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Schröder S, Ortiz I, San-Román MF. Electrochemical degradation of key drugs to treat COVID-19: Experimental analysis of the toxic by-products formation (PCDD/Fs). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167660. [PMID: 37813253 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug consumption has grown exponentially in recent decades, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to their presence in various water sources. In this way, degradation technologies for pollutants, such as electrochemical oxidation (ELOX), have become crucial to safeguard the quality of natural resources. This study has as its starting point a previous research, which demonstrated the efficacy of ELOX in the removal of COVID-19 related-drugs, such as dexamethasone (DEX), paracetamol (PAR), amoxicillin (AMX), and sertraline (STR), using the electrolytes NaCl and Na2SO4. The present research aims to study the potential risks associated with the generation of toxic by-products, during the ELOX of cited drugs, specifically focusing on the highly chlorinated persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Dioxins and furans can be formed potentially in electrochemical systems from precursor molecules or non-precursor molecules in chloride medium. First, the degradation of the parent compounds was found to be complete. At this point, a comprehensive investigation was conducted to identify and analyse the by-products formed during the degradation process; precursors of PCDD/Fs, such as chlorophenols or hydroquinones were identified. Additionally, in continuation of the previous study, PCDD/Fs congeners were investigated, revealing elevated concentrations; the highest concentration obtained was for the congener 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF (234.6 pg L-1 in NaCl) during degradation of the AMX. Finally, an assessment of the toxicity based on TEQ values was conducted, with DEX exhibiting the highest concentration among all compounds: 30.1 pg L-1 for NaCl medium. Therefore, the formation of minor by-products should not be underestimated, as they can significantly enhance the toxicity of the final sample, so the selection of the appropriate remediation technology, as well as the optimization of experimental operating variables, is determining in the treatment of pharmaceutical-contaminated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schröder
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Ma-Fresnedo San-Román
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain.
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Guo X, Zhang Y, Xia H, Chen J, Zhu Z, Qi J, Li X. Waste biomass-derived N, P co-doping carbon aerogel-coated Co xFe 1-xP with modulated electron density for efficient electrooxidation of contaminants. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:174-183. [PMID: 37591079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Developing low-cost, green, high-performing electrode materials to address environmental pollutants and the energy crisis is significant but challenging. Herein, the bimetallic iron cobalt phosphide coated in waste biomass-derived N, P co-doping carbon (CoxFe1-xP@NPC) is constructed. Furthermore, the active site density and the water decomposition energy barrier of surface-coated NPC are modulated by optimizing the electronic structure of CoxFe1-xP via doping engineering. The Fe-modulated CoxFe1-xP@NPC exhibits a hierarchical porous self-supporting structure and excellent physical & chemical properties with excellent electrooxidation performance, achieving over 95% removal of TCH within 60 min. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirms that N carries more positive charge and P carries more negative charge in the NPC of CoxFe1-xP@NPC with Fe modulation, which can promote the adsorption and dissociation of water molecules. Of note, Co0.75Fe025P@NPC displays a low water dissociation energy barrier to produce ·OH and a high energy barrier to produce O2 than its counterparts. This study offers new insight into controllable modulation of biomass carbon-based composite electrode catalytic activity for high-efficiency degradation of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioenergy (Harbin Institute of Technology), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yongzheng Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Houbing Xia
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioenergy (Harbin Institute of Technology), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jing Chen
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - ZhenZhen Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioenergy (Harbin Institute of Technology), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jingyao Qi
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioenergy (Harbin Institute of Technology), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Xin Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Farissi S, Zakkariya S, Akhilghosh KA, Prasanthi T, Muthukumar A, Muthuchamy M. Electrooxidation of amoxicillin in aqueous solution with graphite electrodes: Optimization of degradation and deciphering of byproducts using HRMS. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140415. [PMID: 37844704 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) such as antibiotics have become a matter of worry in aquatic environments worldwide. Their presence in the environment has been increasing due to the inability of conventional wastewater and water treatments to annihilate them. Hence, attempts have been made to remove CECs using electrochemical oxidation (EO). Present study employed the low cost, active carbon based graphite sheet electrodes as anode and cathode to oxidize and degrade Amoxicillin (AMOX)- a β-lactum thiazolidine antibiotic. Optimization studies found pH 9, 45 mA cm-2, 81 cm2 electrode surface area, 6 mM electrolyte concentration and 60 min treatment time to be optimal for AMOX removal. Studies with varying concentrations of AMOX (20 mg L-1, 30 mg L-1 and 40 mg L-1) found that increase in concentrations of AMOX require higher current densities and treatment time for better TOC removal. High performance liquid chromatography photo diode array (HPLC-PDA) studies found 94% removal for 40 mg L-1 of AMOX at optimal conditions with 90% COD and 46% TOC removal. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) studies using Ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-ToF-MS) identified major degradation mechanisms to be hydroxylation, β-lactum ring cleavage, breakage of thiazolidine ring chain from the aromatic ring and piperazinyl ring formation. The final byproducts of AMOX oxidation were carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Farissi
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye, 671320, Kerala, India
| | - Shajahan Zakkariya
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye, 671320, Kerala, India
| | | | - Tejomurtula Prasanthi
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye, 671320, Kerala, India
| | - Anbazhagi Muthukumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye, 671320, Kerala, India
| | - Muthukumar Muthuchamy
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye, 671320, Kerala, India.
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4
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PdMo supported by graphene for synergistic boosting electrochemical catalysis of methanol oxidation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.117038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Qutob M, Shakeel F, Alam P, Alshehri S, Ghoneim MM, Rafatullah M. A review of radical and non-radical degradation of amoxicillin by using different oxidation process systems. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113833. [PMID: 35839907 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds have piqued the interest of researchers due to an increase in their demand, which increases the possibility of leakage into the environment. Amoxicillin (AMX) is a penicillin derivative used for the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. AMX has a low metabolic rate in the human body, and around 80-90% is unmetabolized. As a result, AMX residuals should be treated immediately to avoid further accumulation in the environment. Advanced oxidation process techniques are an efficient way to degrade AMX. This review attempts to collect, organize, summarize, and analyze the most up to date research linked to the degradation of AMX by different advanced oxidation process systems including photocatalytic, ultrasonic, electro-oxidation, and advanced oxidation process-based on partials. The main topics investigated in this review are degradation mechanism, degradation efficiency, catalyst stability, the formation of AMX by-products and its toxicity, in addition, the influence of different experimental conditions was discussed such as pH, temperature, scavengers, the concentration of amoxicillin, oxidants, catalyst, and doping ratio. The degradation of AMX could be inhibited by very high values of pH, temperature, AMX concentration, oxidants concentration, catalyst concentration, and doping ratio. Several AMX by-products were discovered after oxidation treatment, and several of them had lower or same values of LC50 (96 h) fathead minnow of AMX itself, such as m/z 384, 375, 349, 323, 324, 321, 318, with prediction values of 0.70, 1.10, 1.10 0.42, 0.42, 0.42, and 0.42 mg/L, respectively. We revealed that there is no silver bullet system to oxidize AMX from an aqueous medium. However, it is recommended to apply hybrid systems such as Photo-electro, Photo-Fenton, Electro-Fenton, etc. Hybrid systems are capable to cover the drawbacks of the single system. This review may provide important information, as well as future recommendations, for future researchers interested in treating AMX using various AOP systems, allowing them to improve the applicability of their systems and successfully oxidize AMX from an aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qutob
- Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prawez Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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fEffective degradation of amoxicillin by multi-stage flow-through electrochemical system using porous electrodes. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ma J, Gao M, Liu Q, Wang Q. High efficiency three-dimensional electrochemical treatment of amoxicillin wastewater using Mn-Co/GAC particle electrodes and optimization of operating condition. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112728. [PMID: 35081359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Mn-Co/GAC particle electrode was prepared by loading Mn and Co as catalysts on granular activated carbon (GAC) and used in a three-dimensional (3D) electrochemical system for mineralization of amoxicillin wastewater. Observation results by SEM, EDS and XRD confirmed that Mn and Co catalysts were successfully loaded onto GAC. The electrochemical properties were measured using an electrochemical workstation. Mn-Co/GAC had a much higher oxygen evolution potential (1.46V) than GAC (1.1V), which demonstrated that it could effectively reduce the oxygen evolution side reaction. In addition, Mn-Co/GAC had an electrochemically active surface area 1.34 times that of GAC and a much smaller mass transfer resistance than GAC, which could provide favorable conditions for the degradation of pollutants. The investigation of the influences of single operating parameters on total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate and electrical energy consumption (EEC) indicated that current density and treatment time had the greatest effect. In order to maximize TOC removal rate and minimize EEC, optimization of operating parameters was also carried out using response surface method in combination with central composite design. The optimal operating parameters were determined as current density of 5.68 mA/cm2, electrolyte concentration of 0.127M, particle electrode dosage of 31.14g and treatment time of 120min. Under this optimum operating condition, TOC removal rate of 85.24% and amoxicillin removal rate of 100% could be achieved with a low EEC of 0.073 kWh/g TOC. In addition, TOC removal rate and EEC were significantly improved compared to the use of bare GAC as particle electrode under the same operating conditions, demonstrating the excellent electrocatalytic ability of the new particle electrode Mn-Co/GAC. A possible mechanism of enhanced amoxicillin and TOC removal was also recommended. In summary, the 3D electrochemical method using Mn-Co/GAC particle electrodes is a suitable choice for amoxicillin wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Ma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China; Department of Electrical Engineering, Kim Chaek University of Technology, Kyogu dong 60, Central District, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory on Disposal and Resource Recovery of Industry Typical Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qunhui Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory on Disposal and Resource Recovery of Industry Typical Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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8
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He L, Wang C, Chen X, Jiang L, Ji Y, Li H, Liu Y, Wang J. Preparation of Tin-Antimony anode modified with carbon nanotubes for electrochemical treatment of coking wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132362. [PMID: 34592208 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To improve the electrocatalytic activity, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used to modify a titanium-supported tin-antimony anode (Ti/SnO2-Sb). Compared to a Ti/SnO2-Sb anode, the Ti/SnO2-Sb-CNTs anode exhibited a higher oxygen evolution potential (1.62 V), smaller crystalline volume (71.23 Å3), larger active surface area (0.371 mC cm-2), lower charge transfer resistance (8.24 Ω), and longer service life (291 h). The CNTs provided the Ti/SnO2-Sb anode with effective electrocatalytic activity, conductivity and stability. To evaluate its performance, the Ti/SnO2-Sb-CNTs anode was utilized for the treatment of coking wastewater. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) removal yields of the coking wastewater reached 83.05% and 74.56% under the optimal current density of 25 mA m-2, Na2SO4 concentration of 35 mM, and plate spacing of 10 mm. UV254, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, excitation-emission matrix spectra spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses showed that the aromatic and nitrogenous compounds in the coking wastewater were degraded. Furthermore, the electrochemical treatment could effectively reduce the toxicity of the coking wastewater. The energy consumption of the coking wastewater treatment was reduced to 396.56 kWh (kg COD)-1. This study provides a basis engineering application of the electrochemical oxidation of coking wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Ding 11#, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Chunrong Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Ding 11#, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Xiaoya Chen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Ding 11#, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Longxin Jiang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Ding 11#, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Yuxian Ji
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Ding 11#, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Haiyan Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Ding 11#, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Yingsong Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Ding 11#, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Jianbing Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Ding 11#, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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D Tecuapa-Flores E, Hernández JG, Roquero-Tejeda P, Arenas-Alatorre JA, Thangarasu P. Rapid electrochemical recognition of trimethoprim in human urine samples using new modified electrodes (CPE/Ag/Au NPs) analysing tunable electrode properties: experimental and theoretical studies. Analyst 2021; 146:7653-7669. [PMID: 34806723 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01408k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical effluents are a serious environmental issue, which require to be treated by a suitable technique; thus, the electrochemical process is actively considered as a viable method for the treatment. In this work, new carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) were fabricated by compressing gold and silver nanoparticles (NPs), namely, CPE/Ag NPs, CPE/Au NPs, and CPE/Ag/Au NPs and then completely characterized by different analytical methods. The performance of the electrodes was studied after determining their surface area (×10-6 cm2) as 4.17, 5.05, 5.27, and 5.12, producing high anodic currents for K4[Fe(CN)6] compared to the commercial electrode. This agrees with the results of impedance study, where the electron transfer rate constants (kapp, ×10-3 cm s-1) were determined to be 28.7, 42.6, 41.0, and 101.4 for CPE, CPE/Ag NPs, CPE/Au NPs, and CPE/Ag/Au NPs, respectively, through the Bode plot-phase shifts. This is consistent with the charge transfer resistance (RCT, Ω), resulting as 171 for CPE/Ag/Au NPs < 395 for CPE/Ag NPs < 427 for CPE/Au NPs and < 742 for CPE. Therefore, these electrodes were employed to detect trimethoprim (TMP) since metallic NPs contribute good crystallinity, stability, conduciveness, and surface plasmon resonance to the CPE, convalescing the sensitivity; comprehensively, they were applied for its detection in real water and human urine samples, and the limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 0.026, 0.032, and 0.026 μmol L-1 for CPE/Ag NPs, CPE/Au NPs, and CPE/Ag/Au NPs, respectively. In contrast, unmodified CPE was unable to detect TMP due to the lack of efficiency. The developed technique shows excellent electrochemical recovery of 92.3 and 97.1% in the urine sample. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to explain the impact of the metallic center in graphite through density of states (DOS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D Tecuapa-Flores
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico.
| | - José Guadalupe Hernández
- Centro Tecnológico, Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES-Aragón), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, CP 57130, Mexico
| | - Pedro Roquero-Tejeda
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Jesús A Arenas-Alatorre
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Pandiyan Thangarasu
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico.
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Jalali S, Ardjmand M, Ramavandi B, Nosratinia F. Removal of amoxicillin from wastewater in the presence of H 2O 2 using modified zeolite Y- MgO catalyst: An optimization study. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129844. [PMID: 33582537 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, Zeolite-MgO was generated using alkali-thermal method and was utilized as a catalyst to decrease amoxicillin (AMX) concentration in the presence of H2O2 from wastewater. Different tests like Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (FESEM-EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were done to determine catalyst properties. Active groups of C-S-C, CO, CC, C-N, C-O, N-O, and N-H were identified in catalyst frame. According to XRD results, lower crystallinity of nanoparticles after modification of zeolite by MgO can lead to improvement of AMX removal. Active surface of zeolite (2.32 m2/g) was increased after optimization by MgO to 2.96 m2/g, indicating an increase in the catalyst capacity for activation of H2O2. In addition, furnace temperature (200-500 °C), residence time in the furnace (1-4 h), and Mg(NO3)2: zeolite ratio (0.25: 2, 0.5:2, 1:2 w/w) were studied to achieve the optimized catalyst for AMX removal. Different parameters like pH (5-9), H2O2 concentration (0-6 mL/100 mL), dose of catalyst (0-10 g/L), AMX concentration (50-300 mg/L), and reaction time (10-130 min) were also studied. The best efficiency (97.9%) of AMX removal was achieved at acidic pH with the lowest amount of H2O2 (0.1 mL/100 mL) and 7 g/L of catalyst. AMX removal using the developed process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Reclaimable Zeolite-MgO catalyst can be effectively utilized in wastewater works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setare Jalali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ardjmand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Ferial Nosratinia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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