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Marques APS, Almeida RO, Pereira LFR, Carvalho MGVS, Gamelas JAF. Nanocelluloses and Their Applications in Conservation and Restoration of Historical Documents. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1227. [PMID: 38732695 PMCID: PMC11085636 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanocelluloses have gained significant attention in recent years due to their singular properties (good biocompatibility, high optical transparency and mechanical strength, large specific surface area, and good film-forming ability) and wide-ranging applications (paper, food packaging, textiles, electronics, and biomedical). This article is a comprehensive review of the applications of nanocelluloses (cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial nanocellulose) in the conservation and restoration of historical paper documents, including their preparation methods and main properties. The novelty lies in the information collected about nanocelluloses as renewable, environmentally friendly, and sustainable materials in the field of cultural heritage preservation as an alternative to conventional methods. Several studies have demonstrated that nanocelluloses, with or without other particles, may impart to the paper documents excellent optical and mechanical properties, very good stability against temperature and humidity aging, higher antibacterial and antifungal activity, high protection from UV light, and may be applied without requiring additional adhesive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. S. Marques
- Chemical Engineering and Renewable Resources for Sustainability, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Polo II, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.P.S.M.); (R.O.A.); (M.G.V.S.C.)
| | - Ricardo O. Almeida
- Chemical Engineering and Renewable Resources for Sustainability, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Polo II, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.P.S.M.); (R.O.A.); (M.G.V.S.C.)
| | - Luís F. R. Pereira
- Techn&Art, Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Quinta do Contador, Estrada da Serra, 2300-313 Tomar, Portugal;
| | - Maria Graça V. S. Carvalho
- Chemical Engineering and Renewable Resources for Sustainability, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Polo II, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.P.S.M.); (R.O.A.); (M.G.V.S.C.)
| | - José A. F. Gamelas
- Chemical Engineering and Renewable Resources for Sustainability, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Polo II, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.P.S.M.); (R.O.A.); (M.G.V.S.C.)
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2
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Melelli A, Jamme F, Beaugrand J, Bourmaud A. Evolution of the ultrastructure and polysaccharide composition of flax fibres over time: When history meets science. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Spagnuolo L, D'Orsi R, Operamolla A. Nanocellulose for Paper and Textile Coating: The Importance of Surface Chemistry. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200204. [PMID: 36000154 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose has received enormous scientific interest for its abundance, easy manufacturing, biodegradability, and low cost. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are ideal candidates to replace plastic coating in the textile and paper industry. Thanks to their capacity to form an interconnected network kept together by hydrogen bonds, nanocelluloses perform an unprecedented strengthening action towards cellulose- and other fiber-based materials. Furthermore, nanocellulose use implies greener application procedures, such as deposition from water. The surface chemistry of nanocellulose plays a pivotal role in influencing the performance of the coating: tailored surface functionalization can introduce several properties, such as gas or grease barrier, hydrophobicity, antibacterial and anti-UV behavior. This review summarizes recent achievements in the use of nanocellulose for paper and textile coating, evidencing critical aspects of coating performances related to deposition technique, nanocellulose morphology, and surface functionalization. Furthermore, beyond focusing on the aspects strictly related to large-scale coating applications for paper and textile industries, this review includes recent achievements in the use of nanocellulose coating for the safeguarding of Cultural Heritage, an extremely noble and interesting emerging application of nanocellulose, focusing on consolidation of historical paper and archaeological textile. Finally, nanocellulose use in electronic devices as an electrode modifier is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Spagnuolo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Interuniversity Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Rosarita D'Orsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Interuniversity Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Alessandra Operamolla
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Interuniversity Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, Bari, 70126, Italy
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4
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Influence of Nanocellulose Structure on Paper Reinforcement. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154696. [PMID: 35897873 PMCID: PMC9331812 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes how crystalline or fibrous nanocellulose influences the mechanical properties of paper substrate. In this context, we used commercially available cellulose nanocrystals, mechanically prepared cellulose nanofibers dispersed in water or ethanol, and carboxy cellulose nanofibers. Selective reinforcement of the paper treated with the nanocellulose samples mentioned above was observed. The change in the fibre structure was assessed using scanning electron microscopy, roentgenography, and spectroscopy techniques. In addition, the effect of nanocellulose coating on physical properties was evaluated, specifically tensile index, elongation coefficient, Elmendorf tear resistance, Bendtsen surface roughness, Bendtsen air permeability, and bending strength. It can be concluded that the observed decrease in the strength properties of the paper after applying some NC compositions is due to the loss of potential disturbances in hydrogen bonds between the nanocellulose dispersed in ethanol and the paper substrate. On the other hand, significantly increased strength was observed in the case of paper reinforced with nanocellulose functionalized with carboxyl groups.
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5
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Pradeep HK, Patel DH, Onkarappa HS, Pratiksha CC, Prasanna GD. Role of nanocellulose in industrial and pharmaceutical sectors - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:1038-1047. [PMID: 35364203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural residues serves as the critical component to replace synthetic polymeric materials in the coming future. Agricultural residues can be used to obtain cellulose by delignification followed by bleaching. Further, cellulose is converted into nanocellulose by various methods. Nanocellulose is used in multiple pharmaceutical applications as a polymer in hydrogels, transdermal drug delivery systems, aerogels, wound healing dressing materials, as superdisintegrants in fast dissolving tablets, emulgel, microparticles, gels, foams, thickening agents, stabilizers, cosmetics, medical implants, tissue engineering, liposomes, food and composites, etc. This review provides detailed knowledge about the nature of nanocellulose regarding its high surface area, high polymerization, loading, and binding capacity of hydrophilic and hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients and significance of various applications of nanocellulose. Biocompatible and non-toxic, it makes it an ideal material for applications in the biomedical field. A significant advantage is a biocompatibility, which is non-toxic for many biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Pradeep
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
| | - Dipti H Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - H S Onkarappa
- Department of Chemistry, GM Institute of Technology, Davanagere, Karnataka, India
| | - C C Pratiksha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, GM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Davanagere, Karnataka, India
| | - G D Prasanna
- Department of Physics, Davangere University, Davanagere, Karnataka, India
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Poggi G, Papacchini A, Baracani S, Cappitti A, Marini G, Marrini M, Giorgi R, Salvini A. Polyvinyl alcohol and allyl α, α'‐trehalose copolymers for a sustainable strengthening of degraded paper. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Poggi
- CSGI and Chemistry Department University of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | | | - Sara Baracani
- Chemistry Department University of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | - Alice Cappitti
- Chemistry Department University of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | - Gioia Marini
- Chemistry Department University of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | - Matteo Marrini
- Chemistry Department University of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | - Rodorico Giorgi
- CSGI and Chemistry Department University of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | - Antonella Salvini
- CSGI and Chemistry Department University of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
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7
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Völkel L, Beaumont M, Johansson LS, Czibula C, Rusakov D, Mautner A, Teichert C, Kontturi E, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Assessing Fire-Damage in Historical Papers and Alleviating Damage with Soft Cellulose Nanofibers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105420. [PMID: 35119202 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The conservation of historical paper objects with high cultural value is an important societal task. Papers that have been severely damaged by fire, heat, and extinguishing water, are a particularly challenging case, because of the complexity and severity of damage patterns. In-depth analysis of fire-damaged papers, by means of examples from the catastrophic fire in a 17th-century German library, shows the changes, which proceeded from the margin to the center, to go beyond surface charring and formation of hydrophobic carbon-rich layers. The charred paper exhibits structural changes in the nano- and micro-range, with increased porosity and water sorption. In less charred areas, cellulose is affected by both chain cleavage and cross-linking. Based on these results and conclusions with regard to adhesion of auxiliaries, a stabilization method is developed, which coats the damaged paper with a thin layer of cellulose nanofibers. It enables the reliable preservation of the paper and-most importantly-retrieval of the contained historical information: the nanofibers form a flexible, transparent film on the surface and adhere strongly to the damaged matrix, greatly reducing its fragility, giving it stability, and enabling digitization and further handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Völkel
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, Tulln, A-3430, Austria
- Department of Conservation and Special Collections, Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek / Klassik Stiftung Weimar, Platz der Demokratie 1, 99423, Weimar, Germany
| | - Marco Beaumont
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, Tulln, A-3430, Austria
| | - Leena-Sisko Johansson
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Caterina Czibula
- Institute of Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef Straße 18, Leoben, 8700, Austria
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 3, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Dmitrii Rusakov
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, Tulln, A-3430, Austria
| | - Andreas Mautner
- Department of Materials Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Christian Teichert
- Institute of Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef Straße 18, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, Tulln, A-3430, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, Tulln, A-3430, Austria
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8
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Cianci C, Chelazzi D, Poggi G, Modi F, Giorgi R, Laurati M. Hybrid fibroin-nanocellulose composites for the consolidation of aged and historical silk. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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Operamolla A, Mazzuca C, Capodieci L, Di Benedetto F, Severini L, Titubante M, Martinelli A, Castelvetro V, Micheli L. Toward a Reversible Consolidation of Paper Materials Using Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:44972-44982. [PMID: 34519207 PMCID: PMC8461603 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An innovative consolidation strategy for degraded paper is presented based on the reversible application of cellulose nanocrystals as sustainable fillers to reinforce mechanical properties and resistance to further degradation. The compatibility and efficacy of the proposed consolidation treatment are assessed first on pure cellulose paper, used as a model, by reliable techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, tensile tests, X-ray powder diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, evidencing the influence of the surface functionalization of nanocellulose on the consolidation and protection effects. Then, the consolidation technique is applied to real aged paper samples from Breviarium romanum ad usum Fratrum Minorum S.P. (1738), demonstrating the promising potential of the suggested approach. Amperometric measurements, carried out with a smart electrochemical tool developed in our laboratory, demonstrate the reversibility of the proposed treatment by removal of the nanocrystalline cellulose from the paper surface with a suitable cleaning hydrogel. This completely new feature of the consolidation treatment proposed here satisfies a pivotal requisite in cultural heritage conservation because the methodological requirement for the ″reversibility″ of any conservation measure is a fundamental goal for restorers. A paper artifact, in fact, is subject to a number of natural and man-made hazards, inducing continuous degradation. With time, monitoring and consolidation actions need to be often performed to ensure conservation, and this tends to modify the status quo and compromise the artifact integrity. Removable treatments can potentially avoid erosion of the artifact integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Operamolla
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzuca
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy
- Unità
CSGI (Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a grande
Interfase) di Roma, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Capodieci
- Laboratory
for Functional Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Applications
(SSPT-PROMAS-MATAS), ENEA − Italian National Agency for New
Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, S.S. 7 Appia km 706, I-72100 Brindisi, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Benedetto
- Laboratory
for Functional Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Applications
(SSPT-PROMAS-MATAS), ENEA − Italian National Agency for New
Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, S.S. 7 Appia km 706, I-72100 Brindisi, Italy
| | - Leonardo Severini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Titubante
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Martinelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Roma ″Sapienza″, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Valter Castelvetro
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Micheli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy
- Unità
CSGI (Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a grande
Interfase) di Roma, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00173 Rome, Italy
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10
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Bridarolli A, Odlyha M, Burca G, Duncan JC, Akeroyd FA, Church A, Bozec L. Controlled Environment Neutron Radiography of Moisture Sorption/Desorption in Nanocellulose-Treated Cotton Painting Canvases. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:777-788. [PMID: 33615232 PMCID: PMC7887874 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.0c01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose-based materials have recently been used to consolidate degraded cotton painting canvases. Canvas-supported paintings consist of materials that are sensitive to moisture and especially susceptible to environmental fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity (RH). These environmental fluctuations occur in uncontrolled environments found in historic houses and palaces and can lead to hydrolytic degradation and mechanical damage to canvases. To simulate this situation in an experimental setting, canvas samples were mounted in a custom-made closed-cell and subjected to programmed cycles of RH at a controlled temperature while exposed to the neutron beam. Results are presented for both untreated samples and those treated with a polar consolidant, cellulose nanofibrils (CNF(aq)) in water, and an apolar consolidant, a composite of persilylated methyl cellulose with surface silylated cellulose nanocrystals (MC+CNC(h)) in heptane. They were then compared with changes in ionic conductivities as measured by dielectric analysis (DEA) with the same cyclic RH program and temperature. Although the samples were exposed to the same experimental conditions, they presented treatment-specific responses. CNF-treated canvas showed higher hygroscopicity than the untreated sample and facilitated moisture diffusion across the sample to areas not exposed to the environment. A sample treated with MC+CNC(h) retarded moisture diffusion during the increase in RH and could, therefore, afford protection to moisture absorption in uncontrolled environments. Thus, the experimental setup and resulting data provide a pilot study demonstrating the potential of neutron radiography in following and comparing real-time moisture diffusion dynamics in untreated and nanocellulose-consolidated cotton canvases and assisting in validating the overall benefit of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bridarolli
- Eastman
Dental Institute, 21
University Street, London WC1E 6DE, U.K.
- Getty
Conservation Institute, 1200 Getty Center Dr #700, Los Angeles, California 90049, United States
| | - Marianne Odlyha
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University
of London, Malet St,
Bloomsbury, London WC1E
7HX, U.K.
| | - Genoveva Burca
- ISIS
Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - John C. Duncan
- Lacerta
Technology Ltd., 80 Hathern
Road, Shepshed LE12 9GX, U.K.
| | - Freddie A. Akeroyd
- ISIS
Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Andie Church
- ISIS
Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Eastman
Dental Institute, 21
University Street, London WC1E 6DE, U.K.
- Faculty of
Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON M5G
1G6, Canada
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Palladino N, Hacke M, Poggi G, Nechyporchuk O, Kolman K, Xu Q, Persson M, Giorgi R, Holmberg K, Baglioni P, Bordes R. Nanomaterials for Combined Stabilisation and Deacidification of Cellulosic Materials-The Case of Iron-Tannate Dyed Cotton. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050900. [PMID: 32397118 PMCID: PMC7279213 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The conservation of textiles is a challenge due to the often fast degradation that results from the acidity combined with a complex structure that requires remediation actions to be conducted at several length scales. Nanomaterials have lately been used for various purposes in the conservation of cultural heritage. The advantage with these materials is their high efficiency combined with a great control. Here, we provide an overview of the latest developments in terms of nanomaterials-based alternatives, namely inorganic nanoparticles and nanocellulose, to conventional methods for the strengthening and deacidification of cellulose-based materials. Then, using the case of iron-tannate dyed cotton, we show that conservation can only be addressed if the mechanical strengthening is preceded by a deacidification step. We used CaCO3 nanoparticles to neutralize the acidity, while the stabilisation was addressed by a combination of nanocellulose, and silica nanoparticles, to truly tackle the complexity of the hierarchical nature of cotton textiles. Silica nanoparticles enabled strengthening at the fibre scale by covering the fibre surface, while the nanocellulose acted at bigger length scales. The evaluation of the applied treatments, before and after an accelerated ageing, was assessed by tensile testing, the fibre structure by SEM and the apparent colour changes by colourimetric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marei Hacke
- Swedish National Heritage Board, Heritage Science, 62122 Visby, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (G.P.); (R.B.)
| | - Giovanna Poggi
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; (Q.X.); (R.G.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (G.P.); (R.B.)
| | - Oleksandr Nechyporchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (O.N.); (K.K.); (M.P.); (K.H.)
| | - Krzysztof Kolman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (O.N.); (K.K.); (M.P.); (K.H.)
| | - Qingmeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; (Q.X.); (R.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Michael Persson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (O.N.); (K.K.); (M.P.); (K.H.)
- Nouryon, 44534 Bohus, Sweden
| | - Rodorico Giorgi
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; (Q.X.); (R.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Krister Holmberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (O.N.); (K.K.); (M.P.); (K.H.)
| | - Piero Baglioni
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; (Q.X.); (R.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Romain Bordes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (O.N.); (K.K.); (M.P.); (K.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (G.P.); (R.B.)
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12
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Xu Q, Poggi G, Resta C, Baglioni M, Baglioni P. Grafted nanocellulose and alkaline nanoparticles for the strengthening and deacidification of cellulosic artworks. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 576:147-157. [PMID: 32416547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Strongly degraded cellulosic artworks usually need deacidification and consolidation. Alkaline nanoparticles are known to be effective in neutralizing the acidity, while cellulose nanocrystals have the potential to be used as compatible and effective strengthening agents. EXPERIMENTS We have grafted cellulose nanocrystals with oleic acid using a 1'1-carbonyldiimidazole-mediated procedure, to increase their dispersibility in organic solvents, and synthesized Ca(OH)2 or CaCO3 nanoparticles via a solvothermal process. Grafted nanocellulose and alkaline nanoparticles were used to prepare ethanol-based "hybrids". Prior to the application, the physico-chemical properties of nanocellulose dispersions and "hybrids" were studied by rheology and small-angle X-ray scattering. FINDINGS Cellulose nanocrystals were effectively grafted and stably dispersed in ethanol. It was shown that the use of ethanol as a dispersing medium, and the addition of alkaline nanoparticles act in a synergistic way, increasing the interactions between grafted cellulose nanocrystals, leading to the formation of clusters. These dispersions are thixotropic, a behavior particularly appealing to conservation purposes, since they can be applied in the liquid state, or, when a more confined application is required, they can be applied in a gel-like state. As a result of the application, an improvement in the mechanical properties of paper and an increase of pH were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Xu
- CSGI and Chemistry Department, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - G Poggi
- CSGI and Chemistry Department, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - C Resta
- CSGI and Chemistry Department, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - M Baglioni
- CSGI and Chemistry Department, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - P Baglioni
- CSGI and Chemistry Department, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
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Kumar V, Pathak P, Bhardwaj NK. Waste paper: An underutilized but promising source for nanocellulose mining. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 102:281-303. [PMID: 31704510 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose has achieved an inimitable place and value in nano-materials research sector. Promising and exclusive physical, chemical and biological properties of nanocellulose make it an attractive and ideal material for various high end-user applications. Conventionally, the base material for nanocellulose i.e. cellulose is being extracted from various lignocellulosic raw materials (like wood, agro-industrial-residues, etc.) using pulping followed by bleaching sequences. As an alternate to lignocellulosic raw materials, waste paper also showed potential as a competent raw material due to its abundant availability and high cellulosic content (60-70%) with comparatively less hemicelluloses (10-20%) and lignin (5-10%) without any harsh treatments. The production yields of nanocellulose were reported to vary from 1.5% to 64% depending upon the waste papers and treatments given. The diameters of these nanocelluloses were reported in the range of 2-100 nm and crystallinity range around 54-95%. Thermal degradation of waste paper nanocellulose was varied from 187 °C to 371 °C. Although these properties are comparable with the nanocellulose obtained from lignocellulosic raw materials, yet waste paper is an underutilized source for nanocellulose preparation due to its ordinary fate of recycling, dumping and incineration. In the sight of necessity and possibility of waste paper utilization, this article reviews the outcomes of research carried out for preparation of nanocellulose using waste paper as a source of cellulose. There is a need of sincere investigation to convert this valuable waste to wealth i.e. waste papers to nanocellulose, which will be helpful in solid waste management to protect environment in economical way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kumar
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials Group, Avantha Centre for Industrial Research & Development, Paper Mill Campus, Yamuna Nagar 135001, India
| | - Puneet Pathak
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials Group, Avantha Centre for Industrial Research & Development, Paper Mill Campus, Yamuna Nagar 135001, India
| | - Nishi Kant Bhardwaj
- Avantha Centre for Industrial Research & Development, Paper Mill Campus, Yamuna Nagar 135001, India.
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Bergamonti L, Potenza M, Haghighi Poshtiri A, Lorenzi A, Sanangelantoni AM, Lazzarini L, Lottici PP, Graiff C. Ag-functionalized nanocrystalline cellulose for paper preservation and strengthening. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 231:115773. [PMID: 31888832 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Waste paper is an environmentally friendly source of cellulosic material. Here we propose a new treatment based on nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) for paper preservation and consolidation. Suspensions of CNC were prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis using waste paper as cellulose source (CNCWP) and compared with CNC from cotton linter (CNCCL). Both CNCs were obtained with good yield, showing high crystallinity index and comparable morphology, as demonstrated by DLS-ELS, XRD, FTIR, Raman and TEM analyses. CNCs were mixed with silver nanoparticles (CNC/Ag) and their biocidal activity was tested against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration. CNCs were exploited as treatments for biocidal activity and consolidation on Whatman paper. The presence of silver nanoparticles doesn't affect aesthetic appearance of the original paper and prevents the growth of Aspergillus niger fungus. Mechanical tests demonstrated that the coatings by CNC based products improve stretch and toughness of the paper support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bergamonti
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Marianna Potenza
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Lorenzi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Sanangelantoni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Lazzarini
- Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo, IMEM, Consiglio delle Ricerche, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Lottici
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Graiff
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, Italy.
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Prathapan R, Glatz BA, Ghosh AK, Michel S, Fery A, Garnier G, Tabor RF. Enhancing Printing Resolution on Hydrophobic Polymer Surfaces Using Patterned Coatings of Cellulose Nanocrystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7155-7160. [PMID: 31050434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution inkjet printing of a hydrophobic polymer surface (polystyrene, PS) was accomplished using a patterned coating of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) that prevents the ink from bleeding. A periodically crack-free, wrinkled (wavelength of around 850 nm) stamp was prepared by surface oxidation of an uniaxially stretched poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomeric substrate and was used as a template to transfer aligned patterns of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) onto PS surfaces by wet stamping. The morphology of the aligned CNC coatings on PS was then compared with randomly deposited CNCs on PS using atomic force microscopy. The wettability of the CNCs and polymer surfaces with water and ink was measured and analyzed in the context of inkjet printing. This biomaterial coating technique enables high-resolution printing of modern water-based inks onto hydrophobic surfaces for applications in renewable packaging and printing of biomolecules for high throughput diagnostics. Further, with suitable modifications, the technology is scalable to roll-to-roll manufacturing for industrial flexo printing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernhard Alexander Glatz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany
- University of Bayreuth Graduate School , University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstr. 30 , 95477 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Anik Kumar Ghosh
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Stefan Michel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany
- Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials , Technical University Dresden . Mommsenstr. 4 , 01062 Dresden , Germany
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Bacakova L, Pajorova J, Bacakova M, Skogberg A, Kallio P, Kolarova K, Svorcik V. Versatile Application of Nanocellulose: From Industry to Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9020164. [PMID: 30699947 PMCID: PMC6410160 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose is cellulose in the form of nanostructures, i.e., features not exceeding 100 nm at least in one dimension. These nanostructures include nanofibrils, found in bacterial cellulose; nanofibers, present particularly in electrospun matrices; and nanowhiskers, nanocrystals, nanorods, and nanoballs. These structures can be further assembled into bigger two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) nano-, micro-, and macro-structures, such as nanoplatelets, membranes, films, microparticles, and porous macroscopic matrices. There are four main sources of nanocellulose: bacteria (Gluconacetobacter), plants (trees, shrubs, herbs), algae (Cladophora), and animals (Tunicata). Nanocellulose has emerged for a wide range of industrial, technology, and biomedical applications, namely for adsorption, ultrafiltration, packaging, conservation of historical artifacts, thermal insulation and fire retardation, energy extraction and storage, acoustics, sensorics, controlled drug delivery, and particularly for tissue engineering. Nanocellulose is promising for use in scaffolds for engineering of blood vessels, neural tissue, bone, cartilage, liver, adipose tissue, urethra and dura mater, for repairing connective tissue and congenital heart defects, and for constructing contact lenses and protective barriers. This review is focused on applications of nanocellulose in skin tissue engineering and wound healing as a scaffold for cell growth, for delivering cells into wounds, and as a material for advanced wound dressings coupled with drug delivery, transparency and sensorics. Potential cytotoxicity and immunogenicity of nanocellulose are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bacakova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4-Krc, Czech Republic.
| | - Julia Pajorova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4-Krc, Czech Republic.
| | - Marketa Bacakova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4-Krc, Czech Republic.
| | - Anne Skogberg
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, 33720 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Pasi Kallio
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, 33720 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Katerina Kolarova
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic.
| | - Vaclav Svorcik
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic.
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Oguzlu H, Jiang F. Nanopolysaccharides in Surface Coating. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0913-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Bridarolli A, Odlyha M, Nechyporchuk O, Holmberg K, Ruiz-Recasens C, Bordes R, Bozec L. Evaluation of the Adhesion and Performance of Natural Consolidants for Cotton Canvas Conservation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33652-33661. [PMID: 30149696 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in paper and canvas conservation have seen the introduction of nanocellulose (NC) as a compatible treatment for the consolidation of historical cellulosic artifacts and manuscripts. However, as part of the assessment of these new materials for canvas consolidation, the adhesion of the consolidation treatment (which takes place between the applied material and the substrate) has not yet been evaluated, and as a result, it is poorly understood by both the scientific and conservation communities. After evaluating the potential of NC treatments for the consolidation of cotton painting canvas, we investigate a route to promote the interaction between the existing canvas and the nanocellulose treatment, which is in our case made of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). This was carried out by introducing a cationic polymer, polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAAE), as an intermediate layer between the canvas and the CNF. The morphological, chemical, and mechanical evaluation of the canvas samples at different relative humidity (RH) levels demonstrated how the adhesion of the added PAAE layer is a dominant factor in the consolidation process. Improvement in the coating of canvas single fibers by the CNF, higher adhesion energy between the canvas fibers and the CNF treatment, and finally overall stronger canvas reinforcement were observed following the introduction of PAAE. However, an increase in mechanical response to moisture sorption and desorption was also observed for the PAAE-treated canvases. Overall, this study shows the complexity of such systems and, as such, the relevance of using a multiscale approach for their assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianne Odlyha
- Department of Biological Sciences , Birkbeck College , Malet Street, Bloomsbury , London WC1E 7HX , U.K
| | - Oleksandr Nechyporchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Krister Holmberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Cristina Ruiz-Recasens
- Arts and Conservation Department, Fine Arts Faculty , University of Barcelona , C/Pau Gargallo, 4 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Romain Bordes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Laurent Bozec
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute , 256 Grays Inn Road , London WC1X 8LD , U.K
- Faculty of Dentistry , University of Toronto , 124 Edward Street , Toronto , ON M5G 1X3 , Canada
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