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AlJaberi FY, Ahmed SA, Makki HF, Naje AS, Zwain HM, Salman AD, Juzsakova T, Viktor S, Van B, Le PC, La DD, Chang SW, Um MJ, Ngo HH, Nguyen DD. Recent advances and applicable flexibility potential of electrochemical processes for wastewater treatment. Sci Total Environ 2023; 867:161361. [PMID: 36610626 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study examined >140 relevant publications from the last few years (2018-2021). In this study, classification was reviewed depending on the operation's progress. Electrocoagulation (EC), electrooxidation (EO), electroflotation (EF), electrodialysis (ED), and electro-Fenton (EFN) processes have received considerable attention. The type of action (individual or hybrid) for each electrochemical procedure was evaluated, and statistical analysis was performed to compare them as a new manner of reviewing cited papers providing a massive amount of information efficiently to the readers. Individual or hybrid operation progress of the electrochemical techniques is critical issues. Their design, operation, and maintenance costs vary depending on the in-situ conditions, as evidenced by surveyed articles and statistical analyses. This work also examines the variables affecting the elimination efficacy, such as the applied current, reaction time, pH, type of electrolyte, initial pollutant concentration, and energy consumption. In addition, owing to its efficacy in removing toxins, the hybrid activity showed a good percentage among the studies reviewed. The promise of each wastewater treatment technology depends on the type of contamination. In some cases, EO requires additives to oxidise the pollutants. EF and EFN eliminated lightweight organic pollutants. ED has been used to treat saline water. Compared to other methods, EC has been extensively employed to remove a wide variety of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forat Yasir AlJaberi
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al-Muthanna University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq.
| | - Shaymaa A Ahmed
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hasan F Makki
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Samir Naje
- College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim Province, 51001 Babylon, Iraq
| | - Haider M Zwain
- College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim Province, 51001 Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Dawood Salman
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Refining Engineering, College of Oil and Gas Engineering, Basra University, Iraq
| | - Tatjána Juzsakova
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Sebestyen Viktor
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - B Van
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 550000 Danang, Viet Nam; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, 550000 Danang, Viet Nam.
| | - Phuoc-Cuong Le
- The University of Danang-University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang, Danang 550000, Viet Nam.
| | - D Duong La
- Institute of Chemistry and Materials, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - S Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Um
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - D Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 442-760, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Environmental and Food Engineering, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, HCM City 755414, Viet Nam.
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Hashim Al-Khalaf SK, Naje AS, Al-Ridah ZA, Zwain HM. Environmental Modelling of Ionic Mass Transfer Coefficient in a Unique Electrocoagulation Reactor. Nat Env Poll Tech 2022. [DOI: 10.46488/nept.2022.v21i04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic mass transfer in a novel electrocoagulation reactor (ECR) using a rotating impeller anode is studied experimentally using the limiting current density method. The CFD simulation is also conducted for characterizing the novel electrocoagulation reactor (ECR) and validating the experimental study of ionic mass transfer. Variables included rotational speed and anode diameter. The Bland-Altman method was used to verify the accuracy of experimental and simulation results. Data for the condition 11852 < Re < 58550 and 88 < Sc < 285 were found to fit the equation for the largest diameter of 11.2 cm; Sh = 2.1Re0.93Sc0.33. Based on COD removal efficiency, optimal EC performance is realized at the largest anode diameter of 11.2 cm, confirming the enhancement of aluminum mass transfer by increasing the anode diameter. The experimental values of current density and mass transfer coefficient are validated by CFD simulation for all the rotational speeds and anode diameters. The accuracy is up to 95% for the experimental current densities compared with simulation values.
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Dahlan I, Mazlan WHW, Mulkan A, Zwain HM, Hassan SR, Aziz HA, Hasan HYA, Zekker I. Modeling of Batch Organic Dye Adsorption Using Modified Metal‐Organic Framework‐5 (MOF‐5). Chem Eng Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202200042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irvan Dahlan
- School of Chemical Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia Engineering Campus Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang 14300 Malaysia
| | - Wan Hamizan Wan Mazlan
- School of Chemical Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia Engineering Campus Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang 14300 Malaysia
| | - Andi Mulkan
- Mechanical Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering University of Iskandar Muda Jalan Kampus Unida Banda Aceh 23234 Indonesia
| | - Haider M. Zwain
- College of Water Resources Engineering Al-Qasim Green University Al-Qasim Province, Babylon 51013 Iraq
| | - Siti Roshayu Hassan
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Campus Jeli, Kelantan 17600 Malaysia
| | - Hamidi Abdul Aziz
- School of Civil Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia Engineering Campus Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang 14300 Malaysia
| | - Harahsheh Yazeed Ahmad Hasan
- School of Chemical Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia Engineering Campus Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang 14300 Malaysia
| | - Ivar Zekker
- Institute of Chemistry University of Tartu Ravila 14a Tartu 50411 Estonia
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Faris AM, Zwain HM, Hosseinzadeh M, Siadatmousavi SM. Modeling of novel processes for eliminating sidestreams impacts on full-scale sewage treatment plant using GPS-X7. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2986. [PMID: 35194134 PMCID: PMC8863777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel process consisted of two steps was established by combining all sidestreams lines (supernatant gravity thickener, underflow mechanical thickener, and centrate), treating them together away from the mainstream treatment plant, and returning treated sidestreams effluents to the plant outfall instead of plant head. The two steps novelty treatment combined degradation, nitrification, and dilution processes. To treat combined sidestreams, a novel pilot extended nutrient moving bed biofilm reactor was developed. The effects of sidestream elimination on a full-scale anaerobic/anoxic/oxic system were simulated using GPS-X7. The statistical results of R values greater than 0.8 and NMSE values near zero proved the calibrated model's validation. The novel system successfully removed 98, 93, 100, 85, 98, 100, and 98% of BOD, COD, NH4, NO3, TSS, H2S, and PO4-P from sidestreams, respectively. Furthermore, the simulation results showed that eliminating sidestreams has reduced volumes of full-scale A2/O facilities, controlled hydraulic and pollutants shocks, and minimized cost and energy. The novel process proved successful in treating combined sidestreams and eliminating their impacts on the A/O2 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Faris
- School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, 1684613114, Tehran, Iran.,Kerbala Sewerage Directorate, 56001, Kerbala, Iraq
| | - Haider M Zwain
- College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim Province, 51001, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Majid Hosseinzadeh
- School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, 1684613114, Tehran, Iran.
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Zwain HM, Nile BK, Faris AM, Vakili M, Dahlan I. Modelling of hydrogen sulfide fate and emissions in extended aeration sewage treatment plant using TOXCHEM simulations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22209. [PMID: 33335267 PMCID: PMC7747736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Odors due to the emission of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) have been a concern in the sewage treatment plants over the last decades. H2S fate and emissions from extended aeration activated sludge (EAAS) system in Muharram Aisha-sewage treatment plant (MA-STP) were studied using TOXCHEM model. Sensitivity analysis at different aeration flowrate, H2S loading rate, wastewater pH, wastewater temperature and wind speed were studied. The predicted data were validated against actual results, where all the data were validated within the limits, and the statistical evaluation of normalized mean square error (NMSE), geometric variance (VG), and correlation coefficient (R) were close to the ideal fit. The results showed that the major processes occurring in the system were degradation and emission. During summer (27 °C) and winter (12 °C), about 25 and 23%, 1 and 2%, 2 and 2%, and 72 and 73% were fated as emitted to air, discharged with effluent, sorbed to sludge, and biodegraded, respectively. At summer and winter, the total emitted concentrations of H2S were 6.403 and 5.614 ppm, respectively. The sensitivity results indicated that aeration flowrate, H2S loading rate and wastewater pH highly influenced the emission and degradation of H2S processes compared to wastewater temperature and wind speed. To conclude, TOXCHEM model successfully predicted the H2S fate and emissions in EAAS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider M Zwain
- College of Water Resources Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim, Babylon, 51013, Iraq. .,Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, P.O. Box 33, 123, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Basim K Nile
- College of Engineering, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, 56100, Iraq
| | - Ahmed M Faris
- School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 1684613114, Narmak, Tehran, Iran.,Kerbala Sewerage Directorate, Kerbala, 56001, Iraq
| | - Mohammadtaghi Vakili
- Green Intelligence Environmental School, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Irvan Dahlan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.,Solid Waste Management Cluster, Science and Engineering Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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Vakili M, Rafatullah M, Yuan J, Zwain HM, Mojiri A, Gholami Z, Gholami F, Wang W, Giwa AS, Yu Y, Cagnetta G, Yu G. Nickel ion removal from aqueous solutions through the adsorption process: a review. REV CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2019-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recently, removal of nickel ions has been gaining a lot of attention because of the negative impact of nickel ions on the environment. The aim of this review paper is to organize the scattered available information on removal of nickel ions from aqueous solutions through the adsorption process. Survey on investigated materials suggests that composite- and polymer-based adsorbents have the most effective capability for nickel adsorption. The composite material class, i.e. CaCO3-maltose, followed by biopolymer-based material showed the highest Ni(II) adsorption capacity of 769.23 and 500 mg/g, respectively. The importance of treatment parameters (i.e. pH, temperature, contact time, and metal ion concentration) is discussed, together with their effect on the underlying physicochemical phenomena, giving particular attention to the adsorption/desorption mechanism. It was ascertained that adsorption of nickel ions is pH dependent and the optimal pH range for adsorption of Ni(II) ions was in range of 6–8. In general, nickel adsorption is an endothermic and spontaneous process that mainly occurs by forming a monolayer on the adsorbent (experimental data are often fitted by Langmuir isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetics). Regeneration (i.e. desorption) is also reviewed, suggesting that acidic eluents (e.g. HCl and HNO3) allow, in most of the cases, an efficacious spent adsorbent recovery. The percentage use of desorption agents followed the order of acids (77%) > chelators (8.5%) > alkalis (8%) > salts (4.5%) > water (2%). Helpful information about adsorption and desorption of nickel ions from aqueous solutions is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadtaghi Vakili
- Green Intelligence Environmental School, Yangtze Normal University , Chongqing 408100 , China
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang 11800 , Malaysia
| | - Jing Yuan
- Green Intelligence Environmental School, Yangtze Normal University , Chongqing 408100 , China
| | - Haider M. Zwain
- College of Water Resources Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University , Al-Qasim Province , Babylon , Iraq
| | - Amin Mojiri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Hiroshima University , Higashihiroshima 739-8527 , Japan
| | - Zahra Gholami
- Unipetrol Centre of Research and Education, a.s , Areál Chempark 2838, Záluží 1, 436 70 Litvínov , Czech Republic
| | - Fatemeh Gholami
- New Technologies – Research Centre, Engineering of Special Materials, University of West Bohemia , Plzeň 301 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture , Qinghai University , Xi’ning, Qinghai Province 810016 , China
| | - Abdulmoseen S. Giwa
- Green Intelligence Environmental School, Yangtze Normal University , Chongqing 408100 , China
| | - Youqing Yu
- Green Intelligence Environmental School, Yangtze Normal University , Chongqing 408100 , China
- Chongqing Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Engineering Research Center for Ecological Environment Monitoring, Yangtze Normal University , Chongqing 408100 , China
- Chongqing Multiple-Source Technology Engineering Research Center for Ecological Environment Monitoring, Yangtze Normal University , Chongqing 408100 , China
| | - Giovanni Cagnetta
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China , Phone: +86-10-62798 2598, Fax: +86-10-6279 4006
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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Zwain HM, Chang SM, Dahlan I. Physicochemical characteristics of microbial content in a modified anaerobic inclining-baffled reactor (MAI-BR) treating recycled paper mill effluent (RPME). Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:344-351. [PMID: 30712465 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1566144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Microbial content formed in bioreactors plays a significant role in the anaerobic process. Therefore, the physicochemical characteristics of microbial content in a modified anaerobic inclining-baffled reactor (MAI-BR) treating recycled paper mill effluent (RPME) were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric (TG), and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) analyses, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and surface area analyzer. FTIR spectra revealed that the microbial content had stronger characteristic peaks corresponding to alcohols, water, lipids carbohydrates, proteins, and mineral compounds. Calcite, muscovite, and lepidolite were the prevalent mineral phases found by XRD analysis. The elemental of these minerals like C, Ca, N, O, and Si was confirmed by XPS results. The microbial content samples from each compartment showed similar thermal behavior. SEM images showed that straight rod-shaped and Methanosaeta-like microorganisms were predominant, whereas C, O, and Ca were noticed by EDS on the surface of granules. The BET surface areas and pores of granules are found to decline throughout the reactor's compartment, where Compartment 1 had the largest values. Thus, the findings of this study establish further understanding of the physicochemical properties of microbial content formed in MAI-BR during the RPME treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider M Zwain
- a College of Water Resources Engineering , Al-Qasim Green University , Babylon , Iraq
| | - Sue-Min Chang
- b Institute of Environmental Engineering , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Irvan Dahlan
- c School of Chemical Engineering , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia.,d Solid Waste Management Cluster, Science and Engineering Research Centre , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia
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Zwain HM, Aziz HA, Dahlan I. Performance of modified anaerobic inclining-baffled reactor treating recycled paper mill effluent: effects of influent chemical oxygen demand concentration and hydraulic retention time. Environ Technol 2018; 39:1557-1565. [PMID: 28514902 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1332692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The performance of modified anaerobic inclining-baffled reactor (MAI-BR) treating recycled paper mill effluent (RPME) was investigated by varying the influent chemical oxygen demand (CODin) concentration from 1000 to 4000 mg/L, and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 3 to 1 day, corresponding to an organic loading rate increase from 0.33 to 4 g COD/L day. Throughout 126 days of operation, a maximum removal efficiency of up to 96% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 99% of biological oxygen demand, methane (CH4) yield of 0.259 L CH4/g COD, and a stable effluent pH of 6.5 were achieved. Furthermore, the compartmental performance showed that most of the organic substrates were removed in the initial two compartments, resulting in low pH and alkalinity levels and a high concentration of volatile fatty acids. Overall, the results showed that the MAI-BR successfully treated RPME, and the performance was affected by the variation of HRT more than the CODin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider M Zwain
- a College of Water Resources Engineering , Al-Qasim Green University , Babylon , Iraq
| | - Hamidi Abdul Aziz
- b School of Civil Engineering , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Nibong Tebal , Malaysia
- c Solid Waste Management Cluster , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Nibong Tebal , Malaysia
| | - Irvan Dahlan
- c Solid Waste Management Cluster , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Nibong Tebal , Malaysia
- d School of Chemical Engineering , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Nibong Tebal , Malaysia
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Zwain HM, Aziz HA, Ng WJ, Dahlan I. Performance and microbial community analysis in a modified anaerobic inclining-baffled reactor treating recycled paper mill effluent. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:13012-13024. [PMID: 28378314 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recycled paper mill effluent (RPME) contains high levels of organic and solid compounds, causing operational problems for anaerobic biological treatment. In this study, a unique modified anaerobic inclining-baffled reactor (MAI-BR) has been developed to treat RPME at various initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations (1000-4000 mg/L) and hydraulic retention times (HRTs) (3 and 1 day). The COD removal efficiency was decreased from 96 to 83% when the organic loading rate (OLR) was increased from 0.33 to 4 g/L day. Throughout the study, a maximum methane yield of 0.25 L CH4/g COD was obtained, while the pH fluctuated in the range of 5.8 to 7.8. The reactor performance was influenced by the development and distribution of the microbial communities. Based on the next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis, the microbial community represented a variety of bacterial phyla with significant homology to Euryarchaeota (43.06%), Planctomycetes (24.68%), Proteobacteria (21.58%), Acidobacteria (4.12%), Chloroflexi (3.14%), Firmicutes (1.12%), Bacteroidetes (1.02%), and others (1.28%). The NGS analysis showed that the microbial community was dominated by Methanosaeta concilii and Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis. This can be supported by the presence of filamentous and spherical microbes of different sizes. Additionally, methanogenic and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) microorganisms coexisted in all compartments, and these contributed to the overall degradation of substances in the RPME. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider M Zwain
- College of Water Resources Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Al Qasim Province, Iraq
| | - Hamidi Abdul Aziz
- School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
- Solid Waste Management Cluster, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Wun Jern Ng
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech 1, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Irvan Dahlan
- Solid Waste Management Cluster, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
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