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Nisembaum LG, Martin P, Lecomte F, Falcón J. Melatonin and osmoregulation in fish: A focus on Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smoltification. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12955. [PMID: 33769643 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Part of the life cycle of several fish species includes important salinity changes, as is the case for the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) or the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Salmo salar juveniles migrate downstream from their spawning sites to reach seawater, where they grow and become sexually mature. The process of preparation enabling juveniles to migrate downstream and physiologically adapt to seawater is called smoltification. Daily and seasonal variations of photoperiod and temperature play a role in defining the timing of smoltification, which may take weeks to months, depending on the river length and latitude. Smoltification is characterised by a series of biochemical, physiological and behavioural changes within the neuroendocrine axis. This review discusses the current knowledge and gaps related to the neuroendocrine mechanisms that mediate the effects of light and temperature on smoltification. Studies performed in S. salar and other salmonids, as well as in other species undergoing important salinity changes, are reviewed, and a particular emphasis is given to the pineal hormone melatonin and its possible role in osmoregulation. The daily and annual variations of plasma melatonin levels reflect corresponding changes in external photoperiod and temperature, which suggests that the hormonal time-keeper melatonin might contribute to controlling smoltification. Here, we review studies on (i) the impact of pinealectomy and/or melatonin administration on smoltification; (ii) melatonin interactions with hormones involved in osmoregulation (e.g., prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol); (iii) the presence of melatonin receptors in tissues involved in osmoregulation; and (iv) the impacts of salinity changes on melatonin receptors and circulating melatonin levels. Altogether, these studies show evidence indicating that melatonin interacts with the neuroendocrine pathways controlling smoltification, although more information is needed to clearly decipher its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gabriela Nisembaum
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, (BIOM), Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Patrick Martin
- Conservatoire National du Saumon Sauvage, Chanteuges, France
| | - Frédéric Lecomte
- Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Direction de l'expertise sur la faune aquatique, Québec, Canada
| | - Jack Falcón
- Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), MNHN, CNRS 7208, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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2
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Duchatelet L, Delroisse J, Mallefet J. Bioluminescence in lanternsharks: Insight from hormone receptor localization. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 294:113488. [PMID: 32272132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As part of the study of their bioluminescence, the deep-sea lanternshark Etmopterus spinax and Etmopterus molleri (Chondrichthyes, Etmopteridae) received growing interest over the past ten years. These mesopelagic sharks produce light thanks to a finely tuned hormonal control involving melatonin, adrenocorticotropic hormone and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Receptors of these hormones, respectively the melatonin receptors and the melanocortin receptors, are all members of the G-protein coupled receptor family i.e. coupled with specific G proteins involved in the preliminary steps of their transduction pathways. The present study highlights the specific localization of the hormonal receptors, as well as of their associated G-proteins within the light organs, the so-called photophores, in E. spinax and E. molleri through immunohistofluorescence technic. Our results allow gaining insight into the molecular actors and mechanisms involved in the control of the light emission in Etmopterid sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Duchatelet
- Université catholique de Louvain - UCLouvain, Earth and Life Institute, Marine Biology Laboratory, Croix du Sud 3, 1348 Louvain-La Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Jérôme Delroisse
- University of Mons - UMONS, Research Institute for Biosciences, Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Avenue du Champs de Mars 6, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Mallefet
- Université catholique de Louvain - UCLouvain, Earth and Life Institute, Marine Biology Laboratory, Croix du Sud 3, 1348 Louvain-La Neuve, Belgium
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Phylogenetic Reclassification of Vertebrate Melatonin Receptors To Include Mel1d. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:3225-3238. [PMID: 31416806 PMCID: PMC6778780 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The circadian and seasonal actions of melatonin are mediated by high affinity G-protein coupled receptors (melatonin receptors, MTRs), classified into phylogenetically distinct subtypes based on sequence divergence and pharmacological characteristics. Three vertebrate MTR subtypes are currently described: MT1 (MTNR1A), MT2 (MTNR1B), and Mel1c (MTNR1C / GPR50), which exhibit distinct affinities, tissue distributions and signaling properties. We present phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses supporting a revised classification of the vertebrate MTR family. We demonstrate four ancestral vertebrate MTRs, including a novel molecule hereafter named Mel1d. We reconstructed the evolution of each vertebrate MTR, detailing genetic losses in addition to gains resulting from whole genome duplication events in teleost fishes. We show that Mel1d was lost separately in mammals and birds and has been previously mistaken for an MT1 paralogue. The genetic and functional diversity of vertebrate MTRs is more complex than appreciated, with implications for our understanding of melatonin actions in different taxa. The significance of our findings, including the existence of Mel1d, are discussed in an evolutionary and functional context accommodating a robust phylogenetic assignment of MTR gene family structure.
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Ciani E, Fontaine R, Maugars G, Mizrahi N, Mayer I, Levavi-Sivan B, Weltzien FA. Melatonin receptors in Atlantic salmon stimulate cAMP levels in heterologous cell lines and show season-dependent daily variations in pituitary expression levels. J Pineal Res 2019; 67:e12590. [PMID: 31169933 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The hormone melatonin connects environmental cues, such as photoperiod and temperature, with a number of physiological and behavioural processes, including seasonal reproduction, through binding to their cognate receptors. This study reports the structural, functional and physiological characterization of five high-affinity melatonin receptors (Mtnr1aaα, Mtnr1aaβ, Mtnr1ab, Mtnr1al, Mtnr1b) in Atlantic salmon. Phylogenetic analysis clustered salmon melatonin receptors into three monophyletic groups, Mtnr1A, Mtnr1Al and Mtnr1B, but no functional representative of the Mtnr1C group. Contrary to previous studies in vertebrates, pharmacological characterization of four receptors in COS-7, CHO and SH-SY5Y cell lines (Mtnr1Aaα, Mtnr1Aaβ, Mtnr1Ab, Mtnr1B) showed induction of intracellular cAMP levels following 2-iodomelatonin or melatonin exposure. No consistent response was measured after N-acetyl-serotonin or serotonin exposure. Melatonin receptor genes were expressed at all levels of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonad axis, with three genes (mtnr1aaβ, mtnr1ab and mtnr1b) detected in the pituitary. Pituitary receptors displayed daily fluctuations in mRNA levels during spring, prior to the onset of gonadal maturation, but not in autumn, strongly implying a direct involvement of melatonin in seasonal processes regulated by the pituitary. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of cAMP induction mediated via melatonin receptors in a teleost species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Ciani
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Romain Fontaine
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gersende Maugars
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Naama Mizrahi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ian Mayer
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Berta Levavi-Sivan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Cowan M, Azpeleta C, López-Olmeda JF. Rhythms in the endocrine system of fish: a review. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:1057-1089. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ikegami T, Maruyama Y, Doi H, Hattori A, Ando H. Ultradian oscillation in expression of four melatonin receptor subtype genes in the pineal gland of the grass puffer, a semilunar-synchronized spawner, under constant darkness. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:9. [PMID: 25688184 PMCID: PMC4311631 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin receptor gene expression as well as melatonin synthesis and secretion activities were examined in the pineal gland of the grass puffer, which exhibits unique lunar/tidal cycle-synchronized mass spawing: spawning occurs before high tide on the day of spring tide during spawing season. Melatonin synthesizing activity was assessed by the abundance of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (AANAT2) mRNA. The amount of aanat2 mRNA was low during light phase and initiated to increase after the light was turned off. The secretion of melatonin from primary pineal organ culture was stimulated after the light was turned off and ceased immediately after the light was turned on. The expression levels of four melatonin receptor subtype genes (mel 1a 1.4, mel 1a 1.7, mel1b, and mel1c) showed synchronous variations, and the levels tended to be high during the dark phase under light/dark conditions. These results suggest that the action of melatonin on the pineal gland is highly dependent on light and photoperiod, possibly with stronger action during night time. Under constant darkness, the expression of four melatonin receptor subtype genes showed unique ultradian oscillations with the period of 14.0-15.4 h, suggesting the presence of a circatidal oscillator in the pineal gland. The present results indicate that melatonin may serve local chronobiological functions in the pineal gland. These cyclic expressions of melatonin receptor genes in the pineal gland may be important in the control of the lunar/tidal cycle-synchronized mass spawning in the grass puffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Ikegami
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maruyama
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Doi
- Shimonoseki Marine Science Museum "Kaikyokan," Shimonoseki Academy of Marine Science Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Hironori Ando
- Sado Marine Biological Station, Faculty of Science, Niigata University Sado, Japan
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7
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Ikegami T, Takeuchi Y, Hur SP, Takemura A. Impacts of moonlight on fish reproduction. Mar Genomics 2014; 14:59-66. [PMID: 24393605 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The waxing and waning cycle of the moon is repeated at approximately 1-month intervals, and concomitant changes occur in the levels of moonlight and cueing signals detected by organisms on the earth. In the goldlined spinefoot Siganus guttatus, a spawner lunar-synchronized around the first quarter moon, periodic changes in moonlight are used to cue gonadal development and gamete release. Rearing of mature fish under artificial constant full moon and new moon conditions during the spawning season leads to disruption or delay of synchronous spawning around the predicted moon phase. Melatonin, an endogenous transducer of the environmental light/dark cycle, increases in the blood and in the pineal gland around the new moon period and decreases around the full moon period. In synchrony with melatonin fluctuation, melatonin receptor(s) mRNA abundance is higher during the new moon period than during the full moon. The melatonin/melatonin receptor system is likely affected by moonlight. Measurements of the expression patterns of clock genes in neural tissues demonstrate that Cryptochrome (Cry1 and Cry3) and Period (Per2) fluctuate with lunar periodicity, the former peaking in the medial part of the brain around the first quarter moon period, and the latter peaking in the pineal gland around the full moon. Some clock genes may respond to periodic changes in moon phase and appear to be involved in the generation of lunar-related rhythmicity in lunar spawners. Thus, some fish use moonlight-related periodicities as reliable information for synchronizing the timing of reproductive events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Ikegami
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Yuki Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Sung-Pyo Hur
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Akihiro Takemura
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
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Hong LY, Hong WS, Zhu WB, Shi Q, You XX, Chen SX. Cloning and expression of melatonin receptors in the mudskipper Boleophthalmus pectinirostris: their role in synchronizing its semilunar spawning rhythm. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 195:138-50. [PMID: 24239555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mudskipper Boleophthalmus pectinirostris, a burrow-dwelling fish inhabiting intertidal mudflats, spawns only once during the spawning season around either the first or last lunar quarters. To understand the molecular mechanisms regulating this semilunar spawning rhythm, we cloned all melatonin receptor subtypes (mtnr1a1.4, mtnr1a1.7, mtnr1b, and mtnr1c). Expression of three melatonin receptor subtypes (except mtnr1c) was found in the ovaries. In contrast, the expression of all receptor subtypes was found in the diencephalon and the pituitary. In the fully-grown follicles, only mtnr1a1.7 mRNA was detected in both the isolated follicle layers and denuded oocytes. Interestingly, the transcript levels of both mtnr1a1.4 in the diencephalon and mtnr1a1.7 in the ovary displayed two cycles within one lunar month, and peaked around the first and last lunar quarters. We used 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP), a maturation-inducing hormone, as a biomarker to examine the involvement of melatonin receptors in the control of the spawning cycle. Melatonin significantly increased the plasma DHP level 1h post intraperitoneal injection. Melatonin also directly stimulated ovarian fragments in vitro to produce a significantly higher amount of DHP. Taken together, these results provided the first evidence that melatonin receptors were involved in the synchronization of the semilunar spawning rhythm in the female mudskipper by acting through the HPG axis and/or directly on ovarian tissues to stimulate the production of DHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wan Shu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wen Bo Zhu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Genomics, Marine and Fisheries Institute, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xin Xin You
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Genomics, Marine and Fisheries Institute, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Shi Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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9
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Influence of moonlight on mRNA expression patterns of melatonin receptor subtypes in the pineal organ of a tropical fish. Mar Genomics 2013; 14:67-70. [PMID: 24269345 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The goldlined spinefoot, Siganus guttatus, is a lunar-synchronized spawner, which repeatedly releases gametes around the first quarter moon during the reproductive season. A previous study reported that manipulating moonlight brightness at night disrupted synchronized spawning, suggesting involvement of this natural light source in lunar synchronization. The present study examined whether the mRNA expression pattern of melatonin receptor subtypes MT1 and Mel1c in the pineal organ of the goldlined spinefoot is related to moonlight. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the abundance of MT1 and Mel1c mRNA at midnight increased during the new moon phase and decreased during the full moon phase. Exposing fish to moonlight intensity during the full moon period resulted in a decrease in Mel1c mRNA abundance within 1h. Fluctuations in the melatonin receptor genes according to changes in the moon phase agreed with those of melatonin levels in the blood. These results indicate that periodic changes in cues from the moon influence melatonin receptor mRNA expression levels. The melatonin-melatonin receptor system may play a role in predicting the moon phase through changes in night brightness.
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Chai K, Liu X, Zhang Y, Lin H. Day-night and reproductive cycle profiles of melatonin receptor, kiss
, and gnrh
expression in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides
). Mol Reprod Dev 2013; 80:535-48. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
- Material and Chemical Engineering College, Hainan University; Haikou China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
- College of Ocean, Hainan University; Haikou China
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Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A, Chaves-Pozo E, Meseguer J. Influence of melatonin on the immune system of fish: a review. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7979-99. [PMID: 23579958 PMCID: PMC3645727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-immune system interactions have been widely demonstrated in mammals, whereas in fish, these relationships remain unclear. Of the organs that constitute the endocrine system, the pineal gland and its secretory product melatonin act in the synchronization of daily and seasonal rhythms in most vertebrates, including fish. Seasonal differences in immunocompetence and disease prevalence have been well documented in humans. Seasonality also strongly influences the life history of fish by controlling the timing of physiological events, such as reproduction, food intake, locomotor activity, and growth performance. Apart from its synchronizing capabilities, the role of melatonin in physiological processes in fish is not thoroughly understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize current studies on the effects of melatonin on the fish immune system. These studies suggest that melatonin represents an important component of fish endocrine-immune system interactions. The elucidation of the defense mechanisms of fish will facilitate the development of health management tools to support the growing finfish aquaculture industry as well as address questions concerning the origins and evolution of the immune system in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, International Excellence Campus, “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; E-Mails: (A.C.); (J.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-868-887-665; Fax: +34-868-883-963
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, International Excellence Campus, “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; E-Mails: (A.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Marine Culture Plant of Mazarrón, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Azohía Street, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - José Meseguer
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, International Excellence Campus, “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; E-Mails: (A.C.); (J.M.)
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Park MS, Shin HS, Kim NN, Lee J, Kil GS, Choi CY. Effects of LED spectral sensitivity on circadian rhythm-related genes in the yellowtail clownfish,Amphiprion clarkii. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2013.779935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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13
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Confente F, Rendón MC, Besseau L, Falcón J, Muñoz-Cueto JA. Melatonin receptors in a pleuronectiform species, Solea senegalensis: Cloning, tissue expression, day-night and seasonal variations. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 167:202-14. [PMID: 20227412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin receptors are expressed in neural and peripheral tissues and mediate melatonin actions on the synchronization of circadian and circannual rhythms. In this study we have cloned three melatonin receptor subtypes (MT1, MT2 and Mel1c) in the Senegalese sole and analyzed their central and peripheral tissue distribution. The full-length MT1 (1452 nt), MT2 (1728 nt) and Mel1c (1980 nt) cDNAs encode different proteins of 345, 373, 355 amino acids, respectively. They were mainly expressed in retina, brain and pituitary, but MT1 was also expressed in gill, liver, intestine, kidney, spleen, heart and skin. At peripheral level, MT2 expression was only evident in gill, kidney and skin whereas Mel1c expression was restricted to the muscle and skin. This pattern of expression was not markedly different between sexes or among the times of day analyzed. The real-time quantitative PCR analyses showed that MT1 displayed higher expression at night than during the day in the retina and optic tectum. Seasonal MT1 expression was characterized by higher mRNA levels in spring and autumn equinoxes for the retina, and in winter and summer solstices for the optic tectum. An almost similar expression profile was found for MT2, but differences were less conspicuous. No day-night differences in MT1 and MT2 expression were observed in the pituitary but a seasonal variation was detected, being mRNA levels higher in summer for both receptors. Mel1c expression did not exhibit significant day-night variation in retina and optic tectum but showed seasonal variations, with higher transcript levels in summer (optic tectum) and autumn (retina). Our results suggest that day-night and seasonal variations in melatonin receptor expression could also be mediating circadian and circannual rhythms in sole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Confente
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, E-11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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Herrera-Pérez P, Del Carmen Rendón M, Besseau L, Sauzet S, Falcón J, Muñoz-Cueto JA. Melatonin receptors in the brain of the European sea bass: An in situ hybridization and autoradiographic study. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:3495-511. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Physiology and pharmacology of melatonin in relation to biological rhythms. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:383-410. [PMID: 19605939 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is an evolutionarily conserved molecule that serves a time-keeping function in various species. In vertebrates, melatonin is produced predominantly by the pineal gland with a marked circadian rhythm that is governed by the central circadian pacemaker (biological clock) in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. High levels of melatonin are normally found at night, and low levels are seen during daylight hours. As a consequence, melatonin has been called the "darkness hormone". This review surveys the current state of knowledge regarding the regulation of melatonin synthesis, receptor expression, and function. In particular, it addresses the physiological, pathological, and therapeutic aspects of melatonin in humans, with an emphasis on biological rhythms.
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Synchronized diurnal and circadian expressions of four subtypes of melatonin receptor genes in the diencephalon of a puffer fish with lunar-related spawning cycles. Neurosci Lett 2009; 462:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Velarde E, Alonso-Gómez AL, Azpeleta C, Isorna E, Delgado MJ. Melatonin attenuates the acetylcholine-induced contraction in isolated intestine of a teleost fish. J Comp Physiol B 2009; 179:951-9. [PMID: 19543897 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-009-0373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the possible direct actions of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) on intestinal motility in goldfish (Carassius auratus) using an in vitro system of isolated intestine in an organ bath engaged to an isometric transducer. The longitudinal strips from goldfish intestine in the organ bath showed a resting spontaneous myogenic rhythmic activity which is not altered by melatonin. The addition of acetylcholine (1 nmol l(-1)-10 mmol l(-1)) to the organ bath induces a significant contraction of the intestinal strips in a concentration-dependent manner. The addition of melatonin and its agonist, 2-iodomelatonin, induced a concentration-dependent attenuation of acetylcholine-induced contractile response. The specificity of this effect is tested by the preincubation of the intestine strips in the presence of two melatoninergic antagonists, luzindole (a non-selective MT(1)/MT(2) melatonin receptor antagonist) and 4-P-PDOT (preferred antagonist of MT2 receptor subtype), which counteracted the melatonin-induced relaxation in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, present results demonstrate that this melatoninergic effect on intestinal strips is a process highly dependent on extracellular calcium. In conclusion, this is the first study demonstrating the role of melatonin in the control of gut motility in a non-mammalian vertebrate. The melatonin effects on isolated intestine from goldfish are mediated by melatoninergic membrane receptors, and could suggest a delay in food transit time, supporting its anorectic effect reported on in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Velarde
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Calle José Antonio Nováis 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Diurnal expressions of four subtypes of melatonin receptor genes in the optic tectum and retina of goldfish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 152:219-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sauzet S, Besseau L, Herrera Perez P, Covès D, Chatain B, Peyric E, Boeuf G, Muñoz-Cueto JA, Falcón J. Cloning and retinal expression of melatonin receptors in the European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 157:186-95. [PMID: 18555069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin contributes to synchronizing behaviors and physiological functions to daily and seasonal rhythm in fish. However, no coherent vision emerges because the effects vary with the species, sex, age, moment of the year or sexual cycle. And, scarce information is available concerning the melatonin receptors, which is crucial to our understanding of the role melatonin plays. We report here the full length cloning of three different melatonin receptor subtypes in the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, belonging, respectively, to the MT1, MT2 and Mel1c subtypes. MT1, the most abundantly expressed, was detected in the central nervous system, retina, and gills. MT2 was detected in the pituitary gland, blood cells and, to a lesser extend, in the optic tectum, diencephalon, liver and retina. Mel1c was mainly expressed in the skin; traces were found in the retina. The cellular sites of MT1 and MT2 expressions were investigated by in situ hybridization in the retina of pigmented and albino fish. The strongest signals were obtained with the MT1 riboprobes. Expression was seen in cells also known to express the enzymes of the melatonin biosynthesis, i.e., in the photoreceptor, inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers. MT1 receptor mRNAs were also abundant in the retinal pigment epithelium. The results are consistent with the idea that melatonin is an autocrine (neural retina) and paracrine (retinal pigment epithelium) regulator of retinal function. The molecular tools provided here will be of valuable interest to further investigate the targets and role of melatonin in nervous and peripheral tissues of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Sauzet
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR7628, Laboratoire Aragó, Avenue Fontaulé, BP44, F-66651 Banyuls-sur-Mer, Cedex, France
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Wronka M, Maleszewska M, Stepińska U, Markowska M. Diurnal differences in melatonin effect on intracellular Ca2+ concentration in chicken spleen leukocytes in vitro. J Pineal Res 2008; 44:134-40. [PMID: 18289164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin plays a pleiotropic role in the immune system of mammals and birds. Endogenous and exogenous melatonin modulates lymphocyte proliferation via specific MT(1), MT(2) and Mel(1c) membrane receptors, although the mechanisms behind this process are poorly understood. The diurnal changes in the expression and function of melatonin membrane receptors within the immune system have so far received little attention. We investigated the day/night differences in melatonin membrane receptor mRNA expression in chicken lymphoid organs and cultured splenocytes and examined the in vitro effect of melatonin and 2-iodomelatonin on the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in chicken splenocytes. In whole organs, expression of all subtypes of Mel membrane receptors was observed, and the level did not change significantly with the time of day. Interestingly, we observed a significant increase in the expression of the transcripts of all receptor subtypes in cultured splenocytes isolated at night compared with cells obtained during the day. In chicken spleen leukocytes isolated during the day, melatonin and 2-iodomelatonin increased [Ca(2+)](i), with only 2-iodomelatonin being effective in the 'night' cells. Luzindole modulated the [Ca(2+)](i) increase caused by melatonin receptor agonists: it potentiated the stimulatory effect of melatonin during the day, but counteracted that evoked by 2-iodomelatonin at night. The results of this study demonstrate that melatonin can induce changes in [Ca(2+)](i) in chicken spleen leukocytes that should modulate proliferation. The effect of melatonin on [Ca(2+)](i) is less pronounced at night, possibly caused by receptor desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Wronka
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
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