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Qutob M, Rafatullah M, Muhammad SA, Siddiqui MR, Alam M. Advanced oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tropical soil: Self-catalytic utilization of natural iron contents in an oxygenation reactor supported with persulfate. Sci Total Environ 2024; 926:171843. [PMID: 38521259 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The catalysts derived from natural iron minerals in the advanced oxidation process offer several advantages. However, their utilization in soil remediation is restricted due to the presence of soil impurities, which can inhibit the catalytic activity of these minerals. The soils in tropical regions exhibit lower organic matter content, limited cation exchange capacity, and are non-saline, this enhances the efficiency of utilizing natural iron minerals from tropical soil as a catalyst. In this regard, the catalytic potential of naturally iron-bearing tropical soil was investigated to eliminate phenanthrene (PHE), pyrene (PYR), and benzo[α]pyrene (B[α]P) using an oxygenated reactor supported with persulfate (PS). The system showed an efficient performance, and the removal efficiencies under the optimum conditions were 81 %, 73 %, and 86 % for PHE, PYR, and B[α]P, respectively. This indicated that the catalytic activity of iron was working efficiently. However, there were changes in the soil characteristics after the remediation process such as a significant reduction in iron and aluminum contents. The scavenging experiments demonstrated that HO• had a minor role in the oxidation process, SO4•- and O2•- emerged as the primary reactive species responsible for the effective degradation of the PAHs. Moreover, the by-products were monitored after soil remediation to evaluate their toxicity and to propose degradation pathways. The Mutagenicity test showed that two by-products from each PHE and B[α]P had positive results, while only one by-product of PYR showed positive. The toxicity tests of oral rat LD50 and developmental toxicity tests revealed that certain PAHs by-products could be more toxic from the parent pollutant itself. This study represents a notable progression in soil remediation by providing a step forward in the application of the advanced oxidation process (AOP) without requiring additional catalysts to activate oxidants and degrade pollutant PAHs from the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qutob
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Syahidah Akmal Muhammad
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, 123, Dongdaero, Gyeongju-si 780714, Republic of Korea
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Dwivedi P, Malik A, Fatima Hussain HZ, Jatrana I, Imtiyaz K, Rizvi MA, Mushtaque M, Khan AU, Alam M, Rafatullah M. Eco-Friendly CuO/Fe 3O 4 Nanocomposite synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27787. [PMID: 38496878 PMCID: PMC10944281 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study report a convenient, simple, and low cost approach for the biogenic synthesis of CuO/Fe3O4 nanocomposites (NCs) from pumpkin seeds extract and their vitro cytotoxicity. The characterization of finally obtained CuO/Fe3O4 nanocomposites (NCs) performed using UV-Visible, FT-IR, XRD, XPS, GC-MS, SEM-EDX and TEM analysis. The formation and elemental analysis were determined using the energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis technique. The formation of rod-like monoclinic and spherical, having size range 5 nm-20 nm confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) respectively. Finally, the MTT assay of the synthesized composites was evaluated for toxicity against cancerous cell lines HCT-116 (Colon cancer cell) and A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma cell). The synthesized composite material showed moderate (IC50 = 199 μg/mL) to low (IC50 = 445 μg/mL) activity against HCT-116 and A549 cell lines, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, 302017 (Rajasthan) India
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiza Zumra Fatima Hussain
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (DISTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’ Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Indu Jatrana
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, 302017 (Rajasthan) India
| | - Khalid Imtiyaz
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - M.M. Alam Rizvi
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Md Mushtaque
- Department of Chemistry, Millat College (A constituent colle ge of Lalit Narayan Mithila University), Darbhanga, Bihar, India
| | - Azhar U. Khan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, 302017 (Rajasthan) India
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, 123, Dongdaero, Gyeongju-si 780714, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Qutob M, Rafatullah M, Muhammad SA, Alamry KA, Hussein MA. Tropical soil remediation from pyrene: Release the power of natural iron content in soil for the efficient oxidant's activation. J Environ Manage 2024; 353:120179. [PMID: 38295641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Natural soil minerals often contain numerous impurities, resulting in comparatively lower catalytic activity. Tropical soils are viewed as poor from soil organic matter, cations, and anions, which are considered the main impurities in the soil that are restricted to utilizing natural minerals as a catalyst. In this regard, the dissolved iron and hematite crystals that presented naturally in tropical soil were evaluated to activate oxidants and degrade pyrene. The optimum results obtained in this study were 73 %, and the rate constant was 0.0553 h-1 under experimental conditions [pyrene] = 300 mg/50 g, pH = 7, T = 55 °C, airflow = 260 mL/min, [Persulfate (PS)] = 1.0 g/L, and humic acid (HA) ( % w/w) = 0.5 %. The soil characterization analysis after the remediation process showed an increase in moieties and cracks of the soil aggregate, and a decline in the iron and aluminium contents. The scavengers test revealed that both SO4•- and O2•- were responsible for the pyrene degradation, while HO• had a minor role in the degradation process. In addition, the monitoring of by-products, degradation pathways, and toxicity assessment were also investigated. This system is considered an efficient, green method, and could provide a step forward to develop low-cost soil remediation for full-scale implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qutob
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia; Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Syahidah Akmal Muhammad
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia; Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Khalid A Alamry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Sreedharan DK, Alias H, Makhtar MMZ, Shun TJ, Mokhtar AMA, Shukor H, Siddiqui MR, Alam M, Kapoor RT, Rafatullah M. Screening of different growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis isolated from membrane-less microbial fuel cell toward antimicrobial activity profiling. Open Life Sci 2024; 19:20220809. [PMID: 38283116 PMCID: PMC10811530 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins produced by Bacillus subtilis have gained recognition for their safe use in humans. In this study, we aimed to assess the inhibitory activity of an antimicrobial peptide synthesized by the wild-type strain of B. subtilis against the notorious pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our investigation employed the broth microdilution method to evaluate the inhibitory potential of this peptide. Among the four different pathogen strains tested, P. aeruginosa exhibited the highest susceptibility, with an inhibition rate of 29.62%. In parallel, we explored the cultivation conditions of B. subtilis, recognizing the potential of this versatile bacterium for applications beyond antimicrobial production. The highest inhibitory activity was achieved at pH 8, with an inhibition rate of 20.18%, indicating the potential for optimizing pH conditions for enhanced antimicrobial peptide production. For the kinetics of peptide production, the study explored different incubation periods and agitation levels. Remarkably, the highest activity of B. subtilis was observed at 24 h of incubation, with an inhibition rate of 44.93%. Finally, the study focused on the isolation of the antimicrobial peptide from the cell-free supernatant of B. subtilis using ammonium sulfate precipitation at various concentrations. The highest recorded activity was an impressive 89.72% achieved at an 80% concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharni Kuhan Sreedharan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Hartini Alias
- Centre for Innovation and Consultation, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation and Consultation, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
- Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Tan Joo Shun
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Ana Masara Ahmad Mokhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Hafiza Shukor
- Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, 123, Dongdaero, Gyeongju-si, 780714, Republic of Korea
| | - Riti Thapar Kapoor
- Centre for Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201 313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
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Gunny AAN, Leem SJ, Makhtar MMZ, Zainuddin N, Mohd Roslim MH, Raja Hashim RH, Pusphanathan K, Siddiqui MR, Alam M, Rafatullah M. The Use of Essential Oil Embedded in Polylactic Acid/Chitosan-Based Film for Mango Post-Harvest Application against Pathogenic Fungi. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2722. [PMID: 37376369 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mango has a high global demand. Fruit fungal disease causes post-harvest mango and fruit losses. Conventional chemical fungicides and plastic prevent fungal diseases but they are hazardous to humans and the environment. Direct application of essential oil for post-harvest fruit control is not a cost-effective approach. The current work offers an eco-friendly alternative to controlling the post-harvest disease of fruit using a film amalgamated with oil derived from Melaleuca alternifolia. Further, this research also aimed to assess the mechanical, antioxidant, and antifungal properties of the film infused with essential oil. ASTM D882 was performed to determine the tensile strength of the film. The antioxidant reaction of the film was assessed using the DPPH assay. In vitro and in vivo tests were used to evaluate the inhibitory development of the film against pathogenic fungi, by comparing the film with different levels of essential oil together with the treatment of the control and chemical fungicide. Disk diffusion was used to evaluate mycelial growth inhibition, where the film incorporated with 1.2 wt% essential oil yielded the best results. For in vivo testing of wounded mango, the disease incidence was successfully reduced. For in vivo testing of unwounded mango to which the film incorporated with essential oil was applied, although some quality parameters such as the color index were not significantly affected, weight loss was reduced, soluble solid content was increased, and firmness was increased, compared to the control. Thus, the film incorporated with essential oil (EO) from M. alternifolia can be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional approach and the direct application of essential oil to control post-harvest disease in mango.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization (CoEBU), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Siew Juan Leem
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nor'Izzah Zainuddin
- Indah Water Konsortium, Lorong Perda Utama 13, Bukit Mertajam 14000, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Huzaifah Mohd Roslim
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Raja Hasnida Raja Hashim
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Kavita Pusphanathan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, 123 Dongdaero, Gyeongju-si 780714, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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Pusphanathan K, Shukor H, Shoparwe NF, Makhtar MMZ, Zainuddin NI, Jullok N, Siddiqui MR, Alam M, Rafatullah M. Efficiency of Fabricated Adsorptive Polysulfone Mixed Matrix Membrane for Acetic Acid Separation. Membranes (Basel) 2023; 13:565. [PMID: 37367769 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13060565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafiltration mixed matrix membrane (UF MMMs) process represents an applicable approach for the removal of diluted acetic acid at low concentrations, owing to the low pressures applied. The addition of efficient additives represents an approach to further improve membrane porosity and, subsequently, enhance acetic acid removal. This work demonstrates the incorporation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as additives into polysulfone (PSf) polymer via the non-solvent-induced phase-inversion (NIPS) method to improve the performance of PSf MMMs performance. Eight PSf MMMs samples designated as M0 to M7, each with independent formulations, were prepared and investigated for their respective density, porosity, and degree of AA retention. Morphology analysis through scanning electron microscopy elucidated sample M7 (PSf/TiO2/PEG 6000) to have the highest density and porosity among all samples with concomitant highest AA retention at approximately 92.2%. The application of the concentration polarization method further supported this finding by the higher concentration of AA solute present on the surface of the membrane compared to that of AA feed for sample M7. Overall, this study successfully demonstrates the significance of TiO2 and PEG as high MW additives in improving PSf MMM performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Pusphanathan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia
| | - Hafiza Shukor
- Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Noor Fazliani Shoparwe
- Gold, Rare Earth and Material Technopreneurship Centre (GREAT), Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
| | - Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia
| | | | - Nora Jullok
- Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, 123, Dongdaero, Gyeongju-si 780714, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia
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Alosaimi AM, Alorabi RO, Katowah DF, Al-Thagafi ZT, Alsolami ES, Hussein MA, Qutob M, Rafatullah M. Recent Biomedical Applications of Coupling Nanocomposite Polymeric Materials Reinforced with Variable Carbon Nanofillers. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030967. [PMID: 36979948 PMCID: PMC10045870 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The hybridization between polymers and carbon materials is one of the most recent and crucial study areas which abstracted more concern from scientists in the past few years. Polymers could be classified into two classes according to the source materials synthetic and natural. Synthetic polymeric materials have been applied over a floppy zone of industrial fields including the field of biomedicine. Carbon nanomaterials including (fullerene, carbon nanotubes, and graphene) classified as one of the most significant sources of hybrid materials. Nanocarbons are improving significantly mechanical properties of polymers in nanocomposites in addition to physical and chemical properties of the new materials. In all varieties of proposed bio-nanocomposites, a considerable improvement in the microbiological performance of the materials has been explored. Various polymeric materials and carbon-course nanofillers were present, along with antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer products. This review spots the light on the types of synthetic polymers-based carbon materials and presented state-of-art examples on their application in the area of biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Alosaimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Randa O Alorabi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Ibb 70270, Yemen
| | - Dina F Katowah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 16722, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahrah T Al-Thagafi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman S Alsolami
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Qutob
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
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Qutob M, Shakeel F, Alam P, Alshehri S, Ghoneim MM, Rafatullah M. A review of radical and non-radical degradation of amoxicillin by using different oxidation process systems. Environ Res 2022; 214:113833. [PMID: 35839907 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds have piqued the interest of researchers due to an increase in their demand, which increases the possibility of leakage into the environment. Amoxicillin (AMX) is a penicillin derivative used for the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. AMX has a low metabolic rate in the human body, and around 80-90% is unmetabolized. As a result, AMX residuals should be treated immediately to avoid further accumulation in the environment. Advanced oxidation process techniques are an efficient way to degrade AMX. This review attempts to collect, organize, summarize, and analyze the most up to date research linked to the degradation of AMX by different advanced oxidation process systems including photocatalytic, ultrasonic, electro-oxidation, and advanced oxidation process-based on partials. The main topics investigated in this review are degradation mechanism, degradation efficiency, catalyst stability, the formation of AMX by-products and its toxicity, in addition, the influence of different experimental conditions was discussed such as pH, temperature, scavengers, the concentration of amoxicillin, oxidants, catalyst, and doping ratio. The degradation of AMX could be inhibited by very high values of pH, temperature, AMX concentration, oxidants concentration, catalyst concentration, and doping ratio. Several AMX by-products were discovered after oxidation treatment, and several of them had lower or same values of LC50 (96 h) fathead minnow of AMX itself, such as m/z 384, 375, 349, 323, 324, 321, 318, with prediction values of 0.70, 1.10, 1.10 0.42, 0.42, 0.42, and 0.42 mg/L, respectively. We revealed that there is no silver bullet system to oxidize AMX from an aqueous medium. However, it is recommended to apply hybrid systems such as Photo-electro, Photo-Fenton, Electro-Fenton, etc. Hybrid systems are capable to cover the drawbacks of the single system. This review may provide important information, as well as future recommendations, for future researchers interested in treating AMX using various AOP systems, allowing them to improve the applicability of their systems and successfully oxidize AMX from an aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qutob
- Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prawez Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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Qutob M, Doğan Ş, Rafatullah M. Heterogeneous Activation of Persulfate by Activated Carbon for Efficient Acetaminophen Degradation: Mechanism, Kinetics, Mineralization, and Density Functional Theory. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qutob
- Environmental Technology Division School of Industrial Technology Universiti Sains Penang 11800 Malaysia
| | - Şifa Doğan
- Cyprus International University Faculty of Engineering Department of Environmental Engineering, Nicosia Northern Cyprus, Mersin 10 Turkey
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Environmental Technology Division School of Industrial Technology Universiti Sains Penang 11800 Malaysia
- Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster School of Industrial Technology Universiti Sains Penang 11800 Malaysia
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Goh SS, Rafatullah M, Ismail N, Alam M, Siddiqui MR, Seow EK. Separation of Chromium (VI), Copper and Zinc: Chemistry of Transport of Metal Ions across Supported Liquid Membrane. Membranes 2022; 12:membranes12070685. [PMID: 35877888 PMCID: PMC9322385 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prior to applying supported liquid membranes (SLM) with strip dispersion for separation of chromium (VI), copper and zinc, suitable chemical settings were determined through solvent extraction and stripping studies. More than 90% of copper and zinc could be simultaneously extracted with at least 3% (v/v) di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) at a feed equilibrium pH in the range of 3.5–5.0. For stripping, theoretical model equations derived and experimental results revealed that suitable concentrations of lower acid strength reagents can strip metals that have weaker metal-extractant bond without significantly stripping metals that have a stronger metal-extractant bond. Therefore, in a setup comprising three compartments separated by two SLM, we propose to fill the three compartments in the following order: feed—strip dispersion containing low acid strength reagent—strong acid. An organic phase with 4% (v/v) D2EHPA was used. From stripping experiments, 0.2 mol/L pH 3 citrate buffer, which resulted in the highest copper recovery (88.8%) and solution purity (99.0%), was employed as the low acid strength reagent while the strong acid consisted of 1 mol/L sulfuric acid. In 26 h, 99.1% copper was recovered by citrate buffer with 99.8% purity and 95.1% zinc was recovered by sulfuric acid with 98.4% purity. Chromium (VI), copper and zinc could be separated effectively using this separation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saik Su Goh
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (S.S.G.); (N.I.)
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (S.S.G.); (N.I.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +60-4-653-2111; Fax: +60-4-653-6375
| | - Norli Ismail
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (S.S.G.); (N.I.)
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, 123, Dongdaero, Gyeongju-si 780714, Korea;
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Eng-Keng Seow
- School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia;
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11
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Qutob M, Hussein MA, Alamry KA, Rafatullah M. A review on the degradation of acetaminophen by advanced oxidation process: pathway, by-products, biotoxicity, and density functional theory calculation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18373-18396. [PMID: 35799916 PMCID: PMC9214717 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02469a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Water scarcity and the accumulation of recalcitrance compounds into the environment are the main reasons behind the attraction of researchers to use advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Many AOP systems have been used to treat acetaminophen (ACT) from an aqueous medium, which leads to generating different kinetics, mechanisms, and by-products. In this work, state-of-the-art studies on ACT by-products and their biotoxicity, as well as proposed degradation pathways, have been collected, organized, and summarized. In addition, the Fukui function was used for predicting the most reactive sites in the ACT molecule. The most frequently detected by-products in this review were hydroquinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, 4-aminophenol, acetamide, oxalic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, 1,2,4-trihydroxy benzene, and maleic acid. Both the experimental and prediction tests revealed that N-(3,4-dihydroxy phenyl) acetamide was mutagenic. Meanwhile, N-(2,4-dihydroxy phenyl) acetamide and malonic acid were only found to be mutagenic in the prediction test. The findings of the LC50 (96 h) test revealed that benzaldehyde is the most toxic ACT by-products and hydroquinone, N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)formamide, 4-methylbenzene-1,2-diol, benzoquinone, 4-aminophenol, benzoic acid, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, 4-nitrophenol, and 4-aminobenzene-1,2-diol considered harmful. The release of them into the environment without treatment may threaten the ecosystem. The degradation pathway based on the computational method was matched with the majority of ACT proposed pathways and with the most frequent ACT by-products. This study may contribute to enhance the degradation of ACT by AOP systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qutob
- Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Penang Malaysia
| | - Mahmoud A Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Alamry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Penang Malaysia
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12
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Aslam M, Abdullah AZ, Rafatullah M, Fawad A. Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra) seed extract for stabilization of the biosynthesized TiO 2 photocatalyst used for degradation of stable organic substance in water. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:41053-41064. [PMID: 35083668 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The seed extract of Abelmoschus esculentus (AE), also known as Okra, was used as a source of reducing and capping agents to synthesized biogenic titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) due to its rich flavonoid contents. The synthesized AE-TiO2 nanoparticles were further evaluated by the effect of loading of TiO2 NPs and irradiation time on the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye. The synthesized TiO2 NPs were then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectra, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and particle size distribution (PSD). The findings confirmed the successful synthesis of the spherical anatase phase of TiO2 NPs, as well as the existence of phytochemicals in the extract, which were involved in the capping/stabilization of NPs. The synthesized TiO2 NPs were found to be 60-120 nm in size and almost uniformly distributed throughout the sample. The photocatalytic activity measured in a 300 mL cylindrical photochemical reactor and irradiated with 250 watts UV lamp was investigated based on methylene blue degradation. Effects of irradiation time and catalyst loading were elucidated and correlated with the characteristics of the catalysts. The findings revealed that the synthesized TiO2 NPs were well-dispersed, stable, and could achieve more than 80 % degradation in 240 min of irradiation with 90 mg/L of AE-TiO2 NPs loading compared to only 70 % by the commercial one. These results suggested that AE-TiO2 NPs possesses significant catalytic activity, and the photocatalytic process could be used to degrade, decolorize, and mineralize the methylene blue dye. The polyphenolic tannins present in the extract were the reason behind the desirable characteristics of the nanoparticles and better photocatalytic activity of AE-TiO2 NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aslam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14700, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14700, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fawad
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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13
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Khan M, Khan AU, Rafatullah M, Alam M, Bogdanchikova N, Garibo D. Search for Effective Approaches to Fight Microorganisms Causing High Losses in Agriculture: Application of P. lilacinum Metabolites and Mycosynthesised Silver Nanoparticles. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020174. [PMID: 35204674 PMCID: PMC8961611 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The manuscript presents the first report to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using soil-inhabiting Purpureocillium lilacinum fungus cell filtrate as a promising fungicide and nematicide on two microorganisms causing high economic losses in agriculture. Methods: A fungus biomass was used as a reducing and stabilising agent in the process of NPs synthesis and then characterisation done by SEM, TEM, UV-Vis. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of the synthesised AgNPs was determined. Results: Synthesised AgNPs with a spherical and quasi-spherical shape with an average diameter of 50 nm were effective to inhibit A. flavus fungi and M. incognita root knot nematode, which are extremely pathogenic for plants. Application of the AgNPs led to 85% reduction of proliferation of A. flavus, to a 4-fold decrease of hatching of M. incognita plant-parasite juveniles from eggs, and to a 9-fold increase of M. incognita nematode mortality. Conclusions: Biosynthesised AgNPs can be used as an effective fungicide and nematicide for food safety and security and improvement of agricultural production, but further agricultural field trials are required to observe their effect on environment and other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masudulla Khan
- Botany Section, Women’s College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India;
| | - Azhar U. Khan
- School of life and Basic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, SIILAS CAMPUS, Jaipur National University, Jaipur 302017, India;
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, 123, Dongdaero, Gyeongju-si 780714, Korea;
| | - Nina Bogdanchikova
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada 22800, Mexico
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Diana Garibo
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, CONACYT Research Fellow at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada 22800, Mexico
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (D.G.)
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14
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Abed AB, Addi EHA, Ahmad K, Aliste M, Anupam K, Anupriya, Arias-Estevez M, Aydın B, Azelee NIW, Beerappa R, Bhalla B, Bhalla G, Bhardwaj S, Campillo-Cora C, Chauhan AK, Choudhary S, Ciğerci I, Dailin DJ, Dehghani MH, Dhanjal DS, Dhiman J, dos Santos JMN, Dotto GL, Duraisamy E, El-Enshasy HA, Fenoll J, Fernández-Calviño D, Garrido I, Goley PK, Hanapi SZ, Hashmi Z, Jatoi AS, Kapoor D, Karri RR, Kataria N, Kaur K, Keshu, Konuk M, Korcan SE, Kumar B, Kumar S, Kumar V, Kumar V, Lima É, Liman R, Malek RA, Manas NHA, Manikandan SK, Mazari SA, Medina-Orendain DA, Momina, Mubarak NM, Nair V, Navarro S, Ngah MF, Noronha FR, Nuñez-Delgado A, Ouakhssase A, Palaniyappan J, Pathak D, Pérez-Lucas G, Pundir AS, Rafatullah M, Ramamurthy PC, Rana AK, Rani M, Rodríguez-Narvaez OM, Santás-Miguel V, Sarip SHM, Saruchi, Shanker U, Sharma A, Shilli A, Singh J, Singh S, Tanjung FA, Upadhye VJ, Venugopal D, Villaseñor-Basulto DL, Wani AB, Wani AH, Yadav S, Yadav V. List of contributors. Pesticides Remediation Technologies from Water and Wastewater 2022:xiii-xv. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90893-1.00024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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15
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Ashour GR, Hussein MA, Sobahi TR, Alamry KA, Alqarni SA, Rafatullah M. Modification of Sulfonated Polyethersulfone Membrane as a Selective Adsorbent for Co(II) Ions. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203569. [PMID: 34685328 PMCID: PMC8539883 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, a variety of sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES)-based ion-exchange membranes were prepared and utilized as efficient and selective solid adsorbents for the detection of Co(II) ions in aquatic solutions. SPES membranes were treated with a variety of cations at a 2:1 ratio overnight. The produced materials were assessed via XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and TGA analyses. The structure of these materials was confirmed by FT-IR and XRD, which also confirmed the inclusion of Na+, NH4+, and amberlite on the SPES surface successfully. TGA analysis showed that the thermal stabilities of these materials were enhanced, and the order of stability was NH4-SPES > SPES > Na-SPES > A-SPES. Furthermore, the efficiency of these modified membranes for the determination and adsorption of a variety of metal ions was also examined by the ICP-OES analytical technique. A-SPES expressed a powerful efficiency of adsorption, and it showed an efficient as well as quantitative adsorption at pH = 6. Moreover, A-SPES displayed the highest adsorption capacity of 90.13 mg/g for Co(II) through the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadeer R. Ashour
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (G.R.A.); (T.R.S.); (K.A.A.)
| | - Mahmoud A. Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (G.R.A.); (T.R.S.); (K.A.A.)
- Polymer Chemistry Lab., Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.A.H.); (M.R.); Tel.: +60-46532111 (M.R.); Fax: +60-4656375 (M.R.)
| | - Tariq R. Sobahi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (G.R.A.); (T.R.S.); (K.A.A.)
| | - Khalid A. Alamry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (G.R.A.); (T.R.S.); (K.A.A.)
| | - Sara A. Alqarni
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.A.H.); (M.R.); Tel.: +60-46532111 (M.R.); Fax: +60-4656375 (M.R.)
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16
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Umar MF, Rafatullah M, Abbas SZ, Ibrahim MNM, Ismail N. Bioelectricity production and xylene biodegradation through double chamber benthic microbial fuel cells fed with sugarcane waste as a substrate. J Hazard Mater 2021; 419:126469. [PMID: 34192640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Xylene, a recalcitrant compound present in wastewater from activities of petrochemical and chemical industries causes chronic problems for living organisms and the environment. Xylene contaminated wastewater may be biodegraded through a benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) as seen in this study. Xylene was oxidized into intermediate 3-methyl benzoic acid and entirely converted into non-toxic carbon dioxide. The highest voltage of the BMFC reactor was generated at 410 mV between 23 and 90 days when cell potential was 1 kΩ. The reactor achieved a maximum power density of about 63 mW/m2, and a current of 0.4 mA which was optimized from variable resistance (20 Ω - 1 kΩ). However, the maximum biodegradation efficiency of the BMFC was at 87.8%. The cyclic voltammetry curve helped to determine that the specific capacitance was 0.124 F/g after 30 days of the BMFC operation. Furthermore, the fitting equivalent circuit was observed with the help of Nyquist plot for calculating overall internal resistance of 65.82 Ω on 30th day and 124.5 Ω on 80th day. Staphylococcus edaphicus and Staphylococcus sparophiticus were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as the dominant species in the control and BMFC electrode, presumably associated with xylene biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faisal Umar
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Syed Zaghum Abbas
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | - Norli Ismail
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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17
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Kapoor RT, Salvadori MR, Rafatullah M, Siddiqui MR, Khan MA, Alshareef SA. Exploration of Microbial Factories for Synthesis of Nanoparticles - A Sustainable Approach for Bioremediation of Environmental Contaminants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:658294. [PMID: 34149647 PMCID: PMC8212957 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.658294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nanomaterials synthesis is an intensifying research field due to their wide applications. The high surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles and quick interaction capacity with different particles make them as an attractive tool in different areas. Conventional physical and chemical procedures for development of metal nanoparticles become outmoded due to extensive production method, energy expenditure and generation of toxic by-products which causes significant risks to the human health and environment. Hence, there is a growing requirement to search substitute, non-expensive, reliable, biocompatible and environmental friendly methods for development of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles synthesis by microorganisms has gained significant interest due to their potential to synthesize nanoparticles in various sizes, shape and composition with different physico-chemical properties. Microbes can be widely applied for nanoparticles production due to easy handling and processing, requirement of low-cost medium such as agro-wastes, simple scaling up, economic viability with the ability of adsorbing and reducing metal ions into nanoparticles through metabolic processes. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles offers clean, non-toxic, environmentally benign and sustainable approach in which renewable materials can be used for metal reduction and nanoparticle stabilization. Nanomaterials synthesized through microbes can be used as a pollution abatement tool as they also contain multiple functional groups that can easily target pollutants for efficient bioremediation and promotes environmental cleanup. The objective of the present review is to highlight the significance of micro-organisms like bacteria, actinomycetes, filamentous fungi, yeast, algae and viruses for nanoparticles synthesis and advantages of microbial approaches for elimination of heavy metals, dyes and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riti T Kapoor
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Marcia R Salvadori
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Institute-II, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Masoom R Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moonis A Khan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shareefa A Alshareef
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Chukwuma OB, Rafatullah M, Tajarudin HA, Ismail N. A Review on Bacterial Contribution to Lignocellulose Breakdown into Useful Bio-Products. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:6001. [PMID: 34204975 PMCID: PMC8199887 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Discovering novel bacterial strains might be the link to unlocking the value in lignocellulosic bio-refinery as we strive to find alternative and cleaner sources of energy. Bacteria display promise in lignocellulolytic breakdown because of their innate ability to adapt and grow under both optimum and extreme conditions. This versatility of bacterial strains is being harnessed, with qualities like adapting to various temperature, aero tolerance, and nutrient availability driving the use of bacteria in bio-refinery studies. Their flexible nature holds exciting promise in biotechnology, but despite recent pointers to a greener edge in the pretreatment of lignocellulose biomass and lignocellulose-driven bioconversion to value-added products, the cost of adoption and subsequent scaling up industrially still pose challenges to their adoption. However, recent studies have seen the use of co-culture, co-digestion, and bioengineering to overcome identified setbacks to using bacterial strains to breakdown lignocellulose into its major polymers and then to useful products ranging from ethanol, enzymes, biodiesel, bioflocculants, and many others. In this review, research on bacteria involved in lignocellulose breakdown is reviewed and summarized to provide background for further research. Future perspectives are explored as bacteria have a role to play in the adoption of greener energy alternatives using lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (O.B.C.); (H.A.T.); (N.I.)
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Abbas SZ, Rafatullah M. Recent advances in soil microbial fuel cells for soil contaminants remediation. Chemosphere 2021; 272:129691. [PMID: 33573807 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cost-effective and eco-friendly approaches are needed for decontamination of polluted soils. The bio-electrochemical system, especially microbial fuel cells (MFCs) offer great promise as a technology for remediation of soil, sediment, sludge and wastewater. Recently, soil MFCs (SMFCs) have been attracting increasing amounts of interest in environmental remediation, since they are capable of providing a clean and inexhaustible source of electron donors or acceptors and can be easily controlled by adjusting the electrochemical parameters. In this review, we comprehensively covered the principle of SMFCs including the mechanisms of electron releasing and electron transportation, summarized the applications for soil contaminants remediation by SMFCs with highlights on organic contaminants degradation and heavy metal ions removal. In addition, the main factors that affected the performance of SMFCs were discussed in details which would be helpful for performance optimization of SMFCs as well as the efficiency improvement for soil remediation. Moreover, the key issues need to be addressed and future perspectives are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zaghum Abbas
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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20
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Chukwuma OB, Rafatullah M, Tajarudin HA, Ismail N. Bacterial Diversity and Community Structure of a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill: A Source of Lignocellulolytic Potential. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:493. [PMID: 34071172 PMCID: PMC8228822 DOI: 10.3390/life11060493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Omics have given rise to research on sparsely studied microbial communities such as the landfill, lignocellulolytic microorganisms and enzymes. The bacterial diversity of Municipal Solid Waste sediments was determined using the illumina MiSeq system after DNA extraction and Polymerase chain reactions. Data analysis was used to determine the community's richness, diversity, and correlation with environmental factors. Physicochemical studies revealed sites with mesophilic and thermophilic temperature ranges and a mixture of acidic and alkaline pH values. Temperature and moisture content showed the highest correlation with the bacteria community. The bacterial analysis of the community DNA revealed 357,030 effective sequences and 1891 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) assigned. Forty phyla were found, with the dominant phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidota, while Aerococcus, Stenotrophomonas, and Sporosarcina were the dominant species. PICRUSt provided insight on community's metabolic function, which was narrowed down to search for lignocellulolytic enzymes' function. Cellulase, xylanase, esterase, and peroxidase were gene functions inferred from the data. This article reports on the first phylogenetic analysis of the Pulau Burung landfill bacterial community. These results will help to improve the understanding of organisms dominant in the landfill and the corresponding enzymes that contribute to lignocellulose breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (O.B.C.); (H.A.T.); (N.I.)
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21
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Umar MF, Rafatullah M, Abbas SZ, Mohamad Ibrahim MN, Ismail N. Advancement in Benthic Microbial Fuel Cells toward Sustainable Bioremediation and Renewable Energy Production. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:3811. [PMID: 33917378 PMCID: PMC8038680 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities are largely responsible for the vast amounts of pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, cyanides, phenols, metal derivatives, sulphides, and other chemicals in wastewater. The excess benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) can cause severe toxicity to living organisms in wastewater. A novel approach to mitigate this problem is the benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) setup to produce renewable energy and bio-remediate wastewater aromatic hydrocarbons. Several mechanisms of electrogens have been utilized for the bioremediation of BTX through BMFCs. In the future, BMFCs may be significant for chemical and petrochemical industry wastewater treatment. The distinct factors are considered to evaluate the performance of BMFCs, such as pollutant removal efficiency, power density, and current density, which are discussed by using operating parameters such as, pH, temperature and internal resistance. To further upgrade the BMFC technology, this review summarizes prototype electrode materials, the bioremediation of BTX, and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faisal Umar
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (M.F.U.); (N.I.)
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (M.F.U.); (N.I.)
| | - Syed Zaghum Abbas
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | | | - Norli Ismail
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (M.F.U.); (N.I.)
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22
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Ali Khan M, Govindasamy R, Ahmad A, Siddiqui MR, Alshareef SA, Hakami AAH, Rafatullah M. Carbon Based Polymeric Nanocomposites for Dye Adsorption: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030419. [PMID: 33525497 PMCID: PMC7865211 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agglomeration and restacking can reduce graphene oxide (GO) activity in a wide range of applications. Herein, GO was synthesized by a modified Hummer's method. To minimize restacking and agglomeration, in situ chemical oxidation polymerization was carried out to embed polyaniline (PANI) chains at the edges of GO sheets, to obtain GO-PANI nanocomposite. The GO-PANI was tested for the adsorptive removal of brilliant green (BG) from an aqueous solution through batch mode studies. Infrared (FT-IR) analysis revealed the dominance of hydroxyl and carboxylic functionalities over the GO-PANI surface. Solution pH-dependent BG uptake was observed, with maximum adsorption at pH 7, and attaining equilibrium in 30 min. The adsorption of BG onto GO-PANI was fit to the Langmuir isotherm, and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (qm) of 142.8 mg/g. An endothermic adsorption process was observed. Mechanistically, π-π stacking interaction and electrostatic interaction played a critical role during BG adsorption on GO-PANI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonis Ali Khan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.K.); (M.R.S.); (S.A.A.); (A.A.H.H.)
| | - Ramendhirran Govindasamy
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (R.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Akil Ahmad
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (R.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.K.); (M.R.S.); (S.A.A.); (A.A.H.H.)
| | - Shareefa Ahmed Alshareef
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.K.); (M.R.S.); (S.A.A.); (A.A.H.H.)
| | - Afnan Ali Hussain Hakami
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.K.); (M.R.S.); (S.A.A.); (A.A.H.H.)
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (R.G.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-4653-2111; Fax: +60-465-6375
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Saik Su G, Morad N, Ismail N, Rafatullah M. Developments in supported liquid membranes for treatment of metal-bearing wastewater. Separation & Purification Reviews 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2020.1828100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goh Saik Su
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Norhashimah Morad
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Norli Ismail
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Umar MF, Abbas SZ, Mohamad Ibrahim MN, Ismail N, Rafatullah M. Insights into Advancements and Electrons Transfer Mechanisms of Electrogens in Benthic Microbial Fuel Cells. Membranes (Basel) 2020; 10:E205. [PMID: 32872260 PMCID: PMC7558326 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Benthic microbial fuel cells (BMFCs) are a kind of microbial fuel cell (MFC), distinguished by the absence of a membrane. BMFCs are an ecofriendly technology with a prominent role in renewable energy harvesting and the bioremediation of organic pollutants through electrogens. Electrogens act as catalysts to increase the rate of reaction in the anodic chamber, acting in electrons transfer to the cathode. This electron transfer towards the anode can either be direct or indirect using exoelectrogens by oxidizing organic matter. The performance of a BMFC also varies with the types of substrates used, which may be sugar molasses, sucrose, rice paddy, etc. This review presents insights into the use of BMFCs for the bioremediation of pollutants and for renewable energy production via different electron pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faisal Umar
- Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (M.F.U.); (N.I.)
| | - Syed Zaghum Abbas
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | | | - Norli Ismail
- Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (M.F.U.); (N.I.)
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (M.F.U.); (N.I.)
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Abbas SZ, Yong YC, Ali Khan M, Siddiqui MR, Hakami AAH, Alshareef SA, Otero M, Rafatullah M. Bioflocculants Produced by Bacterial Strains Isolated from Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Application in the Removal of Eriochrome Black T Dye from Water. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071545. [PMID: 32668712 PMCID: PMC7408152 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Four strains of bioflocculant-producing bacteria were isolated from a palm oil mill effluent (POME). The four bacterial strains were identified as Pseudomonas alcaliphila (B1), Pseudomonas oleovorans (B2), Pseudomonas chengduensis (B3), and Bacillus nitratireducens (B4) by molecular identification. Among the four bacterial strains, Bacillus nitratireducens (B4) achieved the highest flocculating activity (49.15%) towards kaolin clay suspension after eight hours of cultivation time and was selected for further studies. The optimum conditions for Eriochrome Black T (EBT) flocculation regarding initial pH, type of cation, and B4 dosage were determined to be pH 2, Ca2⁺ cations, and a dosage of 250 mL/L of nutrient broth containing B4. Under these conditions, above 90% of EBT dye removal was attained. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) analysis of the bioflocculant revealed the presence of hydroxyl, alkyl, carboxyl, and amino groups. This bioflocculant was demonstrated to possess a good flocculating activity, being a promissory, low-cost, harmless, and environmentally friendly alternative for the treatment of effluents contaminated with dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zaghum Abbas
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (S.Z.A.); (Y.-C.Y.)
| | - Yang-Chun Yong
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (S.Z.A.); (Y.-C.Y.)
| | - Moonis Ali Khan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.K.); (M.R.S.); (A.A.H.H.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.K.); (M.R.S.); (A.A.H.H.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Afnan Ali Hussain Hakami
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.K.); (M.R.S.); (A.A.H.H.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Shareefa Ahmed Alshareef
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.K.); (M.R.S.); (A.A.H.H.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Marta Otero
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (M.R.)
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (M.R.)
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Yaqoob AA, Mohamad Ibrahim MN, Rafatullah M, Chua YS, Ahmad A, Umar K. Recent Advances in Anodes for Microbial Fuel Cells: An Overview. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E2078. [PMID: 32369902 PMCID: PMC7254385 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The recycling and treatment of wastewater using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) has been attracting significant attention as a way to control energy crises and water pollution simultaneously. Despite all efforts, MFCs are unable to produce high energy or efficiently treat pollutants due to several issues, one being the anode's material. The anode is one of the most important parts of an MFC. Recently, different types of anode materials have been developed to improve the removal rate of pollutants and the efficiency of energy production. In MFCs, carbon-based materials have been employed as the most commonly preferred anode material. An extensive range of potentials are presently available for use in the fabrication of anode materials and can considerably minimize the current challenges, such as the need for high quality materials and their costs. The fabrication of an anode using biomass waste is an ideal approach to address the present issues and increase the working efficiency of MFCs. Furthermore, the current challenges and future perspectives of anode materials are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Ali Yaqoob
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (A.A.Y.); (Y.S.C.); (K.U.)
| | | | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Yong Shen Chua
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (A.A.Y.); (Y.S.C.); (K.U.)
| | - Akil Ahmad
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Khalid Umar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (A.A.Y.); (Y.S.C.); (K.U.)
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Talebi A, Razali YS, Ismail N, Rafatullah M, Azan Tajarudin H. Selective adsorption and recovery of volatile fatty acids from fermented landfill leachate by activated carbon process. Sci Total Environ 2020; 707:134533. [PMID: 31865088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An adsorption-desorption process was applied on fermented landfill leachate to adsorb and recover acetic and butyric acid, using activated carbon. In this study, the first, volatile fatty acids adsorption process from fermented leachate was optimized, by investigating various affecting factors such as pH, time, agitation speed, activated carbon dosage, and temperature. The optimum condition for maximum adsorption of 88.94% acetic acid and 98.53% butyric acid, was 19.79 %wt activated carbon dosage, 40.00 rpm of agitation speed, in 9.45 °C and contact time of 179.89 h, while the pH of the substrate was kept fixed at pH:3.0. Results of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and zeta potential revealed that carbon is the dominant component in the adsorbent with a significant effect to remove organic impurities, and it was observed that the activated carbon after the adsorption process showed an amorphous structure peak with a large internal surface area and pore volume. The results exposed that the adsorption on the surface of activated carbon was due to the chemisorption, and the chemisorption mechanism was supported by covalent bonding. The kinetic study displayed excellent fit to Pseudo-second order kinetics model. The second phase of this study was to recover the adsorbed VFAs using multistage desorption unit, in which application of deionized water and ethanol (as desorption agents) resulted in 89.1% of acetic acid and 67.8% of the butyric acid recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Talebi
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Yasmin Syafikah Razali
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Norli Ismail
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Husnul Azan Tajarudin
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia; Solid Waste Management, Engineering Campus, Science Engineering Research Centre, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang 14000, Malaysia.
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Ali Khan M, Momina, Siddiqui MR, Otero M, Alshareef SA, Rafatullah M. Removal of Rhodamine B from Water Using a Solvent Impregnated Polymeric Dowex 5WX8 Resin: Statistical Optimization and Batch Adsorption Studies. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E500. [PMID: 32102471 PMCID: PMC7077689 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, commercially available Dowex 5WX8, a cation exchange polymeric resin, was modified through solvent impregnation with t-butyl phosphate (TBP) to produce a solvent impregnated resin (SIR), which was tested for the removal of rhodamine B (RhB) from water in batch adsorption experiments. The effect of SIR dosage, contact time, and pH on RhB adsorption was studied and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM), interaction, Pareto, and surface plots. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were respectively used for characterizing SIR surface morphology and identifying active binding sites before and after RhB adsorption. SEM showed that the pristine SIR surface was covered with irregular size and shape spots with some pores, while RhB saturated SIR surface was non-porous. FTIR revealed the involvement of electrostatic and π-π interactions during RhB adsorption on SIR. Dosage of SIR, contact time, and their interaction significantly affected RhB adsorption on SIR, while pH and its interaction with dosage and contact time did not. The optimum identified experimental conditions were 0.16 g of SIR dose and 27.66 min of contact time, which allowed for 98.45% color removal. Moreover, RhB adsorption equilibrium results fitted the Langmuir isotherm with a maximum monolayer capacity (qmax) of 43.47 mg/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonis Ali Khan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.S.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Momina
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.S.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Marta Otero
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal;
| | - Shareefa Ahmed Alshareef
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.S.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Main campus 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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Vakili M, Rafatullah M, Yuan J, Zwain HM, Mojiri A, Gholami Z, Gholami F, Wang W, Giwa AS, Yu Y, Cagnetta G, Yu G. Nickel ion removal from aqueous solutions through the adsorption process: a review. REV CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2019-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recently, removal of nickel ions has been gaining a lot of attention because of the negative impact of nickel ions on the environment. The aim of this review paper is to organize the scattered available information on removal of nickel ions from aqueous solutions through the adsorption process. Survey on investigated materials suggests that composite- and polymer-based adsorbents have the most effective capability for nickel adsorption. The composite material class, i.e. CaCO3-maltose, followed by biopolymer-based material showed the highest Ni(II) adsorption capacity of 769.23 and 500 mg/g, respectively. The importance of treatment parameters (i.e. pH, temperature, contact time, and metal ion concentration) is discussed, together with their effect on the underlying physicochemical phenomena, giving particular attention to the adsorption/desorption mechanism. It was ascertained that adsorption of nickel ions is pH dependent and the optimal pH range for adsorption of Ni(II) ions was in range of 6–8. In general, nickel adsorption is an endothermic and spontaneous process that mainly occurs by forming a monolayer on the adsorbent (experimental data are often fitted by Langmuir isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetics). Regeneration (i.e. desorption) is also reviewed, suggesting that acidic eluents (e.g. HCl and HNO3) allow, in most of the cases, an efficacious spent adsorbent recovery. The percentage use of desorption agents followed the order of acids (77%) > chelators (8.5%) > alkalis (8%) > salts (4.5%) > water (2%). Helpful information about adsorption and desorption of nickel ions from aqueous solutions is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadtaghi Vakili
- Green Intelligence Environmental School, Yangtze Normal University , Chongqing 408100 , China
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang 11800 , Malaysia
| | - Jing Yuan
- Green Intelligence Environmental School, Yangtze Normal University , Chongqing 408100 , China
| | - Haider M. Zwain
- College of Water Resources Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University , Al-Qasim Province , Babylon , Iraq
| | - Amin Mojiri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Hiroshima University , Higashihiroshima 739-8527 , Japan
| | - Zahra Gholami
- Unipetrol Centre of Research and Education, a.s , Areál Chempark 2838, Záluží 1, 436 70 Litvínov , Czech Republic
| | - Fatemeh Gholami
- New Technologies – Research Centre, Engineering of Special Materials, University of West Bohemia , Plzeň 301 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture , Qinghai University , Xi’ning, Qinghai Province 810016 , China
| | - Abdulmoseen S. Giwa
- Green Intelligence Environmental School, Yangtze Normal University , Chongqing 408100 , China
| | - Youqing Yu
- Green Intelligence Environmental School, Yangtze Normal University , Chongqing 408100 , China
- Chongqing Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Engineering Research Center for Ecological Environment Monitoring, Yangtze Normal University , Chongqing 408100 , China
- Chongqing Multiple-Source Technology Engineering Research Center for Ecological Environment Monitoring, Yangtze Normal University , Chongqing 408100 , China
| | - Giovanni Cagnetta
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China , Phone: +86-10-62798 2598, Fax: +86-10-6279 4006
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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Aziz ZAA, Nasir HM, Ahmad A, Setapar SHM, Ahmad H, Noor MHM, Rafatullah M, Khatoon A, Kausar MA, Ahmad I, Khan S, Al-Shaeri M, Ashraf GM. Enrichment of Eucalyptus oil nanoemulsion by micellar nanotechnology: transdermal analgesic activity using hot plate test in rats' assay. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13678. [PMID: 31548590 PMCID: PMC6757054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Eucalyptus globulus is an aromatic medicinal plant which known for its 1,8-cineole main pharmacological constituent exhibits as natural analgesic agent. Eucalyptus globulus-loaded micellar nanoparticle was developed via spontaneous emulsification technique and further evaluation for its analgesic efficacy study, in vivo analgesic activity assay in rats. The nanoemulsion system containing Eucalyptus-micelles was optimized at different surfactant types (Tween 40, 60 and 80) and concentrations (3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0, 15.0, and 18.0 wt. %). These formulations were characterized by thermodynamically stability, viscosity, micelles particle size, pH, and morphology structure. The spontaneous emulsification technique offered a greener micelles formation in nanoemulsion system by slowly titrated of organic phase, containing Eucalyptus globulus (active compound), grape seed oil (carrier oil) and hydrophilic surfactant into aqueous phase, and continuously stirred for 30 min to form a homogeneity solution. The characterizations evaluation revealed an optimized formulation with Tween 40 surfactant type at 9.0 wt. % of surfactant concentration promoted the most thermodynamic stability, smaller micelles particle size (d = 17.13 ± 0.035 nm) formed with spherical shape morphological structure, and suitable in viscosity (≈2.3 cP) and pH value (6.57) for transdermal purpose. The in vivo analgesic activity assay of optimized emulsion showed that the transdermal administration of micellar nanoparticle of Eucalyptus globulus on fore and hind limb of rats, possessed the central and peripheral analgesic effects by prolonged the rats pain responses towards the heat stimulus after being put on top of hot plate (55 °C), with longest time responses, 40.75 s at 60 min after treatment administration. Thus, this study demonstrated that micellar nanoparticle of Eucalyptus globulus formed in nanoemulsion system could be promising as an efficient transdermal nanocarrier for the analgesic therapy alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarith Asyikin Abdul Aziz
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnusina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hasmida Mohd Nasir
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnusina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Akil Ahmad
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hamidah Mohd Setapar
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnusina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
- SHE Empire Sdn Bhd, No 44, Jalan Pulai Ria 2, Bandar Baru Kangkar Pulai, 81300, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Hafandi Ahmad
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hezmee Mohd Noor
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Asma Khatoon
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Adnan Kausar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Research center for Advanced Material Sciences, King Khalid University Abha, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahida Khan
- Applied Nutrition Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Al-Shaeri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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31
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Oyekanmi AA, Ahmad A, Hossain K, Rafatullah M. Adsorption of Rhodamine B dye from aqueous solution onto acid treated banana peel: Response surface methodology, kinetics and isotherm studies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216878. [PMID: 31091269 PMCID: PMC6519838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adsorption of rhodamine B (RhB) using acid modified banana peels has been examined. Chemical characteristics of the adsorbents were observed in order to determine active functional groups. The major functional groups on the surface were OH, C = O, C = C and C-O-C. Interactions between operational parameters were studied using the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The predictions of the model output indicated that operational factors influenced responses at a confidence level of 95% (P<0.05). The optimum conditions for adsorption were pH 2 at a 0.2 g/L dose within 60 minutes of contact time. Isotherm studies were carried out using the optimized process variables. The data revealed that RhB adsorption fitted the Langmuir isotherm equation while the reduction of COD followed the Freundlich isotherm. Kinetic experiments fitted the pseudo second order model for RhB removal and COD reduction. The adsorption mechanism was not the only rate controlling step. Diffusion through the boundary layer described the pattern of adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akil Ahmad
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kaizar Hossain
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- * E-mail: ,
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Khan MA, Alqadami AA, Otero M, Siddiqui MR, Alothman ZA, Alsohaimi I, Rafatullah M, Hamedelniel AE. Heteroatom-doped magnetic hydrochar to remove post-transition and transition metals from water: Synthesis, characterization, and adsorption studies. Chemosphere 2019; 218:1089-1099. [PMID: 30609488 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to improve water quality have led to the development of green and sustainable water treatment approaches. Herein, nitrogen-doped magnetized hydrochar (mSBHC-N) was synthesized, characterized, and used for the removal of post-transition and transition heavy metals, viz. Pb2+ and Cd2+ from aqueous environment. mSBHC-N was found to be mesoporous (BET surface area - 62.5 m2/g) and paramagnetic (saturation magnetization - 44 emu/g). Both, FT-IR (with peaks at 577, 1065, 1609 and 3440 cm-1 corresponding to Fe - O stretching vibrations, C - N stretching, N - H in-plane deformation and stretching) and XPS analyses (with peaks at 284.4, 400, 530, 710 eV due to C 1s, N 1s, O 1s, and Fe 2p) confirmed the presence of oxygen and nitrogen containing functional groups on mSBHC-N. The adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ was governed by oxygen and nitrogen functionalities through electrostatic and co-ordination forces. 75-80% of Pb2+ and Cd2+ adsorption at Co: 25 mg/L, either from deionized water or humic acid solution was accomplished within 15 min. The data was fitted to pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities being 323 and 357 mg/g for Cd2+and Pb2+ at 318 K, respectively. Maximum Cd2+ (82.6%) and Pb2+ (78.7%) were eluted with 0.01 M HCl, simultaneously allowing minimum iron leaching (2.73%) from mSBHC-N. In conclusion, the study may provide a novel, economical, and clean route to utilize agro-waste, such as sugarcane bagasse (SB), for aquatic environment remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonis Ali Khan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Marta Otero
- Department of Environment and Planning & CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid Abdullah Alothman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Alsohaimi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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Aziz ZAA, Ahmad A, Setapar SHM, Karakucuk A, Azim MM, Lokhat D, Rafatullah M, Ganash M, Kamal MA, Ashraf GM. Essential Oils: Extraction Techniques, Pharmaceutical And Therapeutic Potential - A Review. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 19:1100-1110. [PMID: 30039757 DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666180723144850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential oils are liquid extracts from aromatic plants, which have numerous applications in multiple industries. There are a variety of methods used for the extraction of essential oils, with each method exhibiting certain advantages and determining the biological and physicochemical properties of the extracted oils. Essential oils from different plant species contain more than 200 constituents which are comprised of volatile and non-volatile components. The application of essential oils as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral agents is due to their effective and efficient properties, inter alia. METHOD Several advanced (supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical extraction liquid, solvent-free microwave extraction) and conventional (hydrodistillation, steam distillation, hydrodiffusion, solvent extraction) methods have been discussed for the extraction of essential oils. Advanced methods are considered as the most promising extraction techniques due to less extraction time, low energy consumption, low solvent used and less carbon dioxide emission. CONCLUSION This manuscript reviewed the major research studies in the field and discussed several research findings on the chemical composition of essential oils, methods of oil extraction, and application of these oils in pharmaceutical and therapeutic fields. These essential oils can be used as anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, and as skin permeation enhancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarith Asyikin Abdul Aziz
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Akil Ahmad
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.,School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang-11800, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hamidah Mohd Setapar
- Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,SHE Empire Sdn Bhd., Bandar Baru Kangkar Pulai, 81300 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Alptug Karakucuk
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Etiler 06330, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Mohsin Azim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - David Lokhat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang-11800, Malaysia
| | - Magdah Ganash
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.,Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Umar K, Ibrahim MNM, Ahmad A, Rafatullah M. Synthesis of Mn-doped TiO2 by novel route and photocatalytic mineralization/intermediate studies of organic pollutants. Res Chem Intermed 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abbas SZ, Rafatullah M, Khan MA, Siddiqui MR. Bioremediation and Electricity Generation by Using Open and Closed Sediment Microbial Fuel Cells. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3348. [PMID: 30692985 PMCID: PMC6339898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The industrial contamination of marine sediments with mercury, silver, and zinc in Penang, Malaysia was studied with bio-remediation coupled with power generation using membrane less open (aerated) and closed (non-aerated) sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs). The prototype for this SMFC is very similar to a natural aquatic environment because it is not stimulated externally and an oxygen sparger is inserted in the cathode chamber to create the aerobic environment in the open SMFC and no oxygen supplied in the closed SMFC. The open and closed SMFCs were showed the maximum voltage generation 300.5 mV (77.75 mW/m2) and 202.7 mV (45.04 (mW/m2), respectively. The cyclic voltammetry showed the oxidation peak in open SMFCs at +1.9 μA and reduction peak at -0.3 μA but in closed SMFCs oxidation and reduction peaks were noted at +1.5 μA and -1.0 μA, respectively. The overall impedance (anode, cathode and solution) of closed SMFCs was higher than open SMFCs. The charge transfer impedance showed that the rates of substrate oxidation and reduction were very low in the closed SMFCs than open SMFCs. The Nyquist arc indicated that O2 act as electron acceptor in the open SMFCs and CO2 in the closed SMFCs. The highest remediation efficiency of toxic metals [Hg (II) ions, Zn (II) ions, and Ag (I) ions] in the open SMFCs were 95.03%, 86.69%, and 83.65% in closed SMFCs were 69.53%, 66.57%, and 65.33%, respectively, observed during 60–80 days. The scanning electron microscope and 16S rRNA analysis showed diverse exoelectrogenic community in the open SMFCs and closed SMFCs. The results demonstrated that open SMFCs could be employed for the power generation and bioremediation of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zaghum Abbas
- Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Moonis Ali Khan
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abbas SZ, Rafatullah M, Ismail N, Shakoori FR. Electrochemistry and microbiology of microbial fuel cells treating marine sediments polluted with heavy metals. RSC Adv 2018; 8:18800-18813. [PMID: 35539672 PMCID: PMC9080629 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01711e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel laboratory-designed aerated and non-aerated sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) models were constructed for power generation and heavy metal bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zaghum Abbas
- Division of Environmental Technology
- School of Industrial Technology
- Universiti Sains Malaysia
- Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Division of Environmental Technology
- School of Industrial Technology
- Universiti Sains Malaysia
- Malaysia
| | - Norli Ismail
- Division of Environmental Technology
- School of Industrial Technology
- Universiti Sains Malaysia
- Malaysia
| | - Farah R. Shakoori
- Department of Zoology
- University of the Punjab New Campus Lahore
- Pakistan
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Hossain K, Quaik S, Ismail N, Rafatullah M, Avasan M, Shaik R. Bioremediation and Detoxification of the Textile Wastewater with Membrane Bioreactor Using the White-rot Fungus and Reuse of Wastewater. Iran J Biotechnol 2017; 14:154-162. [PMID: 28959331 PMCID: PMC5458683 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Application of membrane technology to wastewater treatment has expanded over the last decades due to increasingly stringent legislation, greater opportunities for water reuse/recycling processes and continuing advancement in membrane technology. OBJECTIVES In the present study, a bench-scale submerged microfiltration membrane bioreactor (MBR) was used to assess the treatment of textile wastewater. MATERIALS AND METHODS The decolorization capacity of white-rot fungus coriolus versicolor was confirmed through agar plate and liquid batch studies. The temperature and pH of the reactor were controlled at 29±1°C and 4.5±2, respectively. The bioreactor was operated with an average flux of 0.05 m.d-1 (HRT=15hrs) for a month. RESULTS Extensive growth of fungi and their attachment to the membrane led to its fouling and associated increase of the transmembrane pressure requiring a periodic withdrawal of sludge and membrane cleaning. However, stable decoloration activity (approx. 98%), BOD (40-50%), COD (50-67%) and total organic carbon (TOC) removal (>95%) was achieved using the entire system (fungi + membrane), while the contribution of the fungi culture alone for TOC removal, as indicated by the quality of the reactor supernatant, was 35-50% and 70%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The treated wastewater quality satisfied the requirement of water quality for dyeing and finishing process excluding light coloration. Therefore, textile wastewater reclamation and reuse is a promising alternative, which can both conserve or supplement the available water resource and reduce or eliminate the environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizar Hossain
- Department of School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Shlrene Quaik
- Department of School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Norli Ismail
- Department of School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Department of School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Maruthi Avasan
- Department of Environmental Studies, GITAM University, Vishakhapatnam, AP India
| | - Rameeja Shaik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam, AP India
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Rafatullah M, Rahmant NNNA, Chardt NC, Al-Karkhi AFM, Kadir MOA. ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE MATTERS IN AIR OF PALM OIL MILLS - A STATISTICAL ASSESSMENT. Environ Eng Manag J 2017; 16:2537-2543. [DOI: 10.30638/eemj.2017.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Ngu Chard Chardt
- School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Vakili M, Rafatullah M, Salamatinia B, Ibrahim MH, Ismail N, Abdullah AZ. Adsorption Studies of Methyl Tert-butyl Ether from Environment. Separation & Purification Reviews 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2016.1270966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadtaghi Vakili
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Babak Salamatinia
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Norli Ismail
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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H P S AK, Saurabh CK, A S A, Nurul Fazita MR, Syakir MI, Davoudpour Y, Rafatullah M, Abdullah CK, M Haafiz MK, Dungani R. A review on chitosan-cellulose blends and nanocellulose reinforced chitosan biocomposites: Properties and their applications. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 150:216-26. [PMID: 27312632 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is one of the most abundant natural polymers in world and it is used for the production of chitosan by deacetylation. Chitosan is antibacterial in nature, non-toxic, and biodegradable thus it can be used for the production of biodegradable film which is a green alternative to commercially available synthetic counterparts. However, their poor mechanical and thermal properties restricted its wide spread applications. Chitosan is highly compatible with other biopolymers thus its blending with cellulose and/or incorporation of nanofiber isolated from cellulose namely cellulose nanofiber and cellulose nanowhiskers are generally useful. Cellulosic fibers in nano scale are attractive reinforcement in chitosan to produce environmental friendly composite films with improved physical properties. Thus chitosan based composites have wide applicability and potential in the field of biomedical, packaging and water treatment. This review summarises properties and preparation procedure of chitosan-cellulose blends and nano size cellulose reinforcement in chitosan bionanocomposites for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Khalil H P S
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; Science and Engineering Research Centre, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Chaturbhuj K Saurabh
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Adnan A S
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - M R Nurul Fazita
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - M I Syakir
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Y Davoudpour
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - M Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - C K Abdullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - M K M Haafiz
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - R Dungani
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Gedung Labtex XI, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, West Java, Indonesia
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Su CXH, Teng TT, Wong YS, Morad N, Rafatullah M. Catalytic thermolysis in treating Cibacron Blue in aqueous solution: Kinetics and degradation pathway. Chemosphere 2016; 146:503-510. [PMID: 26741557 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A thermal degradation pathway of the decolourisation of Reactive Cibacron Blue F3GA (RCB) in aqueous solution through catalytic thermolysis is established. Catalytic thermolysis is suitable for the removal of dyes from wastewater as it breaks down the complex dye molecules instead of only transferring them into another phase. RCB is a reactive dye that consists of three main groups, namely anthraquinone, benzene and triazine groups. Through catalytic thermolysis, the bonds that hold the three groups together were effectively broken and at the same time, the complex molecules degraded to form simple molecules of lower molecular weight. The degradation pathway and products were characterized and determined through UV-Vis, FT-IR and GCMS analysis. RCB dye molecule was successfully broken down into simpler molecules, namely, benzene derivatives, amines and triazine. The addition of copper sulphate, CuSO4, as a catalyst, hastens the thermal degradation of RCB by aiding in the breakdown of large, complex molecules. At pH 2 and catalyst mass loading of 5 g/L, an optimum colour removal of 66.14% was observed. The degradation rate of RCB is well explained by first order kinetics model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Xin-Hui Su
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Tjoon-Tow Teng
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Yee-Shian Wong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Norhashimah Morad
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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Vakili M, Rafatullah M, Ibrahim MH, Abdullah AZ, Salamatinia B, Gholami Z. Chitosan hydrogel beads impregnated with hexadecylamine for improved reactive blue 4 adsorption. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 137:139-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hossain K, Quaik S, Ismail N, Rafatullah M, Ali I, Hatta ZA, Avasn M, Pant G, Rameeja S. Climate Change-Perceived Impacts on Agriculture, Vulnerability and Response Strategies for Improving Adaptation Practice in Developing Countries (South Asian Region). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijar.2016.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Vakili M, Rafatullah M, Salamatinia B, Ibrahim MH, Abdullah AZ. Elimination of reactive blue 4 from aqueous solutions using 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane modified chitosan beads. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 132:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abbas SZ, Riaz M, Ramzan N, Zahid MT, Shakoori FR, Rafatullah M. Isolation and characterization of arsenic resistant bacteria from wastewater. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 45:1309-15. [PMID: 25763035 PMCID: PMC4323304 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000400022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study proposed the isolation of arsenic resistant bacteria from wastewater. Only three bacterial isolates (MNZ1, MNZ4 and MNZ6) were able to grow in high concentrations of arsenic. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of arsenic against MNZ1, MNZ4 and MNZ6 were 300 mg/L, 300 mg/L and 370 mg/L respectively. The isolated strains showed maximum growth at 37 °C and at 7.0 pH in control but in arsenite stress Luria Bertani broth the bacterial growth is lower than control. All strains were arsenite oxidizing. All strains were biochemically characterized and ribotyping (16S rRNA) was done for the purpose of identification which confirmed that MNZ1 was homologous to Enterobacter sp. while MNZ4 and MNZ6 showed their maximum homology with Klebsiella pneumoniae. The protein profiling of these strains showed in arsenic stressed and non stressed conditions, so no bands of induced proteins appeared in stressed conditions. The bacterial isolates can be exploited for bioremediation of arsenic containing wastes, since they seem to have the potential to oxidize the arsenite (more toxic) into arsenate (less toxic) form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zaghum Abbas
- Division of Environmental Technology School of Industrial Technology Universiti Sains MalaysiaPenang Malaysia Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. ; Department of Zoology Government College University Lahore Pakistan Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Riaz
- Department of Zoology Government College University Lahore Pakistan Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naseem Ramzan
- Department of Zoology Government College University Lahore Pakistan Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Tariq Zahid
- Department of Zoology Government College University Lahore Pakistan Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farah R Shakoori
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics School of Biological Sciences University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Division of Environmental Technology School of Industrial Technology Universiti Sains MalaysiaPenang Malaysia Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Lau YY, Wong YS, Teng TT, Morad N, Rafatullah M, Ong SA. Degradation of cationic and anionic dyes in coagulation–flocculation process using bi-functionalized silica hybrid with aluminum-ferric as auxiliary agent. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic dye (methylene blue) and anionic dye (methyl orange) degradation in the coagulation process was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yie Lau
- School of Industrial Technology
- Universiti Sains Malaysia
- 11800 Minden
- Malaysia
| | - Yee-Shian Wong
- School of Industrial Technology
- Universiti Sains Malaysia
- 11800 Minden
- Malaysia
- School of Environmental Engineering
| | - Tjoon-Tow Teng
- School of Industrial Technology
- Universiti Sains Malaysia
- 11800 Minden
- Malaysia
| | - Norhashimah Morad
- School of Industrial Technology
- Universiti Sains Malaysia
- 11800 Minden
- Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology
- Universiti Sains Malaysia
- 11800 Minden
- Malaysia
| | - Soon-An Ong
- School of Environmental Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Perlis
- 02600 Arau
- Malaysia
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Ahmad A, Mohd-Setapar SH, Chuong CS, Khatoon A, Wani WA, Kumar R, Rafatullah M. Recent advances in new generation dye removal technologies: novel search for approaches to reprocess wastewater. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16959j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to control the negative impacts of dyes on living organisms, several techniques and methodologies have been developed for their removal from industry effluents and other water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akil Ahmad
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR)
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Malaysia
| | - Siti Hamidah Mohd-Setapar
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR)
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
| | - Chuo Sing Chuong
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR)
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Malaysia
| | - Asma Khatoon
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR)
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Malaysia
| | - Waseem A. Wani
- Institute of Bioproduct Development
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Malaysia
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences
- Faculty of Meteorology
- Environment and Arid Land Agriculture
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology
- Universiti Sains Malaysia
- Malaysia
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49
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Bushra R, Naushad M, Adnan R, ALOthman ZA, Rafatullah M. Polyaniline supported nanocomposite cation exchanger: Synthesis, characterization and applications for the efficient removal of Pb 2+ ion from aqueous medium. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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50
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Abbas SZ, Rafatullah M, Ismail N, Lalung J. Isolation, identification, characterization, and evaluation of cadmium removal capacity ofEnterobacterspecies. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54:1279-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zaghum Abbas
- Division of Environmental Technology; School of Industrial Technology; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Penang Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Division of Environmental Technology; School of Industrial Technology; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Penang Malaysia
| | - Norli Ismail
- Division of Environmental Technology; School of Industrial Technology; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Penang Malaysia
| | - Japareng Lalung
- Division of Environmental Technology; School of Industrial Technology; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Penang Malaysia
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