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Brun N, González-Sánchez JM, Ravier S, Temime-Roussel B, Brigante M, Mailhot G, Clément JL, Monod A. Online headspace monitoring of volatile organic compounds using proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry: Application to the multiphase atmospheric fate of 2,4-hexadienedial. Talanta 2024; 276:126176. [PMID: 38810352 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Chemical processes in clouds have been suggested to contribute significantly to the mass of organic aerosol particles in the atmosphere. Experimental and theoretical evidence suggest that organic mass production in clouds can be substantial and depends on the concentration of organic precursor compounds available in the gas phase. The present study aims at studying the aqueous phase reactivity of one of these overlooked precursors, i.e. 2,4-hexadienedial, an important and toxic intermediate in the atmospheric oxidation of aromatic species. Cautious synthesis and purification of 2,4-hexadienedial was performed. Its effective Henry's law constant was measured using a new simple and fast method based on online flow-injection analysis. The reactivity of 2,4-hexadienedial in the aqueous phase relevant to atmospheric conditions was studied, including hydrate formation, photolysis, ∙OH- and SO4∙--oxidation as well as reaction with NH3. The results revealed a low hydration constant compared to other dicarbonyls (Khyd1 = 7 × 10-2) and no dihydrate formation, indicating in an intermediate solubility (KH = 1.0 × 104 M atm-1) and high absorption cross sections (σ278nm > 10-16 cm2 molecule-1). Compared to its gas phase photolysis, its aqueous phase photolysis showed low quantum yields (Φ290-380nm = 0.9 %), and a significant red shift of the absorbance maximum, leading to a fast aqueous photolysis kinetics (Jaq,atm = 8.7 × 10-5 s-1) under atmospheric solar radiation, but no triplet state formation was detected. Radical oxidation experiments revealed extremely rapid oxidation kinetics (k∙OH = 1.10 × 1010 M-1 s-1 and kSO4∙- = 1.4 × 109 M-1 s-1) driven by fast addition of the radicals to the unsaturated bonds. In contrast, the reaction with aqueous NH3 (kNH3 = 2.6 × 10-3 M-1 s-1) was found slower than glyoxal and 2-butenedial, likely due to the hyperconjugation of 2,4-hexadienedial. Using these new data complemented with assumed aqueous phase kinetics (for NO3, 3C* and 1O2 reactions) and previous gas-phase kinetic ones, the multiphase atmospheric fate of 2,4-hexadienedial was established under atmospheric conditions reported from previous field measurements and models. The results revealed a short day lifetime (∼1 h) and a long night lifetime (>12 h). It was shown that daytime atmospheric chemistry of 2,4-hexadienedial can be influenced by aqueous-phase reactivity during cloud events, up to ∼50 % under thick cloud conditions (Liquid Water Content >2000 g/m3), indicating that even a compound of intermediate solubility can be strongly affected by condensed-phase reactivity. Besides its fast aqueous phase reactivity towards ∙OH and photolysis, its daytime condensed-phase reactivity may be driven by reactions with dissolved triplet states (3C*), up to 35 %, highlighting the need to study further the kinetics, the nature and concentrations of dissolved 3C* under various atmospheric conditions. In addition, the molecular properties and atmospheric behavior of 2,4-hexadienedial were found different from those of glyoxal and 2-butenedial, highlighting the need for detailed atmospheric reactivity studies of polyfunctional compounds, in particular unsaturated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Brun
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Marseille, France.
| | | | | | | | - Marcello Brigante
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gilles Mailhot
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Anne Monod
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France.
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Cytochrome P450 Can Epoxidize an Oxepin to a Reactive 2,3-Epoxyoxepin Intermediate: Potential Insights into Metabolic Ring-Opening of Benzene. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25194542. [PMID: 33023027 PMCID: PMC7582548 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyldioxirane epoxidizes 4,5-benzoxepin to form the reactive 2,3-epoxyoxepin intermediate followed by very rapid ring-opening to an o-xylylene that immediately isomerizes to the stable product 1H-2-benzopyran-1-carboxaldehyde. The present study demonstrates that separate incubations of 4,5-benzoxepin with three cytochrome P450 isoforms (2E1, 1A2, and 3A4) as well as pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) also produce 1H-2-benzopyran-1-carboxaldehyde as the major product, likely via the 2,3-epoxyoxepin. The reaction of 4,5-benzoxepin with cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) yields a dimeric oxidized molecule that is also a lesser product of the P450 oxidation of 4,5-benzoxepin. The observation that P450 enzymes epoxidize 4,5-benzoxepin suggests that the 2,3-epoxidation of oxepin is a major pathway for the ring-opening metabolism of benzene to muconaldehyde.
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Shimoyama Y, Tamura S, Kitagawa Y, Hong D, Kon Y. A cobalt-substituted Keggin-type polyoxometalate for catalysis of oxidative aromatic cracking reactions in water. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01758b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative aromatic cracking reactions in water were achieved using a catalytic system with a cobalt-substituted Keggin-type polyoxometalate as a catalyst, an Oxone® as a sacrificial oxidant and sodium bicarbonate as an additive under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Shimoyama
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Satoru Tamura
- Institute for Energy and Material/Food Resources
- Technology Innovation Division
- Panasonic Corporation
- Kadoma City
- Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kitagawa
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Dachao Hong
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
- Global Zero Emission Research Center
| | - Yoshihiro Kon
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
- Global Zero Emission Research Center
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Kojima T. Development of functionality of metal complexes based on proton-coupled electron transfer. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:7284-7293. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00898b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is ubiquitous and fundamental in many kinds of redox reactions. In this paper, are described PCET reactions in metal complexes to highlight their useful and unique properties and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
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Shimoyama Y, Ishizuka T, Kotani H, Kojima T. Catalytic Oxidative Cracking of Benzene Rings in Water. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Shimoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kotani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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Exposure to benzene metabolites causes oxidative damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2016; 109:841-54. [PMID: 27016252 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-016-0684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydroquinone (HQ) and benzoquinone (BQ) are known benzene metabolites that form reactive intermediates such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study attempts to understand the effect of benzene metabolites (HQ and BQ) on the antioxidant status, cell morphology, ROS levels and lipid alterations in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There was a reduction in the growth pattern of wild-type cells exposed to HQ/BQ. Exposure of yeast cells to benzene metabolites increased the activity of the anti-oxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase but lead to a decrease in ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione. Increased triglyceride level and decreased phospholipid levels were observed with exposure to HQ and BQ. These results suggest that the enzymatic antioxidants were increased and are involved in the protection against macromolecular damage during oxidative stress; presumptively, these enzymes are essential for scavenging the pro-oxidant effects of benzene metabolites.
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Zarth AT, Murphy SE, Hecht SS. Benzene oxide is a substrate for glutathione S-transferases. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 242:390-5. [PMID: 26554337 PMCID: PMC4695229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Benzene is a known human carcinogen which must be activated to benzene oxide (BO) to exert its carcinogenic potential. BO can be detoxified in vivo by reaction with glutathione and excretion in the urine as S-phenylmercapturic acid. This process may be catalyzed by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), but kinetic data for this reaction have not been published. Therefore, we incubated GSTA1, GSTT1, GSTM1, and GSTP1 with glutathione and BO and quantified the formation of S-phenylglutathione. Kinetic parameters were determined for GSTT1 and GSTP1. At 37 °C, the putative Km and Vmax values for GSTT1 were 420 μM and 450 fmol/s, respectively, while those for GSTP1 were 3600 μM and 3100 fmol/s. GSTA1 and GSTM1 did not exhibit sufficient activity for determination of kinetic parameters. We conclude that GSTT1 is a critical enzyme in the detoxification of BO and that GSTP1 may also play an important role, while GSTA1 and GSTM1 seem to be less important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Zarth
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Medicinal Chemistry Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Medicinal Chemistry Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Wiwanitkit V. Benzene, cytochrome, carcinogenesis: A topic in preventive toxicology. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2015; 18:97-9. [PMID: 25568606 PMCID: PMC4280785 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5278.146900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene is a common chemical substance with confirmed toxicity to human beings. The benzene toxicity can be in either acute or chronic. Also, the carcinogenicity of benzene is confirmed. Hence, the control of benzene usage is a topic in preventive toxicology; however, this substance is still problematic in many industrialized settings. In this article, the author discusses benzene and cytochrome focusing on the carcinogenesis process. A further extrapolation on the aspects on preventive toxicology is also included.
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Zarth AT, Cheng G, Zhang Z, Wang M, Villalta PW, Balbo S, Hecht SS. Analysis of the benzene oxide-DNA adduct 7-phenylguanine by liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry-parallel reaction monitoring: application to DNA from exposed mice and humans. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 215:40-5. [PMID: 24632417 PMCID: PMC4022132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Benzene oxide, the initial metabolite of the human carcinogen benzene, reacts with DNA producing 7-phenylguanine (7-PhG) and other products. We developed a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry-parallel reaction monitoring method for the analysis of 7-PhG in DNA. Accuracy and precision of the method were established and the detection limit was about 8amol of 7-PhG injected on the column and less than 1 adduct per 10(9) nucleotides in DNA. 7-PhG was detected in calf thymus DNA reacted with 1μM to 10mM benzene oxide. The method was applied for the analysis of DNA isolated from bone marrow, lung, and liver of B6C3F1 mice treated by gavage with 50mg/kg benzene in corn oil 5 times weekly for 4weeks. 7-PhG was not detected in any of these DNA samples. The method was applied to DNA from mouse hepatocytes exposed to 100μM benzene oxide and human TK-6 lymphoblasts exposed to 100μM, 1, and 10mM benzene oxide. 7-PhG was only detected in TK-6 cell DNA from the 10mM exposure. The method was also applied to leukocyte DNA from 10 smokers and 10 nonsmokers. 7-PhG was detected in only one DNA sample, from a nonsmoker. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that the benzene oxide-DNA adduct 7-PhG is involved in carcinogenesis by benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Zarth
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Guang Cheng
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Zhaobin Zhang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Mingyao Wang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Peter W Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Silvia Balbo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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Cheng S, Bois FY. A mechanistic modeling framework for predicting metabolic interactions in complex mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1712-1718. [PMID: 21835728 PMCID: PMC3261979 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1103510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computational modeling of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of chemicals is now theoretically able to describe metabolic interactions in realistic mixtures of tens to hundreds of substances. That framework awaits validation. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to a) evaluate the conditions of application of such a framework, b) confront the predictions of a physiologically integrated model of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene (BTEX) interactions with observed kinetics data on these substances in mixtures and, c) assess whether improving the mechanistic description has the potential to lead to better predictions of interactions. METHODS We developed three joint models of BTEX toxicokinetics and metabolism and calibrated them using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations and single-substance exposure data. We then checked their predictive capabilities for metabolic interactions by comparison with mixture kinetic data. RESULTS The simplest joint model (BTEX interacting competitively for cytochrome P450 2E1 access) gives qualitatively correct and quantitatively acceptable predictions (with at most 50% deviations from the data). More complex models with two pathways or back-competition with metabolites have the potential to further improve predictions for BTEX mixtures. CONCLUSIONS A systems biology approach to large-scale prediction of metabolic interactions is advantageous on several counts and technically feasible. However, ways to obtain the required parameters need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Cheng
- Bioengineering Department, Royallieu Research Center, Université de Technology de Compiègne, Compiègne Cedex, France
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Smith MT, Zhang L, McHale CM, Skibola CF, Rappaport SM. Benzene, the exposome and future investigations of leukemia etiology. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 192:155-9. [PMID: 21333640 PMCID: PMC3461963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Benzene exposure is associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and probably lymphoma and childhood leukemia. Biological plausibility for a causal role of benzene in these diseases comes from its toxicity to hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) or progenitor cells, from which all leukemias and related disorders arise. The effect of this toxicity is manifest as lowered blood counts (hematotoxicity), even in individuals occupationally exposed to low levels of benzene. Benzene can induce AML/MDS via several well-characterized pathways associated with these diseases. Through its metabolites, benzene induces multiple alterations that likely contribute to the leukemogenic process, and appears to operate via multiple modes of action. To improve mechanistic understanding and for risk assessment purposes, it may be possible to measure several of the key events in these modes of action in an in vitro model of the bone marrow stem cell niche. Even though benzene is leukemogenic at relatively low occupational levels of exposure, it seems unlikely that it is a major cause of leukemia in the general population exposed to benzene in the ppb range. Other established non-genetic causes of AML, e.g. smoking, ionizing radiation and cancer chemotherapy, also only explain about 20% of AML incidence, leaving ∼80% unexplained. The question arises as to how to find the causes of the majority of de novo AMLs that remain unexplained. We propose that we should attempt to characterize the 'exposome' of human leukemia by using unbiased laboratory-based methods to find the unknown 'environmental' factors that contribute to leukemia etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn T Smith
- Genes and Environment Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7356, USA.
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Morgan J, Greenberg A. Insights into the formation and isomerization of the benzene metabolite muconaldehyde and related molecules: comparison of computational and experimental studies of simple, benzo-annelated, and bridged 2,3-epoxyoxepins. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4761-8. [PMID: 20560653 DOI: 10.1021/jo100610g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2,8-Dioxabicyclo[5.1.0]octa-3,5-diene ("2,3-epoxyoxepin") has been postulated as an intermediate in ring-opening metabolism of benzene. Density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G*) is employed to study the activation and reaction energies for ring-opening isomerization of 2,3-epoxyoxepin, its 4,5-benzo derivative, and its 3,6-hexamethylene derivative. The results are compared with published experimental data. The markedly different fates of these three molecules suggest a means for testing the postulated metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Morgan
- Department of Chemistry University of New Hampshire Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
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