Chemical compositional analysis of jet fuels: Contributions of mass spectrometry in the 21st century

Jet fuels are complex mixtures composed of many individual compounds that influence crucial chemical and physical properties. Approximately over the last 20 years, mass spectrometry studies provided important and extensive qualitative and quantitative information of the compounds that make up jet fuels. This review presents these main findings, evaluates the analytical methods utilized, and summarizes the hydrocarbons, nitrogen-, oxygen- and sulfur-containing compounds characterized in the jet fuels. Potential areas where mass spectrometry may play important roles in the future will also be discussed.

Effects of Parboiling on Chemical Properties, Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity in Colored Landrace Rice

Parboiling influences chemical compositions in rice grains. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the change in chemical content, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of landrace rice genotypes under parboiling conditions and to identify the genotypes suitable for production of parboiled rice. Landrace rice varieties used in this study consisted of Glam Feang, Glam Tonkeaw, Kawgum, Glam Luem Phua, Medmakham, Deang Sakonnakhon, Sang Yod, Kawniewd-eang, Mali Deang, KDML105 and RD6. Parboiling reduced fiber content, total phenolic content and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity in rice grains. Fiber contents were 1.46% in brown rice (unpolished rice) and 1.40% in parboiled rice (24 h of soaking and 48 h of incubation). Total phenolic contents were 205.67 mg/100 g seed in brown rice and 35.34 mg/100 g seed in parboiled rice. Antioxidant capacity (DPPH) reduced from 68.45% in brown rice to 26.23% in parboiled rice. Ash content and protein content were not significantly affected by the parboiling process. Medmakham cv. had the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in brown rice and parboiled rice. Gum Leamphea cv. and Medmakham cv. were the best genotypes for ash content, protein content, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (DPPH) in brown rice and parboiled rice. Glam Feang cv. had the highest protein contents in brown rice and parboiled rice although it had low total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Cluster analysis further showed variation among genotypes, revealing distinct groupings in brown rice and parboiled rice based on chemical properties, phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. This research significantly contributes to a better understanding on how parboiling affects rice compositions and nutritional values. It emphasizes the importance of nuanced comprehension of how different rice varieties respond to parboiling, aiding informed decisions in rice processing and selection to meet specific nutritional needs.

Plant-Wide Target Metabolomics Provides a Novel Interpretation of the Changes in Chemical Components during Dendrobium officinale Traditional Processing

The traditional processing of Dendrobium officinale (DO) is performed in five necessary processing steps: processing fresh strips, drying at 85 °C, curling, molding, and drying at 35 °C (Fengdou). The antioxidant activity of DO is increased after it is processed into Fengdou. To comprehensively analyze the changes in the functional components, a plant-wide target metabolomics approach was employed. In total, 739 differential chemical components were identified in five processing treatments, mainly highlighting differences in the levels of phenolic acids, flavonoids, lipids, and amino acids and their derivatives, and the glycosylation of aglycone resulted in the upregulation of flavonoid glycoside levels. Temperature is a key factor in DO processing during production. In addition, the enrichment of specific differential chemical components was found mainly in five different metabolic pathways: glucosinolate biosynthesis, linoleic acid metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and ubiquinone and other terpene quinone biosynthesis. A correlation analysis clarified that total phenols and flavonoids show a significant positive correlation with antioxidant capacity. This study provides new insights into the influence of the processing processes on DO quality, which may provide guidance for the high-quality production of DO.

Recent Progress in Distiller's Grains: Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities

Distiller's grains (DGs) are solid mixtures that remain after the production of alcoholic beverages. A large amount of DGs is produced each year during the brewing process. Currently, they are mostly used as a feedstock or substrate in the feed industry. However, the lack of a comprehensive understanding of the chemical composition of DGs is a major constraint on their further development and application for high-value-added usages. Some studies were published on the bioactive constituents of DGs in several different types of journals. Data were therefore collated to provide a comprehensive overview of these natural products. DGs are rich in phenols, phytosterols, and fatty acids, in addition to general lipid and protein constituents. These compounds and their related extracts possess diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperglycaemic effects. We hope that this review will provide research incentives for the further development and utilisation of DGs to develop high-value-added products.

Insights into the Chemical Compositions and Health Promoting Effects of Wild Edible Mushroom Chroogomphus rutilus

Chroogomphus rutilus is an edible mushroom that has been an important food source since ancient times. It is increasingly sought after for its unique flavor and medicinal value. It is one of the most important wild mushrooms for its medicinal and economic value. C. rutilus contains a variety of active ingredients such as vitamins, proteins, minerals, polysaccharides, and phenolics. C. rutilus and its active compounds have significant anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, anti-fatigue, hypoglycemic, gastroprotective, hypolipemic, and neuronal protective properties. This paper summarizes the fungal chemical compositions and health-promoting effects of C. rutilus by collecting the literature on the role of C. rutilus through its active ingredients from websites such as Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Current research on C. rutilus is limited to the cellular and animal levels, and further clinical trials are needed to conduct and provide theoretical support for further development.

The Chemical Composition and Health-Promoting Benefits of Vegetable Oils-A Review

With population and economic development increasing worldwide, the public is increasingly concerned with the health benefits and nutritional properties of vegetable oils (VOs). In this review, the chemical composition and health-promoting benefits of 39 kinds of VOs were selected and summarized using Web of Science TM as the main bibliographic databases. The characteristic chemical compositions were analyzed from fatty acid composition, tocols, phytosterols, squalene, carotenoids, phenolics, and phospholipids. Health benefits including antioxidant activity, prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, diabetes treatment, and kidney and liver protection were examined according to the key components in representative VOs. Every type of vegetable oil has shown its own unique chemical composition with significant variation in each key component and thereby illustrated their own specific advantages and health effects. Therefore, different types of VOs can be selected to meet individual needs accordingly. For example, to prevent CVD, more unsaturated fatty acids and phytosterols should be supplied by consuming pomegranate seed oil, flaxseed oil, or rice bran oil, while coconut oil or perilla seed oil have higher contents of total phenolics and might be better choices for diabetics. Several oils such as olive oil, corn oil, cress oil, and rice bran oil were recommended for their abundant nutritional ingredients, but the intake of only one type of vegetable oil might have drawbacks. This review increases the comprehensive understanding of the correlation between health effects and the characteristic composition of VOs, and provides future trends towards their utilization for the general public's nutrition, balanced diet, and as a reference for disease prevention. Nevertheless, some VOs are in the early stages of research and lack enough reliable data and long-term or large consumption information of the effect on the human body, therefore further investigations will be needed for their health benefits.

Characterization and quantification of chemical constituents in Fuzhuan brick tea using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Fuzhuan brick tea, a distinctive dark tea fermented by microorganisms, is a traditional beverage in China throughout history. Recently, it has attracted considerable attention owing to its unique quality characteristics and potential health benefits. The aim of this study was to establish a method for the quality control of Fuzhuan brick tea for stable production. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify Fuzhuan brick tea, and the major components were chosen for further quantitative analysis. Subsequently, a quantification method was developed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry, and its reliability was verified through methodological validation. Finally, a total of 30 compounds were identified, including catechins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and fatty acids. The established method was reliable for methodological validation and was applied to the quantitative analysis of Fuzhuan brick tea. This study provides a fundamental basis for the quality control and further studies on the component analysis of Fuzhuan brick tea.

A comparative study on essential oils from the leaves and stems of Vietnamese Mikania micrantha Kunth

Mikania micrantha Kunth is widely known as potential herbal medicine, although it is an invasive alien species in Southeast Asia. In this study, the essential oils from leaves and stems of M. micrantha were extracted by hydrodistillation method, and the chemical profiles of essential oils were then analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). It was found that there were similarities and differences in chemical compositions and their percentage between the essential oils obtained from these two parts. The dominant components of leaves essential oil are β-Cubebene, Germacrene D, and α-Zingiberene, accounting for 11.34%, 10.96%, and 10.76%, respectively. Additionally, the major components of stems essential oils are D-Limonene (16.99%), β-Pinene (7.91%), and α-Zingiberene (7.26%). The research sheds fresh light on the chemical makeup of M. micrantha essential oils, emphasising their potential for the future.

Effect of Flavoring with Rosemary, Lemon and Orange on the Quality, Composition and Biological Properties of Olive Oil: Comparative Study of Extraction Processes

The goal of this work was to investigate the impact of the flavoring of some aromatic plants/spices, including rosemary (R), lemon (L) and orange (O) at the concentration of 5% and 35% (w/w) added by 2 methods (conventional maceration and direct flavoring), on quality attributes, chemical changes and oxidative stability of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Six flavored oils were obtained (EVOO + O, O + O, EVOO + R, O + R, EVOO + L and O + L). The physicochemical parameters (water content, refractive index, acidity and peroxide value, extinction coefficient, fatty acids, volatile aroma profiles, Rancimat test, phenols and pigments composition) of the flavored oils were investigated. Based on the results obtained, it was observed that flavoring with a conventional process provided increased oxidative stability to the flavored oils, especially with rosemary (19.38 ± 0.26 h), compared to that of unflavored oil. The volatile profiles of the different flavored oils revealed the presence of 34 compounds with the dominance of Limonene. The fatty acid composition showed an abundance of mono-unsaturated fatty acids followed by poly-unsaturated ones. Moreover, a high antioxidant activity, a significant peripheral analgesic effect (77.7% of writhing inhibition) and an interesting gastroprotective action (96.59% of ulcer inhibition) have been observed for the rosemary-flavored oil. Indeed, the flavored olive oils of this study could be used as new functional foods, leading to new customers and further markets.

Machine learning based multi-label classification of single or mixed-composition urinary stones in in vivo spectral CT

BACKGROUND

Urinary stones comprise both single and mixed compositions. Knowledge of the stone composition helps the urologists choose appropriate medical interventions for patients. The parameters from the spectral computerized tomography (CT) analysis have potential values for identification of the urinary stone compositions.

PURPOSE

The present study aims to identify the compositions of urinary stones in vivo using parameters from spectral CT and machine learning, based on multi-label classification modeling.

METHODS

This retrospective study collected 252 urinary stone samples with single/mixed compositions (including carbapatite [CP], calcium oxalate monohydrate [COM], calcium oxalate dehydrate [COD], uric acid [UA], and struvite [STR]), which were confirmed by ex vivo infrared spectroscopy. Parameters were extracted from an energy spectrum analysis (ESA) of the spectral CT, including the effective atomic number (Z_eff ), Z_eff histogram, CT values at a given x-ray energy level, and material densities. These ESA parameters were utilized for composition analysis via a multi-label classification fusion framework, where 250 multi-label models were built and the classification decisions from the top performance models were integrated by a multi-criterion weighted fusion (MCWF) approach in order to reach a consensus prediction. An example-based metric A c c e x a m $Ac{c_{exam}}$ and label-based metric A c c l a b e l $Ac{c_{label}}$ were used for global and label-wise accuracy evaluations, respectively. The top-ranked parameters associated with discriminating the stone composition were also identified.

RESULTS

The multi-label classification fusion framework achieved an overall A c c e x a m $Ac{c_{exam}}$ of 81.2%, with A c c l a b e l $Ac{c_{label}}$ of 86.7% (CP), 90.6% (COM), 80.6% (COD), 95.0% (UA), and 94.4% (STR) for each composition on the independent testing cohort 1, and A c c e x a m $Ac{c_{exam}}$ of 76.4% with A c c l a b e l $Ac{c_{label}}$ of 80.5% (CP), 88.7% (COM), 74.9% (COD), 94.4% (UA), and 98.5% (STR) on the independent testing cohort 2.

CONCLUSION

The parameters extracted from the ESA on spectral CT can be utilized to characterize single or mixed stone compositions via multi-label classification modeling. The generalization capability of the proposed methodology still requires further verification.

Phytochemicals, Biological Activities, Molecular Mechanisms, and Future Prospects of Plantago asiatica L

Plantago asiatica L. has been used as a vegetable and nutritious food in Asia for thousands of years. According to recent phytochemical and pharmacological research, the active compositions of the plant contribute to various health benefits, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer. This article reviews the 87 components of the plant and their structures, as well as their biological activities and molecular research progress, in detail. This review provides valuable reference material for further study, production, and application of P. asiatica, as well as its components in functional foods and therapeutic agents.

Processing Mechanism of Massa Medicata Fermentata Based on the Correlation Analysis of Strains, Chemical Compositions and Anti-Inflammatory Activity

The traditional Chinese medicine of fermented medicine may be under the involvement of multiple strains and the interaction between these microorganisms. Liu Shenqu (Massa Medicata Fermentata, MMF) is one of the most widely used fermented medicines, whose potential processing mechanism is still unclear. In this work, UPLC/MS and GNPS methods were employed to rapidly predict chemical compositions in MMF. Moreover, the dynamic changes of strains, chemical compositions and anti-inflammatory activity of MMF during fermentation process were investigated, and subsequently strains-chemical compositions-efficacy interactions were revealed by Pearson correlation analysis and partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis. As a result, 24 components were identified, and the potential strains including Bacillus, Burkholderia_Caballeronia_Paraburkholderia, Enterobacter, Aspergillus heterocaryoticus, Rhizopus arrhizus, Kazachstania bulderi, which related to the production of anti-inflammatory active ingredients were exposed. These results demonstrated chemical compositions-strains-efficacy interactions during fermentation of MMF, and provide reference for the exploration of the processing mechanism of MMF.

[Effects of different extraction methods on chemical compositions and biological activities of polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum]

In this study, five polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum(LBPs)(LBP-1-LBP-5) were selectively extracted by different extraction methods, and the chemical composition, structural characteristics, and biological activities of LBPs were explored. The results of chemical composition analysis showed that alkaloids were not detected in the five LBPs. The total polysaccharide content was(81.95%±1.6%)-(92.96%±0.76%), the uronic acid content was(8.26%±0.46%)-(24.81%±0.46%), and the protein content was(0.06%±0.03%)-(1.35%±0.13%). The monosaccharide compositions of the five LBPs were basically same, mainly including glucose, xylose, and galactose. However, there was significant difference in the content ratio of different monosaccharide. The results of infrared spectra analysis indicated that the five LBPs had typical infrared spectral characteristics of polysaccharides. The results of nuclear magnetic resonance characteristic spectrum analysis revealed that the five LBPs had two configurations of α and β. Meanwhile, there were triple helix structures in LBP-2, LBP-3, and LBP-4, which enhanced the activities of polysaccharides. The results of activities screening suggested that the biological activities of the five LBPs were significantly different. LBP-3 showed the highest lipid oxidation clearance rate, and its antioxidant activity was equivalent to that of the positive control group. The inhibitory rate of LBP-4 on α-amylase and its activation rate of alcohol dehydrogenase were better than those of other fractions, and the inhibitory rate of LBP-4 on α-amylase was slightly higher than that of the positive control group when the mass concentration was 10 g·L~(-1). LBP-2 showed stronger inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and hyaluronidase. This study provides references for the precise development and utilization of LBPs.

Chemical Compositions, Extraction Optimizations, and In Vitro Bioactivities of Flavonoids from Perilla Leaves (Perillae folium) by Microwave-Assisted Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) have been gradually applied to green extraction of active ingredients. In this study, microwave-assisted NADESs were applied to the extraction of flavonoid compounds from perilla leaves. Through comparative experiments, NADES-3 (choline chloride and malic acid at a molar ratio of 1:1) was found to have the highest extraction efficiency of total flavonoids, including apigenin 7-O-caffeoylglucoside, scutellarein 7-O-diglucuronide, luteolin 7-O-diglucuronide, and scutellarein 7-O-glucuronide by HPLC-MS. The following optimal extraction parameters were obtained based on response surface design: water content in NADES of 23%, extraction power of 410 W, extraction time of 31 min, and solid-liquid ratio of 75 mg/mL, leading to the extraction yield of total flavonoids of 72.54 mg/g. Additionally, the strong antimicrobial and antiallergic activity, inhibition of nitrosation, and antioxidant activity of total flavonoids by using NADESs were confirmed. This new extraction method provides a reference for the further exploration of NADES systems and may be widely used for the green extraction of natural active ingredients.

Properties of insect protein concentrate and potential application in seasoned rice noodles

In this study, we extracted proteins from four edible insect species (Acheta domesticus, Gryllus bimaculatus, Holotrichea sp., and Gryllotalpa orientalis), then evaluated their chemical and functional properties and used the extracts to prepare seasoned rice noodles. The four insect species contained 67-69% moisture, 13-18% protein, 6-10% fat, and 4-5% ash. The insect protein concentrate (IPC) contained 73-77% protein, and had high water solubility and emulsion stability (80-88%), moderate emulsion ability (56-65%), but low water- and oil-holding capacity (19% and 8-9%, respectively). The distinctive amino acid components in the IPC were glutamic acid and aspartic acid. In order to improve the nutritional and textural qualities of seasoned rice noodles, the IPC was added at rates of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% by weight of rice flour. The results showed that the cooking weight was not significantly different from plain rice noodles; however, the 8% IPC fortified rice noodles had the highest tensile strength, whereas the lightness, yellowness, and redness decreased with an increase in insect protein content. This study demonstrates success in using 2-8% of IPC in rice noodles as a stabilizing or thickening agent.

Determination of the components of danyikangtai powder into the plasma and its pharmacodynamic study

Danyikangtai powder has a definite therapeutic effect on pancreatitis. However, the internal mechanism is unclear. The purpose of this experiment is to quickly identify the blood components of danyikangtai powder and evaluate its efficacy. 25 blood components were identified by comparing the components with the same mass spectrometry information from in vivo and in vitro samples. The AR42J cells of the pancreatitis model were treated with drug-containing plasma, and the drug efficacy was evaluated by investigating the amylase release rate. This study provides a scientific reference for its pharmacological research and rational clinical application.

A Substantial Role of Agro-Textiles in Agricultural Applications

Agro-textiles have been used in the agriculture sector for thousands of years and are an attractive tool for the protection of crops during their entire lifecycle. Currently, the agro-textile market is dominated by polyolefins or petrochemical-based agro-textiles. However, climate change and an increase in greenhouse gas emissions have raised concern about the future oil-based economy, and petroleum-based agro-textiles have become expensive and less desirable in the modern world. Other products include agro-textiles based on natural fibers which degrade so fast in the environment that their recovery from the field becomes difficult and unattractive even by efficient recycling or combustion, and their lifetime is usually limited to 1 or a maximum of 2 years. Hence, the development of bio-based agro-textiles with a reduced impact on the environment and with extended durability is foreseen to initiate the growth in the bio-based economy. The world is gradually preparing the shift toward a bio-based economy, and research for sustainable bio-based alternatives has already been initiated. This review provides insight into the various agro-textiles used currently in agriculture and the research going on in the area of agro-textiles to offer alternative solutions to the current agro-textile market.

Changes in the Structural Composition and Moisture-Adsorption Properties of Mechanically Rolled Bamboo Fibers

The chemical content, mechanical capability, and dimensional stability of bamboo fibers (BFs) are all directly related to the hygroscopic behavior, which is crucial for industrial applications. To support the utilization of BFs, the structural and chemical composition of BFs with different opening times after mechanical rolling were investigated in this study, and the Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB) model was selected to predict their moisture-adsorption properties. The results showed that the length and diameter of the fibers gradually decreased with the increase in the number of openings, and the fibers gradually separated from bundles into single fibers. It was also observed that the treated BFs exhibited different equilibrium moisture contents (EMCs). BFs with a smaller number of openings had a higher hemicellulose content and more exposed parenchyma cells on the fibers, which increased the number of water adsorption sites. As the number of openings increased, the parenchyma cells on the fibers decreased, and the lignin content increased, which reduced the number of fiber moisture-adsorption sites and decreased the EMC of the fibers.

Determination of Cultivation Regions and Quality Parameters of Poria cocos by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

Poria cocos (PC) is an important fungus with high medicinal and nutritional values. However, the quality of PC is heavily dependent on multiple factors in the cultivation regions. Traditional methods are not able to perform quality evaluation for this fungus in a short time, and a new method is needed for rapid quality assessment. Here, we used near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric method to identify the cultivation regions and determine PC chemical compositions. In our study, 138 batches of samples were collected and their cultivation regions were distinguished by combining NIR spectroscopy and random forest method (RFM) with an accuracy as high as 92.59%. In the meantime, we used partial least square regression (PLSR) to build quantitative models and measure the content of water-soluble extract (WSE), ethanol-soluble extract (ASE), polysaccharides (PSC) and the sum of five triterpenoids (SFT). The performance of these models were verified with correlation coefficients (R²_cal and R²_pre) above 0.9 for the four quality parameters and the relative errors (RE) of PSC, WSE, ASE and SFT at 4.055%, 3.821%, 4.344% and 3.744%, respectively. Overall, a new approach was developed and validated which is able to distinguish PC production regions, quantify its chemical contents, and effectively evaluate PC quality.

Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities and chemical compositions of Peruvian propolis in an in vitro oral biofilm

Background: Natural products with antibacterial potential have begun to be tested on biofilm models, bringing us closer to understanding the response generated by the complex microbial ecosystems of the oral cavity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities and chemical compositions of Peruvian propolis in an in vitro biofilm of Streptococcus gordonii and Fusobacterium nucleatum.

Methods: The experimental work involved a consecutive, in vitro, longitudinal, and double-blinded study design. Propolis samples were collected from 13 different regions of the Peruvian Andes. The disk diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial susceptibility test. The cytotoxic effect of propolis on human gingival fibroblasts was determined by cell viability method using the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, and the effect of propolis on the biofilm was evaluated by confocal microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results: The 0.78 mg/mL and 1.563 mg/mL concentrations of the methanolic fraction of the chloroform residue of Oxapampa propolis showed effects on biofilm thickness and the copy numbers of the srtA gene of S. gordonii and the radD gene of F. nucleatum at 48 and 120 hours, and chromatography (UV, λ 280 nm) identified rhamnocitrin, isorhamnetin, apigenin, kaempferol, diosmetin, acacetin, glycerol, and chrysoeriol.

Conclusions: Of the 13 propolis evaluated, it was found that only the methanolic fraction of Oxapampa propolis showed antibacterial and antibiofilm effects without causing damage to human gingival fibroblasts. Likewise, when evaluating the chemical composition of this fraction, eight flavonoids were identified.

β-TCP/DCPD-PHBV (40%/60%): Biomaterial made from bioceramic and biopolymer for bone regeneration; investigation of intrinsic properties

In this study, a detailed physical, chemical, and mechanical investigation of bone substitute (β-TCP/DCPD-PHBV) was carried out. In fact, it is composed of biocompatible materials such as ceramic phosphocalcic, consisting of tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and dihydrated dicalcium phosphate (DCPD) and 3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) polymer having a weight fraction 40%/60%. For these analyses, diverse techniques were used, including SEM-EDS, mercury porosimeter, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and, finally, uniaxial compression test machine. A morphological investigation of biomaterials using MEB revealed uneven particle shape and size, as well as a rough surface with a porous and microcracked structure. In fact, this architecture promotes the development of bone within biomaterials. Compositional studies applying FTIR technology, also, revealed the existence of chemical components, comparable to those found in the mineral phase of bone (Ca²⁺, PO₄^3-, and HPO₄^2-). The following compounds prove the bioactivity of β-TCP/DCPD-PHBV. Furthermore, mechanical investigations revealed that this biomaterial has a satisfying mechanical strength (195.21 MPa), closer to bone. Nevertheless, another significant benefit of combining the two biocompatible materials used in this work is that the ductility of PHBV restricts the brittleness of β-TCP/DCPD-PHBV, compared to pure β-TCP/DCPD. The obtained results demonstrate the beneficial properties of β-TCP/DCPD-PHBV and approve the possibility of using this biomaterial as a viable material for future implantology applications.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): Genetic Diversity According to ISSR and SCoT Markers, Relative Gene Expression, and Morpho-Physiological Variation under Salinity Stress

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a halophytic crop that can withstand a variety of abiotic stresses, including salt. The present research examined the mechanisms of salt tolerance in five different quinoa genotypes at four different salinity levels (control (60), 80, 120, and 160 mM NaCl). ISSR and SCoT analysis revealed high polymorphism percentages of 90.91% and 85.26%, respectively. Furthermore, ISSR 1 and SCoT 7 attained the greatest number of polymorphic amplicons (27 and 26), respectively. Notably, LINE-6 and M-28 genotypes demonstrated the greatest number of unique positive and negative amplicons (50 and 42) generated from ISSR and SCoT, respectively. Protein pattern analysis detected 11 bands with a polymorphism percentage 27.27% among the quinoa genotypes, with three unique bands distinguishable for the M-28 genotype. Similarity correlation indicated that the highest similarity was between S-10 and Regeolone-3 (0.657), while the lowest similarity was between M-28 and LINE-6 (0.44). Significant variations existed among the studied salinity treatments, genotypes, and the interactions between them. The highest and lowest values for all the studied morpho-physiological and biochemical traits were recorded at 60 and 160 mM NaCl concentrations, respectively, except for the Na and proline contents, which exhibited the opposite relationship. The M-28 genotype demonstrated the highest values for all studied characteristics, while the LINE-6 genotype represented the lowest in both seasons. On the other hand, mRNA transcript levels for CqSOS1 did not exhibit differential expression in roots and leaf tissues, while the expression of CqNHX1 was upregulated more in both tissues for the M-28 genotype than for the LINE-6 genotype, and its maximum induction was seen in the leaves. Overall, the genotypes M-28 and LINE-6 were identified as the most and least salinity-tolerant, respectively.

Differences in Eating Quality Attributes between Japonica Rice from the Northeast Region and Semiglutinous Japonica Rice from the Yangtze River Delta of China

Differences in cooked rice and starch and protein physicochemical properties of three japonica rice were compared systematically. Cultivars of japonica rice, Daohuaxiang2, from Northeast China (NR) and two semiglutinous japonica rice (SGJR), Nangeng46 and Nangeng2728, from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) were investigated. Both Daohuaxiang2 and Nangeng46 achieved high taste values, but there were great differences in starch and protein physicochemical properties. Daohuaxiang2 showed higher apparent amylose content (AAC), lower protein content (PC), and longer amylopectin (especially fb2 and fb3) and amylose chain lengths, resulting in thicker starch lamellae and larger starch granule size. Its cooked rice absorbed more water and expanded to larger sizes. All of these differences created a more compact gel network and harder but more elastic cooked rice for Daohuaxiang2. Nangeng46 produced a lower AAC, a higher PC, shorter amylopectin and amylose chain lengths, thinner starch lamellae, and smaller starch granule sizes, creating a looser gel network and softer cooked rice. The two SGJR, Nangeng46 and Nangeng2728, had similar low AACs but great differences in taste values. The better-tasting Nangeng46 had a lower PC (especially glutelin content) and higher proportion of amylopectin fa chains, which likely reduced the hardness, improved the appearance, and increased the adhesiveness of its cooked rice. Overall, both types of japonica rice from the NR and YRD could potentially have good eating qualities where Nangeng46's cooked rice was comparable to that of Daohuaxiang2 because of its lower AC. Moreover, its lower PC and higher proportion of amylopectin fa chains likely improved its eating quality over the inferior-tasting SGJR, Nangeng2728. This research lays a foundation for the improvement of the taste of japonica rice in rice breeding.

Effects of Airflow Ultrafine-Grinding on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Tartary Buckwheat Powder

Five different ultrafine milled flours (UMFs) were prepared from Tartary buckwheat via airflow ultrafine-grinding at different grinding pressures. The airflow ultrafine-grinding resulted in marked differences in particle size (from 100 to 10 μm). The UMFs were all brighter in appearance (higher L*) than Tartary buckwheat common flour (TBCF). Illustrated by the example of 70 °C, the UMFs were also found to have a greater water holding capacity (from 4.42 g/g to 5.24 g/g), water solubility (from 12.57% to 14.10%), and water solubility index (from 5.11% to 6.10%). Moreover, as the particle sizes reduced, the moisture content decreased (from 10.05 g/100 g DW to 7.66 g/100 g DW), as did the total starch content (from 68.88 g/100 g DW to 58.24 g/100 g DW) and the protein content (from 13.16% to 12.04%). However, the grinding process was also found to have negative effects on the mineral content of the Tartary buckwheat. Additionally, several substantial variations were found in their hydration properties along with grinding pressure changes in the differently ground UMFs. Consequently, fine Tartary buckwheat powders of a bright yellow color, with superior food processing properties, were prepared in this study by airflow ultrafine-grinding.

[Qualitative and quantitative analysis of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and HPLC]

Paridis Rhizoma(PR) is prepared from the dried rhizome of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis(PPY) or P. polyphylla var. chinensis(PPC) in Liliaceae family. The rapid development of PPY or PPC planting industry resulted from resource shortage has caused the waste of a large number of non-medicinal resources. To clarify the chemical compositions in rhizomes, fibrous roots, stems, leaves, seeds and pericarps of PPC, and explore the comprehensive application value and development prospect of these parts, the qualitative and quantitative analyses on the different parts of PPC were carried out by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). A total of 136 compounds were identified, including 112 steroidal saponins, 6 flavonoids, 11 nitrogen-containing compounds and 7 phytosterols. Rhizomes, fibrous roots, and seeds mainly contained protopennogenyl glycosides and pennogenyl glycosides; leaves and stems mainly contained protodiosgenyl glycosides and diosgenyl glycosides; pericarps mainly contained pennogenyl glycosides, followed by diosgenyl glycosides. The total level of four saponins was the highest in fibrous roots and rhizomes, followed by those in the pericarps and arillate seeds, and the lowest in the stems and exarillate seeds. This study can provide data support for the comprehensive development and rational application of non-medicinal parts of PPC.

A Critical Review on Phytochemical Profile and Biological Effects of Turnip (Brassica rapa L.)

A growing number of medicinal and edible plants have attracted increasing attention due to their abundant constituents and biological activities including turnip. Turnip (Brassica rapa L.) is an herbaceous biennial plant belonging to Cruciferae Brassica. As one of the oldest cultivated vegetables widely consumed in Asia, the turnip has received significant attention in the studies of its bioactive components and biological function. Multiple bioactive components in turnip, such as glucosinolates, isothiocyanate, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and organic acids, were identified. The bioactivity studies on turnip revealed its anticancer, antimicrobe, anti-hypoxia, anti-diabetes, anti-oxidation, and nephroprotective activity. The present review mainly summarized the previous studies on the chemical compositions of turnip and the bioactivities associated with turnip. Further studies on the extraction and purification of compounds from a turnip as well as its potential molecular mechanisms are highly needed to utilize turnip as a functional food plant in a better way.

[Research progress on chemical compositions and pharmacological action of Drynariae Rhizoma]

Drynariae Rhizoma is warm in nature and bitter in taste, mainly acting on liver and kidney systems. It is a common Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of fracture and bone injury. The chemical compositions of Drynariae Rhizoma mainly include flavonoids, triterpenoids, phenylpropanoids and lignans. At present, modern pharmacological and clinical studies have shown that Drynariae Rhizoma has the effects of anti osteoporosis, promoting fracture healing, kidney protection, anti-inflammatory, promoting tooth growth, preventing and treating aminoglycoside ototoxicity and lowering blood lipid. In addition, the toxicity evaluation experiment of Drynariae Rhizoma has also shown that it has no obvious toxic and side effects. Naringin is a kind of dihydroflavone in Drynariae Rhizoma. Many studies have shown that naringin and other total flavonoids play an important role in anti-osteoporosis, promoting fracture healing, anti-inflammation, promoting tooth growth and lowering blood lipid. In this study, the research progresses on chemical consti-tuents and pharmacological activities of Drynariae Rhizoma in recent years were reviewed, and some mechanisms of action were summarized, to provide references for the further research and development of Drynariae Rhizoma.

Analysis of the Aroma Chemical Composition of Commonly Planted Kiwifruit Cultivars in China

The aroma chemical composition of commonly planted kiwifruit cultivars in China was analyzed. The combination of 2-octanone with 3-octanone was the most suitable dual internal standard for quantitative analysis in GC-MS. A total of 172 aroma components in 23 kiwifruit cultivars were detected, and ethyl butanoate, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, and (E)-2-hexenal could be considered the core aroma components in kiwifruit, but still need further confirmation using Sensomics. E-nose could effectively distinguish different cultivars of kiwifruit. Clustering based on GC-MS and E-nose results tends to be consistent and demonstrate a certain degree of similarity. Kiwifruit cultivars with different flesh colors cannot be effectively distinguished by their aroma chemical compositions. Different species of kiwifruit can be distinguished to some extent by their aroma chemical compositions, but the effect was not satisfactory. These results could prove valuable in the breeding, planting, and marketing of kiwifruits.

[Research progress on processing history evolution as well as effect on chemical compositions and traditional pharmacological effects of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma]

Rhei Radix et Rhizoma(RRR) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, with extensive pharmacological effects and clinical applications. This paper summarized processing history evolution of RRR and its effect on chemical compositions and pharmacological effects, and provided feasible insights for further studies on the chemical compositions and pharmacological effects of RRR before and after processing. Relevant information demonstrated that RRR has a long history of processing and various methods. At pre-sent, Chinese Pharmacopoeia mainly records four processing methods: cleaning(raw RRR), wine processing(RRR stir-fried with wine), steaming processing(RRR wine steaming), fried charcoal(RRR charring). RRR has a good effect in clearing heat effect, hemostatic effect and blood promoting effect, and its main chemical components are anthraquinone/anthrones, stilbene, phenylbutanone, chromogens, flavonoids and tannin compounds. This paper reviewed the history evolution of RRR and its effect on chemical composition and pharmacological changes, and put forward further study ideas, with the aim to provide a basic reference for processing mechanism, effective material basis and clinical application of RRR.

Microbial community and metabolic function analysis of cigar tobacco leaves during fermentation

Cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs) contain abundant bacteria and fungi that are vital to leaf quality during fermentation. In this study, artificial fermentation was used for the fermentation of CTLs since it was more controllable and efficient than natural aging. The bacterial and fungal community structure and composition in unfermented and fermented CTLs were determined to understand the effects of microbes on the characteristics of CTLs during artificial fermentation. The relationship between the chemical contents and alterations in the microbial composition was evaluated, and the functions of bacteria and fungi in fermented CTLs were predicted to determine the possible metabolic pathways. After artificial fermentation, the bacterial and fungal community structure significantly changed in CTLs. The total nitrate and nicotine contents were most readily affected by the bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. FAPROTAX software predictions of the bacterial community revealed increases in functions related to compound transformation after fermentation. FUNGuild predictions of the fungal community revealed an increase in the content of saprotrophic fungi after fermentation. These data provide information regarding the artificial fermentation mechanism of CTLs and will inform safety and quality improvements.

Identification and determination of chemical constituents from Yinchen Qingjin granules by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry

An ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry method had been used to identify chemical constituents in Yinchen Qingjin Granules. A total of 117 chemical constituents were tentatively identified based on the molecular weight, the mass fragmentation behavior, and the comparison with retention time and accurate mass of reference standards. Meanwhile, an ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method has been developed to evaluate the quality of Yinchen Qingjin Granules through a simultaneous determination of ten components, namely gallic acid, shanzhiside, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, geniposide, liquirition, isoliquirition, glycyrrhizic acid, and rhein. Altogether, content levels of each compound ranged from 0.228 to 8.712 mg/g. At the same time, a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography combined with UV for the quantification of sarmentosin in Yinchen Qingjin Granules is presented and its content was from 5.608 to 6.200 mg/g. The linearity, accuracy, and precision of these two validation methods were satisfactory. The both determination methods were successfully used for the analysis of six batches of Yinchen Qingjin Granules samples made in China and could be as suitable analytical method for quality control.

[Research progress on chemical compositions of Coptidis Rhizoma and pharmacological effects of berberine]

Coptidis Rhizoma was a commonly used antipyretic and dampening drug in clinic, which was first recorded in the Shennong's Herbal Classic of Materia Medica and which was listed as one of the highest grade herb in traditional Chinese medicine. Traditionally, Coptidis Rhizoma was used to treat dampness with distention and fullness, vomiting with acid regurgitation, acne, heartbum, etc. At present, a total of 133 chemical components have been isolated and identified from Coptidis Rhizoma, which can be divided into alkaloids(44 species), lignans(32 species), flavonoids(9 species), phenylpropionic acid and its derivatives(26 species) and other compounds(22 species) according to the differences in structure types. Modern studies have shown that berberine is one of the most important active composition of Coptidis Rhizoma, which not only has an effect on the antibacterial, antiviral and anti-gastric ulcer, but also plays a vital role in reducing blood sugar, lowering blood fat, anti-tumor and treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The chemical constituents of Coptidis Rhizoma and pharmacological effects of berberine were reviewed in this study, which was expected to provide references for the further research, development of and clinical application of Coptidis Rhizoma and berberine.

Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato Leaves and the Consumer Acceptability in Vegetable Soup

The purpose of this study is to determine the chemical compositions, anti-nutrient compositions, antioxidant properties, and phenolic profile of the leaves of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties [King J (UMUSPO1) and mother's delight (UMUSPO2)] in Nigeria and their suitabilities in soup preparation. Freshly harvested leaves of the two varieties of orange fleshed sweet potato were sorted, cleaned, dried, and milled into powder. The dried leaves were assessed for their chemical compositions viz proximate and mineral compositions, the anti-nutrient compositions, antioxidant properties, and phenolic profile. The overall acceptability of the leafy vegetables in the preparation of a local soup (Edikang Ikong) was evaluated. The ash, fat, and protein contents of UMUSPO1 leaves were higher than UMUSPO2, similarly UMUSPO1 leaves had higher mineral contents. Phytate and saponin contents were higher in UMUSPO2, however, the calculated molar ratios were below critical levels. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay were higher in UMUSPO1. Seven phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in both leaves with gallic acid being the most abundant. The taste of soup prepared with UMUSPO2 was rated higher, however, no significant difference was observed in the overall acceptability of the soups. The two leaves are good sources of nutritional antioxidants and can be suitable for the management of some disease conditions linked to oxidative stress.

Insight into effects of isolated Eurotium cristatum from Pingwu Fuzhuan brick tea on the fermentation process and quality characteristics of Fuzhuan brick tea

BACKGROUND

Pingwu Fuzhuan brick tea is a type of post-fermented tea manufactured from leaves of the tea plant, Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, the quality of which is influenced by numerous factors, especially microorganisms. Currently, there is little research on the effect of microorganisms on the fermentation and quality characteristics of Pingwu Fuzhuan brick tea. Investigation of the main fungus in this tea and its effect on the fermentation process and tea quality can provide insights into the manufacturing of 'western road' border-selling tea and could lay the foundation for the popularization of Pingwu Fuzhuan brick tea.

RESULTS

The main 'golden flower fungus' in Pingwu Fuzhuan brick tea was isolated and identified as Eurotium cristatum (GenBank accession number: MF800948.1; strain PW-1). Compared with natural fermentation, PW-1 inoculated fermentation accelerated biotransformation of phenolic compounds, which provided tea samples with better taste and tea infusion color. The proportions of velvety and sweet-tasting amino acids increased after 16-day fermentation with PW-1. Alcohols were the most abundant volatiles, with 40.13% and 39.43% content in NF16d and IF16d tea samples, respectively. Orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) further revealed that naturally fermented and PW-1 fermented teas were significantly different.

CONCLUSION

Strain PW-1 plays an important role in the fermentation process of Fuzhuan brick tea. Considering fermentation efficiency and tea quality, fermentation inoculated with E. cristatum PW-1 can be applied in the manufacturing of 'western road' border-selling tea. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

[Advances in studies on chemical compositions of Alismatis Rhizoma and their biological activities]

Alismatis Rhizoma is a traditional Chinese medicine, which was widely used in clinical prescriptions and proprietary Chinese medicine. Over 220 compounds have been isolated from it, including triterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, polysaccharides, nitrogen compounds, phenylpropanoids, flavones and sterides. The pharmacological studies show that Alismatis Rhizoma exhibits diuretic, anti-urolithiatic, anti-hyperlipidemia, antidiabetics, antitumor, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-complementary activities, etc. In this review, the chemical compositions and its pharmacological activities of Alismatis Rhizoma in recent 50 years were summarized. The authors hope to provide references for further study, development and utilization of Alismatis Rhizoma.

Rapid identification of chemical compositions in callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry

Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun is a traditional Chinese medicine that has various therapeutic effects. Despite its wide use in Chinese medicine, the study is still quite limited, especially its chemical compositions. In this research, an ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry tandem mass spectrometry method was utilized to analyze its chemical compositions for the first time. As a result, a total of 124 compounds, including 20 phenylethanoid glycosides, 31 flavonoids, 36 organic acids, 26 terpenoids and 11 phenols, were identified or tentatively characterized in 30 min. Among them, 49 compounds, including 5 phenylethanoid glycosides, 12 flavonoids, 16 organic acids, 12 terpenoids, and 4 phenols, were identified in Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun for the first time. Besides, the fragmentation pathways were also discussed. This research established a rapid and reliable method to analyze the chemical compositions of complicated herb without the process of isolation, and provide abundant information on the chemical material basis for further bioactivity and quality control studies.

In vitro evaluation of ruminant feed from West Sumatera based on chemical composition and content of rumen degradable and rumen undegradable proteins

Aim:

This research aimed to discover the chemical composition, as well as the content of the degradable and undegradable protein of the ruminant feed commonly used as cattle feed by Indonesian farmers.

Materials and Methods:

In this study, Pennisetum purpureum, Leucaena leucocephala, Indigofera zollingeriana, Gliricidia sepium, cassava, maize, palm kernel cake, and rice bran were used as feed. Chemical composition was determined by proximate and Van Soest analyses performed in triplicate. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility, as well as the rumen degradable proteins (RDP) and rumen undegradable proteins (RUP) contents, were determined in vitro using the Tilley and Terry method.

Results:

The results showed that more proteins can be obtained from legumes than from grass or concentrates. The highest protein amount was obtained from I. zollingerian (31.22%), while the lowest protein amount was obtained from cassava (3.59%). Dry matter digestibility ranged from 18.53% (rice bran) to 49.21% (G. sepium). Organic matter digestibility ranged from 35.71% (cassava) to 59.57% (I. zollingerian). Rice bran had the highest RDP from concentrate (73.26%), whereas I. zollingerian had the highest RDP from forage (74.72%). The highest RUP from concentrate was obtained from palm kernel cake (61.01%), and the highest RUP from forage was obtained from L. leucocephala (49.23%).

Conclusion:

The preparation of ruminant livestock rations must be based on RDP and RUP to meet the needs of both the rumen microbes and host animals. Information regarding the RDP and RUP of feeds is still limited, making this study useful in the preparation of ruminant livestock rations based on RDP and RUP ratios.

Rapid Analysis of the Chemical Compositions in Semiliquidambar cathayensis Roots by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Semiliquidambar cathayensis Chang was a traditional medicinal plant and used to treat rheumatism arthritis and rheumatic arthritis for centuries in China with no scientific validation, while only 15 components were reported. Thus, a rapid, efficient, and precise method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was applied in both positive- and negative-ion modes to rapidly analysis the main chemical compositions in S. cathayensis for the first time. Finally, a total of 85 chemical compositions, including 35 alkaloids, 12 flavonoids, 7 terpenoids, 5 phenylpropanoids, 9 fatty acids, 7 cyclic peptides, and 10 others were identified or tentatively characterized in the roots of S. cathayensis based on the accurate mass within 5 ppm error. Moreover, alkaloid, flavonoid, phenylpropanoid, and cyclic peptide were reported from S. cathayensis for the first time. This rapid and sensitive method was highly useful to comprehend the chemical compositions and will provide scientific basis for further study on the material basis, mechanism and clinical application of S. cathayensis roots.

Evaluation of pigeon pea leaves (Cajanus cajan) replacing alfalfa meal on growth performance, carcass trait, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant capacity and biochemical parameters of rabbits

A 30-day experiment was performed to determine the effect of pigeon pea leaves (PPL) on growth performance, carcass trait, meat quality, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant capacity and biochemical parameters of growing rabbits. In a completely randomized design, PPL replaced alfalfa meal at the level of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%, which were named PPL0 (control), PPL10, PPL20 and PML30 respectively. Two hundred New Zealand white rabbits at 6 weeks with similar weight (870.23 ± 15.98 g) were allocated to four dietary groups with five replicates containing 10 rabbits/per replicate (male). The results showed that: (a) PPL powder contained 24.26% crude protein, 4.34% crude fat, 17.86% crude fibre, 7.05% ash, 1.35% calcium, 0.28% phosphorus, 1.09% lysine and 0.20% methionine, and the chemical compositions are on DM basis; (b) the ratio of feed to gain of rabbits fed diet PPL10 was significantly better (p < 0.05) than those fed other three diets; (c) the content of longissimus dorsi (LD) moisture in the rabbits fed diets without PPL (control group) was 12% lower than that in the PPL30 diets (60.1 vs. 72.1; p < 0.05). In PPL10, PPL20 and PPL30 diets, the leg muscle (LM) b*(yellowness) value was 33%, 30% and 22.6% higher than the control group respectively. The rabbits fed diets PPL0 had lower (p < 0.05) LM crude protein and ash and higher (p < 0.05) crude fat of LD and LM as compared with those fed other diets; (d) crude protein and energy digestibility of PPL0 and PPL10 diets were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than PPL30 diets; and (e) serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of the rabbits fed PPL10 and PPL30 diets was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that fed PPL20 diets. Liver total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activity of the PPL30 groups was 1.3% higher (p < 0.05) than the PPL10 group. Additionally, the control group (PPL0) had the highest (p < 0.05) blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total cholesterol (TCHO) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) content compared with the groups supplemented with PPL. The PPL30 group had the highest (p < 0.05) triiodothyronine (T₃ ) and tetraiodothyroxine (T₄ ) value among the dietary groups.

[Chemical Compositions, Mass Concentrations, and Emission Factors of Particulate Organic Matters Emitted from Catering]

Catering is an important emission source of atmospheric particulate organic matters (POMs). Mass concentrations, chemical compositions, and emission factors of POMs emitted from catering were studied based on simulation experiments. The effects of different cooking methods, various ingredients, oils, and other factors were investigated. The results showed that the species of POMs emitted from catering were largely influenced by cooking methods, ingredients, and oils. Among all the quantified POMs, the average mass fraction was 68.9%, 20.3%, and 4.2% for N-alkanes, sterols, and fatty acids (including saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids), respectively. The remaining 5.42% was constituted by dicarboxylic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, monosaccharide anhydrides, and hopane compounds. The average ingredient emission factor was 0.0131 g·kg^-1, ranging from 0.0014 g·kg^-1 to 0.0271 g·kg^-1. The ingredient emission factors of the meat cooking process were much larger than those of the vegetable cooking process. The average oil emission factor was 1.8230 g·kg^-1, ranging from 0.0019 g·kg^-1 to 10.1730 g·kg^-1. The oil emission factors of barbecuing were much larger than those of other cooking methods.

[Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds from Cooking Emissions]

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) do great harm to human health, and also have some impact on air quality. Cooking is one of the important sources of VOCs, so the study of cooking emissions is of great significance. By simulating the heating of oil and cooking, the characteristics and chemical composition of VOCs emissions for different types of oil fumes were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), using different oils, seasonings, and dishes as variables. The results show that the emission factors of the oils range from 0.81 to 2.53 g·kg^-1, and the emissions are dominated by halogenated hydrocarbons and alkanes. The emission factors of the seasonings range from 25.06 to 40.18 g·kg^-1, and the seasonings mainly emit alkanes. The quantity of emissions from chili fried meat is much higher than that of tomato scrambled eggs, and the chili fried meat mainly emits halogenated hydrocarbons, while tomato scrambled eggs mainly emit aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes.

Effect of Temperature, Pressure, and Chemical Composition on the Electrical Conductivity of Schist: Implications for Electrical Structures under the Tibetan Plateau

The experimental study on the electrical conductivities of schists with various contents of alkali ions (C_A = K₂O + Na₂O = 3.94, 5.17, and 5.78 wt.%) were performed at high temperatures (623⁻1073 K) and high pressures (0.5⁻2.5 GPa). Experimental results indicated that the conductivities of schist markedly increased with the rise of temperature. Pressure influence on the conductivities of schist was extremely weak at the entire range of experimental temperatures. Alkali ion content has a significant influence on the conductivities of the schist samples in a lower temperature range (623⁻773 K), and the influence gradually decreases with increasing temperature in a higher temperature range (823⁻1073 K). In addition, the activation enthalpies for the conductivities of three schist samples were fitted as being 44.16⁻61.44 kJ/mol. Based on the activation enthalpies and previous studies, impurity alkaline ions (K⁺ and Na⁺) were proposed as the charge carriers of schist. Furthermore, electrical conductivities of schist (10^-3.5⁻10^-1.5 S/m) were lower than those of high-conductivity layers under the Tibetan Plateau (10^-1⁻10⁰ S/m). It was implied that the presence of schist cannot cause the high-conductivity anomalies in the middle to lower crust beneath the Tibetan Plateau.

Comparison of two types of vinegar with different aging times by NMR-based metabolomic approach

Shanxi vinegar (SV) is well known as the most famous vinegar for its distinctive processing technique in China. Aging is the most important process for SV, and we call the vinegar aging more than 1-year Shanxi aged vinegar (SAV) and less than 1-year Shanxi mature vinegar (SMV). In this study, the chemical compositions and in vivo difference between SAV and SMV were compared by NMR based metabolomic profiling technique and multivariate statistical analysis. The results indicated that most of the metabolites exhibited higher concentrations in SAV than those in SMV¸ and the amino acids showed higher concentration ratio than the other compounds. The changes of endogenous metabolites after treatment with SMV and SAV were also investigated. Compared with the chemical differences, the differences of metabolomic changes between SAV and SMV were relatively minor. This study provides a valuable approach for accurately evaluating the differences of food products. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Vinegar is commonly consumed as the important seasoning. SV, which is made from several kinds of cereal by solid-state fermentation techniques, is one of the famous vinegars in China. Aging is the most important process for SV which dividing vinegar into SAV and SMV according to the aging time. Due to the long aging process, the price of SAV is much higher than that of SMV in the market place. However, no investigation was conducted to compare their differences in vivo.

Essential Oils: Extraction Techniques, Pharmaceutical And Therapeutic Potential - A Review

BACKGROUND

Essential oils are liquid extracts from aromatic plants, which have numerous applications in multiple industries. There are a variety of methods used for the extraction of essential oils, with each method exhibiting certain advantages and determining the biological and physicochemical properties of the extracted oils. Essential oils from different plant species contain more than 200 constituents which are comprised of volatile and non-volatile components. The application of essential oils as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral agents is due to their effective and efficient properties, inter alia.

METHOD

Several advanced (supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical extraction liquid, solvent-free microwave extraction) and conventional (hydrodistillation, steam distillation, hydrodiffusion, solvent extraction) methods have been discussed for the extraction of essential oils. Advanced methods are considered as the most promising extraction techniques due to less extraction time, low energy consumption, low solvent used and less carbon dioxide emission.

CONCLUSION

This manuscript reviewed the major research studies in the field and discussed several research findings on the chemical composition of essential oils, methods of oil extraction, and application of these oils in pharmaceutical and therapeutic fields. These essential oils can be used as anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, and as skin permeation enhancer agents.

Characteristics of PM2.5 Chemical Compositions and Their Effect on Atmospheric Visibility in Urban Beijing, China during the Heating Season

Beijing, which is the capital of China, suffers from severe Fine Particles (PM2.5) pollution during the heating season. In order to take measures to control the PM2.5 pollution and improve the atmospheric environmental quality, daily PM2.5 samples were collected at an urban site from 15 November to 31 December 2016, characteristics of PM2.5 chemical compositions and their effect on atmospheric visibility were analyzed. It was found that the daily average mass concentrations of PM2.5 ranged from 7.64 to 383.00 μg m-3, with an average concentration of 114.17 μg m-3. On average, the Organic Carbon (OC) and Elemental Carbon (EC) contributed 21.39% and 5.21% to PM2.5, respectively. Secondary inorganic ions (SNA: SO₄²- + NO₃- + NH₄⁺) dominated the Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions (WSIIs) and they accounted for 47.09% of PM2.5. The mass concentrations of NH₄⁺, NO₃- and SO₄2- during the highly polluted period were 8.08, 8.88 and 6.85 times greater, respectively, than during the clean period, which contributed most to the serious PM2.5 pollution through the secondary transformation of NO₂, SO₂ and NH₃. During the highly polluted period, NH₄NO₃ contributed most to the reconstruction extinction coefficient (b'ext), accounting for 35.7%, followed by (NH₄)₂SO₄ (34.44%) and Organic Matter (OM: 15.24%). The acidity of PM2.5 in Beijing was weakly acid. Acidity of PM2.5 and relatively high humidity could aggravate PM2.5 pollution and visibility impairment by promoting the generation of secondary aerosol. Local motor vehicles contributed the most to NO₃-, OC, and visibility impairment in urban Beijing. Other sources of pollution in the area surrounding urban Beijing, including coal burning, agricultural sources, and industrial sources in the Hebei, Shandong, and Henan provinces, released large amounts of SO₂, NH₃, and NO₂. These, which were transformed into SO₄2-, NH₄⁺, and NO₃- during the transmission process, respectively, and had a great impact on atmospheric visibility impairment.

Bioactive Constituents from the Aerial Parts of Pluchea indica Less

Four new thiophenes, (3''R)-pluthiophenol (1), (3''R)-pluthiophenol-4''-acetate (2), 3''-ethoxy-(3''S)-pluthiophenol (3), 3''-ethoxy-(3''S)-pluthiophenol-4''-acetate (4), together with twenty-five known compounds were obtained from the 70% ethanol-water extract of the aerial parts of Pluchea indica Less. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Among the known isolates, compounds 7, 8, 11, 14, 15, 18, 20, 23, 25⁻27 were isolated from Asteraceae family firstly, while compounds 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 19, 21, 28 were isolated from Pluchea genus for the first time. Meanwhile, compounds 1, 2, 10, 13, 18, 23 displayed significant inhibitory activities on LPS-induced NO production at 40 µM from RAW 264.7 macrophages, while compounds 3, 4, 26⁻29 possessed moderate inhibitory effects.

[Studies on difference of chemical compositions in plant species of Tripterygium genus]

We studied the content of chemical compositions and correlation among species of Tripterygium genus by principal component analysis(PCA) and variance analysis(ANOVA), and we also studied the difference among the 3 species.Using [BMIm]PF6 ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction, we determined the contents of 11 compounds including wilforgine, wilforzine, triptophenolide, wilforine, triptoquinone A, triptolide, tripterin, egallocatechin, epigallocatechin, catechin, and epicatechin in 28 batches of the Tripterygium species by HPLC and PCA. Partial least squares analysis (PLS) and ANOVA were also performed to verify the results.The analysis results of PCA and PLS showed that three species of Tripterygium genus were clustered into three regions respectively, and triptoquinone A was the important factor which affected the aggregation of these three species.There was a significant difference among the contents of 11 chemical components in the three species(P<0.000 1).These results indicated that there was a certain correlation between the chemical compositions and the classification of the species, and the difference of the chemical compositions among the three species was obvious. In this work, the content determination method is rapid and accurate, and the analysis method is simple and convenient, which provides a reference for the classification, the efficacy and the toxicity of the species.

[Advances in studies on chemical compositions of Atractylodes lancea and their biological activities]

This article mainly summarises the results of the chemical compositions and its pharmacological activities of Atractylodes Radix. The chemistry components isolated from Atractylodes Radix are mainly sesquiterpenoids, enediynes, triterpenoids, aromatic glycosides, and etc. Pharmacological results showed that Atractylodes Radix has inhibition of gastric acid secretion, promoting gastrointestinal movement and gastric emptying, hpyerglycemic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protection and nervous system activity, etc. This article hopefully to provide a reference for further research, development and utilization of Atractylodes Radix.

Flourishing Bioinspired Antifogging Materials with Superwettability: Progresses and Challenges

Antifogging (AF) structure materials found in nature have great potential for enabling novel and emerging products and technologies to facilitate the daily life of human societies, attracting enormous research interests owing to their potential applications in display devices, traffics, agricultural greenhouse, food packaging, solar products, and other fields. The outstanding performance of biological AF surfaces encourages the rapid development and wide application of new AF materials. In fact, AF properties are inextricably associated with their surface superwettability. Generally, the superwettability of AF materials depends on a combination of their surface geometrical structures and surface chemical compositions. To explore their general design principles, recent progresses in the investigation of bioinspired AF materials are summarized herein. Recent developments of the mechanism, fabrication, and applications of bioinspired AF materials with superwettability are also a focus. This includes information on constructing superwetting AF materials based on designing the topographical structure and regulating the surface chemical composition. Finally, the remaining challenges and promising breakthroughs in this field are also briefly discussed.

[Advances on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Ceriops genus]

Plants of the genus Ceriops (Rhizophoraceae) consist of five species, which were widely distributed in tropical Asia, Eastern Africa and Oceania. So far,phytochemical studies showed that a total of 131 compounds including 120 terpenoids had been isolated from this genus, which exhibited anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycaemic, antitumor, anti-microbial, antioxidant, antifouling and antiviral activities. This article summarized the recent research progress of the chemical compositions and their pharmacological activities from the genus,which could provide reference for the development and utilization of the Ceriops plants.