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Di J, Gao X, Du Y, Zhang H, Gao J, Zheng A. Size, shape, charge and "stealthy" surface: Carrier properties affect the drug circulation time in vivo. Asian J Pharm Sci 2021; 16:444-458. [PMID: 34703494 PMCID: PMC8520042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review sets out to discuss recent developments of the effects and mechanisms of carrier properties on their circulation time. For most drugs, sufficient in vivo circulation time is the basis of high bioavailability. Drug carrier plays an irreplaceable role in helping drug avoid being quickly recognized and cleared by mononuclear phagocyte system, to give drug enough time to arrive at targeted organ and tissue to play its therapeutic effect. The physical and chemical properties of drug carriers, such as size, shape, surface charge and surface modification, would affect their in vivo circulation time, metabolic behavior and biodistribution. The final circulation time of carriers is determined by the balance between macrophage recognitions, blood vessel penetration and urine excretion. Therefore, when designing the drug delivery system, we should pay much attention to the properties of drug carriers to get enough in vivo circulation time to arrive at target site eventually. This article mainly reviews the effect of carrier size, size, surface charge and surface properties on its circulation time in vivo, and discusses the mechanism of these properties affecting circulation time. This review has reference significance for the research of long-circulation drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Di
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yimeng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
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Zailani MZ, Ismail AF, Goh PS, Kadir SHSA, Othman MHD, Hasbullah H, Abdullah MS, Ng BC, Kamal F. Antioxidant and antithrombotic study of novel chitosan-diallyl disulfide inclusion complexes nanoparticles for hemodialysis applications. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021; 163:104894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Caprifico AE, Foot PJS, Polycarpou E, Calabrese G. Overcoming the protein corona in chitosan-based nanoparticles. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1825-1840. [PMID: 33892141 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous properties of chitosan have led to its extensive use in the formulation of nanomaterials for drug delivery. However, the cationic surface of chitosan-based nanoparticles adsorbs proteins upon exposure to biological fluids, forming a phenomenon known as 'protein corona'. This causes several effects such as decreased bioavailability and limited in vivo clinical applications of chitosan nanoparticles. Understanding and overcoming the effects of protein adsorption on chitosan nanoparticles is key for drug delivery purposes. This review focuses on the strategies implemented to increase the stability of chitosan nanoparticles in the systemic circulation by averting the formation of protein corona and the limitations of PEGylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Caprifico
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Peter J S Foot
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Elena Polycarpou
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Gianpiero Calabrese
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.
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Abstract
Composite chitosan fibers filled with chitin nanofibrils (CNF) were obtained by the wet spinning method. The paper discusses the mechanical properties of such type fibers and their hemocompatibility, as well as the possibility of optimizing these properties by adding chitin nanofibrils. It was shown that low CNF concentration (about 0.5%) leads to an increase in fiber tensile strength due to the additional orientation of chitosan macromolecules. At the same time, with an increase in the content of CNF, the stability of the mechanical properties of composite fibers in a humid medium increases. All chitosan fibers, except 0.5% CNF, showed good hemocompatibility, even on prolonged contact with human blood. The addition of chitin nanofibers leads to decrease in hemoglobin molecules sorption due to the decline in optical density at wavelengths of 414 nm and 540 nm. Nevertheless, the hemolysis of fibers was comparable or even lesser that carbon hemosorbent, which is actively used in clinical practice.
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Xu Y, Mao H, Yang C, Du H, Wang H, Tu J. Effects of chitosan nanoparticle supplementation on growth performance, humoral immunity, gut microbiota and immune responses after lipopolysaccharide challenge in weaned pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:597-605. [PMID: 31891214 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) on growth performance, immune status, gut microbiota and immune responses after lipopolysaccharide challenge in weaned pigs. A total of 144 piglets were assigned to four groups receiving different dietary treatments, including basal diets supplemented with 0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg CNP fed for 28 days. Each treatment group included six pens (six piglets per pen). The increase in supplemental CNP concentration improved the average daily gain (ADG) and decreased the feed and gain (F/G) and diarrhoea rate (p < .05). However, significant differences in the average daily feed intake (ADFI) among different CNP concentrations were not observed. CNP also increased plasma immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgG, and C3 and C4 concentrations in piglets in a dose-dependent manner on day 28, whereas IgM concentration was not affected by CNP. A total of 24 piglets in the control diet and control diet with 400 mg/kg CNP supplementation groups were randomly selected for the experiment of immunological stress. Half of the pigs in each group (n = 6) were injected i.p. with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a concentration of 100 μg/kg. The other pigs in each group were injected with sterile saline solution at the same volume. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, prostaglandin E2 (PEG2), interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β dramatically increased after LPS challenge. However, CNP inhibited the increase in cortisol, PEG2, IL-6 and IL-1β levels in plasma, whereas TNF-α level slightly increased. Moreover, the effects of CNP on the gut microbiota were also evaluated. Our results showed that dietary supplementation with CNP modified the composition of colonic microbiota, where it increased the amounts of some presumably beneficial intestinal bacteria and suppressed the growth of potential bacterial pathogens. These findings suggested CNP supplementation improved the growth performance and immune status, alleviated immunological stress and regulated intestinal ecology in weaned piglets. Based on these beneficial effects, CNP could be applied as a functional feed additives supplemented in piglets diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caimei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huahua Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jue Tu
- Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Guan D, Sun H, Meng X, Wang J, Wan W, Han H, Wang Z, Li Y. Effects of different molar mass chitooligosaccharides on growth, antioxidant capacity, non-specific immune response, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in GIFT tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 93:500-507. [PMID: 31377430 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different molar mass chitooligosaccharides (1000 Da, 3000 Da and 8000 Da) on growth, antioxidant capacity, non-specific immune response, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A total of 600 fish were divided into four treatments with five replicates of thirty fish per tank. The results showed that the supplementation of 1000 Da and 3000 Da COS significantly improved the growth performance and feed utilization in GIFT tilapia. The trend of decreasing total cholesterol, triglyceride, ALT, and ACP activity was observed in fish fed diet supplemented COS. The supplementation of 1000 Da and 3000 Da COS significantly improved the serum TAC activity, and decreased the serum MDA and catalase activities (P < 0.05). The lysozyme activity of blood, liver, and gills in fish fed diets supplemented with 1000 Da and 3000 Da COS was significantly higher than that of fish fed control diet after 56 days of feeding (P < 0.05). The phagocytic activity and phagocytic index of fish fed diets supplemented with 1000 Da and 3000 Da COS were significantly higher than those of fish fed control diet. Post-challenge test showed that fish mortality in 1000 Da, 3000 Da, and 8000 Da COS groups were significantly lower than that of fish in control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study indicated that dietary 1000 Da and 3000 Da COS supplementation could enhance more performance and immune response of GIFT tilapia than 8000 Da COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Guan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Lab of Aquatic Animal Nutrition & Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Huiwen Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Lab of Aquatic Animal Nutrition & Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Xiao Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Lab of Aquatic Animal Nutrition & Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Jiting Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Lab of Aquatic Animal Nutrition & Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
| | - Wenju Wan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Taishan Medical University, 2 Yingsheng East Road, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
| | - Haojun Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Lab of Aquatic Animal Nutrition & Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Lab of Aquatic Animal Nutrition & Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Yang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Lab of Aquatic Animal Nutrition & Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
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Sieber V, Hofer M, Brück WM, Garbe D, Brück T, Lynch CA. ChiBio: An Integrated Bio-refinery for Processing Chitin-Rich Bio-waste to Specialty Chemicals. Grand Challenges in Marine Biotechnology 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69075-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Denzinger M, Hinkel H, Kurz J, Hierlemann T, Schlensak C, Wendel HP, Krajewski S. Hemostyptic property of chitosan: Opportunities and pitfalls. Biomed Mater Eng 2016; 27:353-364. [PMID: 27689569 DOI: 10.3233/bme-161591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitosan is used in a wide field of applications and therapies and has been reported to be an effective hemostyptic. The objective of this study was to provide further information about the use of chitosan as a hemostyptic agent also taking into focus its hemocompatible effects. METHODS Human whole blood (n=5) was anticoagulated with heparin, treated with different chitosan concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 25 mg/mL) and incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes. Before and after incubation different parameters for coagulation and hemocompatibility were evaluated. RESULTS Blood treated with high chitosan concentrations showed enhanced coagulation, which we evaluated with activated clotting time, activated partial thromboplastin time and concentration of thrombin-antithrombin complexes. Furthermore, we observed an activation of blood platelets, complement cascade and granulocytes in the groups treated with chitosan. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that chitosan activates human blood coagulation and hence has good properties as a hemostyptic agent. However, inflammatory parameters were upregulated after direct contact with human blood indicating that systemic administration of chitosans should not be performed whereas the topical use of chitosan as a hemostypticum should not present any hazard with regard to adverse inflammatory reactions at the site of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Denzinger
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Clinical Research Laboratory, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Helena Hinkel
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Clinical Research Laboratory, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julia Kurz
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Clinical Research Laboratory, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Hierlemann
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Clinical Research Laboratory, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Schlensak
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Clinical Research Laboratory, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans Peter Wendel
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Clinical Research Laboratory, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Krajewski
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Clinical Research Laboratory, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany
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Zargar V, Asghari M, Dashti A. A Review on Chitin and Chitosan Polymers: Structure, Chemistry, Solubility, Derivatives, and Applications. ChemBioEng Reviews 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201400025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vicente S, Peleteiro M, Díaz-Freitas B, Sanchez A, González-Fernández Á, Alonso MJ. Co-delivery of viral proteins and a TLR7 agonist from polysaccharide nanocapsules: a needle-free vaccination strategy. J Control Release 2013; 172:773-81. [PMID: 24076340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a new nanotechnology-based nasal vaccination concept intended to elicit both, specific humoral and cellular immune responses. The concept relies on the use of a multifunctional antigen nanocarrier consisting of a hydrophobic nanocore, which can allocate lipophilic immunostimulants, and a polymeric corona made of chitosan (CS), intended to associate antigens and facilitate their transport across the nasal mucosa. The Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist, imiquimod, and the recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HB), were selected as model molecules for the validation of the concept. The multifunctional nanocarriers had a nanometric size (around 200 nm), a high positive zeta potential (+45 mV) and a high antigen association efficiency (70%). They also exhibited the ability to enter macrophages in vitro and to effectively deliver the associated imiquimod intracellularly, as noted by the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-6 and TNF-α). However, the nanocarriers did not induce the in vitro activation of the complement cascade. Finally, the positive effect of the co-delivery of HB and imiquimod from the nanocapsules was evidenced upon intranasal administration to mice. The nanocapsules containing imiquimod elicited a protective immune response characterized by increasing IgG levels over time and specific immunological memory. Additionally, the levels of serum IgG subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2a) indicated a balanced cellular/humoral response, thus suggesting the capacity of the nanocapsules to modulate the systemic immune response upon nasal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vicente
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Hirsjärvi S, Dufort S, Bastiat G, Saulnier P, Passirani C, Coll JL, Benoît JP. Surface modification of lipid nanocapsules with polysaccharides: from physicochemical characteristics to in vivo aspects. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:6686-93. [PMID: 23395817 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Attaching polysaccharides to the surface of nanoparticles offers the possibility of modifying the physicochemical and biological properties of the core particles. The surface of lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) was modified by post-insertion of amphiphilic lipochitosan (LC) or lipodextran (LD). Modelling of these LNCs by the drop tensiometer technique revealed that the positively charged LC made the LNC surface more rigid, whereas the neutral, higher M(W) LD had no effect on the surface elasticity. Both LNC-LC and LNC-LD activated the complement system more than the blank LNC, thus suggesting increased capture by the mononuclear phagocyte system. In vitro, the positively charged LNC-LC were more efficiently bound by the model HEK293(β3) cells compared to LNC and LNC-LD. Finally, it was observed that neither LC nor LD changed the in vivo biodistribution properties of LNCs in mice. These polysaccharide-coated LNCs, especially LNC-LC, are promising templates for targeting ligands (e.g. peptides, proteins) or therapeutic molecules (e.g. siRNA).
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Cho EJ, Holback H, Liu KC, Abouelmagd SA, Park J, Yeo Y. Nanoparticle characterization: state of the art, challenges, and emerging technologies. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2093-110. [PMID: 23461379 DOI: 10.1021/mp300697h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have received enormous attention as a promising tool to enhance target-specific drug delivery and diagnosis. Various in vitro and in vivo techniques are used to characterize a new system and predict its clinical efficacy. These techniques enable efficient comparison across nanoparticles and facilitate a product optimization process. On the other hand, we recognize their limitations as a prediction tool, due to inadequate applications and overly simplified test conditions. We provide a critical review of in vitro and in vivo techniques currently used for evaluation of nanoparticles and introduce emerging techniques and models that may be used complementarily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Cho
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Shelma R, Sharma CP. Development of lauroyl sulfated chitosan for enhancing hemocompatibility of chitosan. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 84:561-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Marchand C, Bachand J, Périnêt J, Baraghis E, Lamarre M, Rivard GE, De Crescenzo G, Hoemann CD. C3, C5, and factor B bind to chitosan without complement activation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 93:1429-41. [PMID: 19927329 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a polycationic and biocompatible polysaccharide composed of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine that is chemotactic for neutrophils and stimulates wound repair through mechanisms that remain unclear. It was previously shown that chitosan depletes complement proteins from plasma, suggesting that chitosan activates complement. Complement activation leads to cleavage of C5 to produce C5a, a neutrophil chemotactic factor. Here, we tested the hypothesis that chitosan generates C5a in human whole blood, citrated plasma, and serum. C5a fragment appeared in coagulating whole blood, and mixtures of chitosan-glycerol phosphate/whole blood, in parallel with platelet and thrombin activation. However, in plasma and serum, thrombin and chitosan-GP failed to generate C5a, although native C3, C5, and factor B adsorbed noncovalently to insoluble chitosan particles incubated in citrated plasma, serum, EDTA-serum and methylamine-treated plasma. By surface plasmon resonance, pure C3 adsorbed to chitosan. The profile of serum factors associating with chitosan was consistent with a model in which anionic blood proteins with a pI lower than the pK(0) 6.78 of chitosan (the upper limit of chitosan pK(a)) associate electrostatically with cationic chitosan particles. Zymosan, a yeast ghost particle, activated complement in serum and citrated plasma, but not in EDTA-serum or methylamine plasma, to generate fluid-phase C5a, while C3b formed covalent cross-links with zymosan-associated proteins and became rapidly cleaved to iC3b, with factor Bb stably associated. These data demonstrate that chitosan is a nonreactive biomaterial that does not directly activate complement, and provide a novel basis for predicting anionic serum protein-chitosan interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marchand
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7
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Cai J, Yang J, Wang C, Hu Y, Lin J, Fan L. Structural characterization and antimicrobial activity of chitosan (CS-40)/nisin complexes. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Park CJ, Gabrielson NP, Pack DW, Jamison RD, Wagoner Johnson AJ. The effect of chitosan on the migration of neutrophil-like HL60 cells, mediated by IL-8. Biomaterials 2009; 30:436-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Makino A, Kurosaki K, Ohmae M, Kobayashi S. Chitinase-catalyzed synthesis of alternatingly N-deacetylated chitin: a chitin-chitosan hybrid polysaccharide. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:950-7. [PMID: 16529436 DOI: 10.1021/bm050895d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A chitin-chitosan hybrid polysaccharide (2) having a beta(1-->4)-linked alternating structure of an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) unit and a D-glucosamine (GlcN) unit was synthesized via chitinase-catalyzed polymerization of an oxazoline derivative of a GlcNbeta(1-->4)GlcNAc monomer (1). Monomer 1 was designed as a transition-state analogue substrate (TSAS) monomer for chitinase catalysis, which belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 18. Monomer 1 was effectively polymerized by the catalysis of enzymes from Bacillus sp., Serratia marcescens and Streptomyces griseus, under weak alkaline conditions, giving rise to a water-soluble hybrid polysaccharide (2) in good yields. Molecular weights of 2 reached 2,020 with using chitinase from Serratia marcescens, which corresponds to 10-12 saccharide units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Makino
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Bertholon I, Vauthier C, Labarre D. Complement activation by core-shell poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate)-polysaccharide nanoparticles: influences of surface morphology, length, and type of polysaccharide. Pharm Res 2006; 23:1313-23. [PMID: 16715369 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-0069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Biodistribution of intravenously administered nanoparticles depends on opsonization. The aim of this study was the evaluation of complement activation induced by nanoparticles coated with different polysaccharides. Influences of size and configuration of dextran, dextran sulfate, or chitosan bound onto nanoparticles were investigated. METHOD Core-shell nanoparticles were prepared by redox radical or anionic polymerization of isobutylcyanoacrylate in the presence of polysaccharides. Conversion of C3 into C3b in serum incubated with nanoparticles was evaluated. RESULTS Cleavage of C3 increased with size of dextran bound in "loops" configuration, whereas it decreased when dextran was bound in "brush." It was explained by an increasing steric repulsive effect of the brush, inducing poor accessibility to OH groups. The same trend was observed for chitosan-coated nanoparticles. Nanoparticles coated with a brush of chitosan activated the complement system lesser than nanoparticles coated with a brush of dextran. This was explained by an improved repelling effect. Dextran-sulfate-coated nanoparticles induced a low cleavage of C3 whereas it strongly enhanced protein adsorption. CONCLUSION Complement activation was highly sensitive to surface features of the nanoparticles. Type of polysaccharide, configuration on the surface, and accessibility to reactive functions along chains are critical parameters for complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bertholon
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie, Biopharmacie, Pharmacotechnie, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, Cedex, France
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Muzzarelli RAA, Guerrieri M, Goteri G, Muzzarelli C, Armeni T, Ghiselli R, Cornelissen M. The biocompatibility of dibutyryl chitin in the context of wound dressings. Biomaterials 2005; 26:5844-54. [PMID: 15949550 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dibutyryl chitin (DBC) is a modified chitin carrying butyryl groups at 3 and 6 positions; its peculiarity is that it dissolves promptly in common solvents, while being insoluble in aqueous systems. The high biocompatibility of dibutyryl chitin in the form of films and non-wovens has been demonstrated for human, chick and mouse fibroblasts by the Viability/Cytotoxicity assay, In situ Cell Proliferation assay, Neutral Red Retention assay, Lactate Dehydrogenase Release assay, MTS cytotoxicity assay, and scanning electron microscopy. DBC was hardly degradable by lysozyme, amylase, collagenase, pectinase and cellulase over the observation period of 48 days at room temperature, during which no more than 1.33% by weight of the DBC filaments (0.3 mm diameter) was released to the aqueous medium. DBC non-wovens were incorporated into 5-methylpyrrolidinone chitosan solution and submitted to freeze-drying to produce a reinforced wound dressing material. The latter was tested in vivo in full thickness wounds in rats. The insertion of 4x4 mm pieces did not promote any adverse effect on the healing process, as shown histologically. DBC is therefore suitable for contacting intact and wounded human tissues.
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