Effect of alpha tocopherol acetate in Walker 256/B cells-induced oxidative damage in a rat model of breast cancer skeletal metastases

Antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of Teucrium polium extract: computational and in vivo study in rats

The current study aimed to assess the antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of teucrium polium extract: computational and in vivo study in rats. Three groups of animals: Group (i) constitute the control group; Group (ii) HeLa group received an intrafemoral inoculation of HeLa cells and Group (iii) constitue the combination between HeLa + T. polium. The plant was administered by gavage. Our results revealed that HeLa cell injection showed an elevation in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), creatinine, urea, calcium and phosphorus. The pretreatment with the plant extract reduced the level of these parameters. Injection of HeLa cells showed a significant decrease in phosphorus and calcium respectively. However, the pretreatment by T. polium modulated the level of these two minerals. Rats treated with HeLa cells line showed an increase in the level of lipid peroxidation as evaluated by the TBARS substances, at the same time, a significant decreases in SOD, CAT and GPx activities were noted in the HeLa group compared to the control. On the other hand, pretreatment with the plant improved the level of these enzymes. Our results revealed that T.polium has a therapeutic effect on some health problems. HeLa cell line induced a small infiltration in liver and kidney. T. polium reduced the damage in both liver and kidney, but did not reveal any proliferation of tumor cells from trabecular bone tissue. The computational study revealed that T. polium compound bound with high free binding energies and established promising network of molecular interactions with COX-2 and TNF-α macromolecules.

Expression Profiling of Selected Immune Genes and Trabecular Microarchitecture in Breast Cancer Skeletal Metastases Model: Effect of α-Tocopherol Acetate Supplementation

Breast cancer bone metastases (BCBM) result in serious skeletal morbidity. Although there have been important advances in cancer treatment methods such as surgery and chemotherapy, the complementary treatments, such as α-tocopherol acetate (ATA), still remain of key role via complementary and/or synergistic effects. The aim of this work was to study immune response in a rat model of BCBM due to Walker 256/B cells inoculation and the effect of ATA alone. Compared to the control group (CTRL), rat injected with Walker 256/B cells (5 × 10⁴) in the medullar cavity (W256 group) showed osteolytic damages with marked tumor osteolysis of both cancellous and trabecular bone as assessed by X-ray radiology, micro-computed tomography, and histology. Rats inoculated with Walker 256/B cells and treated with ATA (45 mg/kg BW, W256ATA group) presented marked less tumor osteolysis, less disturbance of Tb.Th and Tb.Sp associated with conversion of rods into plates, and increased structure model index and trabecular pattern factor (Tb.Pf). Elsewhere, 3D frequency distributions of Tb.Th and Tb.Sp were highly disturbed in metastatic W256 rats. Overexpression of some genes commonly associated with cancer and metastatic proliferation: COX-2, TNF-α, and pro-inflammatory interleukins 1 and 6 was outlined. ATA alleviated most of the Walker 256/B cells-induced microarchitectural changes in the target parameters without turning back to normal levels. Likewise, it alleviates the BCSM-induced overexpression of COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6. In silico approach showed that ATA bound these proteins with high affinities, which satisfactory explain its beneficial effects. In conclusion, BCBM is associated with bone microarchitectural disorders and an immune response characterized by an overexpression of some key role genes in cancer proliferation and invasion. ATA exerted favorable effects on trabecular bone distribution and morphology, which may involve the COX-2, TNF-α, and ILs pathways.

General Health Benefits and Pharmacological Activities of Triticum aestivum L

Common wheat (Triticum aestivum), one of the world's most consumed cereal grains, is known for its uses in baking and cooking in addition to its medicinal uses. As this plant's medical benefits are enormous and scattered, this narrative review was aimed at describing the pharmacological activities, phytochemistry, and the nutritional values of Triticum aestivum. It is a good source of dietary fiber, resistant starch, phenolic acids, alkylresorcinols, lignans, and diverse antioxidant compounds such as carotenoids, tocopherols and tocotrienols. These constituents provide Triticum aestivum with a wide range of pharmacological properties, including anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, hypolipemic, antioxidant, laxative, and moisturizing effects. This review summarized the established benefits of wheat in human health, the mode of action, and different clinical, in vitro and in vivo studies for different varieties and cultivars. This review also gives an insight for future research into the better use of this plant as a functional food. More clinical trials, in vivo and in vitro studies are warranted to broaden the knowledge about the effect of Triticum aestivum on nutrition-related diseases prevention, and physical and mental well-being sustenance.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Zingiber officinale roscoe and Allium subhirsutum: In Silico, Biochemical and Histological Study

In this study, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Zingiber officinale roscoe and Allium subhirsutum aqueous extracts were examined in a carrageenan-induced acute inflammation model. Some markers of inflammation such as hematological parameters, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein were measured. Variables reflecting oxidative stress included thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced oxidation of protein products (AOPP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione were determined in both inflamed foci and erythrocytes. The in silico molecular docking simulation showed that the main components of Zingiber officinale roscoe and Allium subhirsutum bound to toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6) with high affinities. Moreover, histological examinations of paw edema were carried out. Both Zingiber officinale roscoe and Allium subhirsutum ameliorated the induced inflammation and oxidative stress status as outlined by anti-edematous, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Our investigation lends pharmacological support to the medical uses of these spices in the management of inflammatory disorders and oxidative damage. The results of the in silico assay satisfactory explain the in vivo effects as compared with indomethacin.

Antioxidant and Protective Effects of Artemisia campestris Essential Oil Against Chlorpyrifos-Induced Kidney and Liver Injuries in Rats

This study is aimed to elucidate the possible antioxidant and protective effects of Artemisia campestris essential oil (ACEO) against the deleterious effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) in rats. The in vivo study revealed increases in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and the serum contents of creatinine, urea, uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins (LDL), and glucose in rats treated with CPF as compared to controls. Meanwhile, hepatic and renal activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver and kidney decreased and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased. Some histopathologic features were noticed in liver and kidney of the CPF group. Interestingly, ACEO alleviated the biochemical disruptions and reduced these hepato-renal morphologic changes.

A novel sulfate-bridged binuclear copper(ii) complex: structure, optical, ADMET and in vivo approach in a murine model of bone metastasis

A novel complex, formulated as [Cu₂(μ₃-SO₄)₂(C₄H₆N₂)₄], showed significant ameliorative effects on tumor osteolytic lesions in malignant Walker 256/B breast cancer-induced bone metastases.

Veettil V, Noumi E, A. Al-Motair K, Aouadi K, Kadri A, De Feo V, Snoussi M. Allium subhirsutum L. as a Potential Source of Antioxidant and Anticancer Bioactive Molecules: HR-LCMS Phytochemical Profiling, In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacological Study

This study investigated Allium subhirsutum L. (AS) anticancer and antioxidant effects and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis in a murine model of skeletal metastases due to inoculation of Walker 256/B cells. Phytochemical composition of AS extract (ASE) was studied by High Resolution-Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (HR-LCMS). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) were determined. In vitro, the antioxidant properties were evaluated by reducing power and antiradical activity against DPPH. Cancer cells' proliferation, apoptosis, metastatic development and angiogenesis were evaluated using Walker 256/B and MatLyLu cells. The p-coumaric acid was the major phenolic acid (1700 µg/g extract). ASE showed high levels of TPC and TFC and proved potent antioxidant effects. ASE inhibited Walker 256/B and MatLyLu cells' proliferation (Half-maximal inhibitory concentration: IC50 ≃ 150 µg/mL) and induced apoptosis. In silico and in vivo assays confirmed these findings. ASE effectively acts as a chemo-preventive compound, induces apoptosis and attenuates angiogenesis and osteolytic metastases due to Walker 256/B malignant cells.

Effects of milk thistle meal on performance, ileal bacterial enumeration, jejunal morphology and blood lipid peroxidation in laying hens fed diets with different levels of metabolizable energy

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of milk thistle meal on performance, blood biochemical indices, ileal bacterial counts and intestinal histology in laying hens fed diets containing different levels of metabolizable energy. A total number of 200 Leghorn laying hens (Hy-Line W-36) were randomly assigned to eight experimental treatments with five cage replicates of five birds each. Dietary treatments consisted of four levels of milk thistle meal (0%, 15%, 30% and 60%) and two levels of AMEn (11.09 and 12.34 MJ/kg) fed over a period of 80 days. In vitro studies revealed that the total phenolic component of milk thistle meal was 470.64 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of the sample, and its antioxidant activity for inhibiting the 2-2-diphenyl-1-picrichydrazyl free radical and reducing ferric ions was about 21% higher than that of butylated hydroxyltoluene (p < .05). Diets containing high level of AMEn led to improved egg production (p < .05), egg weight (p < .05), egg mass (p < .01) and feed conversion ratio (p < .01). In addition, offering diets containing high energy significantly enhanced (p < .01) serum triglyceride and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations as well as jejunal villus height. Dietary supplementation of 3% milk thistle meal resulted in the best feed conversion ratio (p < .05), reduction of ileal Escherichia coli enumeration (p < .01) and an enhancement in the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (p < .05). Furthermore, feeding incremental levels of this meal led to remarkable decrease in serum cholesterol, triglyceride and MDA (p < .01) concentrations while significant increase in blood high-density lipoprotein content and goblet cell numbers (p < .05). The present findings indicate that milk thistle meal with high antioxidant and antibacterial properties in laying hen diets may improve health indices and productive performance.

The Walker 256 Breast Cancer Cell- Induced Bone Pain Model in Rats

The majority of patients with terminal breast cancer show signs of bone metastasis, the most common cause of pain in cancer. Clinically available drug treatment options for the relief of cancer-associated bone pain are limited due to either inadequate pain relief and/or dose-limiting side-effects. One of the major hurdles in understanding the mechanism by which breast cancer causes pain after metastasis to the bones is the lack of suitable preclinical models. Until the late twentieth century, all animal models of cancer induced bone pain involved systemic injection of cancer cells into animals, which caused severe deterioration of animal health due to widespread metastasis. In this mini-review we have discussed details of a recently developed and highly efficient preclinical model of breast cancer induced bone pain: Walker 256 cancer cell- induced bone pain in rats. The model involves direct localized injection of cancer cells into a single tibia in rats, which avoids widespread metastasis of cancer cells and hence animals maintain good health throughout the experimental period. This model closely mimics the human pathophysiology of breast cancer induced bone pain and has great potential to aid in the process of drug discovery for treating this intractable pain condition.

Effects of different levels of sanguinarine on antioxidant indices, immunological responses, ileal microbial counts and jejunal morphology of laying hens fed diets with different levels of crude protein

This study was carried out to assess the effects of different levels of sanguinarine on antioxidant indices, immunological responses, serum biochemical parameters, ileal microbial counts and jejunal morphology of laying hens fed on diets with different levels of crude protein (CP). A total of 180 laying hens were subjected into nine dietary treatments with four cages of five birds each. Experimental treatments consisted of three levels of CP (85.0, 92.5 and 100% of Hy-Line W36 manual recommendation) and three levels of sanguinarine (0.00, 3.75 and 7.50 mg/kg) as a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of laying hens which fed during a 70-day feeding trial. The in vitro study showed that sanguinarine exhibited sevenfold and threefold decreased antioxidant activities to inhibit 2-2-diphenyl-1-picric hydrazyl free radical as well as ferric ion reducing rather than butylated hydroxyl toluene. Although using the decremental levels of CP caused the increase in heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (p < 0.01), dietary administration of sanguinarine could suppress the serum cholesterol and malondialdehyde concentrations as well as heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (p < 0.05). Additionally, decreasing CP content resulted in the decreased percentage of albumin (p < 0.05); however, it had no negative effects on humoral immunity. Nonetheless, feeding of at least 3.75 mg/kg sanguinarine led to the remarkable increases in serum gamma globulin concentration (p < 0.01) and secondary (p < 0.05) antibody titres against sheep red blood cells. Moreover, a decline in dietary CP content led to higher villi height and crypt depth (p < 0.05; p < 0.001) and consequently decreased villi height-to-crypt depth ratio (p < 0.001) than the optimum level (100% CP). In spite of the effects of sanguinarine on the suppression of Escherichia coli and Salmonella counts (p < 0.05), it markedly enhanced villi height-to-crypt depth ratio as well as lamina propria lymphatic follicles extent, simultaneously (p < 0.001). Therefore, in spite of the detrimental effects of feeding low-CP diets on lymphocytes and serum albumin percentages, and villi height-to-crypt depth ratio, the administration of incremental levels of sanguinarine could improve cellular and humoral immunity, decrease ileal microbial counts and in turn improve the intestinal health indices in laying hens.

Sydnone 1: A Mesoionic Compound with Antitumoral and Haematological Effects In Vivo

This study evaluated the antitumour activity of the mesoionic compound sydnone 1 (Syd-1) against Walker-256 carcinosarcoma. Tumour cells were subcutaneously inoculated in the hind limb in male Wistar rats. The animals were orally treated for 12 days with Syd-1 (75 mg/kg) or vehicle. At the end of treatment, considerable decreases in tumour volume and tumour weight were observed in treated animals. Samples of these tumours presented increases in apoptotic bodies and pro-apoptotic protein expression (Bax and p53), while the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was reduced. A decrease in reduced glutathione levels and an increase in glutathione peroxidase activity were observed in tumour after Syd-1 treatment. However, significant splenomegaly was evident in animals that received Syd-1, most likely attributable to the induction of haemolysis. This study demonstrated the antitumour activity of Syd-1 against Walker-256 carcinosarcoma. Its mechanism of action is linked to the activation of apoptotic pathways that lead to tumour cell death.

Walker 256/B malignant breast cancer cells disrupt osteoclast cytomorphometry and activity in rats: modulation by α-tocopherol acetate

We examined the effects of vitamin E supplementation (VES) on osteoclast (OC) resorbing activity and cytomorphometry in Walker 256/B tumor osteolytic rats. Twenty-four aged male rats were randomized into 3 groups: 6 were sham operated; 9 were injected in the right hind limb with Walker 256/B cells (W256 group); and 9 were injected as above and supplemented with VE (45mg/kg BW) (W256VE group). Twenty days later, bone mass (BV/TV) and some microarchitectural parameters were assessed. Some histodynamic parameters, cellular and nuclear form factors (FFC and FFN), and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N/C) of OC were measured for each group. W256 group exhibited osteolytic lesions in the operated femora. Walker 256/B induced trabecular perforation and decreased BV/TV associated with significant increases in OC numbering (N.Oc/B.Ar and Oc.N/B.Pm) and activity (ES/BS and Oc.S/BS). While FFN remain unchanged, the FFC and N/C ratio increased in the W256 group. W256VE showed less osteolytic lesions. Moreover, disruption of bone microarchitecture and OC activity in W256VE group decreased. VES reduced the malignant Walker 256/B-induced enhanced OC resorbing activity with cytoinhibition rate reaching 41%. The protective effect of VE may be due to its modulation of OC cytomorphometry and subsequently their activity.

Walker 256/B malignant breast cancer cells improve femur angioarchitecture and disrupt hematological parameters in a rat model of tumor osteolysis

This study was designed to assess femur angioarchitecture and hematological effects of Walker 256/B cells in a rat model of tumor osteolysis. Tumor osteolysis was induced by in situ inoculation of Walker 256/B malignant cells. Six other rats were sham operated and served as control. Twenty days later, rats were euthanized, and femurs were collected than radiographed. Angioarchitecture [mean lumen diameter (MLD), wall thickness (WTh), Vessel number, volume, and separation (VNb, VV, and VSp respectively)] was studied by histomorphometry at 2 different positions (P1: diaphysis, and P2: metaphysis) of the operated femora. Some hematological parameters were also assessed. Walker 256/B induced marked tumor osteolysis, with cortical perforation and trabecular destruction, associated increase in bone vascularization (increases of VNb and VV and decrease of VSp). Angioarchitecture of W256/B rats was disorganized and showed large MLD and lower WTh. These effects were more prominent in P2. When compared to Sham group, significantly decreases at levels of red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), and white blood cell (WBC) were observed in W256/B rats. These results suggest that Walker 256/B cells induced tumor osteolysis, improve hypervasculature especially near the tumoral foci (P2) associated hematological disruption. Besides, tumor vessels showed abnormal (enlarged and thinner) and disorganized morphology.

Bone metastasis: histological changes and pathophysiological mechanisms in osteolytic or osteosclerotic localizations. A review

The development of a bone metastasis involves interactions between the tumor cells, the bone marrow microenvironment and the bone cells themselves. A better understanding of the pathophysiological changes occurring in bone metastasis can be obtained from histopathological examination of invaded specimens. This review focuses on the main molecular mechanisms implied in the localization and growth of malignant cells in the bone marrow. The corresponding histologic developmental stages are illustrated both in osteolytic (or mixed metastasis) or in the osteosclerotic forms by histological analysis, immunohistochemistry and microcomputed tomographic analysis of bone samples. In both cases, the malignant cells find a "fertile soil" in the bone marrow microenvironment. They use the growth factors released by bone cells for the coupling between osteoclasts/osteoblasts to promote their own development. In turn, they elaborate a variety of cytokines that can promote osteoclastogenesis (PTHrP, IL-1, IL-6…) or on the contrary, other growth factors that can boost the osteoblastic activity (ET1, IGFs). A "vicious circle" occurs between the malignant cells and the bone cells leading to the radiological expression of the metastasis.

Three-dimensional characterization of the vascular bed in bone metastasis of the rat by microcomputed tomography (MicroCT)

Background

Angiogenesis contributes to proliferation and metastatic dissemination of cancer cells. Anatomy of blood vessels in tumors has been characterized with 2D techniques (histology or angiography). They are not fully representative of the trajectories of vessels throughout the tissues and are not adapted to analyze changes occurring inside the bone marrow cavities.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We have characterized the vasculature of bone metastases in 3D at different times of evolution of the disease. Metastases were induced in the femur of Wistar rats by a local injection of Walker 256/B cells. Microfil®, (a silicone-based polymer) was injected at euthanasia in the aorta 12, 19 and 26 days after injection of tumor cells. Undecalcified bones (containing the radio opaque vascular casts) were analyzed by microCT, and a first 3D model was reconstructed. Bones were then decalcified and reanalyzed by microCT; a second model (comprising only the vessels) was obtained and overimposed on the former, thus providing a clear visualization of vessel trajectories in the invaded metaphysic allowing quantitative evaluation of the vascular volume and vessel diameter. Histological analysis of the marrow was possible on the decalcified specimens. Walker 256/B cells induced a marked osteolysis with cortical perforations. The metaphysis of invaded bones became progressively hypervascular. New vessels replaced the major central medullar artery coming from the diaphyseal shaft. They sprouted from the periosteum and extended into the metastatic area. The newly formed vessels were irregular in diameter, tortuous with a disorganized architecture. A quantitative analysis of vascular volume indicated that neoangiogenesis increased with the development of the tumor with the appearance of vessels with a larger diameter.

Conclusion

This new method evidenced the tumor angiogenesis in 3D at different development times of the metastasis growth. Bone and the vascular bed can be identified by a double reconstruction and allowed a quantitative evaluation of angiogenesis upon time.

Effect of malignant ascites on antioxidative potency of two tumoral cells-induced bone metastases: Walker 256/B and MatLyLu

This study was undertaken to estimate antioxidative status of two malignant-mammary gland carcinoma (Walker 256/B) and malignant-prostate carcinoma cells (MatLyLu) disseminated in ascitic fluids. Malignant carcinoma cells (10(7) cells) were twice serially intraperitoneal injected in male Wistar rats to develop ascites. After 7 days, ascitic fluids were collected, and cells in suspension were usable for biological assays. Cellular lipid peroxidation was assessed by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels. Some antioxidant parameters: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) were also assessed. Comparisons with control baseline (cells maintained in normal culture medium) were analyzed. TBARS levels were found to be significantly decreased in both ascitic cancer cells compared to the baseline except for in the ascite I of MatLyLu cells. On the other hand, SOD and CAT activities were found to be statistically increased in the two malignant ascitic passages. GSH-Px levels were elevated in the first and in the second ascitic passages (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Our results suggest that malignant ascites are associated not only with reduced levels of TBARS but also with increased antioxidant parameters, indicating the increasing antioxidant potency of two cancer cells during malignancies process.

Erythrocytes oxidative damage and hematological effects of 2,4,4',5-tetrachlorodiphenyl sulfone in rats

The effects of subchronic exposure to tetrachlorodiphenyl sulfone (TCDS) on hematological parameters [white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrite (Ht) levels] were examined. Oxidative stress in erythrocytes was also assessed by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and enzyme antioxidant activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)]. TCDS was administered orally, dissolved in water, ad libitum to 12 female rats at 28.9 mg/kg/day for 6 or 12 weeks. Results showed that TCDS induced significant decreases in RBC, Hb, and Ht. Whereas MCV, MCH, and MCHC remain unchanged and WBC increased only in the second period of the study. Moreover erythrocyte TBARS level increased, and antioxidant enzyme (SOD, GPx, and CAT) activities decreased. We concluded that TCDS intoxication promotes erythrocyte oxidative damage and disrupt hematological constituents in rats.