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Iacono R, De Lise F, Moracci M, Cobucci-Ponzano B, Strazzulli A. Glycoside hydrolases from (hyper)thermophilic archaea: structure, function, and applications. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:731-751. [PMID: 37341134 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
(Hyper)thermophilic archaeal glycosidases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds to break down complex sugars and polysaccharides at high temperatures. These enzymes have an unique structure that allows them to remain stable and functional in extreme environments such as hot springs and hydrothermal vents. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge and milestones on the structures and functions of (hyper)thermophilic archaeal glycosidases and their potential applications in various fields. In particular, this review focuses on the structural characteristics of these enzymes and how these features relate to their catalytic activity by discussing different types of (hyper)thermophilic archaeal glycosidases, including β-glucosidases, chitinase, cellulases and α-amylases, describing their molecular structures, active sites, and mechanisms of action, including their role in the hydrolysis of carbohydrates. By providing a comprehensive overview of (hyper)thermophilic archaeal glycosidases, this review aims to stimulate further research into these fascinating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Iacono
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, Naples, 80126, Italy
| | - Federica De Lise
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Marco Moracci
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, Naples, 80126, Italy
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cobucci-Ponzano
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Andrea Strazzulli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, Naples, 80126, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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Urs MJ, Moerschbacher BM, Cord-Landwehr S. Quantitative enzymatic-mass spectrometric analysis of the chitinous polymers in fungal cell walls. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 301:120304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Attjioui M, Gillet D, El Gueddari NE, Moerschbacher BM. Synergistic Antimicrobial Effect of Chitosan Polymers and Oligomers. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:770-778. [PMID: 33683142 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0185-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficacy of the combined application of well-characterized chitosan polymer (degree of acetylation = 10%, degree of polymerization [DPn] = 90, and dispersity [ÐDP] = 2.8) and oligomers (partially acetylated chitosan polymers and oligosaccharides [paCOS]) (DP = 2 to 17) on conidia germination and mycelial growth of Fusarium graminearum, the major causal agent of Fusarium head blight in wheat. The polymer alone showed a higher inhibitory effect than the paCOS mixture alone, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of less than 50 µg ml-1 and more than 100 µg ml-1, respectively. Using time-lapse microscopy, we also showed that paCOS did not affect conidia germination at 50 µg ml-1, whereas chitosan polymer at the same concentration led to a delay in germination and in elongation of germ tubes. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the chitosan-induced changes in hyphal morphology. Surprisingly, the combination of chitosan polymer and paCOS led to strong synergistic effects in inhibiting conidia germination and fungal growth, as quantified by both the Abbot and Wadley equations. To our knowledge, this is the first report on a synergistic effect of a combination of chitosan polymers and oligomers, also highlighting for the first time the importance of ÐDP when studying structure-function relationships of functional biopolymers such as chitosan. The consequences of this finding for the improvement of chitosan-based antimicrobial or plant protective products are discussed. Given the economic importance of F. graminearum, this study suggests that the combination of chitosan polymer and oligomers can be used to support an efficient, sustainable plant protection strategy.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Attjioui
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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4
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Vortmann M, Stumpf AK, Sgobba E, Dirks-Hofmeister ME, Krehenbrink M, Wendisch VF, Philipp B, Moerschbacher BM. A bottom-up approach towards a bacterial consortium for the biotechnological conversion of chitin to L-lysine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1547-1561. [PMID: 33521845 PMCID: PMC7880967 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is an abundant waste product from shrimp and mushroom industries and as such, an appropriate secondary feedstock for biotechnological processes. However, chitin is a crystalline substrate embedded in complex biological matrices, and, therefore, difficult to utilize, requiring an equally complex chitinolytic machinery. Following a bottom-up approach, we here describe the step-wise development of a mutualistic, non-competitive consortium in which a lysine-auxotrophic Escherichia coli substrate converter cleaves the chitin monomer N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) into glucosamine (GlcN) and acetate, but uses only acetate while leaving GlcN for growth of the lysine-secreting Corynebacterium glutamicum producer strain. We first engineered the substrate converter strain for growth on acetate but not GlcN, and the producer strain for growth on GlcN but not acetate. Growth of the two strains in co-culture in the presence of a mixture of GlcN and acetate was stabilized through lysine cross-feeding. Addition of recombinant chitinase to cleave chitin into GlcNAc2, chitin deacetylase to convert GlcNAc2 into GlcN2 and acetate, and glucosaminidase to cleave GlcN2 into GlcN supported growth of the two strains in co-culture in the presence of colloidal chitin as sole carbon source. Substrate converter strains secreting a chitinase or a β-1,4-glucosaminidase degraded chitin to GlcNAc2 or GlcN2 to GlcN, respectively, but required glucose for growth. In contrast, by cleaving GlcNAc into GlcN and acetate, a chitin deacetylase-expressing substrate converter enabled growth of the producer strain in co-culture with GlcNAc as sole carbon source, providing proof-of-principle for a fully integrated co-culture for the biotechnological utilization of chitin. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vortmann
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna K Stumpf
- Institute for Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Elvira Sgobba
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, University of Bielefeld, P.O. Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, Skogsmarksgränd 17, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Volker F Wendisch
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, University of Bielefeld, P.O. Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bodo Philipp
- Institute for Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.
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Preparation of Defined Chitosan Oligosaccharides Using Chitin Deacetylases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217835. [PMID: 33105791 PMCID: PMC7660110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, detailed studies using well-defined 'second generation' chitosans have amply proved that both their material properties and their biological activities are dependent on their molecular structure, in particular on their degree of polymerisation (DP) and their fraction of acetylation (FA). Recent evidence suggests that the pattern of acetylation (PA), i.e., the sequence of acetylated and non-acetylated residues along the linear polymer, is equally important, but chitosan polymers with defined, non-random PA are not yet available. One way in which the PA will influence the bioactivities of chitosan polymers is their enzymatic degradation by sequence-dependent chitosan hydrolases present in the target tissues. The PA of the polymer substrates in conjunction with the subsite preferences of the hydrolases determine the type of oligomeric products and the kinetics of their production and further degradation. Thus, the bioactivities of chitosan polymers will at least in part be carried by the chitosan oligomers produced from them, possibly through their interaction with pattern recognition receptors in target cells. In contrast to polymers, partially acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (paCOS) can be fully characterised concerning their DP, FA, and PA, and chitin deacetylases (CDAs) with different and known regio-selectivities are currently emerging as efficient tools to produce fully defined paCOS in quantities sufficient to probe their bioactivities. In this review, we describe the current state of the art on how CDAs can be used in forward and reverse mode to produce all of the possible paCOS dimers, trimers, and tetramers, most of the pentamers and many of the hexamers. In addition, we describe the biotechnological production of the required fully acetylated and fully deacetylated oligomer substrates, as well as the purification and characterisation of the paCOS products.
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Review: Advances in preparation of chitooligosaccharides with heterogeneous sequences and their bioactivity. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 252:117206. [PMID: 33183640 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides has attracted increasing attention due to their diverse bioactivities and potential application. Previous studies on the bioactivity of chitooligosaccharides were mostly carried out using a mixture. The structure-function relationship of chitooligosaccharides is not clear. Recently, it is confirmed that chitooligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization play different roles in many bioactivities. However, heterogeneous chitooligosaccharides with a single degree of polymerization is still a mixture of many uncertain sequences and it is difficult to determine which structure is responsible for biological effects. Therefore, an interesting and challenging field of studying chitooligosaccharides with heterogeneous sequences has emerged. Herein, we reviewed the current methods for preparing heterogeneous chitooligosaccharides, including chemical synthesis, separation techniques and enzymatic methods. Advances in the bioactivities of chitooligosaccharides with heterogeneous sequences are also reviewed.
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Cord-Landwehr S, Richter C, Wattjes J, Sreekumar S, Singh R, Basa S, El Gueddari NE, Moerschbacher BM. Patterns matter part 2: Chitosan oligomers with defined patterns of acetylation. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Robust enzymatic-mass spectrometric fingerprinting analysis of the fraction of acetylation of chitosans. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 231:115684. [PMID: 31888826 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We developed a rapid and precise method to determine the fraction of acetylation (FA) of unknown chitosan samples using a combination of enzymatic sample hydrolysis, isotopic labeling, and HILIC-ESI-MS analysis. Chitosans are β-(1,4)-linked, partially N-acetylated and linear polyglucosamines representing an interesting group of functional biopolymers with a broad range of applications. For a better understanding of their structure-function relationships, it is key to have sensitive, accurate structural analysis tools available to determine parameters like the degree of polymerization (DP), fraction of acetylation (FA), or pattern of acetylation (PA). Here, we describe an improved enzymatic/mass spectrometric method for FA analysis of chitosan polymers. In contrast to the original chitinosanase-based mass spectrometric fingerprinting analysis of FA, the new method is independent of the PA and the intermolecular variation in FA (ĐFA) of the chitosan sample. This allows accurate analysis of heterogeneously de-N-acetylated samples representing the majority of commercially available chitosans.
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Basa S, Nampally M, Honorato T, Das SN, Podile AR, El Gueddari NE, Moerschbacher BM. The Pattern of Acetylation Defines the Priming Activity of Chitosan Tetramers. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1975-1986. [PMID: 31895979 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The biological activity of chitosans depends on their degree of polymerization (DP) and degree of acetylation (DA). However, information could also be carried by the pattern of acetylation (PA): the sequence of β-1,4-linked glucosamine (deacetylated/D) and N-acetylglucosamine (acetylated/A) units. To address this hypothesis, we prepared partially acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides from a chitosan polymer (DA = 35%, DPw = 905) using recombinant chitosan hydrolases with distinct substrate and cleavage specificities. The mixtures were separated into fractions DP4-DP12, which were tested for elicitor and priming activities in rice cells. We confirmed that both activities were influenced by DP, but also observed apparent DA-dependent priming activity, with the ADDD+DADD fraction proving remarkably effective. We then compared all four monoacetylated tetramers prepared using different chitin deacetylases and observed significant differences in priming activity. This demonstrates for the first time that PA influences the biological activity of chitosans, which can now be recognized as bona fide information-carrying molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Basa
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
| | - Malathi Nampally
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
| | - Talita Honorato
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
| | - Subha N Das
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany.,University of Hyderabad , Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences , Hyderabad , India
| | - Appa R Podile
- University of Hyderabad , Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences , Hyderabad , India
| | - Nour E El Gueddari
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- University of Münster , Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants , Schlossplatz 8 , 48143 Münster , Germany
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Aktuganov GE, Melentiev AI, Varlamov VP. Biotechnological Aspects of the Enzymatic Preparation of Bioactive Chitooligosaccharides (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Aljbour ND, Beg MDH, Gimbun J. Acid Hydrolysis of Chitosan to Oligomers Using Hydrochloric Acid. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201800527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nawzat D. Aljbour
- Universiti Malaysia PahangCenter of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow (CARIFF)Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering 26300 Gambang, Kuantan Malaysia
| | - Mohammad D. H. Beg
- Universiti Malaysia PahangCenter of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow (CARIFF)Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering 26300 Gambang, Kuantan Malaysia
| | - Jolius Gimbun
- Universiti Malaysia PahangCenter of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow (CARIFF)Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering 26300 Gambang, Kuantan Malaysia
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Gercke D, Regel EK, Singh R, Moerschbacher BM. Rational protein design of Bacillus sp. MN chitosanase for altered substrate binding and production of specific chitosan oligomers. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:23. [PMID: 30918529 PMCID: PMC6419424 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Partially acetylated chito-oligosaccharides (paCOS) have a variety of potential applications in different fields, but to harness their benefits, pure paCOS or well-defined paCOS mixtures are essential. For example, if one could produce fully acetylated (A4) and fully deacetylated (D4) tetramers in abundance, all possible variants of tetrameric paCOS could be generated reliably from them. A promising approach for generating defined paCOS is by enzymatic depolymerization of chitosan polymers using chitosanases, since these enzymes' subsite specificities directly influence the composition of the paCOS produced; however, enzymatic production of e.g. D4 is challenging because the substrate is generally hydrolyzed further by most chitosanases. To overcome this, chitosanases could potentially be engineered so that upon hydrolyzing chitosan, they are unable to hydrolyze certain substrates, leaving well-defined oligomers intact in the hydrolysate. Results For this purpose, we performed rational protein engineering on the extensively studied GH 8 chitosanase CSN from Bacillus sp. MN. By specifically targeting residues with a predicted function in substrate binding, we created new muteins incapable of efficiently hydrolyzing the fully deacetylated tetramer D4, and we were able to demonstrate efficient large-scale production of D4 with an altered version of CSN. Furthermore, we were able to uncover differences in the substrate positioning and subsite specificities of the muteins, which result in altered paCOS mixtures produced from partially acetylated chitosan polymers, with possibly altered bioactivities. Conclusion The value of protein engineering as a tool for the more efficient production of pure oligomers and potentially bioactive paCOS mixtures was demonstrated by the results and the suitability of specific muteins for the large-scale production of strictly defined, pure paCOS in a batch process was shown using the example of D4.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gercke
- University of Muenster, Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Eva K Regel
- University of Muenster, Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Ratna Singh
- University of Muenster, Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- University of Muenster, Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
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Abstract
This work reports the study of chitosan depolymerization through the synergy of the Celuzyme® XB enzyme complex; it is composed of cellulase, xylanase, andβ-glucanase. The optimal conditions of temperature, pH, and concentration were determined to verify the depolymerization reaction. The specificity of the enzymes at theβ(1-4) glycosidic link site was checked. Low molecular weight chitosan (64 × 103 g·mol−1) with degree of acetylation 15% was obtained. The depolymerized chitosan products were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, the degree of acetylation was obtained by UV-Vis spectroscopy, and the determination of the molecular weight was obtained by capillary viscosimetry. With the depolymerized chitosan, membranes were formed and their antioxidant and antimicrobial functionality was determined; results show that these properties are dependent on the molecular weight and on the acetylation degree of chitosan.
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Wattjes J, Niehues A, Cord-Landwehr S, Hoßbach J, David L, Delair T, Moerschbacher BM. Enzymatic Production and Enzymatic-Mass Spectrometric Fingerprinting Analysis of Chitosan Polymers with Different Nonrandom Patterns of Acetylation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3137-3145. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Wattjes
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Niehues
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Janina Hoßbach
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Laurent David
- Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), CNRS UMR 5223, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 15 bd A Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Thierry Delair
- Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), CNRS UMR 5223, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 15 bd A Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Bruno M. Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
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Stumpf AK, Vortmann M, Dirks-Hofmeister ME, Moerschbacher BM, Philipp B. Identification of a novel chitinase from Aeromonas hydrophila AH-1N for the degradation of chitin within fungal mycelium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5266298. [PMID: 30596975 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Defined organic waste products are ideal and sustainable secondary feedstocks for production organisms in microbial biotechnology. Chitin from mycelia of fungal fermentation processes represents a homogeneous and constantly available waste product that can, however, not be utilised by typical bacterial production strains. Therefore, enzymes that degrade chitin within fungal mycelia have to be identified and expressed in production organisms. In this study, chitin-degrading bacteria were enriched and isolated from lake water with mycelia of Aspergillus tubingensis as sole organic growth substrate. This approach yielded solely strains of Aeromonas hydrophila. Comparison of the isolated strains with other A. hydrophila strains regarding their chitinolytic activities on fungal mycelia identified strain AH-1N as the best enzyme producer. From this strain, a chitinase (EC:3.2.1.14) was identified by peptide mass fingerprinting. Heterologous expression of the respective gene combined with mass spectrometry showed that the purified enzyme was capable of releasing chitobiose from fungal mycelia with a higher yield than a well-described chitinase from Serratia marcescens. Expression of the newly identified chitinase in biotechnological production strains could be the first step for making fungal mycelium accessible as a secondary feedstock. Additionally, the enrichment strategy proved to be feasible for identifying strains able to degrade fungal chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Stumpf
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Muenster, Corrensstraße 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marina Vortmann
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Bodo Philipp
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Muenster, Corrensstraße 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
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16
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Bußwinkel F, Goñi O, Cord-Landwehr S, O'Connell S, Moerschbacher BM. Endochitinase 1 (Tv-ECH1) from Trichoderma virens has high subsite specificities for acetylated units when acting on chitosans. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:453-461. [PMID: 29551512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Chitosans with defined characteristics have been shown to possess reproducible bioactivities for numerous applications. A promising approach for producing chitosans with defined degrees of polymerization (DP), degrees of acetylation (DA), and patterns of acetylation (PA) involves using chitin-modifying enzymes. One such enzyme, the chitinase Tv-ECH1 belonging to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 18, seems to have an important role in the biocontrol properties of the fungus Trichoderma virens, suggesting its potential in generating novel chitosans for plant health applications. In this study, the Tv-ECH1 enzyme was overexpressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, yielding large amounts (up to 2mgmL-1) of purified recombinant enzyme of high activity, high purity, and high stability, making the system promising for industrial production of Tv-ECH1. The purified Tv-ECH1 chitinase displayed a wide optimal pH range from 4.5 to 6 and an optimal temperature of 37°C. Detailed subsite specificity analyses revealed high preference for acetylated residues at all four subsites analyzed (-2, -1, +1, +2), making Tv-ECH1 a promising candidate for the biotechnological production of specific chitosan oligomers and for the characterization of chitosan polymers via enzymatic fingerprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Bußwinkel
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Oscar Goñi
- Plant Biostimulant Group, Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Institute of Technology Tralee, Clash, Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland
| | - Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Shane O'Connell
- Plant Biostimulant Group, Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Institute of Technology Tralee, Clash, Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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18
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Hoßbach J, Bußwinkel F, Kranz A, Wattjes J, Cord-Landwehr S, Moerschbacher BM. A chitin deacetylase of Podospora anserina has two functional chitin binding domains and a unique mode of action. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 183:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Regel EK, Weikert T, Niehues A, Moerschbacher BM, Singh R. Protein-engineering of chitosanase from Bacillus sp. MN to alter its substrate specificity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:863-873. [PMID: 29280476 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Partially acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (paCOS) have various potential applications in agriculture, biomedicine, and pharmaceutics due to their suitable bioactivities. One method to produce paCOS is partial chemical hydrolysis of chitosan polymers, but that leads to poorly defined mixtures of oligosaccharides. However, the effective production of defined paCOS is crucial for fundamental research and for developing applications. A more promising approach is enzymatic depolymerization of chitosan using chitinases or chitosanases, as the substrate specificity of the enzyme determines the composition of the oligomeric products. Protein-engineering of these enzymes to alter their substrate specificity can overcome the limitations associated with naturally occurring enzymes and expand the spectrum of specific paCOS that can be produced. Here, engineering the substrate specificity of Bacillus sp. MN chitosanase is described for the first time. Two muteins with active site substitutions can accept N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units at their subsite (-2), which is impossible for the wildtype enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva K Regel
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Weikert
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Niehues
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ratna Singh
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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20
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Hembach L, Cord-Landwehr S, Moerschbacher BM. Enzymatic production of all fourteen partially acetylated chitosan tetramers using different chitin deacetylases acting in forward or reverse mode. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17692. [PMID: 29255209 PMCID: PMC5735187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the most abundant biomolecules on earth are the polysaccharides chitin and chitosan of which especially the oligomeric fractions have been extensively studied regarding their biological activities. However, most of these studies have not been able to assess the activity of a single, defined, partially acetylated chitosan oligosaccharide (paCOS). Instead, they have typically analyzed chemically produced, rather poorly characterized mixtures, at best with a single, defined degree of polymerization (DP) and a known average degree of acetylation (DA), as no pure and well-defined paCOS are currently available. We here present data on the enzymatic production of all 14 possible partially acetylated chitosan tetramers, out of which four were purified (>95%) regarding DP, DA, and pattern of acetylation (PA). We used bacterial, fungal, and viral chitin deacetylases (CDAs), either to partially deacetylate the chitin tetramer; or to partially re-N-acetylate the glucosamine tetramer. Both reactions proceeded with surprisingly strong and enzyme-specific regio-specificity. These pure and fully defined chitosans will allow to investigate the particular influence of DP, DA, and PA on the biological activities of chitosans, improving our basic understanding of their modes of action, e.g. their molecular perception by patter recognition receptors, but also increasing their usefulness in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Hembach
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.
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21
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Weikert T, Niehues A, Cord-Landwehr S, Hellmann MJ, Moerschbacher BM. Reassessment of chitosanase substrate specificities and classification. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1698. [PMID: 29167423 PMCID: PMC5700058 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosanases can be used to produce partially acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (paCOS) for different applications, provided they are thoroughly characterized. However, recent studies indicate that the established classification system for chitosanases is too simplistic. Here, we apply a highly sensitive method for quantitatively sequencing paCOS to reassess the substrate specificities of the best-characterized class I–III chitosanases. The enzymes’ abilities to cleave bonds at GlcNAc residues positioned at subsite (−1) or (+1), on which the classification system is based, vary especially when the substrates have different fractions of acetylation (FA). Conflicts with the recent classification are observed at higher FA, which were not investigated in prior specificity determinations. Initial analyses of pectin-degrading enzymes reveal that classifications of other polysaccharide-degrading enzymes should also be critically reassessed. Based on our results, we tentatively suggest a chitosanase classification system which is based on specificities and preferences of subsites (−2) to (+2). Chitosanases are classified according to their specificity in cleaving bonds at GlcNAc residues but the current system may be too simplistic. Here, the authors use quantitative mass spectrometry to revisit chitosanase specificity and propose additional determinants for their classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weikert
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Niehues
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Margareta J Hellmann
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.
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22
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Sreekumar S, Lemke P, Moerschbacher BM, Torres-Giner S, Lagaron JM. Preparation and optimization of submicron chitosan capsules by water-based electrospraying for food and bioactive packaging applications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1795-1806. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1347284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Sreekumar
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants – IBBP, University of Münster – WWU, Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Lemke
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants – IBBP, University of Münster – WWU, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants – IBBP, University of Münster – WWU, Münster, Germany
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Paterna, Spain
| | - Jose M Lagaron
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Paterna, Spain
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23
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Hanpanich O, Wongkongkatep P, Pongtharangkul T, Wongkongkatep J. Turning hydrophilic bacteria into biorenewable hydrophobic material with potential antimicrobial activity via interaction with chitosan. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 230:97-102. [PMID: 28161626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alteration of a bacteriocin-producing hydrophilic bacterium, Lactococcus lactis IO-1, into a hydrophobic material with potential antimicrobial activity using chitosan was investigated and compared with five other bacterial species with industrial importance. The negatively charged bacterial cells were neutralized by positively charged chitosan, resulting in a significant increase in the hydrophobicity of the bacterial cell surface. The largest Gram-positive B. megaterium ATCC 14581 showed a moderate response to chitosan while the smaller E. coli DH5α, L. lactis IO-1 and P. putida F1 exhibited a significant response to an increase in chitosan concentration. Because L. lactis IO-1 is a good source for natural peptide lantibiotic that is highly effective against several strains of food spoilage organisms and pathogens, hydrophobic material derived from L. lactis IO-1 and chitosan is a promising novel material with antimicrobial activity for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orakan Hanpanich
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pravit Wongkongkatep
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Thunyarat Pongtharangkul
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jirarut Wongkongkatep
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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24
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Slámová K, Bojarová P. Engineered N-acetylhexosamine-active enzymes in glycoscience. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2070-2087. [PMID: 28347843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, enzymes modifying N-acetylhexosamine substrates have emerged in numerous theoretical studies as well as practical applications from biology, biomedicine, and biotechnology. Advanced enzyme engineering techniques converted them into potent synthetic instruments affording a variety of valuable glycosides. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review presents the diversity of engineered enzymes active with N-acetylhexosamine carbohydrates: from popular glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases to less known oxidases, epimerases, kinases, sulfotransferases, and acetylases. Though hydrolases in natura, engineered chitinases, β-N-acetylhexosaminidases, and endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases were successfully employed in the synthesis of defined natural and derivatized chitooligomers and in the remodeling of N-glycosylation patterns of therapeutic antibodies. The genes of various N-acetylhexosaminyltransferases were cloned into metabolically engineered microorganisms for producing human milk oligosaccharides, Lewis X structures, and human-like glycoproteins. Moreover, mutant N-acetylhexosamine-active glycosyltransferases were applied, e.g., in the construction of glycomimetics and complex glycostructures, industrial production of low-lactose milk, and metabolic labeling of glycans. In the synthesis of biotechnologically important compounds, several innovative glycoengineered systems are presented for an efficient bioproduction of GlcNAc, UDP-GlcNAc, N-acetylneuraminic acid, and of defined glycosaminoglycans. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The above examples demonstrate that engineering of N-acetylhexosamine-active enzymes was able to solve complex issues such as synthesis of tailored human-like glycoproteins or industrial-scale production of desired oligosaccharides. Due to the specific catalytic mechanism, mutagenesis of these catalysts was often realized through rational solutions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Specific N-acetylhexosamine glycosylation is crucial in biological, biomedical and biotechnological applications and a good understanding of its details opens new possibilities in this fast developing area of glycoscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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25
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Hirano T, Shiraishi H, Ikejima M, Uehara R, Hakamata W, Nishio T. Chitin oligosaccharide deacetylase from Shewanella baltica ATCC BAA-1091. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:547-550. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1254529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chitin oligosaccharide deacetylase (COD) from bacteria that have been examined so far typically comprise two carbohydrate-binding domains (CBDs) and one polysaccharide deacetylase domain. In contrast, Shewanella baltica ATCC BAA-1091 COD (Sb-COD) has only one CBD, yet exhibits chitin-binding properties and substrate specificities similar to those of other CODs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Hirano
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Haruka Shiraishi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ikejima
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Rie Uehara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Hakamata
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nishio
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
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26
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Cord-Landwehr S, Ihmor P, Niehues A, Luftmann H, Moerschbacher BM, Mormann M. Quantitative Mass-Spectrometric Sequencing of Chitosan Oligomers Revealing Cleavage Sites of Chitosan Hydrolases. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2893-2900. [PMID: 28192919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Partially acetylated chito-oligosaccharides (paCOS) have diverse bioactivities that turn them into promising compounds especially for medical and agricultural applications. These properties likely arise from different acetylation patterns, but determining the sequences of paCOS and producing paCOS with patterns of interest have proven difficult. We present a novel method for sequencing submicrogram amounts of paCOS using quantitative mass spectrometry, allowing one to rapidly analyze the substrate specificities of chitosan hydrolases that can be used to produce paCOS. The method involves four major steps: (i) acetylation of free amino groups in paCOS using a deuterated reagent; (ii) labeling the reducing end with an 18O-tag; (iii) quantifying paCOS using [13C2, 2H3]-labeled isotopologs as internal standards; (iv) sequencing paCOS by tandem MS. Eventually, this method will aid in developing enzymes with cleavage patterns optimized for producing paCOS with defined patterns of acetylation and specific bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster , Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Phillip Ihmor
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster , Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Niehues
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster , Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich Luftmann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster , Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Mormann
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster , Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
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27
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A chitin deacetylase from the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. efficiently inactivates the elicitor activity of chitin oligomers in rice cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38018. [PMID: 27901067 PMCID: PMC5128826 DOI: 10.1038/srep38018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To successfully survive in plants, endophytes need strategies to avoid being detected by the plant immune system, as the cell walls of endophytes contain easily detectible chitin. It is possible that endophytes “hide” this chitin from the plant immune system by modifying it, or oligomers derived from it, using chitin deacetylases (CDA). To explore this hypothesis, we identified and expressed a CDA from Pestalotiopsis sp. (PesCDA), an endophytic fungus, in E. coli and characterized this enzyme and its chitosan oligomer products. We found that when PesCDA modifies chitin oligomers, the products are partially deacetylated chitosan oligomers with a specific acetylation pattern: GlcNAc-GlcNAc-(GlcN)n-GlcNAc (n ≥ 1). Then, in a bioactivity assay where suspension-cultured rice cells were incubated with the PesCDA products (processed chitin hexamers), we found that, unlike the substrate hexamers, chitosan oligomer products no longer elicited the plant immune system. Thus, this endophytic enzyme can prevent the endophyte from being recognized by the plant immune system; this might represent a more general hypothesis for how certain fungi are able to live in or on their hosts.
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28
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Naqvi S, Moerschbacher BM. The cell factory approach toward biotechnological production of high-value chitosan oligomers and their derivatives: an update. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 37:11-25. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1104289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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29
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Stöveken J, Singh R, Kolkenbrock S, Zakrzewski M, Wibberg D, Eikmeyer F, Pühler A, Schlüter A, Moerschbacher B. Successful heterologous expression of a novel chitinase identified by sequence analyses of the metagenome from a chitin-enriched soil sample. J Biotechnol 2015; 201:60-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Enzymatic production of defined chitosan oligomers with a specific pattern of acetylation using a combination of chitin oligosaccharide deacetylases. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8716. [PMID: 25732514 PMCID: PMC4346795 DOI: 10.1038/srep08716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan oligomers have diverse biological activities with potentially valuable applications in fields like medicine, cosmetics, or agriculture. These properties may depend not only on the degrees of polymerization and acetylation, but also on a specific pattern of acetylation (PA) that cannot be controlled when the oligomers are produced by chemical hydrolysis. To determine the influence of the PA on the biological activities, defined chitosan oligomers in sufficient amounts are needed. Chitosan oligomers with specific PA can be produced by enzymatic deacetylation of chitin oligomers, but the diversity is limited by the low number of chitin deacetylases available. We have produced specific chitosan oligomers which are deacetylated at the first two units starting from the non-reducing end by the combined use of two different chitin deacetylases, namely NodB from Rhizobium sp. GRH2 that deacetylates the first unit and COD from Vibrio cholerae that deacetylates the second unit starting from the non-reducing end. Both chitin deacetylases accept the product of each other resulting in production of chitosan oligomers with a novel and defined PA. When extended to further chitin deacetylases, this approach has the potential to yield a large range of novel chitosan oligomers with a fully defined architecture.
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31
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Hirano T, Uehara R, Shiraishi H, Hakamata W, Nishio T. Chitin Oligosaccharide Deacetylase from Shewanella woodyi ATCC51908. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2015. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2015_014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Hirano
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Rie Uehara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Haruka Shiraishi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Wataru Hakamata
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Toshiyuki Nishio
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
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