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Li X, Wang Y, Zhai Z, Mao Q, Chen D, Xiao L, Xu S, Wu Q, Chen K, Hou Q, He Q, Shen Y, Yang M, Peng Z, He S, Zhou X, Tan H, Luo S, Fang C, Li G, Chen T. Predicting response to immunotherapy in gastric cancer via assessing perineural invasion-mediated inflammation in tumor microenvironment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:206. [PMID: 37563649 PMCID: PMC10416472 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The perineural invasion (PNI)-mediated inflammation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) varies among gastric cancer (GC) patients and exhibits a close relationship with prognosis and immunotherapy. Assessing the neuroinflammation of TME is important in predicting the response to immunotherapy in GC patients. METHODS Fifteen independent cohorts were enrolled in this study. An inflammatory score was developed and validated in GC. Based on PNI-related prognostic inflammatory signatures, patients were divided into Clusters A and B using unsupervised clustering. The characteristics of clusters and the potential regulatory mechanism of key genes were verified by RT-PCR, western-blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence in cell and tumor tissue samples.The neuroinflammation infiltration (NII) scoring system was developed based on principal component analysis (PCA) and visualized in a nomogram together with other clinical characteristics. RESULTS Inflammatory scores were higher in GC patients with PNI compared with those without PNI (P < 0.001). NII.clusterB patients with PNI had abundant immune cell infiltration in the TME but worse prognosis compared with patients in the NII.clusterA patients with PNI and non-PNI subgroups. Higher immune checkpoint expression was noted in NII.clusterB-PNI. VCAM1 is a specific signature of NII.clusterB-PNI, which regulates PD-L1 expression by affecting the phosphorylation of STAT3 in GC cells. Patients with PNI and high NII scores may benefit from immunotherapy. Patients with low nomogram scores had a better prognosis than those with high nomogram scores. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation mediated by PNI is one of the results of tumor-nerve crosstalk, but its impact on the tumor immune microenvironment is complex. Assessing the inflammation features of PNI is a potential method in predicting the response of immunotherapy effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunjun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - ZhongYa Zhai
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qingyi Mao
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dianjie Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Luxi Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuai Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qilin Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Keming Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qiantong Hou
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qinglie He
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuyang Shen
- Medical Image Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Manchun Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zishan Peng
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Siqing He
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuanhui Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haoyang Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shengwei Luo
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chuanfa Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Guoxin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China.
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Song Q, Mao X, Jing M, Fu Y, Yan W. Pathophysiological role of BACH transcription factors in digestive system diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1121353. [PMID: 37228820 PMCID: PMC10203417 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1121353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BTB and CNC homologous (BACH) proteins, including BACH1 and BACH2, are transcription factors that are widely expressed in human tissues. BACH proteins form heterodimers with small musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma (MAF) proteins to suppress the transcription of target genes. Furthermore, BACH1 promotes the transcription of target genes. BACH proteins regulate physiological processes, such as the differentiation of B cells and T cells, mitochondrial function, and heme homeostasis as well as pathogenesis related to inflammation, oxidative-stress damage caused by drugs, toxicants, or infections; autoimmunity disorders; and cancer angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, chemotherapy resistance, progression, and metabolism. In this review, we discuss the function of BACH proteins in the digestive system, including the liver, gallbladder, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and pancreas. BACH proteins directly target genes or indirectly regulate downstream molecules to promote or inhibit biological phenomena such as inflammation, tumor angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. BACH proteins are also regulated by proteins, miRNAs, LncRNAs, labile iron, and positive and negative feedback. Additionally, we summarize a list of regulators targeting these proteins. Our review provides a reference for future studies on targeted drugs in digestive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianben Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mengjia Jing
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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3
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Adolphe C, Xue A, Fard AT, Genovesi LA, Yang J, Wainwright BJ. Genetic and functional interaction network analysis reveals global enrichment of regulatory T cell genes influencing basal cell carcinoma susceptibility. Genome Med 2021; 13:19. [PMID: 33549134 PMCID: PMC7866769 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00827-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin is the most common form of human cancer, with more than 90% of tumours presenting with clear genetic activation of the Hedgehog pathway. However, polygenic risk factors affecting mechanisms such as DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoints or which modulate the tumour microenvironment or host immune system play significant roles in determining whether genetic mutations culminate in BCC development. We set out to define background genetic factors that play a role in influencing BCC susceptibility via promoting or suppressing the effects of oncogenic drivers of BCC. METHODS We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on 17,416 cases and 375,455 controls. We subsequently performed statistical analysis by integrating data from population-based genetic studies of multi-omics data, including blood- and skin-specific expression quantitative trait loci and methylation quantitative trait loci, thereby defining a list of functionally relevant candidate BCC susceptibility genes from our GWAS loci. We also constructed a local GWAS functional interaction network (consisting of GWAS nearest genes) and another functional interaction network, consisting specifically of candidate BCC susceptibility genes. RESULTS A total of 71 GWAS loci and 46 functional candidate BCC susceptibility genes were identified. Increased risk of BCC was associated with the decreased expression of 26 susceptibility genes and increased expression of 20 susceptibility genes. Pathway analysis of the functional candidate gene regulatory network revealed strong enrichment for cell cycle, cell death, and immune regulation processes, with a global enrichment of genes and proteins linked to TReg cell biology. CONCLUSIONS Our genome-wide association analyses and functional interaction network analysis reveal an enrichment of risk variants that function in an immunosuppressive regulatory network, likely hindering cancer immune surveillance and effective antitumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Adolphe
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Angli Xue
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Atefeh Taherian Fard
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Laura A Genovesi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China.
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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4
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Yang Y, Liu X, Zheng J, Xue Y, Liu L, Ma J, Wang P, Yang C, Wang D, Shao L, Ruan X, Liu Y. Interaction of BACH2 with FUS promotes malignant progression of glioma cells via the TSLNC8-miR-10b-5p-WWC3 pathway. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:2936-2959. [PMID: 32892482 PMCID: PMC7607167 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma, a common malignant tumour of the human central nervous system, has poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Dissecting the biological mechanisms underlying glioma pathogenesis can facilitate the development of better therapies. Here, we investigated the endogenous expression of BTB and CNC homolog 2 (BACH2), fused in sarcoma (FUS), TSLNC8 and microRNA (miR)‐10b‐5p in glioma cells and tissues. We studied the interaction between BACH2 and FUS and its contribution to glioma progression. We demonstrated that the interaction between BACH2 and FUS promoted glioma progression via transcriptional inhibition of TSLNC8. Overexpression of TSLNC8 restrained glioma progression by suppressing miR‐10b‐5p. Binding of TSLNC8 to miR‐10b‐5p attenuated the suppression of WWC family member 3 (WWC3) by miR‐10b‐5p and activated the Hippo signalling pathway. Growth of subcutaneous xenografts could be inhibited by knockdown of BACH2 or FUS, by overexpressing TSLNC8 or a combination of the three, also leading to a prolonged survival in nude mice. Our results indicate that the BACH2 and FUS/TSLNC8/miR‐10b‐5p/WWC3 axis is responsible for glioma development and could serve as a potential target for the development of new glioma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunqing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Lianqi Shao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuelei Ruan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
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5
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Pangeni RP, Zhang Z, Alvarez AA, Wan X, Sastry N, Lu S, Shi T, Huang T, Lei CX, James CD, Kessler JA, Brennan CW, Nakano I, Lu X, Hu B, Zhang W, Cheng SY. Genome-wide methylomic and transcriptomic analyses identify subtype-specific epigenetic signatures commonly dysregulated in glioma stem cells and glioblastoma. Epigenetics 2018; 13:432-448. [PMID: 29927689 PMCID: PMC6140806 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2018.1469892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs), a subpopulation of tumor cells, contribute to tumor heterogeneity and therapy resistance. Gene expression profiling classified glioblastoma (GBM) and GSCs into four transcriptomically-defined subtypes. Here, we determined the DNA methylation signatures in transcriptomically pre-classified GSC and GBM bulk tumors subtypes. We hypothesized that these DNA methylation signatures correlate with gene expression and are uniquely associated either with only GSCs or only GBM bulk tumors. Additional methylation signatures may be commonly associated with both GSCs and GBM bulk tumors, i.e., common to non-stem-like and stem-like tumor cell populations and correlating with the clinical prognosis of glioma patients. We analyzed Illumina 450K methylation array and expression data from a panel of 23 patient-derived GSCs. We referenced these results with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) GBM datasets to generate methylomic and transcriptomic signatures for GSCs and GBM bulk tumors of each transcriptomically pre-defined tumor subtype. Survival analyses were carried out for these signature genes using publicly available datasets, including from TCGA. We report that DNA methylation signatures in proneural and mesenchymal tumor subtypes are either unique to GSCs, unique to GBM bulk tumors, or common to both. Further, dysregulated DNA methylation correlates with gene expression and clinical prognoses. Additionally, many previously identified transcriptionally-regulated markers are also dysregulated due to DNA methylation. The subtype-specific DNA methylation signatures described in this study could be useful for refining GBM sub-classification, improving prognostic accuracy, and making therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra P. Pangeni
- Departments of Neurology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Lou and Jean Malnati, Brain Tumor Institute & The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angel A. Alvarez
- Departments of Neurology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Lou and Jean Malnati, Brain Tumor Institute & The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xuechao Wan
- Departments of Neurology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Lou and Jean Malnati, Brain Tumor Institute & The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Namratha Sastry
- Departments of Neurology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Lou and Jean Malnati, Brain Tumor Institute & The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Songjian Lu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Taiping Shi
- Departments of Neurology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Lou and Jean Malnati, Brain Tumor Institute & The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tianzhi Huang
- Departments of Neurology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Lou and Jean Malnati, Brain Tumor Institute & The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - C. David James
- Lou and Jean Malnati, Brain Tumor Institute & The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John A. Kessler
- Departments of Neurology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Lou and Jean Malnati, Brain Tumor Institute & The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cameron W. Brennan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, NY, USA
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xinghua Lu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Departments of Neurology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Lou and Jean Malnati, Brain Tumor Institute & The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Lou and Jean Malnati, Brain Tumor Institute & The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- Departments of Neurology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Lou and Jean Malnati, Brain Tumor Institute & The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Chicago, IL, USA
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6
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Kang X, Feng Y, Gan Z, Zeng S, Guo X, Chen X, Zhang Y, Wang C, Liu K, Chen X, Jiang X, Song S, Li Y, Chen S, Sun F, Mao Z, Yang X, Chang J. NASP antagonize chromatin accessibility through maintaining histone H3K9me1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3438-3448. [PMID: 30076957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of histone deposits mediated by multi-chaperone complexes under physiological conditions remains to be further investigated. Here, we studied the function of nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein (NASP) in the regulation of liver cancer. We found that NASP levels in liver tumors were generally higher than in normal liver tissues and NASP down-regulation inhibited liver cancer cells from forming tumors. We further analyzed cellular responses and epigenetic mechanisms of the histone H3-H4 shortage induced by NASP knockdown in liver cancer cells. The results showed that the major effects of NASP knockdown were globally enhanced chromatin accessibility, which facilitates transcription release, and failure of replication initiation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that NASP depletion led to a global decrease of histone H3K9me1 modification associated with newly H3 processing, which occurred directly at the promoters of up-regulated anti-tumor genes BACH2 and RunX1T1. This also resulted in a synergistic effect on enhanced apoptosis with Myc and p53 decreases. Overall, our work provides new insights into the roles of NASP in tumorigenesis and cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Kang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yun Feng
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research at Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, PR China
| | - Zhixue Gan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Shiyang Zeng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xirui Chen
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Ye Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Kuinan Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xuelin Chen
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Jiang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Shuting Song
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yabin Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Su Chen
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; School of Forensic Sciences, Xi'an Jiao Tong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Feng Sun
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Mao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Jianfeng Chang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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7
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Cesana D, Santoni de Sio FR, Rudilosso L, Gallina P, Calabria A, Beretta S, Merelli I, Bruzzesi E, Passerini L, Nozza S, Vicenzi E, Poli G, Gregori S, Tambussi G, Montini E. HIV-1-mediated insertional activation of STAT5B and BACH2 trigger viral reservoir in T regulatory cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:498. [PMID: 28887441 PMCID: PMC5591266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 insertions targeting BACH2 or MLK2 are enriched and persist for decades in hematopoietic cells from patients under combination antiretroviral therapy. However, it is unclear how these insertions provide such selective advantage to infected cell clones. Here, we show that in 30/87 (34%) patients under combination antiretroviral therapy, BACH2, and STAT5B are activated by insertions triggering the formation of mRNAs that contain viral sequences fused by splicing to their first protein-coding exon. These chimeric mRNAs, predicted to express full-length proteins, are enriched in T regulatory and T central memory cells, but not in other T lymphocyte subsets or monocytes. Overexpression of BACH2 or STAT5B in primary T regulatory cells increases their proliferation and survival without compromising their function. Hence, we provide evidence that HIV-1-mediated insertional activation of BACH2 and STAT5B favor the persistence of a viral reservoir in T regulatory cells in patients under combination antiretroviral therapy. HIV insertions in hematopoietic cells are enriched in BACH2 or MLK2 genes, but the selective advantages conferred are unknown. Here, the authors show that BACH2 and additionally STAT5B are activated by viral insertions, generating chimeric mRNAs specifically enriched in T regulatory cells favoring their persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cesana
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy.
| | - Francesca R Santoni de Sio
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Laura Rudilosso
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Pierangela Gallina
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Andrea Calabria
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Stefano Beretta
- Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, Milan, 20126, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090, Italy
| | - Ivan Merelli
- National Research Council, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090, Italy
| | - Elena Bruzzesi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Laura Passerini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Silvia Nozza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Silvia Gregori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tambussi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy.
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MiR-130a-3p inhibits the viability, proliferation, invasion, and cell cycle, and promotes apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by suppressing BACH2 expression. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160576. [PMID: 28487475 PMCID: PMC5463266 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the mechanism through which miR-130a-3p affects the viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Tissue samples were collected from the hospital department. NPC cell lines were purchased to conduct the in vitro and in vivo assays. A series of biological assays including MTT, Transwell, and wound healing assays were conducted to investigate the effects of miR-130a-3p and BACH2 on NPC cells. MiR-130a-3p was down-regulated in both NPC tissues and cell lines, whereas BACH2 was up-regulated in both tissues and cell lines. MiR-130a-3p overexpression inhibited NPC cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion but promoted cell apoptosis. The converse was true of BACH2, the down-regulation of which could inhibit the corresponding cell abilities and promote apoptosis of NPC cells. The target relationship between miR-130a-3p and BACH2 was confirmed. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway was also influenced by miR-130a-3p down-regulation. In conclusion, miR-130a-3p could bind to BACH2, inhibit NPC cell abilities, and promote cell apoptosis.
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Song Y, Wang Y, Tong C, Xi H, Zhao X, Wang Y, Chen L. A unified model of the hierarchical and stochastic theories of gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:973-989. [PMID: 28301871 PMCID: PMC5396111 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a life-threatening disease worldwide. Despite remarkable advances in treatments for GC, it is still fatal to many patients due to cancer progression, recurrence and metastasis. Regarding the development of novel therapeutic techniques, many studies have focused on the biological mechanisms that initiate tumours and cause treatment resistance. Tumours have traditionally been considered to result from somatic mutations, either via clonal evolution or through a stochastic model. However, emerging evidence has characterised tumours using a hierarchical organisational structure, with cancer stem cells (CSCs) at the apex. Both stochastic and hierarchical models are reasonable systems that have been hypothesised to describe tumour heterogeneity. Although each model alone inadequately explains tumour diversity, the two models can be integrated to provide a more comprehensive explanation. In this review, we discuss existing evidence supporting a unified model of gastric CSCs, including the regulatory mechanisms of this unified model in addition to the current status of stemness-related targeted therapy in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Song
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chuan Tong
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hongqing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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10
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Noujima-Harada M, Takata K, Miyata-Takata T, Sakurai H, Igarashi K, Ito E, Nagakita K, Taniguchi K, Ohnishi N, Omote S, Tabata T, Sato Y, Yoshino T. Frequent downregulation of BTB and CNC homology 2 expression in Epstein-Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1071-1079. [PMID: 28256087 PMCID: PMC5448608 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common B‐cell lymphoma subtype, and the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐positive subtype of DLBCL is known to show a more aggressive clinical behavior than the EBV‐negative one. BTB and CNC homology 2 (BACH2) has been highlighted as a tumor suppressor in hematopoietic malignancies; however, the role of BACH2 in EBV‐positive DLBCL is unclear. In the present study, BACH2 expression and its significance were studied in 23 EBV‐positive and 43 EBV‐negative patient samples. Immunohistochemistry revealed BACH2 downregulation in EBV‐positive cases (P < 0.0001), although biallelic deletion of BACH2 was not detected by FISH. Next, we analyzed the contribution of BACH2 negativity to aggressiveness in EBV‐positive B‐cell lymphomas using FL‐18 (EBV‐negative) and FL‐18‐EB cells (FL‐18 sister cell line, EBV‐positive). In BACH2‐transfected FL‐18‐EB cells, downregulation of phosphorylated transforming growth factor‐β‐activated kinase 1 (pTAK1) and suppression in p65 nuclear fractions were observed by Western blot analysis contrary to non‐transfected FL‐18‐EB cells. In patient samples, pTAK1 expression and significant nuclear p65, p50, and p52 localization were detected immunohistochemically in BACH2‐negative DLBCL (P < 0.0001, P = 0.006, and P = 0.001, respectively), suggesting that BACH2 downregulation contributes to constitutive activation of the nuclear factor‐κB pathway through TAK1 phosphorylation in BACH2‐negative DLBCL (most EBV‐positive cases). Although further molecular and pathological studies are warranted to clarify the detailed mechanisms, downregulation of BACH2 may contribute to constitutive activation of the nuclear factor‐κB pathway through TAK1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Noujima-Harada
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Takata
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Miyata-Takata
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sakurai
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama University, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Keina Nagakita
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kohei Taniguchi
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohnishi
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shizuma Omote
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tabata
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Sato
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshino
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Jia W, Yu T, Cao X, An Q, Yang H. Clinical effect of DAPK promoter methylation in gastric cancer: A systematic meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5040. [PMID: 27787359 PMCID: PMC5089088 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The loss of death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) gene expression through promoter methylation is involved in many tumors. However, the relationship between DAPK promoter methylation and clinicopathological features of gastric cancer (GC) remains to be done. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the role of DAPK promoter methylation in GC. METHODS Literature databases were searched to retrieve eligible studies. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the Stata 12.0 software. RESULTS Final 22 available studies with 1606 GC patients and 1508 nonmalignant controls were analyzed. A significant correlation was found between DAPK promoter methylation and GC (OR = 3.23, 95% CI = 1.70-6.14, P < 0.001), but we did not find any significant association in Caucasian population, and in blood samples in subgroup analyses. DAPK promoter methylation was associated with tumor stage and lymph node status (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.49-0.96, P = 0.03; OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.12-2.01, P = 0.007; respectively). However, we did not find that DAPK promoter methylation was associated with gender status and tumor histology. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that DAPK promoter methylation may play a key role in the carcinogenesis and progression of GC. In addition, methylated DAPK was a susceptible gene for Asian population. However, more studies with larger subjects should be done to further evaluate the effect of DAPK promoter methylation in GC patients, especially in blood and Caucasian population subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhuo Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, China
- Correspondence: Wenzhuo Jia, Department of General Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Dong Dan, Beijing, China (e-mail: )
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12
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Kim M, Kim JH, Baek SJ, Kim SY, Kim YS. Specific expression and methylation of SLIT1, SLIT2, SLIT3, and miR-218 in gastric cancer subtypes. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:2497-507. [PMID: 27082735 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SLIT has been suggested as a key regulator of cancer development and a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Herein, we analyzed expression and methylation of SLIT1/SLIT2/SLIT3 in 11 gastric cancer cell lines, 96 paired gastric tumors and adjacent normal gastric tissues, and 250 gastric cancers provided by The Cancer Genome Atlas. Methylation of SLIT1/SLIT2/SLIT3 was found both in early gastric cancers, and in advanced gastric cancers. Even normal gastric tissue showed increased methylation of SLIT1 and SLIT3 that correlated with patient age. Furthermore, epigenetic inactivation of SLIT occurred in a gastric cancer subtype-dependent manner. SLIT2 and SLIT3 expression was reduced in Epstein-Barr virus-positive and microsatellite instability subtypes, but increased in the genomically stable subtype. Expression of miR‑218 correlated negatively with methylation of SLIT2 or SLIT3. These findings suggest that a molecular subtype-specific therapeutic strategy is needed for targeting SLITs and miR-218 in treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirang Kim
- Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Kim
- Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Baek
- Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Yi JH, Liu J, Wang KH. CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:558-565. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i4.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and is caused by accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes. With the discovery of CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), more and more studies have focused on epigenetic modifications in CRC. CIMP is found in a subset of CRC with an exceptionally high frequency of methylated genes. Current research shows that CIMP has several molecular characteristics and is significantly associated with multiple clinicopathological features, but the mechanim of CIMP is still unclear. The prognosis and treatment response in CRC with CIMP are largely different form those of other CRCs, however, the absence of widely accepted CIMP biomarkers has prevented the clinical applications of CIMP to guide the personalized therapy of CRC.
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