1
|
Belosludtsev KN, Ilzorkina AI, Belosludtseva NV, Sharapov VA, Penkov NV, Serov DA, Karagyaur MN, Nedopekina DA, Davletshin EV, Solovieva ME, Spivak AY, Kuzmina US, Vakhitova YV, Akatov VS, Dubinin MV. Comparative Study of Cytotoxic and Membranotropic Properties of Betulinic Acid-F16 Conjugate on Breast Adenocarcinoma Cells (MCF-7) and Primary Human Fibroblasts. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112903. [PMID: 36428470 PMCID: PMC9687851 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluates the cytotoxicity of a previously synthesized conjugate of betulinic acid (BA) with the penetrating cation F16 on breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and human fibroblast (HF) cell lines, and also shows the mechanism underlying its membranotropic action. It was confirmed that the conjugate exhibits higher cytotoxicity compared to native BA at low doses also blocking the proliferation of both cell lines and causing cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. We show that the conjugate indeed has a high potential for accumulation in mitochondria, being visualized in these organelles, which is most pronounced in cancer cells. The effect of the conjugate was observed to be accompanied by ROS hyperproduction in both cancerous and healthy cells, despite the lower base level of ROS in the latter. Along with this, using artificial liposomes, we determined that the conjugate is able to influence the phase state of lipid membranes, make them more fluid, and induce nonspecific permeabilization contributing to the overall cytotoxicity of the tested agent. We conclude that the studied BA-F16 conjugate does not have significant selective cytotoxicity, at least against the studied breast cancer cell line MCF-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin N. Belosludtsev
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Anna I. Ilzorkina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Belosludtseva
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav A. Sharapov
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
| | - Nikita V. Penkov
- Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Dmitriy A. Serov
- Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim N. Karagyaur
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/10, Lomonosovsky Ave., 119192 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/1, Lomonosovsky Ave., 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Darya A. Nedopekina
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Eldar V. Davletshin
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Marina E. Solovieva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Anna Yu Spivak
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Ulyana Sh. Kuzmina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 71, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Vakhitova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 71, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Vladimir S. Akatov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Dubinin
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-987-701-0437
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dubinin MV, Semenova AA, Ilzorkina AI, Markelova NY, Penkov NV, Shakurova ER, Belosludtsev KN, Parfenova LV. New quaternized pyridinium derivatives of betulin: Synthesis and evaluation of membranotropic properties on liposomes, pro- and eukaryotic cells, and isolated mitochondria. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 349:109678. [PMID: 34600868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the synthesis of pyridinium derivatives of betulin, including new 4-methyl- and 3,5-methyl-pyridinium analogs, their effect on artificial membrane systems (liposomes), cytotoxicity in models of prokaryotic (E. coli K-12 MG1655) and eukaryotic cells (rat thymocytes), as well as their effect on the functioning of membrane systems of rat liver mitochondria. We have shown that the presence of methyl groups in the pyridine ring of compounds determines the ability of the derivatives to effectively permeabilize the artificial membrane of lecithin liposomes for the fluorescent probe sulforhodamine B. The 4-methyl- and 3,5-methyl-pyridinium analogs inhibit the growth of E. coli K-12 MG1655 and, at the same time, did not have a cytotoxic effect on rat thymocytes. However, in the latter case, we noted a decrease in the mitochondrial potential of cells. The studied compounds reduced the functional activity of mitochondria, suppressing the activity of complexes of the respiratory chain and reducing the membrane potential. In addition, compounds containing methyl groups in the p- and m-positions of the pyridine ring were also able to permeabilize the inner membrane of mitochondria, causing them to swell. In this case, the most lipophilic compound containing two methyl substituents at the m-position of the pyridine fragment was most effective and had a protonophore effect on mitochondria. The paper discusses the dependence of the membranotropic and biological actions of the quaternized pyridine derivatives of betulin on their structure and lipophilicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Dubinin
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, 424001, Russia.
| | - Alena A Semenova
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, 424001, Russia
| | - Anna I Ilzorkina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Natalia Y Markelova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, PSCBR RAS, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Nikita V Penkov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, PSCBR RAS, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Elvira R Shakurova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450075, Russia
| | - Konstantin N Belosludtsev
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, 424001, Russia; Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Lyudmila V Parfenova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450075, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dubinin MV, Semenova AA, Ilzorkina AI, Penkov NV, Nedopekina DA, Sharapov VA, Khoroshavina EI, Davletshin EV, Belosludtseva NV, Spivak AY, Belosludtsev KN. Mitochondria-targeted prooxidant effects of betulinic acid conjugated with delocalized lipophilic cation F16. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 168:55-69. [PMID: 33812008 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The paper examines the molecular mechanisms of the cytotoxicity of conjugates of betulinic acid with the penetrating cation F16. The in vitro experiments on rat thymocytes revealed that all the obtained F16-betulinic acid derivatives showed more than 10-fold higher cytotoxicity as compared to betulinic acid and F16. In this case, 0.5-1 μM of all conjugates showed mitochondria-targeted action, inducing superoxide overproduction and reducing the mitochondrial potential of cells. Experiments on isolated rat liver mitochondria revealed the ability of conjugates to dose-dependently reduce the membrane potential of organelles, as well as the intensity of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, which is also accompanied by an increase in the production of hydrogen peroxide by mitochondria. It was shown that these actions of derivatives may be due to several effects: the reversion of ATP synthase, changes in the activity of complexes of the respiratory chain and permeabilization of the inner mitochondrial membrane. All compounds also demonstrated the ability to induce aggregation of isolated rat liver mitochondria. Using the model of lecithin liposomes, we found that the F6 conjugate (2 μM) induces the permeability of vesicle membranes for the fluorescent probe sulforhodamine B. High concentrations (25 μM) of the F6 derivative have been found to induce dynamic processes in the liposome membrane leading to aggregation and/or fusion of vesicle membranes. The paper discusses the relationship between the mitochondria-targeted effects of F16-betulinic acid conjugates and their cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Dubinin
- Mari State University, Pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, 424001, Russia.
| | - Alena A Semenova
- Mari State University, Pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, 424001, Russia
| | - Anna I Ilzorkina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Nikita V Penkov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, PSCBR RAS, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Darya A Nedopekina
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450075, Russia
| | | | | | - Eldar V Davletshin
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450075, Russia
| | - Natalia V Belosludtseva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Anna Yu Spivak
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450075, Russia
| | - Konstantin N Belosludtsev
- Mari State University, Pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, 424001, Russia; Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia; Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Penkov NV, Yashin VA, Belosludtsev KN. Hydration Shells of DPPC Liposomes from the Point of View of Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:189-198. [PMID: 32705897 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820949285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of structural and dynamic properties of water in suspensions of liposomes composed from 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) in three phase states (gel, rippled gel, liquid crystalline phase) by means of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in 0.3-3.3 THz range was conducted in the current work. Fraction of free water molecules in DPPC liposome suspension was shown to decrease with temperature (compared to the analogous aqueous solution without liposomes), and intermolecular water binding was enhanced. The most crucial changes occur during gel-rippled gel phase transition (pretransition): at temperatures below pretransition point, liposomes alleviate water binding degree, while at temperatures above the transition point, they enhance water binding. This study has demonstrated the high information content of the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy method for exploring the hydration properties of phospholipids in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita V Penkov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences-Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Valery A Yashin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences-Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Konstantin N Belosludtsev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
- Mari State University, Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dubinin MV, Semenova AA, Ilzorkina AI, Mikheeva IB, Yashin VA, Penkov NV, Vydrina VA, Ishmuratov GY, Sharapov VA, Khoroshavina EI, Gudkov SV, Belosludtsev KN. Effect of betulin and betulonic acid on isolated rat liver mitochondria and liposomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183383. [PMID: 32522531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The paper considers the effects of plant triterpenoid betulin and its derivative betulonic acid on rat liver mitochondria and liposomes. It was found that betulonic acid and, to a lesser extent, betulin, activate mitochondrial respiration in states 2 and 4 and inhibit ADP- and DNP-stimulated (uncoupled) respiration. The effect of betulonic acid resulted in a significant decrease of the respiratory control and ADP/O ratios and decrease in Δψ. The effects of both compounds were most pronounced in the case of succinate-fueled mitochondrial respiration. This may include both the possible protonophore effect of betulonic acid and the inhibition of respiratory chain complexes by both compounds. Both agents enhanced H2O2 production in succinate-fueled mitochondria, while betulonic acid exerted an antioxidant effect with NAD-dependent substrates. Betulin was found to induce mitochondrial aggregation, but had no effect on membrane permeability. A similar pattern was found on liposomes. As revealed by the laurdan generalized polarization (GP) technique, betulin increased laurdan GP in lecithin liposomes, indicating a decrease in membrane fluidity. Measurements of GP as a function of fluorescence excitation wavelength gave an ascending line for high concentrations of betulin, which can be interpreted as phase heterogeneity of the lipid/betulin system. High concentrations of betulin (> 60 mol%) was also demonstrated to cause permeabilization of lecithin liposomes. Betulonic acid was much less effective in inducing the aggregation of mitochondria and liposomes and had no effect on membrane permeability. The possible mechanisms of betulin and betulonic acid effect on rat liver mitochondria and liposomes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Dubinin
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, 424001, Russia.
| | - Alena A Semenova
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, 424001, Russia
| | - Anna I Ilzorkina
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, 424001, Russia
| | - Irina B Mikheeva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Valery A Yashin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, PSCBR RAS, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Nikita V Penkov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, PSCBR RAS, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Valentina A Vydrina
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Oktyabrya 71, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450054, Russia
| | - Gumer Yu Ishmuratov
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Oktyabrya 71, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450054, Russia
| | | | | | - Sergey V Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Konstantin N Belosludtsev
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, 424001, Russia; Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pinheiro M, Amenitsch H, Reis S. Antituberculosis Drug Interactions with Membranes: A Biophysical Approach Applied to Bedaquiline. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9110141. [PMID: 31671599 PMCID: PMC6918463 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This work focuses on the interaction of the novel and representative antituberculosis (anti-TB) drug bedaquiline (BDQ) with different membrane models of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The effect of BDQ on eukaryotic cell membrane models was assessed using liposomes, namely, multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) made of 1,2-dimyristoyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and also a mixture of DMPC and cholesterol (CHOL) (8:2 molar ratio). To mimic the prokaryotic cell membrane, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1-glycerol) (DMPG) and 1,1′2,2′-tetra-oleoyl-cardiolipin (TOCL) were chosen. Powerful biophysical techniques were employed, including small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), to understand the effect of BDQ on the nanostructure of the membrane models. The results showed that BDQ demonstrated a pronounced disordering effect in the bacterial cell membrane models, especially in the membrane model with cardiolipin (CL), while the human cell membrane model with large fractions of neutral phospholipids remained less affected. The membrane models and techniques provide detailed information about different aspects of the drug–membrane interaction, thus offering valuable information to better understand the effect of BDQ on their target membrane-associated enzyme as well as its side effects on the cardiovascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pinheiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayergasse 6/V, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dubinin MV, Tenkov KS, Svinin AO, Samartsev VN, Belosludtsev KN. Effect of Triclosan on the Functioning of Liver Mitochondria and Permeability of Erythrocyte Membranes of Marsh Frog (Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771)). J Membr Biol 2019; 253:1-10. [PMID: 31598758 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00099-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The paper examines the effects of the antimicrobial agent triclosan on the functioning of the liver mitochondria of marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771)). It was established that triclosan inhibits DNP-stimulated respiration of mitochondria and decreases respiratory control ratio. In addition, triclosan causes the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential on both types of substrates. Such an action of triclosan can be mediated by both a protonophore effect and suppression of the activity of complex II and combined activity of complexes II + III (and, to a lesser degree, the combined activity of complexes I + III) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It is shown that high concentrations of triclosan enhance the production of hydrogen peroxide during the oxidation of substrates of the complex I by mitochondria, and decrease it in the case of succinate oxidation. It is found that triclosan is able to induce nonspecific permeability of the liver mitochondria of these amphibians, as well as the plasma membrane of erythrocytes. The possible mechanisms of triclosan effect on marsh frog liver mitochondria and red blood cells are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Dubinin
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, Russia, 424001.
| | - Kirill S Tenkov
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, Russia, 424001
| | - Anton O Svinin
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, Russia, 424001
| | - Victor N Samartsev
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, Russia, 424001
| | - Konstantin N Belosludtsev
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, Russia, 424001
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow, Russia, 142290
| |
Collapse
|