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An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14133950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a clean, renewable, liquid fuel that can be used in existing diesel engines without modification as pure or blend. Transesterification (the primary process for biodiesel generation) via heterogeneous catalysis using low-cost waste feedstocks for catalyst synthesis improves the economics of biodiesel production. Heterogeneous catalysts are preferred for the industrial generation of biodiesel due to their robustness and low costs due to the easy separation and relatively higher reusability. Calcium oxides found in abundance in nature, e.g., in seashells and eggshells, are promising candidates for the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts. However, process improvements are required to design productive calcium oxide-based catalysts at an industrial scale. The current work presents an overview of the biodiesel production advancements using calcium oxide-based catalysts (e.g., pure, supported, and mixed with metal oxides). The review discusses different factors involved in the synthesis of calcium oxide-based catalysts, and the effect of reaction parameters on the biodiesel yield of calcium oxide-based catalysis are studied. Further, the common reactor designs used for the heterogeneous catalysis using calcium oxide-based catalysts are explained. Moreover, the catalytic activity mechanism, challenges and prospects of the application of calcium oxide-based catalysts in biodiesel generation are discussed. The study of calcium oxide-based catalyst should continue to be evaluated for the potential of their application in the commercial sector as they remain the pivotal goal of these studies.
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Abstract
Due to its inherent advantages such as easy recovery and reuse of the catalysts/ reagents, and environmentally friendly nature, the heterogeneous system has gain popularity in the realm of organic synthesis. In recent years, several chemically or biologically potent molecules are achieved through heterogeneous synthesis strategies. By recalling some of the classical fundamentals of the heterogeneous system in important organic synthesis, this mini-review outlines the recent developments in the applications heterogeneous catalysts and reagents; particularly in the solid phase synthesis, esterification and transesterification reactions to produce biodiesel, and Henry reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwajit Changmai
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar-10, Assam, India
| | - Gunindra Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar-10, Assam, India
| | | | - Lalthazuala Rokhum
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar-10, Assam, India
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Huang K, Lv F, Wu D, Wang Z. Optimization of Process Conditions for Styrene Epoxidation Based on the Artificial Intelligence Method. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201800018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Southeast UniversitySchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiulong Lake, Nanjing 211189 Jiangsu China
| | - Fei Lv
- Southeast UniversitySchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiulong Lake, Nanjing 211189 Jiangsu China
| | - Dongfang Wu
- Southeast UniversitySchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiulong Lake, Nanjing 211189 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhili Wang
- Southeast UniversitySchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiulong Lake, Nanjing 211189 Jiangsu China
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Relevance of the Physicochemical Properties of Calcined Quail Eggshell (CaO) as a Catalyst for Biodiesel Production. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/5679512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CaO solid derived from natural quail eggshell was calcined and employed as catalyst to produce biodiesel via transesterification of sunflower oil. The natural quail eggshell was calcined at 900°C for 3 h, in order to modify the calcium carbonate present in its structure in CaO, the activity phase of the catalyst. Both precursor and catalyst were characterized using Hammett indicators method, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), CO2temperature-programmed desorption (CO2-TPD), X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2adsorption-desorption at −196°C, and distribution particle size. The maximum biodiesel production was of 99.00 ± 0.02 wt.% obtained in the following transesterification reaction conditions:XMR(sunflower oil/methanol molar ratio of 1 : 10.5 mol : mol),XCAT(catalyst loading of 2 wt.%),XTIME(reaction time of 2 h), stirring rate of 1000 rpm, and temperature of 60°C.
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Mesoporous (Ta, Nb)3W7 Modified with Stearic Acid Used as Solid Acids for Esterification. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/9136528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous solid acids Ta3W7 and Nb3W7 were prepared from TaCl5 and NbCl5 with WCl6 in the presence of stearic acid (SA) via a sol-gel method, respectively. For comparison, mesoporous Ta3W7-P123 mixed oxides and mesoporous Nb3W7-P123 mixed oxides were synthesized in the same way. The catalysts were characterized through TGA, XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, and NH3-TPD. Experimental results showed that Ta3W7-SA and Nb3W7-SA exhibited several advantages such as higher activity, shorter preparation period, lower cost, stronger acid sites, and higher surface area, which had potential to be used as mesoporous heterogeneous catalysts in biodiesel production.
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Sievers C, Noda Y, Qi L, Albuquerque EM, Rioux RM, Scott SL. Phenomena Affecting Catalytic Reactions at Solid–Liquid Interfaces. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Sievers
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable
Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yu Noda
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-4400, United States
| | - Long Qi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Elise M. Albuquerque
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Instituto Militar de Engenharia, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robert M. Rioux
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-4400, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-4400, United States
| | - Susannah L. Scott
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
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Characterization of K2O/CaO-ZnO Catalyst for Transesterification of Soybean Oil to Biodiesel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2015.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Chung YJ. Combustion Characteristics of Swine Manure, Poultry Manure and Mixtures. APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERING 2013. [DOI: 10.14478/ace.2013.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Navajas A, Issariyakul T, Arzamendi G, Gandía L, Dalai A. Development of eggshell derived catalyst for transesterification of used cooking oil for biodiesel production. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Navajas
- Departamento de Química Aplicada, Edificio de los Acebos; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Campus de Arrosadía s/n; E-31006; Pamplona; Spain
| | - T. Issariyakul
- Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratories, Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon; SK; Canada
| | - G. Arzamendi
- Departamento de Química Aplicada, Edificio de los Acebos; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Campus de Arrosadía s/n; E-31006; Pamplona; Spain
| | - L.M. Gandía
- Departamento de Química Aplicada, Edificio de los Acebos; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Campus de Arrosadía s/n; E-31006; Pamplona; Spain
| | - A.K. Dalai
- Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratories, Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon; SK; Canada
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Wang R, Li H, Chang F, Luo J, Hanna MA, Tan D, Hu D, Zhang Y, Song B, Yang S. A facile, low-cost route for the preparation of calcined porous calcite and dolomite and their application as heterogeneous catalysts in biodiesel production. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00129f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li J, Xu H, Fei ZA, Liu H, Qiao DR, Cao Y. CaO/NaA combined with enzymatic catalyst for biodiesel transesterification. CATAL COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Khemthong P, Luadthong C, Nualpaeng W, Changsuwan P, Tongprem P, Viriya-empikul N, Faungnawakij K. Industrial eggshell wastes as the heterogeneous catalysts for microwave-assisted biodiesel production. Catal Today 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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13
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Styrene epoxidation with hydrogen peroxide over calcium oxide catalysts prepared from various precursors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1003-9953(11)60390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tao G, Hua Z, Gao Z, Chen Y, Wang L, He Q, Chen H, Shi J. Synthesis and catalytic activity of mesostructured KF/CaxAl2O(x+3) for the transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra22218c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Highly ordered Zn-doped mesoporous silica: An efficient catalyst for transesterification reaction. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2011.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yang R, Su M, Zhang J, Jin F, Zha C, Li M, Hao X. Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using poly (sodium acrylate) supporting NaOH as a water-resistant catalyst. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:2665-2671. [PMID: 21094041 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Poly (sodium acrylate) supporting NaOH (NaOH/NaPAA) was prepared by in situ polymerization of aqueous solution of acrylic acid with an over-neutralization by adding excess of NaOH. NaOH/NaPAA presented a promising selectivity for water absorbency and good water retention with negligible swelling capacity in the organic solvents of methanol, glycerol, rubber seed oil methyl esters, and rubber seed oil. NaOH/NaPAA catalysts showed a basic strength of 15.0<H_<18.4 and their basicity increased with the increase of the NaOH loading amount. NaOH/NaPAA catalysts exhibited almost the same catalytic activity in the transesterification of rubber seed oil with methanol under the optimized reaction conditions compared to conventional homogeneous NaOH catalyst. Furthermore, the functional absorbent/catalyst system presented a good water resistance in the transesterification which retained high catalytic activity when a water concentration in the reaction system was less than 2 wt.%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China.
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