Cox KL, Semmrich M, Mårtensson L, Kim J, Inzhelevskaya T, Penfold CA, Tutt AL, Mockridge CI, Chan HC, English V, French RF, Teige I, Al-Shamkhani A, Glennie MJ, Frendeus BL, Willoughby JE, Cragg MS. Domain binding and isotype dictate the activity of anti-human OX40 antibodies. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e001557. [PMID: 33428585 PMCID: PMC7754644 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous data suggests that anti-OX40 mAb can elicit anti-tumor effects in mice through deletion of Tregs. However, OX40 also has powerful costimulatory effects on T cells which could evoke therapeutic responses. Human trials with anti-OX40 antibodies have shown that these entities are well tolerated but to date have delivered disappointing clinical responses, indicating that the rules for the optimal use of anti-human OX40 (hOX40) antibodies is not yet fully understood. Changes to timing and dosages may lead to improved outcomes; however, here we focus on addressing the role of agonism versus depleting activity in determining therapeutic outcomes. We investigated a novel panel of anti-hOX40 mAb to understand how these reagents and mechanisms may be optimized for therapeutic benefit. METHODS This study examines the binding activity and in vitro activity of a panel of anti-hOX40 antibodies. They were further evaluated in several in vivo models to address how isotype and epitope determine mechanism of action and efficacy of anti-hOX40 mAb. RESULTS Binding analysis revealed the antibodies to be high affinity, with epitopes spanning all four cysteine-rich domains of the OX40 extracellular domain. In vivo analysis showed that their activities relate directly to two key properties: (1) isotype-with mIgG1 mAb evoking receptor agonism and CD8+ T-cell expansion and mIgG2a mAb evoking deletion of Treg and (2) epitope-with membrane-proximal mAb delivering more powerful agonism. Intriguingly, both isotypes acted therapeutically in tumor models by engaging these different mechanisms. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the significant impact of isotype and epitope on the modulation of anti-hOX40 mAb therapy, and indicate that CD8+ T-cell expansion or Treg depletion might be preferred according to the composition of different tumors. As many of the current clinical trials using OX40 antibodies are now using combination therapies, this understanding of how to manipulate therapeutic activity will be vital in directing new combinations that are more likely to improve efficacy and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Griffiths
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Hannah L Smith
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Theodore Sanders
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Monika Semmrich
- Preclinical Research, BioInvent International AB, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jinny Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Tatyana Inzhelevskaya
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Chris A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Alison L Tutt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ht Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Vikki English
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ruth F French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ingrid Teige
- Preclinical Research, BioInvent International AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Jane E Willoughby
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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8
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Ford K, Hanley CJ, Mellone M, Szyndralewiez C, Heitz F, Wiesel P, Wood O, Machado M, Lopez MA, Ganesan AP, Wang C, Chakravarthy A, Fenton TR, King EV, Vijayanand P, Ottensmeier CH, Al-Shamkhani A, Savelyeva N, Thomas GJ. NOX4 Inhibition Potentiates Immunotherapy by Overcoming Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Mediated CD8 T-cell Exclusion from Tumors. Cancer Res 2020; 80:1846-1860. [PMID: 32122909 PMCID: PMC7611230 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Determining mechanisms of resistance to αPD-1/PD-L1 immune-checkpoint immunotherapy is key to developing new treatment strategies. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) have many tumor-promoting functions and promote immune evasion through multiple mechanisms, but as yet, no CAF-specific inhibitors are clinically available. Here we generated CAF-rich murine tumor models (TC1, MC38, and 4T1) to investigate how CAFs influence the immune microenvironment and affect response to different immunotherapy modalities [anticancer vaccination, TC1 (HPV E7 DNA vaccine), αPD-1, and MC38] and found that CAFs broadly suppressed response by specifically excluding CD8+ T cells from tumors (not CD4+ T cells or macrophages); CD8+ T-cell exclusion was similarly present in CAF-rich human tumors. RNA sequencing of CD8+ T cells from CAF-rich murine tumors and immunochemistry analysis of human tumors identified significant upregulation of CTLA-4 in the absence of other exhaustion markers; inhibiting CTLA-4 with a nondepleting antibody overcame the CD8+ T-cell exclusion effect without affecting Tregs. We then examined the potential for CAF targeting, focusing on the ROS-producing enzyme NOX4, which is upregulated by CAF in many human cancers, and compared this with TGFβ1 inhibition, a key regulator of the CAF phenotype. siRNA knockdown or pharmacologic inhibition [GKT137831 (Setanaxib)] of NOX4 "normalized" CAF to a quiescent phenotype and promoted intratumoral CD8+ T-cell infiltration, overcoming the exclusion effect; TGFβ1 inhibition could prevent, but not reverse, CAF differentiation. Finally, NOX4 inhibition restored immunotherapy response in CAF-rich tumors. These findings demonstrate that CAF-mediated immunotherapy resistance can be effectively overcome through NOX4 inhibition and could improve outcome in a broad range of cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: NOX4 is critical for maintaining the immune-suppressive CAF phenotype in tumors. Pharmacologic inhibition of NOX4 potentiates immunotherapy by overcoming CAF-mediated CD8+ T-cell exclusion. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/9/1846/F1.large.jpg.See related commentary by Hayward, p. 1799.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Ford
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Christopher J Hanley
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Massimiliano Mellone
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Wood
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Maria Machado
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Chuan Wang
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ankur Chakravarthy
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tim R Fenton
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Emma V King
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Natalia Savelyeva
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Gareth J Thomas
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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9
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Abstract
Cancer has traditionally been treated with surgery, cytotoxic chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. The focus of treatment has been the mutated neoplastic cell. Critical advances in genomic and molecular techniques herald the potential for personalized treatments. Incremental breakthroughs in immunology have translated to a step-change in care by providing a mechanistic understanding of the immune system and how it may be mobilized to target cancer cells. As a result, clinical trials of immune-modifying agents have increased at an exponential rate and are revolutionizing cancer care. It is increasingly likely that the surgical oncologist will find themself caring for patients who have had immuno-oncology therapies as part of their neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment. This review provides an update on immuno-oncology for the surgeon, covering the mechanisms of action of the agents in use. Emerging and surgically relevant toxicities are discussed, and available data on combining and sequencing cancer surgery with immuno-oncology treatments are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Lee
- Southampton Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- University Surgical Unit, University of Southampton, MP127, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - A Al-Shamkhani
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - A Mirnezami
- Southampton Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- University Surgical Unit, University of Southampton, MP127, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
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10
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Lai C, Coltart G, Shapanis A, Healy C, Alabdulkareem A, Theaker J, Al-Shamkhani A, Healy E. 468 Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas are infiltrated with CD8+CD103+ resident memory T cells which express inhibitory markers and are associated with metastasis. J Invest Dermatol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.07.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Immunomodulatory monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy is at the forefront of developing cancer therapeutics with numerous targeted agents proving highly effective in selective patients at stimulating protective host immunity, capable of eradicating established tumours and leading to long-term disease-free states. The cell surface marker CD40 is expressed on a range of immune cells and transformed cells in malignant states whose signalling plays a critical role in modulating adaptive immune responses. Anti-CD40 mAb therapy acts via multiple mechanisms to stimulate anti-tumour immunity across a broad range of lymphoid and solid malignancies. A wealth of preclinical research in this field has led to the successful development of multiple anti-CD40 mAb agents that have shown promise in early-phase clinical trials. Significant progress has been made to enhance the engagement of antibodies with immune effectors through their interactions with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) by the process of Fc engineering. As more is understood about how to best optimise these agents, principally through the fine-tuning of mAb structure and choice of synergistic partnerships, our ability to generate robust, clinically beneficial anti-tumour activity will form the foundation for the next generation of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Remer
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Ann White
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin Glennie
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Peter Johnson
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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12
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Zhuang L, Fulton RJ, Rettman P, Sayan AE, Coad J, Al-Shamkhani A, Khakoo SI. Activity of IL-12/15/18 primed natural killer cells against hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int 2019; 13:75-83. [PMID: 30467624 PMCID: PMC6513806 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-018-9909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is common, but remains difficult to treat. Natural killer (NK) cells are cells of the innate immune system that have potent anti-cancer activity. Recent work has shown that stimulation with IL-12/15/18 leads to the generation of NK cells with enhanced functional and putative "memory" properties. We have investigated the activity of these NK cells against HCC cell lines in vitro and in a mouse model. METHODS NK cells from healthy donors or individuals with HCC were activated with IL-12/15/18 in vitro and tested for cytotoxic activity against a panel of human HCC cell lines. IL-12/15/18 primed murine NK cells were then infused into a murine model of spontaneously arising HCC to test for anti-tumor activity. RESULTS NK cells from patients and healthy controls had similar expression levels of activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors. However, proliferation of NK cells from HCC patients was weaker than healthy controls in response to IL-12/15/18 and IL-2 (p < 0.001 at day 9). In vitro, NK cells from both groups of individuals killed HCC targets to similar levels and this was unrelated to NKG2D expression. In a spontaneous model of HCC, IL-12/15/18 activated NK cells trafficked to the liver and resulted in lower levels of spontaneous HCC formation (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Cytokine-primed NK cells from patients with HCC have similar levels of activity against HCC cell lines as those from healthy controls. This type of activated NK cell has immunotherapeutic potential against hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Zhuang
- Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Rebecca J. Fulton
- Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Pauline Rettman
- Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - A. Emre Sayan
- Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Jonathan Coad
- Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Salim I. Khakoo
- Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
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13
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Buchan SL, Dou L, Remer M, Booth SG, Dunn SN, Lai C, Semmrich M, Teige I, Mårtensson L, Penfold CA, Chan HTC, Willoughby JE, Mockridge CI, Dahal LN, Cleary KLS, James S, Rogel A, Kannisto P, Jernetz M, Williams EL, Healy E, Verbeek JS, Johnson PWM, Frendéus B, Cragg MS, Glennie MJ, Gray JC, Al-Shamkhani A, Beers SA. Antibodies to Costimulatory Receptor 4-1BB Enhance Anti-tumor Immunity via T Regulatory Cell Depletion and Promotion of CD8 T Cell Effector Function. Immunity 2018; 49:958-970.e7. [PMID: 30446386 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The costimulatory receptor 4-1BB is expressed on activated immune cells, including activated T cells. Antibodies targeting 4-1BB enhance the proliferation and survival of antigen-stimulated T cells in vitro and promote CD8 T cell-dependent anti-tumor immunity in pre-clinical cancer models. We found that T regulatory (Treg) cells infiltrating human or murine tumors expressed high amounts of 4-1BB. Intra-tumoral Treg cells were preferentially depleted by anti-4-1BB mAbs in vivo. Anti-4-1BB mAbs also promoted effector T cell agonism to promote tumor rejection. These distinct mechanisms were competitive and dependent on antibody isotype and FcγR availability. Administration of anti-4-1BB IgG2a, which preferentially depletes Treg cells, followed by either agonistic anti-4-1BB IgG1 or anti-PD-1 mAb augmented anti-tumor responses in multiple solid tumor models. An antibody engineered to optimize both FcγR-dependent Treg cell depleting capacity and FcγR-independent agonism delivered enhanced anti-tumor therapy. These insights into the effector mechanisms of anti-4-1BB mAbs lay the groundwork for translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Buchan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lang Dou
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Marcus Remer
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Steven G Booth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stuart N Dunn
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Chester Lai
- Department of Dermatopharmacology, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Monika Semmrich
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Teige
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jane E Willoughby
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kirstie L S Cleary
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Anne Rogel
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Päivi Kannisto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Jernetz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emily L Williams
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Eugene Healy
- Department of Dermatopharmacology, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Cancer Research UK Southampton Centre, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Björn Frendéus
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Juliet C Gray
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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14
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Buchan SL, Fallatah M, Thirdborough SM, Taraban VY, Rogel A, Thomas LJ, Penfold CA, He LZ, Curran MA, Keler T, Al-Shamkhani A. PD-1 Blockade and CD27 Stimulation Activate Distinct Transcriptional Programs That Synergize for CD8 + T-Cell-Driven Antitumor Immunity. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:2383-2394. [PMID: 29514845 PMCID: PMC5959006 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: PD-1 checkpoint blockade has revolutionized the field of cancer immunotherapy, yet the frequency of responding patients is limited by inadequate T-cell priming secondary to a paucity of activatory dendritic cells (DC). DC signals can be bypassed by CD27 agonists, and we therefore investigated if the effectiveness of anti-PD-1/L1 could be improved by combining with agonist anti-CD27 monoclonal antibodies (mAb).Experimental Design: The efficacy of PD-1/L1 blockade or agonist anti-CD27 mAb was compared with a dual-therapy approach in multiple tumor models. Global transcriptional profiling and flow cytometry analysis were used to delineate mechanisms underpinning the observed synergy.Results: PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and agonist anti-CD27 mAb synergize for increased CD8+ T-cell expansion and effector function, exemplified by enhanced IFNγ, TNFα, granzyme B, and T-bet. Transcriptome analysis of CD8+ T cells revealed that combination therapy triggered a convergent program largely driven by IL2 and Myc. However, division of labor was also apparent such that anti-PD-1/L1 activates a cytotoxicity-gene expression program whereas anti-CD27 preferentially augments proliferation. In tumor models, either dependent on endogenous CD8+ T cells or adoptive transfer of transgenic T cells, anti-CD27 mAb synergized with PD-1/L1 blockade for antitumor immunity. Finally, we show that a clinically relevant anti-human CD27 mAb, varlilumab, similarly synergizes with PD-L1 blockade for protection against lymphoma in human-CD27 transgenic mice.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that suboptimal T-cell invigoration in cancer patients undergoing treatment with PD-1 checkpoint blockers will be improved by dual PD-1 blockade and CD27 agonism and provide mechanistic insight into how these approaches cooperate for CD8+ T-cell activation. Clin Cancer Res; 24(10); 2383-94. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Buchan
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mohannad Fallatah
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vadim Y Taraban
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Rogel
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christine A Penfold
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Li-Zhen He
- Celldex Therapeutics Inc., Hampton, New Jersey
| | - Michael A Curran
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics Inc., Hampton, New Jersey
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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15
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Lai C, Hack C, Alabdulkareem A, Healy C, Theaker J, Al-Shamkhani A, Healy E. 148 Characterisation of memory T cell subtypes demonstrates a role for CD8+CD103+ skin resident memory T cells in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma immunity. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Ferdinand JR, Richard AC, Meylan F, Al-Shamkhani A, Siegel RM. Cleavage of TL1A Differentially Regulates Its Effects on Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells. J Immunol 2018; 200:1360-1369. [PMID: 29335258 PMCID: PMC5812441 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
TNF superfamily cytokines play major roles in the regulation of adaptive and innate immunity. The TNF superfamily cytokine TL1A (TNFSF15), through its cognate receptor DR3 (TNFRSF25), promotes T cell immunity to pathogens and directly costimulates group 2 and 3 innate lymphoid cells. Polymorphisms in the TNFSF15 gene are associated with the risk for various human diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Like other cytokines in the TNF superfamily, TL1A is synthesized as a type II transmembrane protein and cleaved from the plasma membrane by metalloproteinases. Membrane cleavage has been shown to alter or abrogate certain activities of other TNF family cytokines; however, the functional capabilities of membrane-bound and soluble forms TL1A are not known. Constitutive expression of TL1A in transgenic mice results in expansion of activated T cells and promotes intestinal hyperplasia and inflammation through stimulation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Through the generation of membrane-restricted TL1A-transgenic mice, we demonstrate that membrane TL1A promotes expression of inflammatory cytokines in the lung, dependent upon DR3 expression on T cells. Soluble TL1A alone was unable to produce this phenotype but was still able to induce intestinal type 2 inflammation independently of T cells. These data suggest differential roles for membrane and soluble TL1A on adaptive and innate immune cells and have implications for the consequences of blocking these two forms of TL1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Ferdinand
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Arianne C Richard
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; and
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Françoise Meylan
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Siegel
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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17
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Buchan SL, Rogel A, Al-Shamkhani A. The immunobiology of CD27 and OX40 and their potential as targets for cancer immunotherapy. Blood 2018; 131:39-48. [PMID: 29118006 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-07-741025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) able to reinvigorate antitumor T-cell immunity have heralded a paradigm shift in cancer treatment. The most high profile of these mAbs block the inhibitory checkpoint receptors PD-1 and CTLA-4 and have improved life expectancy for patients across a range of tumor types. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that failure of some patients to respond to checkpoint inhibition is attributable to inadequate T-cell priming. For full T-cell activation, 2 signals must be received, and ligands providing the second of these signals, termed costimulation, are often lacking in tumors. Members of the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) are key costimulators of T cells during infection, and there has been an increasing interest in harnessing these receptors to augment tumor immunity. We here review the immunobiology of 2 particularly promising TNFRSF target receptors, CD27 and OX40, and their respective ligands, CD70 and OX40L, focusing on their role within a tumor setting. We describe the influence of CD27 and OX40 on human T cells based on in vitro studies and on the phenotypes of several recently described individuals exhibiting natural deficiencies in CD27/CD70 and OX40. Finally, we review key literature describing progress in elucidating the efficacy and mode of action of OX40- and CD27-targeting mAbs in preclinical models and provide an overview of current clinical trials targeting these promising receptor/ligand pairings in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Buchan
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Rogel
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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18
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Turaj AH, Hussain K, Cox KL, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Testa J, Dahal LN, Chan HTC, James S, Field VL, Carter MJ, Kim HJ, West JJ, Thomas LJ, He LZ, Keler T, Johnson PWM, Al-Shamkhani A, Thirdborough SM, Beers SA, Cragg MS, Glennie MJ, Lim SH. Antibody Tumor Targeting Is Enhanced by CD27 Agonists through Myeloid Recruitment. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:777-791.e6. [PMID: 29198913 PMCID: PMC5734932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can destroy tumors by recruiting effectors such as myeloid cells, or targeting immunomodulatory receptors to promote cytotoxic T cell responses. Here, we examined the therapeutic potential of combining a direct tumor-targeting mAb, anti-CD20, with an extended panel of immunomodulatory mAbs. Only the anti-CD27/CD20 combination provided cures. This was apparent in multiple lymphoma models, including huCD27 transgenic mice using the anti-huCD27, varlilumab. Detailed mechanistic analysis using single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that anti-CD27 stimulated CD8+ T and natural killer cells to release myeloid chemo-attractants and interferon gamma, to elicit myeloid infiltration and macrophage activation. This study demonstrates the therapeutic advantage of using an immunomodulatory mAb to regulate lymphoid cells, which then recruit and activate myeloid cells for enhanced killing of mAb-opsonized tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Turaj
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matthew J J Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - James Testa
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827, USA
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Vikki L Field
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matthew J Carter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Hyung J Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jonathan J West
- Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Li-Zhen He
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827, USA
| | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827, USA
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen M Thirdborough
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sean H Lim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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19
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Pham OH, O’Donnell H, Al-Shamkhani A, Kerrinnes T, Tsolis RM, McSorley SJ. T cell expression of IL-18R and DR3 is essential for non-cognate stimulation of Th1 cells and optimal clearance of intracellular bacteria. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006566. [PMID: 28817719 PMCID: PMC5574617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Th1 cells can be activated by TCR-independent stimuli, but the importance of this pathway in vivo and the precise mechanisms involved require further investigation. Here, we used a simple model of non-cognate Th1 cell stimulation in Salmonella-infected mice to examine these issues. CD4 Th1 cell expression of both IL-18R and DR3 was required for optimal IFN-γ induction in response to non-cognate stimulation, while IL-15R expression was dispensable. Interestingly, effector Th1 cells generated by immunization rather than live infection had lower non-cognate activity despite comparable IL-18R and DR3 expression. Mice lacking T cell intrinsic expression of MyD88, an important adapter molecule in non-cognate T cell stimulation, exhibited higher bacterial burdens upon infection with Salmonella, Chlamydia or Brucella, suggesting that non-cognate Th1 stimulation is a critical element of efficient bacterial clearance. Thus, IL-18R and DR3 are critical players in non-cognate stimulation of Th1 cells and this response plays an important role in protection against intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oanh H. Pham
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hope O’Donnell
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Kerrinnes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Renée M. Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Long H, White A, Wei J, Jiang B, Feldman R, Pappas D, Al-Shamkhani A, Lin J. Abstract 4598: Triggering of OX40 on T cells by a novel monoclonal antibody elicits robust antitumor immunity<!–EndFragment–>. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-4598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
T cell costimulation is an attractive strategy for cancer treatment in addition to check point inhibitors. Costimulatory molecule OX40 is a member of the TNF receptor superfamily that is transiently expressed on activated T cells. Activation of OX40 leads to enhanced T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion and in turn results in better anti-tumor efficacy as shown by multiple mouse syngeneic tumor models. PF-04518600 (PF-8600) is a fully human IgG2 agonist antibody to human OX40 with high affinity and specificity. We used in vitro and in vivo methods to evaluate the co-stimulatory functions of PF-8600. PF-8600 demonstrated better agonist activity in a luciferase reporter cell line expressing OX40 and NFκB as compared to a human IgG1 antibody. In human primary T cells, PF-8600 dose dependently increased T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion in vitro. Furthermore in a mouse line expressing human OX40, PF-8600 in a mouse IgG1 framework increased the proliferation of OT1 cells and inhibited EG7 tumor growth as compared to isotype control antibody, further confirming the mechanism of action as an OX40 agonist. As regulatory T cells are a major inhibitory population in the tumor microenvironment, their specific depletion in the tumor is highly desirable. In an in vitro assay using monocyte derived macrophages as effector cells, PF-8600 mediated the depletion of OX40 expressing cells similar to a human IgG1 antibody, and this activity is dependent on the binding to hFcγRIIA. In human FcγR knock-in mice, anti-OX40-hIgG1 showed increased Treg reduction in the tumor comparing to anti-OX40-hIgG2, but less T cell proliferation and activation in the periphery. In combination with an anti-PD-L1 antibody, both anti-OX40-hIgG1 and hIgG2 showed similar enhanced anti-tumor activity in the MC38 colon carcinoma model as comparing to anti-PD-L1 alone. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated PF-8600 enhanced T cells functions and inhibited tumor growth in a mouse syngeneic tumor model. The activity of the hIgG2 antibody is similar to that of an hIgG1 in both phagocytosis assays and hFcγR KI in vivo assays. Based on the mechanism of action and robust anti-tumor efficacy in preclinical models, PF-8600 is currently in clinical development in a broad spectrum of malignancies.
Citation Format: Hua Long, Ann White, Jie Wei, Brittany Jiang, Reid Feldman, Danielle Pappas, Aymen Al-Shamkhani, John Lin. Triggering of OX40 on T cells by a novel monoclonal antibody elicits robust antitumor immunity<!–EndFragment–> [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4598. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4598
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Long
- 1Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Ann White
- 2UCB Pharma, South San Francisco, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Wei
- 1Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, CA
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21
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Turaj A, Rose-Zerilli M, Cox K, James S, Al-Shamkhani A, Keler T, Johnson P, Thirdborough S, Beers S, Glennie M, Cragg M, Lim S. CD27 STIMULATION ENHANCES CD20 MAB THERAPY THROUGH ACTIVATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY. Hematol Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.2437_123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.H. Turaj
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - M. Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Sciences Unit; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - K. Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - S. James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - A. Al-Shamkhani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - T. Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics; Celldex Therapeutics; Hampton USA
| | - P.W. Johnson
- Southampton Cancer Research UK Centre; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | | | - S.A. Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - M.J. Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - M.S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - S.H. Lim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
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22
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Rogel A, Willoughby JE, Buchan SL, Leonard HJ, Thirdborough SM, Al-Shamkhani A. Akt signaling is critical for memory CD8 + T-cell development and tumor immune surveillance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1178-E1187. [PMID: 28137869 PMCID: PMC5320983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611299114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells confer long-term immunity against tumors, and anticancer vaccines therefore should maximize their generation. Multiple memory CD8+ T-cell subsets with distinct functional and homing characteristics exist, but the signaling pathways that regulate their development are ill defined. Here we examined the role of the serine/threonine kinase Akt in the generation of protective immunity by CD8+ T cells. Akt is known to be activated by the T-cell antigen receptor and the cytokine IL-2, but its role in T-cell immunity in vivo has not been explored. Using CD8+ T cells from pdk1K465E/K465E knockin mice, we found that decreased Akt activity inhibited the survival of T cells during the effector-to-memory cell transition and abolished their differentiation into C-X-C chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3)loCD43lo effector-like memory cells. Consequently, antitumor immunity by CD8+ T cells that display defective Akt signaling was substantially diminished during the memory phase. Reduced memory T-cell survival and altered memory cell differentiation were associated with up-regulation of the proapoptotic protein Bim and the T-box transcription factor eomesodermin, respectively. These findings suggest an important role for effector-like memory CD8+ T cells in tumor immune surveillance and identify Akt as a key signaling node in the development of protective memory CD8+ T-cell responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/immunology
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Immunologic Surveillance/genetics
- Immunologic Surveillance/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/immunology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR3/immunology
- Receptors, CXCR3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rogel
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E Willoughby
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Buchan
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Henry J Leonard
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Thirdborough
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom;
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Tb monitor the fate of alginate following systemic administration, a method was developed that allowed the covalent incorporation of approximately 1 mol% tyrosinamide. The product could be radioiodinated to a high specific activity, and was subsequently stable on storage at 4°C for 30 days, with very little (c 1%) free [125I] iodide released over that period. Twenty-four hours following intravenous administration, the low molecular weight fraction (<48,000) of the injected polymer was excreted in the urine while the larger polymer fraction remained in the circulation and did not readily accumulate in any of the tissues. Almost all of the dose administered by intraperitoneal injection was transferred from the peritoneal cavity to the blood compartment within 24 h, with the low molecular weight fraction of the polymer excreted in the urine. Following subcutaneous administration, the majority (-70%) of the injected dose was retained at the site of injection at 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Research Campaign's Polymer-Controlled, Drug Delivery Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Keele Keele, Stafforshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Ruth Duncan
- Cancer Research Campaign's Polymer-Controlled, Drug Delivery Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Keele Keele, Stafforshire, ST5 5BG, UK
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24
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Remer M, Rogel A, Buchan S, Johnson PW, Al-Shamkhani A. Abstract B046: Therapeutic mechanisms of anti-4-1BB antibodies in cancer: agonism versus regulatory T cell depletion. Cancer Immunol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.imm2016-b046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137) is a T cell activating receptor belonging to the TNF receptor superfamily that can be targeted by mAb to eradicate established tumors. 4-1BB is expressed on a multitude of hematopoietic cells, including activated conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, dendritic cells and NK cells. 4-1BB signaling promotes the proliferation, survival and effector function of conventional activated T cells and therapeutic 4-1BB antibodies are thought to mediate their effects through receptor agonism. However, whilst investigating the expression pattern of a panel of activated T cell markers on tumor infiltrating T cells, we unexpectedly found that intra-tumoral Treg cells express high levels of 4-1BB when compared with conventional T cells. This finding raised the possibility that anti-4-1BB antibodies mediate their antitumor effects through depletion of intra-tumoral Treg cells. Moreover, precedence for a Treg cell dependent mechanism exists for mAb targeting the related receptors OX40 and GITR. The choice of antibody isotype is critical as the therapeutic mechanism of action is dependent on the engagement of activatory and inhibitory FcγRs. Murine IgG1 mAb confer good agonistic potential through co-engagement of inhibitory FcγRs leading to receptor cross-linking and activation to promote CD8+ T cell mediated antitumor immunity. In contrast, murine IgG2a mAb have the potential to deplete target cells through activation of FcγR-expressing macrophages within the tumor microenvironment. To address the question of whether tumor protection with anti-4-1BB antibodies is mediated by agonism or selective Treg cell depletion, we generated a novel mouse strain with conditional deletion of 4-1BB on Foxp3+ Treg cells (4-1BBFoxp3-/−). The phenotype was validated by showing complete loss of 4-1BB expression on intra-tumoral CD4+ Foxp3+ cells whilst being conserved on conventional T cell subsets. To examine whether 4-1BB expression on intra-tumoral Treg cells was required for the therapeutic activity of anti-4-1BB mAb, 4-1BBFoxp3-/- or control mice were inoculated with EG7 thymoma cells and subsequently treated with either mIgG1 or mIgG2a anti-4-1BB mAb. The EG7 tumors grew equally well in 4-1BBFoxp3-/- and control mice given IgG isotype control Ab, indicating that the loss of 4-1BB expression on Treg cells does not alter the tumor immune environment. Treatment with mIgG1 or mIgG2a anti-4-1BB mAb resulted in tumor regression then complete clearance in the majority of control mice. Equivalent response to therapy was observed in the 4-1BBFoxp3-/- mice, suggesting that 4-1BB expression on Treg cells is not essential for the therapeutic activity of mIgG1 or mIgG2a anti-4-1BB mAb. Specifically, the mIgG2a anti-4-1BB mAb maintained its antitumor activity in the absence of 4-1BB-expressing Treg cells, suggesting that the therapeutic activity is driven by effector T cell costimulation and not differential intra-tumoral Treg cell deletion. These results establish T cell costimulation as a key mechanism for the therapeutic activity of anti-4-1BB mAb in cancer and have clinical relevance in optimizing human anti-4-1BB mAb for delivering costimulation.
Citation Format: Marcus Remer, Anne Rogel, Sarah Buchan, Peter W.M. Johnson, Aymen Al-Shamkhani. Therapeutic mechanisms of anti-4-1BB antibodies in cancer: agonism versus regulatory T cell depletion [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; 2016 Sept 25-28; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B046.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Remer
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Rogel
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Buchan
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Lai C, Lim K, Healy C, Theaker J, Al-Shamkhani A, Healy E. 461 CD8 + T cell dysfunction in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. J Invest Dermatol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Lai C, August S, Albibas A, Behar R, Cho SY, Polak ME, Theaker J, MacLeod AS, French RR, Glennie MJ, Al-Shamkhani A, Healy E. OX40+ Regulatory T Cells in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Suppress Effector T-Cell Responses and Associate with Metastatic Potential. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4236-48. [PMID: 27034329 PMCID: PMC4987192 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common human cancer with metastatic potential. Despite T cells accumulating around cSCCs, these tumors continue to grow and persist. To investigate reasons for failure of T cells to mount a protective response in cSCC, we focused on regulatory T cells (Tregs) as this suppressive population is well represented among the infiltrating lymphocytes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Flow cytometry was conducted on cSCC lymphocytes and in vitro functional assays were performed using sorted tumoral T cells. Lymphocyte subsets in primary cSCCs were quantified immunohistochemically. RESULTS FOXP3(+) Tregs were more frequent in cSCCs than in peripheral blood (P < 0.0001, n = 86 tumors). Tumoral Tregs suppressed proliferation of tumoral effector CD4(+) (P = 0.005, n = 10 tumors) and CD8(+) T cells (P = 0.043, n = 9 tumors) and inhibited IFNγ secretion by tumoral effector T cells (P = 0.0186, n = 11 tumors). The costimulatory molecule OX40 was expressed predominantly on tumoral Tregs (P < 0.0001, n = 15 tumors) and triggering OX40 with an agonist anti-OX40 antibody overcame the suppression exerted by Tregs, leading to increased tumoral effector CD4(+) lymphocyte proliferation (P = 0.0098, n = 10 tumors). Tregs and OX40(+) lymphocytes were more abundant in primary cSCCs that metastasized than in primary cSCCs that had not metastasized (n = 48 and n = 49 tumors, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Tregs in cSCCs suppress effector T-cell responses and are associated with subsequent metastasis, suggesting a key role for Tregs in cSCC development and progression. OX40 agonism reversed the suppressive effects of Tregs in vitro, suggesting that targeting OX40 could benefit the subset of cSCC patients at high risk of metastasis. Clin Cancer Res; 22(16); 4236-48. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester Lai
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom. Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Suzannah August
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom. Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Amel Albibas
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ramnik Behar
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Shin-Young Cho
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marta E Polak
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Theaker
- Histopathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ruth R French
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Healy
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom. Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Long H, White AL, Jiang BB, Feldman R, Pappas DC, Al-Shamkhani A, Wang C, Lin J. Targeting OX40 by monoclonal antibody PF-04518600 to enhance T cell functions and inhibit tumor growth. J Clin Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.34.15_suppl.e14518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Long
- Pfizer, South San Francisco,, CA
| | - Ann L White
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John Lin
- Pfizer Inc, South San Francisco, CA
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28
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Richard AC, Tan C, Hawley ET, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Goswami R, Yang XP, Cruz AC, Penumetcha P, Hayes ET, Pelletier M, Gabay O, Walsh M, Ferdinand JR, Keane-Myers A, Choi Y, O'Shea JJ, Al-Shamkhani A, Kaplan MH, Gery I, Siegel RM, Meylan F. Correction: The TNF-Family Ligand TL1A and Its Receptor DR3 Promote T Cell-Mediated Allergic Immunopathology by Enhancing Differentiation and Pathogenicity of IL-9-Producing T Cells. J Immunol 2016; 195:5839-40. [PMID: 26637663 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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McKendry RT, Spalluto CM, Burke H, Nicholas B, Cellura D, Al-Shamkhani A, Staples KJ, Wilkinson TMA. Dysregulation of Antiviral Function of CD8(+) T Cells in the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Lung. Role of the PD-1-PD-L1 Axis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:642-51. [PMID: 26517304 PMCID: PMC4824936 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201504-0782oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are susceptible to respiratory viral infections that cause exacerbations. The mechanisms underlying this susceptibility are not understood. Effectors of the adaptive immune response-CD8(+) T cells that clear viral infections-are present in increased numbers in the lungs of patients with COPD, but they fail to protect against infection and may contribute to the immunopathology of the disease. OBJECTIVES CD8(+) function and signaling through the programmed cell death protein (PD)-1 exhaustion pathway were investigated as a potential key mechanism of viral exacerbation of the COPD lung. METHODS Tissue from control subjects and patients with COPD undergoing lung resection was infected with live influenza virus ex vivo. Viral infection and expression of lung cell markers were analyzed using flow cytometry. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The proportion of lung CD8(+) T cells expressing PD-1 was greater in COPD (mean, 16.2%) than in controls (4.4%, P = 0.029). Only epithelial cells and macrophages were infected with influenza, and there was no difference in the proportion of infected cells between controls and COPD. Infection up-regulated T-cell PD-1 expression in control and COPD samples. Concurrently, influenza significantly up-regulated the marker of cytotoxic degranulation (CD107a) on CD8(+) T cells (P = 0.03) from control subjects but not on those from patients with COPD. Virus-induced expression of the ligand PD-L1 was decreased on COPD macrophages (P = 0.04) with a corresponding increase in IFN-γ release from infected COPD explants compared with controls (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS This study has established a signal of cytotoxic immune dysfunction and aberrant immune regulation in the COPD lung that may explain both the susceptibility to viral infection and the excessive inflammation associated with exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. McKendry
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, and
| | - C. Mirella Spalluto
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, and
| | - Hannah Burke
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, and
| | - Ben Nicholas
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, and
| | - Doriana Cellura
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, and
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, and
| | - Karl J. Staples
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, and
| | - Tom M. A. Wilkinson
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, and
- Southampton National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Glennie MJ, Al-Shamkhani A, Beers SA, White AL, Johnson PW, French RR, Cragg MS. Abstract IA06: Designing immunostimulatory antibodies for cancer treatment. Cancer Immunol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.tumimm14-ia06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Immunomodulatory mAb, led by the checkpoint blockers against CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1, are changing the outlook for a number of difficult to manage cancers, such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer, and look set to become blockbuster drugs in the near future. While there is still some uncertainty concerning how these reagents work, it is generally agreed that they target exhausted effector T cells and Tregs within the tumour tissue. An alternative way to regulate anti-cancer T cells is using immunostimulatory mAb which trigger activatory T-cell co-receptors, often of the TNF receptor superfamily. Interestingly, most preclinical models show that immunostimulatory mAb are as good if not better than checkpoint blockers in terms of therapeutic potency. However, other than some limited success with anti-CD40 mAb in pancreatic cancer, immunostimulatory mAb have yet to display the level of clinical success seen with the checkpoint blockers. In this lecture we will discuss the mechanisms of action of these two groups of reagents and explore how differences in the rodent and human antibody effector functions might explain why immunostimulatory mAb have not performed as well in patients. We will show how the mouse inhibitory Fc gamma Receptor (FcγR), FcγRIIB, plays a critical role in hyper-crosslinking agonistic anti-TNFR mAb, yet in humans the equivalent receptor is less available to perform this function. We will also discuss how this knowledge is being used to engineer new immunostimulatory mAb which can exploit human FcγR effectively, or even mAb which can operate independently of FcγR with the opportunity of potent agonistic function regardless of bio-availability of FcγR.
Citation Format: Martin J. Glennie, Aymen Al-Shamkhani, Stephen A. Beers, Ann L. White, Peter W. Johnson, Ruth R. French, Mark S. Cragg. Designing immunostimulatory antibodies for cancer treatment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy: A New Chapter; December 1-4, 2014; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2015;3(10 Suppl):Abstract nr IA06.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ann L. White
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mark S. Cragg
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Meylan F, Richard A, Tan C, Hawley E, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Goswami R, Yang X, Cruz A, Penumetcha P, Hayes E, Pelletier M, Gabay O, Walsh M, Ferdinand J, Keane-Myers A, Choi Y, O'Shea J, Al-Shamkhani A, Kaplan M, Gery I, Siegel R. The TNF-family ligand TL1A and its receptor DR3 promote T cell mediated allergic immunopathology by enhancing differentiation and pathogenicity of IL-9 producing T cells (HYP2P.333). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.53.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The TNF-family cytokine TL1A (Tnfsf15) costimulates T cells and type 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2) through its receptor DR3 (Tnfrsf25). DR3-deficient mice have reduced T cell accumulation at the site of inflammation, and reduced ILC2-dependent immune responses in a number of models of autoimmune and allergic diseases. In allergic lung disease models, immunopathology and local Th2 and ILC2 accumulation is reduced in DR3 deficient mice despite normal systemic priming of Th2 responses and generation of T cells secreting IL-13 and IL-4, prompting the question of whether TL1A promotes the development of other T cell subsets that secrete cytokines to drive allergic disease. Here we find that TL1A potently promotes generation of murine T cells producing IL-9 (Th9) by signaling through DR3 in a cell-intrinsic manner. TL1A enhances Th9 differentiation through an IL-2 and STAT5-dependent mechanism, unlike the TNF-family member OX40, which promotes Th9 through IL-4 and STAT6. Th9 differentiated in the presence of TL1A are more pathogenic, and endogenous TL1A signaling through DR3 on T cells is required for maximal pathology and IL-9 production in allergic lung inflammation. Taken together, these data identify TL1A-DR3 interactions as a novel pathway that promotes Th9 differentiation and pathogenicity. TL1A may be a potential therapeutic target in diseases dependent on IL-9.
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Richard AC, Tan C, Hawley ET, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Goswami R, Yang XP, Cruz AC, Penumetcha P, Hayes ET, Pelletier M, Gabay O, Walsh M, Ferdinand JR, Keane-Myers A, Choi Y, O'Shea JJ, Al-Shamkhani A, Kaplan MH, Gery I, Siegel RM, Meylan F. The TNF-family ligand TL1A and its receptor DR3 promote T cell-mediated allergic immunopathology by enhancing differentiation and pathogenicity of IL-9-producing T cells. J Immunol 2015; 194:3567-82. [PMID: 25786692 PMCID: PMC5112176 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The TNF family cytokine TL1A (Tnfsf15) costimulates T cells and type 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2) through its receptor DR3 (Tnfrsf25). DR3-deficient mice have reduced T cell accumulation at the site of inflammation and reduced ILC2-dependent immune responses in a number of models of autoimmune and allergic diseases. In allergic lung disease models, immunopathology and local Th2 and ILC2 accumulation is reduced in DR3-deficient mice despite normal systemic priming of Th2 responses and generation of T cells secreting IL-13 and IL-4, prompting the question of whether TL1A promotes the development of other T cell subsets that secrete cytokines to drive allergic disease. In this study, we find that TL1A potently promotes generation of murine T cells producing IL-9 (Th9) by signaling through DR3 in a cell-intrinsic manner. TL1A enhances Th9 differentiation through an IL-2 and STAT5-dependent mechanism, unlike the TNF-family member OX40, which promotes Th9 through IL-4 and STAT6. Th9 differentiated in the presence of TL1A are more pathogenic, and endogenous TL1A signaling through DR3 on T cells is required for maximal pathology and IL-9 production in allergic lung inflammation. Taken together, these data identify TL1A-DR3 interactions as a novel pathway that promotes Th9 differentiation and pathogenicity. TL1A may be a potential therapeutic target in diseases dependent on IL-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne C Richard
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Cuiyan Tan
- Experimental Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Eric T Hawley
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Julio Gomez-Rodriguez
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ritobrata Goswami
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Xiang-Ping Yang
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Anthony C Cruz
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Pallavi Penumetcha
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Erika T Hayes
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Martin Pelletier
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Odile Gabay
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Matthew Walsh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - John R Ferdinand
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrea Keane-Myers
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Igal Gery
- Experimental Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard M Siegel
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Françoise Meylan
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Lai C, August S, Behar R, Polak M, Ardern-Jones M, Theaker J, Al-Shamkhani A, Healy E. Characteristics of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas and role in metastasis. Lancet 2015; 385 Suppl 1:S59. [PMID: 26312881 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) account for substantial morbidity and mortality because of their potential for metastasis. SCCs are surrounded by an immune cell infiltrate containing regulatory T cells (Tregs). The aim of this study was to characterise Tregs in SCCs and investigate whether increased Treg numbers in primary skin SCCs are associated with subsequent metastasis. METHODS Lymphocytes were extracted from freshly excised skin SCC tumours and corresponding peripheral blood and normal skin. Flow cytometry was used for T-cell analysis and cell sorting. Tritiated thymidine based lymphocyte proliferation assays and interferon γ (IFNγ) ELISPOT assays were used to assess peritumoral lymphocyte function in vitro. Immunohistochemistry was performed on primary cutaneous SCC sections from tumours that subsequently metastasised and from those that did not after 5-year follow-up. FINDINGS Increased frequencies of CD3+CD4+CD25hiCD127loFOXP3+ Tregs were found in SCCs (21·5% of CD4+ immune infiltrate, n=60 tumours) compared with corresponding peripheral blood (5·4%) and normal skin (7·6%). SCC Tregs expressed significantly higher levels of the co-stimulatory molecules OX40 (37·2% of FOXP3+ cell population, n=10 tumours) and 4-1BB (12·6%, n=9) than peritumoral non-regulatory T cells and Tregs from peripheral blood and normal skin (p=0·0005). The inhibitory receptor CTLA4 and the transcription factor Helios were expressed at high levels in peritumoral Tregs. SCC Tregs significantly suppressed phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated peritumoral CD4+ T-cell proliferation (p=0·005, n=10), peritumoral CD8+ T-cell proliferation (p=0·015, n=9), and IFNγ secretion by CD4+ effector T cells (p=0·026, n=10). Increased in-vitro proliferation of phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated peritumoral CD4+ T cells was shown after the addition of anti-OX40 antibodies (p=0·0078, n=9 tumours) and anti-4-1BB antibodies (p=0·0039, n=9). Immunohistochemistry showed fewer CD8+ T cells in SCCs that metastasised (n=29) than in non-metastatic SCCs (n=26) (28·5% of immune infiltrate vs 44·6%%, p<0·0001) and more FOX3+ Tregs (28·5% of immune infiltrate vs 49·3%, p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION Our study shows that immunosuppressive Tregs are present in the immune infiltrate of cutaneous SCCs, and contribute to ineffective anti-tumour immune responses, thereby permitting SCC development and promoting metastasis. FUNDING Wellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester Lai
- Dermatopharmacology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Suzannah August
- Dermatopharmacology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ramnik Behar
- Dermatopharmacology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Marta Polak
- Dermatopharmacology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Jeff Theaker
- Histopathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Eugene Healy
- Dermatopharmacology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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White AL, Chan HTC, French RR, Willoughby J, Mockridge CI, Roghanian A, Penfold CA, Booth SG, Dodhy A, Polak ME, Potter EA, Ardern-Jones MR, Verbeek JS, Johnson PWM, Al-Shamkhani A, Cragg MS, Beers SA, Glennie MJ. Conformation of the human immunoglobulin G2 hinge imparts superagonistic properties to immunostimulatory anticancer antibodies. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:138-48. [PMID: 25500122 PMCID: PMC4297290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs that stimulate antitumor immunity are transforming cancer treatment but require optimization for maximum clinical impact. Here, we show that, unlike other immunoglobulin isotypes, human IgG2 (h2) imparts FcγR-independent agonistic activity to immune-stimulatory mAbs such as anti-CD40, -4-1BB, and -CD28. Activity is provided by a subfraction of h2, h2B, that is structurally constrained due its unique arrangement of hinge region disulfide bonds. Agonistic activity can be transferred from h2 to h1 by swapping their hinge and CH1 domains, and substitution of key hinge and CH1 cysteines generates homogenous h2 variants with distinct agonistic properties. This provides the exciting opportunity to engineer clinical reagents with defined therapeutic activity regardless of FcγR expression levels in the local microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L White
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jane Willoughby
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Steven G Booth
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ali Dodhy
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Marta E Polak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Potter
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Michael R Ardern-Jones
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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35
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Buchan S, Manzo T, Flutter B, Rogel A, Edwards N, Zhang L, Sivakumaran S, Ghorashian S, Carpenter B, Bennett C, Freeman GJ, Sykes M, Croft M, Al-Shamkhani A, Chakraverty R. OX40- and CD27-mediated costimulation synergizes with anti-PD-L1 blockade by forcing exhausted CD8+ T cells to exit quiescence. J Immunol 2015; 194:125-133. [PMID: 25404365 PMCID: PMC4272895 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exhaustion of chronically stimulated CD8(+) T cells is a significant obstacle to immune control of chronic infections or tumors. Although coinhibitory checkpoint blockade with anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) Ab can restore functions to exhausted T cell populations, recovery is often incomplete and dependent upon the pool size of a quiescent T-bet(high) subset that expresses lower levels of PD-1. In a model in which unhelped, HY-specific CD8(+) T cells gradually lose function following transfer to male bone marrow transplantation recipients, we have explored the effect of shifting the balance away from coinhibition and toward costimulation by combining anti-PD-L1 with agonistic Abs to the TNFR superfamily members, OX40 and CD27. Several weeks following T cell transfer, both agonistic Abs, but especially anti-CD27, demonstrated synergy with anti-PD-L1 by enhancing CD8(+) T cell proliferation and effector cytokine generation. Anti-CD27 and anti-PD-L1 synergized by downregulating the expression of multiple quiescence-related genes concomitant with a reduced frequency of T-bet(high) cells within the exhausted population. However, in the presence of persistent Ag, the CD8(+) T cell response was not sustained and the overall size of the effector cytokine-producing pool eventually contracted to levels below that of controls. Thus, CD27-mediated costimulation can synergize with coinhibitory checkpoint blockade to switch off molecular programs for quiescence in exhausted T cell populations, but at the expense of losing precursor cells required to maintain a response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Buchan
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - Teresa Manzo
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Cancer Institute and Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London
| | - Barry Flutter
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Cancer Institute and Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London
| | - Anne Rogel
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - Noha Edwards
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Cancer Institute and Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London
| | - Lei Zhang
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Cancer Institute and Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London
| | - Shivajanani Sivakumaran
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Cancer Institute and Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London
| | - Sara Ghorashian
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Cancer Institute and Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London
| | - Ben Carpenter
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Cancer Institute and Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London
| | - Clare Bennett
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Cancer Institute and Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London
| | - Gordon J. Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | | | | | - Ronjon Chakraverty
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Cancer Institute and Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London
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Abstract
Glyco-engineering has been developed to enhance the pharmacological properties of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) resulting in superior immune effector function. Mogamulizumab is the first approved glyco-engineered therapeutic antibody and first approved mAb to target the CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4). CCR4 is principally expressed on Tregs and helper T cells (Th) where it functions to induce homing of these leukocytes to sites of inflammation. Tregs play an essential role in maintaining immune balance; however, in malignancy, Tregs impair host antitumor immunity and provide a favorable environment for tumors to grow. CCR4 is highly expressed by aggressive peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs), particularly adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs). Mogamulizumab is a humanized anti-CCR4 mAb with a defucosylated Fc region that enhances antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In addition, mogamulizumab depletes CCR4+ Tregs, potentially evoking antitumor immune responses by autologous effector cells. This ability is highly pertinent as subsets of malignant T cells are believed to function as CD4+ Tregs, overexpressing CCR4. Clinical trials with mogamulizumab have demonstrated clinical efficacy and tolerability for the treatment of relapsed/refractory aggressive T-cell lymphomas, previously associated with very poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Remer
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin Glennie
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Peter Johnson
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, SO16 6YD, UK
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37
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White AL, Dou L, Chan HTC, Field VL, Mockridge CI, Moss K, Williams EL, Booth SG, French RR, Potter EA, Butts C, Al-Shamkhani A, Cragg MS, Verbeek JS, Johnson PWM, Glennie MJ, Beers SA. Fcγ receptor dependency of agonistic CD40 antibody in lymphoma therapy can be overcome through antibody multimerization. J Immunol 2014; 193:1828-35. [PMID: 25024386 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory mAbs, led by the anti-CTLA4 mAb ipilimumab, are an exciting new class of drugs capable of promoting anticancer immunity and providing durable control of some tumors. Close analysis of a number of agents has revealed a critical yet variable role for Fcγ receptors in their efficacy. In this article, we reveal that agonistic anti-CD40 mAbs have an absolute requirement for cross-linking by inhibitory FcγRIIB when used systemically to treat established BCL1 syngeneic lymphoma, and therapy is lost when using a mouse IgG2a mAb not cross-linked by FcγRIIB. Furthermore, in FcγRIIB-deficient mice the lymphoma itself can provide FcγRIIB to cross-link anti-CD40 on neighboring cells, and only when this is blocked does therapy fail. The dependence on FcγRIIB for immunostimulatory activity was not absolute, however, because when anti-CD40 mAbs were administered systemically with the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid or were given subcutaneously, activatory FcγR could also provide cross-linking. Using this mechanistic insight, we designed multimeric forms of anti-CD40 mAb with intrinsic FcγR-independent activity that were highly effective in the treatment of lymphoma-bearing mice. In conclusion, FcγR-independent anti-CD40 activation is a viable strategy in vivo. These findings have important translational implications, as humans, unlike mice, do not have IgG that binds strongly to FcγRIIB; therefore FcγR-independent derivatives represent an attractive therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L White
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Lang Dou
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Vikki L Field
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Kane Moss
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L Williams
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G Booth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Potter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Cherié Butts
- Immunology Research, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Southampton Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom;
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38
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Willoughby JE, Kerr JP, Rogel A, Taraban VY, Buchan SL, Johnson PWM, Al-Shamkhani A. Differential impact of CD27 and 4-1BB costimulation on effector and memory CD8 T cell generation following peptide immunization. J Immunol 2014; 193:244-51. [PMID: 24860188 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The factors that determine differentiation of naive CD8 T cells into memory cells are not well understood. A greater understanding of how memory cells are generated will inform of ways to improve vaccination strategies. In this study, we analyzed the CD8 T cell response elicited by two experimental vaccines comprising a peptide/protein Ag and an agonist that delivers a costimulatory signal via CD27 or 4-1BB. Both agonists increased expansion of Ag-specific CD8 T cells compared with Ag alone. However, their capacity to stimulate differentiation into effector and memory cells differed. CD27 agonists promoted increased expression of perforin and the generation of short-lived memory cells, whereas stimulation with 4-1BB agonists favored generation of stable memory. The memory-promoting effects of 4-1BB were independent of CD4 T cells and were the result of programing within the first 2 d of priming. Consistent with this conclusion, CD27 and 4-1BB-stimulated CD8 T cells expressed disparate amounts of IL-2, IFN-γ, CD25, CD71, and Gp49b as early as 3 d after in vivo activation. In addition, memory CD8 T cells, generated through priming with CD27 agonists, proliferated more extensively than did 4-1BB-generated memory cells, but these cells failed to persist. These data demonstrate a previously unanticipated link between the rates of homeostatic proliferation and memory cell attrition. Our study highlights a role for these receptors in skewing CD8 T cell differentiation into effector and memory cells and provides an approach to optimize vaccines that elicit CD8 T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Willoughby
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Kerr
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Rogel
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Vadim Y Taraban
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Buchan
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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39
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Richard A, Tan C, Hawley E, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Goswami R, Yang X, Cruz A, Penumetcha P, Hayes E, Pelletier M, Gabay O, Walsh M, Ferdinand J, Keane-Myers A, Choi Y, O'Shea J, Al-Shamkhani A, Kaplan M, Gery I, Siegel R, Meylan F. The TNF family member TL1A promotes Th9 differentiation and Th9-mediated immunopathology (LYM3P.733). The Journal of Immunology 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.64.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The TNF family cytokine TL1A (Tnfsf15) costimulates T cells through its receptor DR3 (Tnfrsf25). Currently known effects of TL1A on T cell differentiation or systemic immune responses cannot account for the resistance of Tnfrsf25-/- mice to diverse animal models of autoimmune and allergic inflammation. IL-9 is a cytokine that promotes inflammatory and allergic immune responses and is expressed by a distinct subset of T cells early after T cell activation or restimulation. We have found that TL1A potently promotes generation of T cells producing IL-9 (Th9) by signaling through DR3 in a cell-intrinsic manner. Unlike the TNF family member OX40 ligand, TL1A increases Th9 differentiation independently of STAT6 and the TNF-signaling adaptor TRAF6. Instead, TL1A affects Th9 differentiation through enhancing IL-2-dependent STAT5 activation and allowing increased binding to the IL-9 promoter. In two models of allergic asthma, we demonstrate that Tnfrsf25-/- mice have reduced disease severity accompanied by fewer IL-9 producing T cells in the lung. In addition to promoting Th9 differentiation, we find that TL1A enhances pathogenicity in Th9 transfer models of both uveitis and allergic asthma, where endogenous TL1A signaling is required for maximal pathology and IL-9 production at the site of inflammation. Taken together, these data identify TL1A as a novel cytokine that promotes Th9 differentiation and pathogenicity and as a possible therapeutic target in diseases dependent on IL-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Richard
- 1Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cuiyan Tan
- 2Experimental Immunology Section, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Eric Hawley
- 1Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Ritobrata Goswami
- 4Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Xiangping Yang
- 5Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anthony Cruz
- 1Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Pallavi Penumetcha
- 1Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Erika Hayes
- 1Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Martin Pelletier
- 1Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Odile Gabay
- 1Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Matthew Walsh
- 6Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John Ferdinand
- 1Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD
- 7Cancer Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Keane-Myers
- 8Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Yongwon Choi
- 6Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John O'Shea
- 5Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- 7Cancer Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Kaplan
- 4Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Igal Gery
- 2Experimental Immunology Section, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Richard Siegel
- 1Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Francoise Meylan
- 1Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD
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Ferdinand J, Meylan F, Siegel R, Al-Shamkhani A. The biological function of membrane versus soluble TL1A (CCR3P.205). The Journal of Immunology 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.115.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The Tumour Necrosis Factor Superfamily (TNFSF) are an important source of costimulatory signals required for activation of T cells. The TNFSF is composed of 29 receptors and 18 ligands; one such pair is Death receptor 3 (DR3) and TNF-like ligand 1A (TL1A). Signalling via DR3 costimulates lymphocytes and polymorphysims in TL1A and DR3 have been associated with Crohn's Disease. In mice, signalling via DR3 has been shown to be required for maximal pathology in models of asthma and lupus and transgenic constitutive expression of TL1A results in an IL-13 and IL-17a driven intestinal pathology. Several TNFSF ligands, including TL1A, can be expressed on the membrane and cleaved to yield a soluble product. Some cytokines, such as TNF are active in soluble form whereas others, such as FasL, are not. The biological roles of these distinct forms of TL1A in vivo are not known. To investigate the biological function of membrane vs. soluble TL1A we used retrotransgenic technology to express cleavable vs. membrane bound TL1A throughout the murine hematopoietic system. Membrane restricted TL1A promoted a strong inflammatory pathology in both the ileum and lung. Full length TL1A expression yielded little membrane TL1A. These mice failed to develop pathology despite a greater than physiological level of TL1A in the serum. This work demonstrated that membrane restricted TL1A is a more potent ligand for DR3. We have generated membrane-restricted TL1A transgenic mice to investigate this further.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ferdinand
- 1Cancer Science Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- 2Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bldg10,room 13C120, MD
| | - Francoise Meylan
- 2Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bldg10,room 13C120, MD
| | - Richard Siegel
- 2Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bldg10,room 13C120, MD
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- 1Cancer Science Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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41
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Arora P, Baena A, Yu KOA, Saini NK, Kharkwal SS, Goldberg MF, Kunnath-Velayudhan S, Carreño LJ, Venkataswamy MM, Kim J, Lazar-Molnar E, Lauvau G, Chang YT, Liu Z, Bittman R, Al-Shamkhani A, Cox LR, Jervis PJ, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Porcelli SA. A single subset of dendritic cells controls the cytokine bias of natural killer T cell responses to diverse glycolipid antigens. Immunity 2014; 40:105-16. [PMID: 24412610 PMCID: PMC3895174 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many hematopoietic cell types express CD1d and are capable of presenting glycolipid antigens to invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells). However, the question of which cells are the principal presenters of glycolipid antigens in vivo remains controversial, and it has been suggested that this might vary depending on the structure of a particular glycolipid antigen. Here we have shown that a single type of cell, the CD8α+ DEC-205+ dendritic cell, was mainly responsible for capturing and presenting a variety of different glycolipid antigens, including multiple forms of α-galactosylceramide that stimulate widely divergent cytokine responses. After glycolipid presentation, these dendritic cells rapidly altered their expression of various costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules in a manner that was dependent on the structure of the antigen. These findings show flexibility in the outcome of two-way communication between CD8α+ dendritic cells and iNKT cells, providing a mechanism for biasing toward either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses. Complexes of antigenic glycolipids bound to CD1d have been visualized in situ A single DC subset predominates in presentation of a variety of glycolipids Antigen presentation to iNKT cells rapidly alters accessory molecules on APCs Reciprocal induction of CD70 and PD-L2 controls cytokine bias of iNKT cell responses
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Arora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andres Baena
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética GICIG, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No.52-21, Medellin 05001000, Colombia
| | - Karl O A Yu
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Comer Children's Hospital, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Neeraj K Saini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Shalu S Kharkwal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michael F Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Shajo Kunnath-Velayudhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Leandro J Carreño
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | | | - John Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Eszter Lazar-Molnar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gregoire Lauvau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Young-tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme, National University of Singapore, and Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Biopolis 117543, Singapore
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Liam R Cox
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter J Jervis
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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42
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Taraban VY, Rowley TF, Kerr JP, Willoughby JE, Johnson PMW, Al-Shamkhani A, Buchan SL. CD27 costimulation contributes substantially to the expansion of functional memory CD8(+) T cells after peptide immunization. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:3314-23. [PMID: 24002868 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Naive T cells require signals from multiple costimulatory receptors to acquire full effector function and differentiate to long-lived memory cells. The costimulatory receptor, CD27, is essential for optimal T-cell priming and memory differentiation in a variety of settings, although whether CD27 is similarly required during memory CD8(+) T-cell reactivation remains controversial. We have used OVA and anti-CD40 to establish a memory CD8(+) T-cell population and report here that their secondary expansion, driven by peptide and anti-CD40, polyI:C, or LPS, requires CD27. Furthermore, antigenic peptide and a soluble form of the CD27 ligand, CD70 (soluble recombinant CD70 (sCD70)), is sufficient for secondary memory CD8(+) T-cell accumulation at multiple anatomical sites, dependent on CD80/86. Prior to boost, resting effector- and central-memory CD8(+) T cells both expressed CD27 with greater expression on central memory cells. Nonetheless, both populations upregulated CD27 after TCR engagement and accumulated in proportion after boosting with Ag and sCD70. Mechanistically, sCD70 increased the frequency of divided and cytolytic memory T cells, conferred resistance to apoptosis and enabled retardation of tumor growth in vivo. These data demonstrate the central role played by CD27/70 during secondary CD8(+) T-cell activation to a peptide Ag, and identify sCD70 as an immunotherapeutic adjuvant for antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Y Taraban
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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43
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Curran M, Geiger T, Montalvo W, Kim M, Reiner S, Al-Shamkhani A, Sun J, Allison J. Systemic 4-1BB activation induces a novel T-cell phenotype driven by high expression of Eomesodermin (P2197). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.170.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Following treatment with 4-1BB agonist antibody, a novel population of KLRG1+ T-cells infiltrate the tumors of mice. Compared to their KLRG1- counterparts, these T-cells express high levels of cytotoxicity associated genes in both the CD4 and CD8 lineages and also demonstrate enhanced tumor-specific killing in vitro. The phenotype of these KLRG1+ cells is dependent on high expression of the T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin (Eomes). The unique ability of α4-1BB to generate this phenotype stems from the expression of 4-1BB by antigen presenting cells (APC) which respond to its activation by producing cytokines which then drive the development of these Eomes+KLRG1+ T-cells. By analyzing changes in APC cytokine production in vivo, as well as by using a series of gene knockout mice we have begun to identify the factors necessary to generate this novel T-cell lineage. Among these factors, IL-27, IL-15, and IL-10 appear to be paramount. These T-cells represent a novel polarity we have termed ThEO (CD4) and TcEO (CD8) which resolves multiple questions associated with 4-1BB activation including how 4-1BB enhances tumor-specific cytotoxicity, and how 4-1BB can promote tumor immunity while repressing autoimmunity. Understanding the nature of this novel lineage of highly tumoricidal T-cells in both tumor and pathogen-specific immunity may provide critical information for converting sub-optimal anti-tumor responses to therapeutically successful ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Curran
- 1Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Theresa Geiger
- 2Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Welby Montalvo
- 1Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Myoungjoo Kim
- 2Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Steven Reiner
- 3Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- 4Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Sun
- 2Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - James Allison
- 1Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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44
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Curran MA, Geiger TL, Montalvo W, Kim M, Reiner SL, Al-Shamkhani A, Sun JC, Allison JP. Systemic 4-1BB activation induces a novel T cell phenotype driven by high expression of Eomesodermin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:743-55. [PMID: 23547098 PMCID: PMC3620352 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
4-1BB agonist antibody treatment induces a population of KLRG1(+) T cells that infiltrate melanoma tumors. We investigated the origin and function of these cells, as well as their place within established T cell paradigms. We find that these T cells, particularly the CD4 lineage, represent a novel phenotype characterized by enhanced, multipotent cytotoxicity. Distinct from described polarities, this T cell phenotype is driven by the T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin. Formation of this phenotype requires 4-1BB signaling on both T and antigen-presenting cells and the resulting production of the cytokines IL-27, IL-15, and IL-10. Furthermore, we find CD4(+) T cells bearing the signature features of this phenotype in the livers of mice infected with both bacterial and viral intracellular pathogens, suggesting a role for these cells in infectious immunity. These T cells constitute a novel phenotype that resolves multiple questions associated with 4-1BB activation, including how 4-1BB enhances tumor-specific cytotoxicity and how 4-1BB can promote tumor immunity while repressing autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Curran
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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45
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Buchan SL, Al-Shamkhani A. Distinct motifs in the intracellular domain of human CD30 differentially activate canonical and alternative transcription factor NF-κB signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45244. [PMID: 23028875 PMCID: PMC3445475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The TNF-receptor superfamily member CD30 is expressed on normal and malignant lymphocytes, including anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) cells. CD30 transmits multiple effects, including activation of NF-κB signaling, cell proliferation, growth arrest and apoptosis. How CD30 generates these pleiotropic effects is currently unknown. Herein we describe ALCL cells expressing truncated forms of the CD30 intracellular domain that allowed us to identify the key regions responsible for transmitting its biological effects in lymphocytes. The first region (CD30519–537) activated both the alternative and canonical NF-κB pathways as detected by p100 and IκBα degradation, IKKβ-dependent transcription of both IκBα and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 and induction of cell cycle arrest. In contrast, the second region of CD30 (CD30538–595) induced some aspects of canonical NF-κB activation, including transcription of IκBα, but failed to activate the alternative NF-κB pathway or drive p21WAF1/CIP1-mediated cell-cycle arrest. Direct comparison of canonical NF-κB activation by the two motifs revealed 4-fold greater p65 nuclear translocation following CD30519–537 engagement. These data reveal that independent regions of the CD30 cytoplasmic tail regulate the magnitude and type of NF-κB activation and additionally identify a short motif necessary for CD30-driven growth arrest signals in ALCL cells.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- Endonucleases
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- I-kappa B Kinase/genetics
- I-kappa B Kinase/metabolism
- Ki-1 Antigen/chemistry
- Ki-1 Antigen/genetics
- Ki-1 Antigen/pharmacology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Buchan
- Cancer Sciences Unit, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SLB); (AAS)
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Unit, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SLB); (AAS)
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46
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Twohig JP, Marsden M, Cuff SM, Ferdinand JR, Gallimore AM, Perks WV, Al-Shamkhani A, Humphreys IR, Wang ECY. The death receptor 3/TL1A pathway is essential for efficient development of antiviral CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell immunity. FASEB J 2012; 26:3575-86. [PMID: 22593543 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-200618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Death receptor 3 (DR3, TNFRSF25), the closest family relative to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, promotes CD4(+) T-cell-driven inflammatory disease. We investigated the in vivo role of DR3 and its ligand TL1A in viral infection, by challenging DR3-deficient (DR3(KO)) mice and their DR3(WT) littermates with the β-herpesvirus murine cytomegalovirus or the poxvirus vaccinia virus. The phenotype and function of splenic T-cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and molecular biological techniques. We report surface expression of DR3 by naive CD8(+) T cells, with TCR activation increasing its levels 4-fold and altering the ratio of DR3 splice variants. T-cell responses were reduced up to 90% in DR3(KO) mice during acute infection. Adoptive transfer experiments indicated this was dependent on T-cell-restricted expression of DR3. DR3-dependent CD8(+) T-cell expansion was NK and CD4 independent and due to proliferation, not decreased cell death. Notably, impaired immunity in DR3(KO) hosts on a C57BL/6 background was associated with 4- to 7-fold increases in viral loads during the acute phase of infection, and in mice with suboptimal NK responses was essential for survival (37.5%). This is the first description of DR3 regulating virus-specific T-cell function in vivo and uncovers a critical role for DR3 in mediating antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Twohig
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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47
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Curran M, Geiger T, Montalvo W, Kim M, Reiner S, Al-Shamkhani A, Sun J, Allison J. Systemic 4-1BB activation induces a novel T-cell phenotype driven by high expression of Eomesodermin (46.30). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.46.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Following treatment with 4-1BB agonist antibody, a novel population of KLRG1+ T-cells infiltrate murine melanoma. Compared to their KLRG1- counterparts, these T-cells express high levels of cytotoxicity associated genes in both the CD4 and CD8 lineages, and exhibit enhanced tumor-specific killing in vitro. The phenotype of these KLRG1+ cells is dependent on high expression of the T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin (Eomes). Interestingly, only activation of 4-1BB, not other TNFR family members generates this phenotype. The root of this difference appears to be that 4-1BB is expressed by antigen presenting cells (APC) which respond to its activation by producing cytokines which promote the development of these Eomes+KLRG1+ T-cells. By analyzing changes in APC cytokine production in vivo, and by using a series of gene knockout mice we have identified the factors necessary to generate this novel T-cell lineage. These T-cells represent a novel polarity we have termed ThEO (CD4) and TcEO (CD8) which resolve multiple questions associated with 4-1BB activation including how 4-1BB enhances tumor-specific cytotoxicity and how 4-1BB can promote tumor immunity while repressing autoimmunity. Understanding the nature of this novel lineage of highly tumoricidal T-cells in both tumor and pathogen-specific immunity may provide critical information for converting sub-optimal anti-tumor responses to therapeutically successful ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Curran
- 1Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Theresa Geiger
- 1Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Welby Montalvo
- 1Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Myoungjoo Kim
- 1Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Steven Reiner
- 2Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- 3Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Sun
- 1Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - James Allison
- 1Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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48
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Buchan SL, Taraban VY, Slebioda TJ, James S, Cunningham AF, Al-Shamkhani A. Death receptor 3 is essential for generating optimal protective CD4⁺ T-cell immunity against Salmonella. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:580-8. [PMID: 22259035 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The TNF receptor superfamily member death receptor 3 (DR3) exacerbates Th2- and Th17-cell-mediated inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, yet no role in host defence has been reported. Here, we examined the role of DR3 during infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Infection resulted in protracted expression of the DR3 ligand TL1A but not the related TNF superfamily proteins OX40L or CD30L. TL1A expression was localized to splenic F4/80(+) macrophages where S. enterica Typhimurium replicates, and temporally coincided with the onset of CD4(+) -cell expansion. To address the relevance of the TL1A-DR3 interaction, we examined immune responses to S. enterica Typhimurium in mice lacking DR3. Infected DR3(-/-) mice harboured reduced numbers of antigen-experienced and proliferating CD4(+) T cells compared with WT mice. Furthermore, the frequency of IFN-γ(+) CD4(+) T cells in DR3(-/-) mice was lower throughout the time of bacterial clearance. Importantly, bacterial clearance, which is dependent on Th1 cells, was also impaired in DR3(-/-) mice. This defect was intrinsic to CD4(+) T cells as evidenced by an increase in bacterial burden in RAG2-deficient mice receiving DR3(-/-) CD4(+) T cells compared with WT CD4(+) -cell recipients. These data establish for the first time a role for DR3 in a host defence response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Buchan
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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49
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Polak ME, Newell L, Taraban VY, Pickard C, Healy E, Friedmann PS, Al-Shamkhani A, Ardern-Jones MR. CD70-CD27 interaction augments CD8+ T-cell activation by human epidermal Langerhans cells. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1636-44. [PMID: 22377764 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human cutaneous dendritic cells (DCs) from epidermal and dermal compartments exhibit functional differences in their induction of CD4+ T-cell and humoral immune responses; however, differences in the regulation of memory CD8+ T-cell responses by human skin DCs remain poorly characterized. We tested the capacity of human Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal dendritic cells (DDCs) to induce antigen-specific cytokine production and proliferation of memory CD8+ cells. Although tumor necrosis factor-α-matured human DCs from both epidermal and dermal compartments showed efficient potential to activate CD8+ cells, LCs were constitutively more efficient than DDCs in cross-presenting CD8+ epitopes, as well as direct presentation of viral antigen to Epstein-Barr virus-specific CD8+ T cells. LCs showed greater expression of CD70, and blockade of CD70-CD27 signaling demonstrated that superiority of CD8+ activation by epidermal LC is CD70 dependent. This CD70-related activation of CD8+ cells by LCs denotes a central role of LCs in CD8+ immunity in skin, and suggests that regulation of LC CD70 expression is important in enhancing immunity against cutaneous epithelial pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta E Polak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Buchan SL, Taraban VY, Slebioda TJ, James S, Cunningham AF, Al-Shamkhani A. Death receptor 3 is essential for generating optimal protective CD4+ T-cell immunity against Salmonella. Eur J Immunol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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