Advanced technology for nanostarches preparation by high speed jet and its mechanism analysis

The regulation of cassava nanostarch structure treated with malt endogenous enzymes and adsorption property for anthocyanins

The enzymatic preparation of nanostarch exhibits specific and efficient. However, commercial amylases face issues of expensive and time-consuming extraction, which limit their application. This study obtained cassava nanostarch (MCS) from Cassava starch (CS) treated with malt endogenous amylase, followed by structural characterization and property exploration. The results demonstrated that CS was converted into MCS (515 nm) after 4 h of enzymolysis, transitioning from smooth spheres to rough nanoparticles. Compared to CS, the water solubility index of MCS increased from 34.4 % to 82.1 %, and its transparency increased from 55.8 % to 76.8 %. However, the swelling power of MCS decreased from 24.5 g/g to 6.62 g/g. The adsorption capacity of MCS for anthocyanin (226 mg/g) was twice higher than that of CS, conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isothermal model. This study could provide new ideas for the green and efficient preparation of nanostarches and a promising activity delivery system.

Soluble starch nanoparticles loaded with Gefitinib for treating lung cancer: Optimization and cytotoxicity assessment

Lung cancer (LC) represents a catastrophically huge problem and it is a worldwide issue that has to be resolved. There is a declining confidence in classic cancer treatments as they lack selectivity, spur widespread harm, and exacerbate the suffering of LC patients. The poor solubility and extensive cell damage of Gefitinib limit its use in treating LC. Conversely, soluble starch nanoparticles could offer a significant advancement in LC treatment. Therefore, we have designed Gefitinib-loaded soluble starch NPs (Gefitinib-StNPs) to deliver Gefitinib to A549 LC cells, aiming to maximize therapeutic efficacy and minimize cell damage. The nano-formulation was characterized by utilizing TEM, SEM, XRD, DSC, and FT-IR. The optimized Gefitinib-StNPs displayed a particle size of (145 ± 2.3 nm), an entrapment of (85.2 ± 1.7 %), and a release of (73.9 ± 1.85 %) after 1 h. Gefitinib-StNPs revealed an IC50 of (9.18 ± 0.72) μg/mL compared to unloaded Gefitinib, which possessed an IC50 of (23.16 ± 0.26 μg/mL). Gefitinib-StNPs experienced higher cellular uptake than unloaded Gefitinib. Additionally, the intracellular concentration of Gefitinib-StNPs stood at (3.25 ± 0.09 μg/mL), while the concentration of unloaded Gefitinib was (1.33 ± 0.02 μg/mL). Gefitinib-StNPs outmatched unloaded Gefitinib in terms of apoptosis with %apoptosis (63.51 ± 0.58 %) and (23.1 ± 0.92 %), respectively. These outcomes confirm that Gefitinib-StNPs could be a useful tool to fight LC.

Characterization of Nano- and Microstructures of Native Potato Starch as Affected by Physical, Chemical, and Biological Treatments

Modifying starch allows for improvements in its properties to enable improved uses in food matrices, bioplastics, and encapsulating agents. In this research, four varieties of native potato starch were modified by acid treatment, enzymatic treatment, and ethanol precipitation, and their physicochemical, structural, thermal, and techno-functional characteristics were analyzed. According to FT-IR analysis, no influence of the modified starches on the chemical groups was observed, and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), spherical and oval shapes were observed in the acid and enzymatic treatments, with particle sizes between 27 and 36 μm. In particular, the ethanolic precipitation treatment yielded a different morphology with a particle size between 10.9 and 476.3 nm, resulting in a significant decrease in gelatinization temperature (DSC) and more pronounced crystallites (XRD). On the other hand, the enzymatic treatment showed higher values for z-potential (ζ), and the acid treatment showed lower mass loss (TGA). Acid and ethanolic treatments affected the dough properties compared to native starches. The techno-functional properties showed a decrease in the water absorption index, an increase in the water solubility index, and varied swelling power behaviors. In conclusion, the modification of potato starches through acid, enzymatic, and ethanolic precipitation treatments alters their physicochemical properties, such as swelling capacity, viscosity, and thermal stability. This in turn affects their molecular structure, modifying morphology and the ability to form gels, which expands their applications in the food industry to improve textures, stabilize emulsions, and thicken products. Furthermore, these modifications also open new opportunities for the development of bioplastics by improving the biodegradability and mechanical properties of starch-based plastic materials.

Micronization induced gelatinization of tapioca starch and its effects on starch physicochemical and structural properties

The vibrating superfine mill (VSM) is a machine that belongs to the micronization technique. In this study, VSM was employed to produce micronized tapioca starch by varying micronization times (15, 30, 45, and 60 min). The structural and physicochemical properties of the micronized starch were then examined. Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed that micronized starch was partially gelatinized, and the granule size dramatically increased when micronization time increased. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the relative crystallinity was decreased from 24.67% (native) to 4.13% after micronization treatment for 15 min and slightly decreased after that. The solubility of micronized starch significantly increased as the micronization time increased, which was associated with the destruction of the starch crystalline structure. Differential scanning calorimetry investigations confirmed that micronized starch was "partly gelatinized," and the degree of gelatinization increased to 81.27% when the micronization time was 60 min. The weight-average molar mass was reduced by 15.0% (15 min), 30.9% (30 min), 55.7% (45 min), and 70.5% (60 min), respectively, indicating that the molecular structure was seriously degraded. The results demonstrated that the physicochemical changes of micronized starch granules were related to the destruction of the starch structure. These observations would provide details on micronized starch and its potential applications. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: These observations would provide details on micronized starch and its potential applications. Moreover, we believe that when the structures of starches were known, it is probable that the effect of VSM on the structural and physicochemical properties change of other starches might be predicted by adjusting the processing time.

Effects of high-speed shear and double-enzymatic hydrolysis on the structural and physicochemical properties of rice porous starch

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of the rice porous starch (HSS-ES) prepared by high-speed shear combined with double-enzymatic (α-amylase and glucoamylase) hydrolysis, and to reveal their mechanism. The analyses of ¹H NMR and amylose content showed that high-speed shear changed the molecular structure of starch and increased the amylose content (up to 20.42 ± 0.04 %). FTIR, XRD and SAXS spectra indicated that high-speed shear did not change the starch crystal configuration but caused a decrease in short-range molecular order and relative crystallinity (24.42 ± 0.06 %), and a loose semi-crystalline lamellar, which were beneficial to the followed double-enzymatic hydrolysis. Therefore, the HSS-ES displayed a superior porous structure and larger specific surface area (2.962 ± 0.002 m²/g) compared with double-enzymatic hydrolyzed porous starch (ES), resulting in the increase of water and oil absorption from 130.79 ± 0.50 % and 109.63 ± 0.71 % to 154.79 ± 1.14 % and 138.40 ± 1.18 %, respectively. In vitro digestion analysis showed that the HSS-ES had good digestive resistance derived from the higher content of slowly digestible and resistant starch. The present study suggested that high-speed shear as an enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatment significantly enhanced the pore formation of rice starch.

Gefitinib-loaded starch nanoparticles for battling lung cancer: Optimization by full factorial design and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation

Lung cancer is the number one killer among all cancer types. For decades, clinicians have been using conventional chemotherapeutics, but they can't rely on them alone anymore, because they poison bad cells and good cells as well. Researchers exploited nanotechnology as a potential tool to develop a platform for drug delivery to improve therapeutic efficiency. A quality by design synthesis of gefitinib-loaded starch nanoparticles (Gef-StNPs) has emerged as an essential tool to study and optimize the factors included in their synthesis. Therefore, we applied design of experiment (DOE) tools to attain the essential knowledge for the synthesis of high-quality Gef-StNPs that can deliver and concentrate the gefitinib (Gef) at A549 cells, thereby improving therapeutic efficacy and minimizing adverse effects. The in vitro cytotoxicity after exposing the A549 human lung cancer cells to the optimized Gef-StNPs was found to be much higher than that of the pure Gef (IC50 = 6.037 ± 0.24 and 21.65 ± 0.32 μg/mL, respectively). The optimized Gef-StNPs formula showed superiority over the pure Gef regarding the cellular uptake in A549 human cell line (3.976 ± 0.14 and 1.777 ± 0.1 μg/mL) and apoptotic population (77.14 ± 1.43 and 29.38 ± 1.11 %), respectively. The results elucidate why researchers have a voracious appetite for using natural biopolymers to combat lung cancer and paint an optimistic picture of their potential to be a promising tool in battling lung cancer.

Nonthermal physical modification of starch: An overview of recent research into structure and property alterations

To tailor the properties and enhance the applicability of starch, various ways of starch modification have been practiced. Among them, physical modification methods (micronization, nonthermal plasma, high-pressure, ultrasonication, pulsed electric field, and γ-irradiation) are highly potential for starch modification considering its safety, environmentally friendliness, and cost-effectiveness, without generating chemical wastes. Thus, this article provides an overview of the recent advances in nonthermal physical modification of starch and summarizes the resulting changes in the multi-level structures and physicochemical properties. While the effect of these techniques highly depends on starch type and treatment condition, they generally lead to the destruction of starch granules, the degradation of molecules, decreases in crystallinity, gelatinization temperatures, and viscosity, increases in solubility and swelling power, and an increase or decrease in digestibility, to different extents. The advantages and shortcomings of these techniques in starch processing are compared, and the knowledge gap in this area is commented on.

Nano-encapsulation of polyphenols in starch nanoparticles: fabrication, characterization and evaluation

Nanoparticles are more promising than microcapsules as drug carriers because they can be absorbed directly by intestinal epithelial cells, significantly increasing the uptake and bioaccessibility of polyphenols.

A highly efficient nanoscale tapioca starch prepared by high-speed jet for Cu2+ removal in simulated industrial effluent

BACKGROUND

Nanoscale tapioca starch (NTS) was successfully developed by high-speed jet in our previous study. In this study, the adsorption capacity of Cu²⁺ onto NTS was further discussed. The optimal adsorption conditions (pH, contact time, contact temperature, initial Cu²⁺ concentration, and adsorbent concentration), adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic were also evaluated.

RESULTS

The results showed that NTS exhibited excellent performance in adsorption of Cu²⁺ , with adsorption capacities of 122.31 mg g^-1 for Cu²⁺ (pH 7, 0.04 g L^-1 , 0.2 g L^-1 , 313.15 K and 10 min). The pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherms models could be used to explain the adsorption kinetics and adsorption equilibrium, respectively. The thermodynamic results showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic with an increase in entropy. Cu²⁺ was adsorbed onto NTS, which was confirmed by energy dispersive spectrometry analysis.

CONCLUSION

These findings indicated that NTS might be an effective, environment-friendly and renewable bio-resource adsorbent for removing heavy metals in industrial effluent. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Synthesis of Starch Nanoparticles and Their Applications for Bioactive Compound Encapsulation

In recent years, starch nanoparticles (SNPs) have attracted growing attention due to their unique properties as a sustainable alternative to common nanomaterials since they are natural, renewable and biodegradable. SNPs can be obtained by the breakdown of starch granules through different techniques which include both physical and chemical methods. The final properties of the SNPs are strongly influenced by the synthesis method used as well as the operational conditions, where a controlled and monodispersed size is crucial for certain bioapplications. SNPs are considered to be a good vehicle to improve the controlled release of many bioactive compounds in different research fields due to their high biocompatibility, potential functionalization, and high surface/volume ratio. Their applications are frequently found in medicine, cosmetics, biotechnology, or the food industry, among others. Both the encapsulation properties as well as the releasing processes of the bioactive compounds are highly influenced by the size of the SNPs. In this review, a general description of the different types of SNPs (whole and hollow) synthesis methods is provided as well as on different techniques for encapsulating bioactive compounds, including direct and indirect methods, with application in several fields. Starches from different botanical sources and different bioactive compounds are compared with respect to the efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Applications and future research trends on SNPs synthesis have been included and discussed.